
@article{ahnesjo1992,
	title = {Consequences of {Male} {Brood} {Care} - {Weight} and {Number} of {Newborn} in a {Sex}-{Role} {Reversed} {Pipefish}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992JA10900005},
	abstract = {1. In the pipefish Syngnathus typhle sex roles are reversed, as females compete for access to males. In this species males provide all brood care (i.e. are 'pregnant') and female reproductive rate exceeds the reproductive rate of males. Consequently females are limited by access to mates and male reproductive success is limited by male brooding ability and/or mate quality. Thus, phenomena like brood reduction and a trade-off between number and weight of newborn may be expected in males. 2. In this paper I demonstrate the following in males of S. typhle: (a) the initial weight of the egg (received from the female) positively influenced the weight of newborn; (b) in the male's brood pouch, number of newborn frequently is less than number of eggs initially received (brood reduction), and the extent of this decrease in brood size positively influenced the weight of newborn; (c) a trade-off between number and weight of newborn was demonstrated in males from field samples and in large experimental males (independent of brood reduction), but not in small males that presumably allocated resources to several other demands (condition, growth, etc.); (d) paternal length, per se, did not affect the weight of newborn. 3. The results indicate that in S. typhle, male reproductive success is limited by their own brooding ability and influenced by the egg size received (indirectly quality of mate), which may be expected in a situation of sex-role reversal.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Ahnesjo, I.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {brood reduction paternal care syngnathus-typhle sy, brood reduction paternal care syngnathus-typhle syngnathidae trade-off},
	pages = {274--281}
}

@article{alatalo1998,
	title = {Mate choice for offspring performance: major benefits or minor costs?},
	volume = {265},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000077597600009},
	abstract = {There is considerable disagreement over whether or not gaining viability benefits to offspring could be substantial enough to overcome the costs of female choosiness. A recent review suggested that the 'lek paradox' might be resolved by large indirect benefits as indicated by highly heritable ornamental traits. We selected males of a wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata in relation to their sexual signalling rate (audible drumming). The estimated correlated response in offspring viability was rather small (0.12 s.d.). However, it may be large enough if the costs of being choosy are small. In fact, females mate with better-than-average males just by responding passively to a random drumming signal, and the active choice by females seemed to increase this benefit only slightly. In many mating systems, females obtain better-than-average males as a consequence of intense male-male competition or because of the extraordinary variance in male signalling. The costs of any additional choice may be so minor that female choice for honestly signalling males may evolve even with minute benefits in offspring viability. This may be the general solution to the lek paradox, as most studies report no apparent fitness benefits. Publication bias favouring statistically significant results may have led to an overemphasis on the few studies with large effects.},
	number = {1412},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Alatalo, R. V. and Kotiaho, J. and Mappes, J. and Parri, S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection good genes female choice wolf spi, sexual selection good genes female choice wolf spider sexual selection lek paradox female choice wolf spider good-genes intersexual selection reproductive success poecilia-reticulata handicap principle mating system},
	pages = {2297--2301}
}

@article{alonzoSocialCoevolutionaryFeedbacks2010,
	title = {Social and coevolutionary feedbacks between mating and parental investment},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000274767100008},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Tree.2009.07.012},
	abstract = {A survey of empirical studies relating mating and parental investment reveals as many unpredicted patterns as results supporting existing hypotheses. This leaves us with individual post hoc explanations of observed patterns rather than an ability to make strong a priori predictions. I argue here that our ability to explain and predict empirical patterns can be improved by considering how social interactions and coevolutionary dynamics affect male and female reproductive traits. Recent research suggests that these social and coevolutionary feedbacks can increase our understanding of empirical patterns, while suggesting new directions of research. I also describe a social and coevolutionary dynamics modelling approach that integrates ideas from reproductive cooperation and sexual conflict to increase understanding of mating and parental investment.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Alonzo, S. H.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {extra-group paternity sexual selection mate choice, extra-group paternity sexual selection mate choice sand gobies 15-spined stickleback monogamous passerines reproductive success collared flycatchers common yellowthroat pied flycatchers},
	pages = {99--108}
}

@article{andersonExperimentalConstraintsMate2007,
	title = {Experimental constraints on mate preferences in {Drosophila} pseudoobscura decrease offspring viability and fitness of mated pairs},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000244972700044 http://www.pnas.org/content/104/11/4484.full.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1073/Pnas.0611152104},
	abstract = {Using Drosophila pseudoobscura, we tested the hypothesis that social constraints on the free expression of mate preferences, by both females and males, decrease offspring viability and reproductive success of mating pairs. Mate preference arenas eliminated intrasexual combat and intersexual coercion. The time female and male choosers spent in arena tests near either of two opposite-sex individuals measured the preferences of choosers. We placed choosers in breeding trials with their preferred or nonpreferred discriminatee when they met the minimum criteria for showing the same preference in two consecutive tests. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of female and male choosers meeting minimal preference criteria. There was a significant difference between female and male choosers for offspring viability, with female choice having the greater effect, but there was not a significant difference in the overall reproductive success of male and female choosers. There were significant differences in fitness between matings to preferred and nonpreferred partners. Female and male choosers paired with their nonpreferred discriminatees had offspring of significantly lower viability, as predicted by the constraints hypothesis. Reproductive success, our measure of overall fitness, was greater when males or females mated with the partner they preferred rather than the one they did not prefer.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Anderson, W. W. and Kim, Y. K. and Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {constraints hypothesis reproductive success anas-p, constraints hypothesis reproductive success anas-platyrhynchos sexual selection choice evolution performance females health mallards peacocks},
	pages = {4484--4488}
}

@article{arnqvistPostmatingSexualSelection1999,
	title = {Postmating sexual selection: the effects of male body size and recovery period on paternity and egg production rate in a water strider},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000082834600002},
	abstract = {The role of male body size in postmating sexual selection was explored in a semiaquatic insect, the water strider Gerris lateralis. To separate effects of male size per se from those due to numeric sperm competition, male recovery period (shown here to be proportional to ejaculate size) was manipulated independently of body size in a factorial experiment where virgin females were mated first with sterile males and then with focal males. Both relative male fertilization success and female reproductive rate were measured. The number of sperm transferred increased with male recovery period, an effect that was mediated by longer copulation duration, but there were no effects of body size on ejaculate size. Neither male size nor recovery period had any significant direct effects on male fertilization success. However, copulation duration influenced relative fertilization success, suggesting that males able to transfer more sperm also achieved higher fertilization success. Females exercised cryptic female choice by modulating their reproductive rate in a manner favoring large males and males that were successful in terms of achieving high relative fertilization success. Thus, successful males gained a twofold advantage in postmating sexual selection. This study has important implications for previous estimates of sexual selection in this group of insects because pre- and postmating sexual selection will be antagonistic due to limitations in male sperm production: males mating frequently (high mating success) will on average transfer fewer sperm in each mating and will hence tend to fertilize fewer eggs per mating (low fertilization success).},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Arnqvist, G. and Danielsson, I.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {body size copulation duration cryptic female choic, body size copulation duration cryptic female choice ejaculate size gerris lateralis recovery period reproductive effort sexual selection sperm competition sperm precedence water striders ascidian diplosoma-listerianum scathophaga-stercoraria l moth utetheisa-ornatrix cryptic female choice fly dryomyza-anilis male mating success yellow dung flies sperm competition drosophila-melanogaster aquarius-remigis},
	pages = {358--365}
}

@article{badyaevPaternalCareConditional2002,
	title = {Paternal care as a conditional strategy: distinct reproductive tactics associated with elaboration of plumage ornamentation in the house finch},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000178001500002},
	abstract = {When individuals in a population differ in physiological condition and residual reproductive value, selection should favor phenotypic plasticity in reproductive investment such that individuals are able to adopt the reproductive tactic that results in the highest fitness under given conditions. Here we examined reproductive tactics in relation to the elaboration of condition-dependent sexual ornamentation (carotenoid breast coloration) in a Montana population of the house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Males used distinct reproductive tactics depending on elaboration of their sexual ornamentation. Males with red pigmentation (maximum ornament elaboration) paired with females that nested earlier, but these males did little provisioning of incubating females and nestlings. In contrast, males with yellow coloration paired with females that nested later, but these males fed female and nestlings more. Consequently, for red males offspring recruitment was primarily affected by earlier nest initiation, whereas in yellow males it was affected most by male provisioning. In males with intermediate plumage coloration, all measured components, nest initiation, provisioning of incubating female, and nestling feeding, strongly contributed to offspring recruitment. The fitness consequences of alternative reproductive tactics of males were influenced by breeding experience and fidelity of their mates. Among first-time breeders, red males achieved the highest fecundity because of the advantage gained through early nesting and pairing with more experienced females and because of compensation by their mates for low male provisioning of nestlings. Among experienced breeders, males with intermediate plumage coloration achieved the highest fecundity because of the combined benefits of relatively early pairing and high parental care. High variation in sexual ornamentation in a Montana population of house finches may favor distinct associations of sexual displays with a particular set of reproductive behaviors.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Badyaev, A. V. and Hill, G. E.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {carpodacus mexicanus conditional strategies house, carpodacus mexicanus conditional strategies house finches parental care reproductive investment secondary sexual traits male parental care sexual selection female choice differential-allocation collared flycatcher mating preferences dendroica-petechia offspring quality yellow warblers mate choice},
	pages = {591--597}
}

@article{balzerFemaleZebraFinches1998,
	title = {Do female zebra finches vary primary reproductive effort in relation to mate attractiveness?},
	volume = {135},
	issn = {0005-7959},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000075160700004},
	abstract = {Female choice and mate preference have been shown to affect female reproductive effort both prior to copulation (e.g. females seeking extra-pair copulation) and during parental care ('secondary' reproductive effort) in relation to mate quality. Here we show that female zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, vary their 'primary' reproductive effort in egg production in relation to the attractiveness of their male partner, for some components of reproduction but not others. Females were allowed to choose 'preferred' and 'non-preferred' males in standard mate choice trials, and were then paired sequentially with each male. Preferred males had significantly higher song duration and song frequency than non-preferred males confirming that females preferred attractive, higher quality males. Male attractiveness had a positive, but weak, effect on clutch size: in breeding experiments individual females laid on average 0.5 eggs more when paired with their preferred male compared to the non-preferred male. However, there was no significant difference in breeding propensity (whether females laid eggs or not), number of days between pairing and laying, mean egg size or egg quality (protein and lipid composition) in relation to male type. These results suggest that components of primary reproductive effort in individual female zebra finches are relatively non-plastic traits.},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Balzer, A. L. and Williams, T. D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {taeniopygia-guttata egg-production sex-ratio beak, taeniopygia-guttata egg-production sex-ratio beak color males preferences success quality choice copulations},
	pages = {297--309}
}

@article{barbosaCrypticFemaleChoice2009,
	title = {Cryptic female choice by female control of oviposition timing in a soldier fly},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000269956400007},
	abstract = {There is substantial evidence that cryptic female choice (CFC) is present in numerous taxa. Several mechanisms have been proposed for CFC; however, we only have experimental evidence for a few of them. Female control of oviposition timing is a potentially widespread mechanism of CFC, but it has never been experimentally demonstrated. The aims of this study are to test 2 critical predictions of the hypothesis that CFC through control of oviposition timing occurs in the soldier fly Merosargus cingulatus: 1) to determine if M. cingulatus females are less likely to oviposit immediately after mating when the male does not perform copulatory courtship than when he does and 2) to determine if failure to immediately oviposit by the female results in lower reproductive success for the male she just mated with. To answer the first question, I compared the oviposition behavior of females that mated with control males versus females that mated with manipulated males that could not perform copulatory courtship. I showed that M. cingulatus females fail to oviposit immediately after copulation when males do not perform copulatory courtship. To answer the second question, I showed that there is last male sperm precedence in M. cingulatus. Because the last male to mate fertilizes most of the female's eggs, a male will benefit when females oviposit immediately after mating with him and before remating with another male.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Barbosa, F.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {copulatory courtship cryptic female choice oviposi, copulatory courtship cryptic female choice oviposition timing postcopulatory sexual selection soldier fly stratiomyidae scathophaga-stercoraria l. yellow dung fly copulatory courtship parentage analysis paternity selection crickets insects markers males},
	pages = {957--960}
}

@article{bijleveldReproductiveEffortBiparental2009,
	title = {Reproductive effort in biparental care: an experimental study in long-lived {Cape} gannets},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000268106800008},
	abstract = {Life-history theory predicts a trade-off between current and future reproduction, such that long-lived species should not increase their reproductive effort (RE) at a cost to their own survival. In species with long-term pair bonds and biparental care, each parent must balance its reproductive investment against that of its partner. Although the effects of "handicapping" studies on the focal individual are sometimes difficult to interpret, they are a powerful approach for investigating compensatory responses of the partner. In the present experiment, we manipulated flying ability of one parent in long-lived Cape gannets (Morus capensis), thereby indirectly increasing the demands on RE of the unmanipulated partner. Handicapped birds doubled their foraging trip duration and reduced nest attendance. Their partners showed behavioral compensation via increased nest attendance for chicks younger than 30 days and increased foraging trip frequency for older chicks. The behavioral responses of partners did not fully compensate for the reduced care of handicapped adults. For manipulated nests, overall foraging trip frequency was 21\% lower, chicks were left unattended at 5 days younger, and their growth and survival was reduced compared with control nests. Handicapped adults lost 10\% of their body mass during the experiment, but their partners showed no decrease in body mass. Our results show that long-lived Cape gannets can increase current RE when needed, without negative effects on body condition or survival. The reduced care of one parent was partly compensated for by its partner, and remaining costs were borne by the chick.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Bijleveld, A. I. and Mullers, R. H. E.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {chick provisioning foraging behavior life-history, chick provisioning foraging behavior life-history trade-off long-lived seabird parental conflict reproductive investment yellow-nosed albatross thin-billed prion blue-footed booby morus-capensis parental effort experimental manipulation thalassoica-antarctica natural-selection pelagic seabird brood size},
	pages = {736--744}
}

@article{bluhmSocialConstraintsFemale2004,
	title = {Social constraints on female mate preferences in mallards, {Anas} platyrhynchos, decrease offspring viability and mother productivity},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000225064400001},
	abstract = {Constraints theory says that when individuals reproduce with nonpreferred partners, they will have offspring of lower viability than when individuals reproduce with preferred partners. To test this, we performed mate preference trials free of experimenter biases about what traits in males make them attractive to females. We eliminated social interactions that could manipulate or obscure females' choices, including interactions between males, between females, and between the sexes. We then randomly placed each female with either her nonpreferred or preferred male in breeding trials to determine how components of fitness for breeders and offspring viability varied. Offspring viability (the percentage of eggs surviving to 45 days posthatch) and mother productivity (mean number of offspring at 45 days posthatch) were significantly lower when mothers reproduced with their nonpreferred partner than with their preferred partners. This study adds to the growing list of species in which reproduction with nonpreferred partners is known to be costly to breeder and offspring fitness. It is among the few studies of birds and the only study of a species with forced copulation showing fitness deficits for offspring and mothers from enforced reproduction with nonpreferred males. 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bluhm, C. K. and Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {reproductive success forced copulation predation r, reproductive success forced copulation predation risk eastern bluebirds sexual selection choice performance evolution fitness heterozygosity},
	pages = {977--983}
}

@article{bluhmReproductiveCompensationOffspring2004,
	title = {Reproductive compensation for offspring viability deficits by female mallards, {Anas} platyrhynchos},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000225064400002},
	abstract = {The compensation hypothesis (CH) says that when impediments to the expression of mate preferences occur so that reproduction is with nonpreferred (NP) partners, mothers with NP mates compensate for lower-viability offspring through enhanced investment. Previously, we tested an assumption of the CH and showed that offspring viability was significantly lower when mothers reproduced with NP mates. Here we report tests of the CH. Egg mass differed significantly by mother agemate category. Second-year mothers in NP pairings laid significantly heavier eggs than second-year mothers in preferred (P) pairings; mean egg mass of first-year mothers with NP or P mates did not differ. However, mean egg mass per mother and mean number of eggs per mother were positively and significantly related. Thus, there was no trade-off between egg size and egg number for any category of mother. By fledging age, duckling performance, quality and condition were significantly lower for first-year mothers with NP mates compared with those for mothers in the other categories. Second-year, but not first-year mothers, successfully compensated for predictable deficits in offspring viability from reproduction with NP males. This is the first study showing that mothers compensate for viability deficits in offspring resulting from reproduction with NP partners. 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bluhm, C. K. and Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {differential-allocation maternal testosterone egg, differential-allocation maternal testosterone egg hypothesis birds yolk age},
	pages = {985--992}
}

@article{bolundCompensatoryInvestmentZebra2009,
	title = {Compensatory investment in zebra finches: females lay larger eggs when paired to sexually unattractive males},
	volume = {276},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000262419000014 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1657/707.full.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2008.1251},
	abstract = {The classical version of the differential allocation hypothesis states that, when females reproduce over their lifetime with partners that differ in their genetic quality, they should invest more in reproduction with high-quality males. However, in species with lifetime monogamy, such as the zebra finch, partner quality will typically remain the same. In this case, the compensatory investment (CI) hypothesis predicts higher investment for low-quality males, because low genetic quality offspring are more dependent on maternal resources. Here, we show that female zebra finches invested more resources, both in terms of egg volume and yolk carotenoid content, when paired to a low genetic quality male, as judged from his previous ability to obtain extra-pair paternity in aviary colonies. We also found that females deposited slightly larger amounts of testosterone into eggs when paired to a low parental quality male, as judging from his previous success in rearing offspring. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimental support for the CI hypothesis in a species with lifetime monogamy. We stress that in more promiscuous species, the benefits of classical differential allocation may partly be neutralized by the supposed benefits of CI.},
	number = {1657},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Bolund, E. and Schielzeth, H. and Forstmeier, W.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {carotenoids differential allocation hypothesis egg, carotenoids differential allocation hypothesis egg resources mate attractiveness maternal effects reproductive investment taeniopygia-guttata differential-allocation mate attractiveness color testosterone preferences selection antioxidants competition mechanisms},
	pages = {707--715}
}

@article{bonato2009,
	title = {Investment in eggs is influenced by male coloration in the ostrich, {Struthio} camelus},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000265283900007},
	abstract = {Life history theory predicts that females should modify their investment in a particular breeding attempt according to the likelihood of its success, as the investment of females in reproduction is typically higher than that of males. The ostrich mating system is promiscuous, and is thus a particularly interesting one in which to investigate differential investment by the sexes. To date, there has been no evidence that female ostriches discriminate between males as potential mates, but the degree of dimorphism in this promiscuous species and the variation in chick size within clutches suggest that differential maternal investment is likely. We investigated the relationship between egg mass and coloration of the feathers, bill, neck and legs of 15 male ostriches, maintained in a breeding flock at an ostrich farm in South Africa. Paternity was determined using microsatellite markers. We found that the colour of the neck, white and black body feathers, and the brightness of black feathers, predicted egg mass. These traits are exposed during the male courtship display, so we suggest that these visual cues influence the degree of maternal investment in eggs through their influence on female perception of mate quality. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bonato, M. and Evans, M. R. and Cherry, M. I.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {courtship display egg mass maternal investment mic, courtship display egg mass maternal investment microsatellite marker ostrich parentage determination spectrophotometry struthio camelus male attractiveness maternal transfer sexual selection parental quality visual pigments oil droplets zebra finch birds size testosterone},
	pages = {1027--1032}
}

@article{bondurianskyMaternalPaternalCondition2007,
	title = {Maternal and paternal condition effects on offspring phenotype in {Telostylinus} angusticollis ({Diptera} : {Neriidae})},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000250298300029 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01409.x/asset/j.1420-9101.2007.01409.x.pdf?v=1&t=gpsvnc0w&s=21dea15f15501d86b458e0384790aa681137b8bd},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01409.x},
	abstract = {It is widely recognized that maternal phenotype can have important effects on offspring, but paternal phenotype is generally assumed to have no influence in animals lacking paternal care. Nonetheless, selection may favour the transfer of environmentally acquired condition to offspring from both parents. Using a split-brood, cross-generational laboratory design, we manipulated a key environmental determinant of condition - larval diet quality - of parents and their offspring in the fly Telostylinus angusticollis, in which there is no evidence of paternal provisioning. Parental diet did not affect offspring survival, but high-condition mothers produced larger eggs, and their offspring developed more rapidly when on a poor larval diet. Maternal condition had no effect on adult body size of offspring. By contrast, large, high-condition fathers produced larger offspring, and follow-up assays showed that this paternal effect can be sufficient to increase mating success of male offspring and fecundity of female offspring. Our findings suggest that both mothers and fathers transfer their condition to offspring, but with effects on different offspring traits. Moreover, our results suggest that paternal effects can be important even in species lacking conventional forms of paternal care. In such species, the transfer of paternal condition to offspring could contribute to indirect selection on female mate preferences.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bonduriansky, R. and Head, M.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {body size condition diet environmental effects mat, body size condition diet environmental effects maternal effects neriidae paternal effects sexual selection telostylinus angusticollis epigenetic transgenerational actions sexual selection drosophila-melanogaster endocrine disruptors parental quality males contribute evolution investment mechanisms generation},
	pages = {2379--2388}
}

@article{bottoniMateChoiceReproductive1993,
	title = {Mate {Choice} and {Reproductive} {Success} in the {Red}-{Legged} {Partridge} ({Alectoris}-{Rufa})},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0018-506X},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993LX20100003},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
	author = {Bottoni, L. and Massa, R. and Lea, R. W. and Sharp, P. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {testosterone plasma},
	pages = {308--317}
}

@article{brandtMateChoiceReproductive1989,
	title = {Mate {Choice} and {Reproductive} {Success} of {Pikas}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1989R862200012},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Brandt, C. A.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {118--132}
}

@article{bretmanMaleDominanceDetermines2006,
	title = {Male dominance determines female egg laying rate in crickets},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000241863400024 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/3/409.full.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rsbl.2006.0493},
	abstract = {A key prediction of theories of differential allocation and sexual conflict is that male phenotype will affect resource allocation by females. Females may adaptively increase investment in offspring when mated to high quality males to enhance the quality of their offspring, or males may vary in their ability to manipulate female investment post-mating. Males are known to be able to influence female reproductive investment, but the male traits underlying this ability have been little studied in taxa other than birds. We investigated the relationship between male dominance and female oviposition rate in two separate experiments using the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. In both experiments, females mated to more dominant (but not larger) males laid more eggs. This reveals that either females allocate more effort to reproduction after mating with a dominant male or that dominance status is associated with male ability to manipulate their mates. This is the first evidence that dominance, rather than male attractiveness, has a post-copulatory effect on reproductive investment by females.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Bretman, A. and Rodriguez-Munoz, R. and Tregenza, T.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection fighting acp parental investment, sexual selection fighting acp parental investment female choice gryllus-bimaculatus degeer male body-size field cricket sexual selection differential-allocation male competition fitness orthoptera behavior success},
	pages = {409--411}
}

@article{brownFemaleRematingIntensity1997,
	title = {Female remating and the intensity of female choice in black-horned tree crickets, {Oecanthus} nigricornis},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997WH70500009},
	abstract = {Repeated mating by females of many species occurs at frequencies in excess of those needed to acquire additional sperm for fertilizing ova. I tested three alternative hypotheses for the rate of remating by females of the courtship-feeding tree cricket, Oecanthus nigricornis Walker, by manipulating diet quality and courtship feeding and measuring the time to remating by the female in relation to four aspects of male phenotype (age, condition, fluctuating asymmetry and size). First, in courtship-feeding species, remating may be due to selection to increase the amount of nutritional resources provided by males, with nutrient-deprived females remating more quickly Second, remating may function as a mechanism of postcopulatory mate choice, with females remating quickly when the quality of a previous mate is low. Third, quickness of remating may be the consequence of precopulatory mate choice prior to future matings, with females remating more quickly with high-quality males, regardless of the quality of prior mates. Females on a low-quality diet remated quickly, did not vary remating speed with the phenotype of their first mate, and did not differentially reject prospective second mates with different phenotypes. In contrast, both the degree of coyness (measured as the frequency of mate rejection) and the intensity of female choice (measured as the size differential between accepted and rejected mates) increased with diet quality. These results support both the material-benefits and the precopulatory mate-choice hypotheses for remating speed of female tree crickets. There was mixed support for the postcopulatory choice hypothesis: females on the high-quality diet remated more slowly after first mating with relatively large males, in support of the postcopulatory choice hypothesis; however, the remating interval of females on the high-quality diet decreased with the condition of the first mate, opposite to the prediction of the postcopulatory choice hypothesis.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Brown, W. D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {courtship feeding cryptic female choice fluctuatin, courtship feeding cryptic female choice fluctuating asymmetry multiple mating polyandry sexual selection fluctuating asymmetry sexual selection drosophila-melanogaster reproductive-behavior mormon crickets panorpa-japonica bush-crickets orthoptera investment tettigoniidae},
	pages = {66--74}
}

@article{brownCourtshipFeedingTree1997,
	title = {Courtship feeding in tree crickets increases insemination and female reproductive life span},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000071356400004},
	abstract = {Courtship feeding in the majority of insects may influence female reproductive patterns either directly, through effects of the gift material, or indirectly, through correlated effects of prolonged copulation and larger ejaculates. This distinction is important because the cause of changes in fecundity may influence patterns of the allocation of resources between the sexes, with implications for the intensity of sexual selection and magnitude of sexual conflict. I show that post-copulatory feeding on the secretions of a gland on the metanotum of male Oecanthus nigricornis Walker correlates with oviposition and affects the number of sperm remaining within the spermatophore. Manipulations of gland feeding and insemination duration showed that changes in fecundity are due to the gift rather than the ejaculate. Metanotal gland feeding increased female fecundity by increasing reproductive life span without significantly increasing oviposition rate. These changes in reproduction were directly due to the gift itself. Although gland feeding was positively correlated with the duration of insemination and thus the number of sperm transferred from the spermatophore to the female, experimentally prolonging or reducing insemination had no significant effect on reproductive life span. Male phenotype was also associated with female fecundity but in this case the effect was caused by an increase in the oviposition rate of females that mated with relatively large males. Male size had no significant effect on female reproductive life span, suggesting that its effect is not simply due to a quantitative increase in gift size. Three other measures of male phenotype, fluctuating asymmetry, condition (i.e. size-standardized wet body mass) and age, had no significant effects on female reproduction. (C) 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Brown, W. D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {fluctuating asymmetry sperm competition sexual sel, fluctuating asymmetry sperm competition sexual selection drosophila-melanogaster paternal investment gryllus-bimaculatus field cricket bush-cricket orthoptera fecundity},
	pages = {1369--1382}
}

@article{brownFemaleChoiceIndicator1996,
	title = {Female choice for an indicator of male size in the song of the black-horned tree cricket {Oecanthus} nigricornis ({Orthoptera}: {Gryllidae}: {Oecanthinae})},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996WB94600025},
	abstract = {The calling song of male crickets, including Oecanthus nigricornis (Walker), attracts females for mating and provides a model system of sexual communication. We give the first conclusive identification of a feature of cricket song that is both attractive to females and indicates a phenotypic feature (body size) that determines male mating success and female reproductive benefits. We do this by first testing for correlations between song characteristics and aspects of male phenotype that are hypothesized to indicate male quality. We show that song is a reliable indicator of male size and male age, and that large male size is associated with increased female fecundity. We then use playbacks of synthetic songs that mimic natural Variation in song parameters to study song preferences and we compare preferences under different presentation regimes to determine whether choices are based on relative song quality or some fixed criterion. Females show a preference for the lower frequency songs produced by large males, but only during simultaneous playbacks. Thus female choice is based on the relative quality of calls that can be sampled simultaneously. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that females use variation in calling song to assess male mate quality.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Brown, W. D. and Wideman, J. and Andrade, M. C. B. and Mason, A. C. and Gwynne, D. T.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {bioacoustics body size communication mate choice p, bioacoustics body size communication mate choice phonotaxis sexual selection gryllus-bimaculatus degeer male field crickets mate choice sexual selection male competition tettigonia-cantans mating system acoustic cues calling song discrimination},
	pages = {2400--2411}
}

@article{burleySexRatioManipulationColorBanded1986,
	title = {Sex-{Ratio} {Manipulation} in {Color}-{Banded} {Populations} of {Zebra} {Finches}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1986F052900008},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Burley, N.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1191--1206}
}

@article{burleySexualSelectionAesthetic1986,
	title = {Sexual {Selection} for {Aesthetic} {Traits} in {Species} with {Biparental} {Care}},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1986A881600001},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Burley, N.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {415--445}
}

@article{burleyDifferentialAllocationHypothesisExperimental1988,
	title = {The {Differential}-{Allocation} {Hypothesis} - an {Experimental} {Test}},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1988R012000001},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Burley, N.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {611--628}
}

@article{byersGoodGenesSexual2006,
	title = {Good genes sexual selection in nature},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000241879500051 http://www.pnas.org/content/103/44/16343.full.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1073/Pnas.0608184103},
	abstract = {Whether the mate sampling and choice performed by females in nature influences offspring performance is a controversial issue in theory and an open empirical question. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) females engage in an obvious and energetically expensive mate sampling process to identify vigorous males. Although individual females sample independently, their choices converge on a small proportion of males that sire most young. offspring of attractive males were more likely to survive to weaning and to age classes as late as 5 years, resulting in a selection differential, calculated by expected differences in lifetime number of offspring weaned, of 0.32 against random mating. Enhanced survival to weaning appeared to be accomplished by faster growth rates. Females compensated for matings with a less attractive mate by elevating rates of milk delivery to their young. Because pronghorn males do not have costly ornaments, we conclude that female choice for good genes can exist in the absence of ornaments. Furthermore, female choice may be important and unrecognized as a force that can lower population genetic load.},
	number = {44},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Byers, J. A. and Waits, L.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {female mate choice pronghorn offspring viability a, female mate choice pronghorn offspring viability antilocapra-americana anas-platyrhynchos pronghorn microsatellites consequences populations performance preferences mallards},
	pages = {16343--16345}
}

@article{calsbeekUncouplingDirectIndirect2002,
	title = {Uncoupling direct and indirect components of female choice in the wild},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000179224800053},
	doi = {Doi 10.1073/Pnas.242645199},
	abstract = {One of the most controversial debates in evolutionary biology concerns the fitness consequences of female choice in nature. Discriminating females may benefit from high-quality territories and/or sires with high-quality genes. Here we experimentally dissociate female preferences for high-quality territories and male body size in a wild population of side-blotched lizards, Uta stansburiana. Females preferred experimentally improved territories but still chose high-quality sires for their progeny. High-quality territories were associated with earlier egg-laying dates and larger eggs. These maternal effects, evidently stimulated by high-quality territories, have been shown to enhance competitive ability and therefore the likelihood that philopatric offspring will capitalize on the direct benefits of superior territories, previously shown to promote progeny growth rate and survival (most offspring do not disperse from their natal area). Paternity analysis within clutches co-sired by two males revealed that female preferences for large males were also adaptive in terms of indirect benefits. Females used sperm from large sires to produce sons and sperm from small sires to produce daughters. Differential allocation of resources and progeny sex was adaptive and demonstrates a high degree of female control in the mating system.},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Calsbeek, R. and Sinervo, B.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, differential allocation, extra-pair paternity natural-selection sexual sele, extra-pair paternity natural-selection sexual selection offspring size quality fitness attractiveness testosterone reproduction investment, female choice, good-genes, indirect genetic effects, indirect selection},
	pages = {14897--14902}
}

@article{carlsonCourtshipFeedingClutch1989,
	title = {Courtship {Feeding} and {Clutch} {Size} in {Red}-{Backed} {Shrikes} ({Lanius}-{Collurio})},
	volume = {133},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1989U000500008},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Carlson, A.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {454--457}
}

@article{carroll1994,
	title = {Interactions between {Body}-{Size} and {Mating} {History} {Influence} the {Reproductive} {Success} of {Males} of a {Tortricid} {Moth}, {Zeiraphera}-{Canadensis}},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994QW00500008},
	abstract = {The independent and interacting effects of male body size, age, and previous number of matings on (i) spermatophore size and (ii) female reproductive performance were examined in the laboratory using Zeimphera canadensis Mut. and Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Spermatophore size was not influenced by male age, but large males produced larger spermatophores and their size decreased with the number of consecutive matings. The capacity of males to produce spermatophores on successive days was size dependent. Large males produced well-defined spermatophores over five consecutive copulations, whereas small males were no longer able to produce a discernible spermatophore by the fourth mating. Male body size and mating history, independently or in combination, did not affect female fecundity or longevity despite their influence on spermatophore size, suggesting that potential spermatophore-derived nutrients were not utilized for reproduction or somatic maintenance. However, the number of previous matings on consecutive days influenced successful insemination as well as The receptivity of successfully inseminated females to additional matings. Moreover, the influence of multiple male matings on insemination success and mating receptivity was also size dependent. After several consecutive copulations, small males were less likely to successfully inseminate females and ”switch off” the females' mating receptivity than large males. The size-dependent decline in ability to inseminate and switch off females, independent of spermatophore size, suggests that small males were more limited than large ones in their capacity to produce accessory gland secretions other than those required for spermatophore construction. Large Z. canadensis males may experience higher reproductive success than small ones by inseminating more females over consecutive evenings and leaving fewer females receptive to remating.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie},
	author = {Carroll, A. L.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {male nutrient investment papilio-machaon l paterna, male nutrient investment papilio-machaon l paternal investment female butterflies free lepidoptera spruce budmoth sperm transfer new-brunswick noctuidae fecundity},
	pages = {2124--2132}
}

@article{clotfelterMateChoiceSpawning2006,
	title = {Mate choice and spawning success in the fighting fish {Betta} splendens: {The} importance of body size, display behavior and nest size},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0179-1613},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000242196800004},
	abstract = {Courtship displays should be exaggerated enough to attract mates and yet tempered so as not to deter them. We tested this hypothesis in the fighting fish Betta splendens by studying courtship displays and body size and their relationships with male parental quality and female fecundity, as well as the effects of display behavior and body size on mate choice decisions and spawning success. Because of their high degree of parental investment, males are expected to be discriminating in their choice of mates. Males who displayed more frequently built larger nests, a measure of parental quality, but larger males did not. When females were paired with males with high display rates, however, the pair had fewer eggs in their nest, even when accounting for female body mass. In a mate choice test using computer-generated male stimuli that differed only in display behavior, females showed no preferences for displaying males vs. non-displaying males, or for males with higher display rates vs. lower display rates. In similar tests in which the computer-generated males differed only in size, females preferred larger males, but also preferred males that differed with respect to body size (negative assortative mating). Males preferred computer-generated females that performed courtship displays over non-displaying females, but showed no preferences for female body size. Neither a female's body size nor her display behavior was a significant predictor of her fecundity as estimated by the number of eggs released during spawning. Thus, our results suggest that female B. splendens must balance male parental quality (nest size) with the risk of potentially disruptive or dangerous behavior during spawning, and that females may minimize these risks through negative size-assortative mating. Female display behavior, while unrelated to fecundity in our study, may attract males because it indicates reproductive readiness or serves a species-recognition function.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Clotfelter, E. D. and Curren, L. J. and Murphy, C. E.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {female choice sexual-harassment male competition m, female choice sexual-harassment male competition mating success bubble nest preferences selection courtship guppies fathers},
	pages = {1170--1178}
}

@article{cookSpermNumbersFemale1999,
	title = {Sperm numbers and female fertility in the moth {Plodia} interpunctella ({Hubner}) ({Lepidoptera}; {Pyralidae})},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0892-7553},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000087352400004},
	abstract = {I investigated two possible reasons for remating in female Plodia interpunctella: i) females remate to obtain sufficient sperm to maintain fertility; and ii) male investment in non-sperm components increases female fecundity and longevity The number of sperm and the mass of the spermatophore transferred by males decreases on successive matings. Sperm numbers and potential male investment were varied by allowing females to mate either once or twice with males either on their first or second mating. Females receiving a single small spermatophore containing few sperm (from a male on his second mating) had sufficient sperm to fertilize all their eggs, Females did not show increased fecundity or longevity as a result of obtaining more spermatophore material. I discuss why females remate when they already have sufficient sperm to fertilize all their eggs.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	author = {Cook, P. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {apyrene, eupyrene male larval nutrition papilio-machaon l reproductive success apyrene sperm drosophila-melanogaster paternal investment gryllus-bimaculatus field cricket egg weight butterflies, fecundity longevity multiple mating sperm competit, fecundity longevity multiple mating sperm competition paternal investment},
	pages = {767--779}
}

@article{costelloMaleHouseMice2009,
	title = {Do male house mice ({Mus} musculus) discriminate between females that differ in nutritional status?},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0376-6357},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000269989700002},
	abstract = {Most studies of mate choice have focused on female preference for male traits because it is generally assumed that since males provide less parental investment they are not choosy. However, if males suffer missed opportunity costs by mating with lower quality females, selection should favor males with the ability to discriminate among females. We tested the hypothesis that male house mice (Mus musculus) discriminate between females that differ in nutritional status (non-food-deprived versus food-deprived). We recorded the time males spent investigating either type of female and used that to determine preference (spending {\textgreater}= 55\% of their total investigation time with one female). We also examined the effects of female nutritional status and female preference status (preferred versus non-preferred) on the reproductive success of males. Males did not display a preference for non-food-deprived females nor did their reproductive success vary with nutritional status or preference status of females. Interestingly, males spent more time investigating females that were closest to the male's own weight. In addition, pairs that were closer in weight were more likely to produce a litter. These results suggest that male house mice are capable of discriminating among females and that such discrimination may influence their reproductive success. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Costello, A. K. and Pultorak, J. D. and Meikle, D. B.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {body weight female traits male preference mate cho, body weight female traits male preference mate choice mice nutritional status sexual selection non-parasitized males meadow voles mate choice food-deprivation sex-ratio reproductive success mating preferences sperm competition metabolic fuels dominance rank},
	pages = {119--125}
}

@article{coteMaleFemaleMate1989,
	title = {Male and {Female} {Mate} {Choice} in the {Redlip} {Blenny} - {Why} {Bigger} {Is} {Better}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1989AD75100008},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Cote, I. M. and Hunte, W.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {78--88}
}

@article{cothranDirectIndirectFitness2008,
	title = {Direct and indirect fitness consequences of female choice in a crustacean},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000257386800011 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00403.x/asset/j.1558-5646.2008.00403.x.pdf?v=1&t=gmpfs494&s=564dd5105091a4a25b8d7311dda987c4b9fd0f1c},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2008.00403.X},
	abstract = {Understanding the evolution and maintenance of female mate choice requires information on both the benefits (the sum of direct and indirect benefits) and costs of selective mating. In this study, I assessed the fitness consequences of female mate choice in a freshwater crustacean. In Hyalella amphipods, males attempt to form precopulatory pairs with females. Large males, bearing large posterior gnathopods, tend to be over-represented in precopulatory pairs. I show that females receive both direct (reduced risk of predation while paired) and indirect (sexy sons) benefits from mating with these males. Furthermore, the behavioral mechanisms used to filter male phenotypes carry no detectable energetic cost for females. Thus, females that choose males with successful phenotypes are expected to have higher Darwinian fitness than females that mate at random. This study shows that direct and indirect selection act together to favor large male size, which explains the sexual size dimorphism and size-based mating biases observed in this species.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Cothran, R. D.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {amphipods direct benefits genetic benefits hyalell, amphipods direct benefits genetic benefits hyalella sexual selection isopod idotea-baltica mate choice sexual selection mating preferences indirect benefits water striders good genes intersexual conflict rapid-determination offspring fitness},
	pages = {1666--1675}
}

@article{cratsleySeasonalVariationMate2005,
	title = {Seasonal variation in mate choice of {Photinus} ignitus fireflies},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0179-1613},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226377200006},
	abstract = {Mate choice by either sex may vary with changes in the associated costs and benefits, determined by factors such as the availability of potential mates and variation in mate quality. We examined seasonal variation in operational sex ratio, courtship behavior, spermatophore mass, egg count, and the relationship between morphological traits and mating success in Photinus ignitus fireflies to determine if mate choice in either sex varied with the availability and relative reproductive investment of fertilizable females and sexually active males. Successfully mating males had larger lanterns than unsuccessful males when the operational sex ratio was male-biased. In addition, female responsiveness to male signals increased as the number of courting males decreased, and male spermatophore mass decreased with body size across the mating season. Successfully mating females had larger body mass than unsuccessful females. Female body mass predicted egg count and female rejection by males increased as the season progressed and female size decreased. These results suggest that both male and female P. ignitus exhibit mate choice, and that such choice is influenced by seasonal variation in the abundance and quality of potential mates.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Cratsley, C. K. and Lewis, S. M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection coleoptera lampyridae evolution s, sexual selection coleoptera lampyridae evolution systems ratios roles},
	pages = {89--100}
}

@article{cuervoExperimentalTailElongation2006,
	title = {Experimental tail elongation in male {Barn} {Swallows} {Hirundo} rustica reduces provisioning of young, but only in second broods},
	volume = {148},
	issn = {0019-1019},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000238887200006},
	abstract = {At the beginning of the breeding season, the outermost tail feathers of 31 male Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica were either shortened by 20 mm, elongated by 20 mm or left unmanipulated. In first broods, the number of feeding bouts (per nestling per hour) by males and females did not differ significantly among experimental groups. However, in second broods, males with elongated tails fed their nestlings less often than males with shortened or unmanipulated tails. Male tail elongation may have been detrimental to flight, making capture of insects more difficult. Females paired to long-tailed males did not compensate for this reduction in feeding by males and their nestlings received less food. Neither feeding rates nor brood size differed significantly between first and second broods. Variation in abundance of large insects at different times of the day (high around noon and low in the morning and afternoon) matched variation in feeding rates, supporting the importance of large insects in the Barn Swallow diet. Different feeding rate patterns in first and second broods by males with elongated tails could have at least three explanations: (1) such males were able to adjust their parental effort to some extent, temporarily compensating for an imposed handicap; (2) they were more sensitive than males in the other experimental groups to late season food shortage (a decrease in numbers of large insects, the main Barn Swallow prey, was observed as the season progressed); and (3) they were more sensitive than males in the other experimental groups to the deterioration in their physical condition after first broods.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ibis},
	author = {Cuervo, J. J. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {tufted malachite sunbird costly mate preferences f, tufted malachite sunbird costly mate preferences female choice selects sexual selection differential-allocation long tails handicap principle birds tails streamers size},
	pages = {449--458}
}

@article{cunninghamEggInvestmentInfluenced2000,
	title = {Egg investment is influenced by male attractiveness in the mallard},
	volume = {404},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000085775100047 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6773/pdf/404074a0.pdf},
	abstract = {Why females prefer to copulate with particular males is a contentious issue. Attention is currently focused on whether females choose males on the basis of their genetic quality, in order to produce more viable offspring(1). Support for this hypothesis in birds has come from studies showing that preferred males tend to father offspring of better condition or with increased survivorship(2-8). Before attributing greater offspring viability to a male's heritable genetic quality, however, it is important: to discount effects arising from confounding sources, including maternal effects. This has generally been addressed by comparing offspring viability from two different breeding attempts by the same female: one when offspring; are sired by a preferred male, and one when offspring are sired by a less preferred male, However, here we show that individual female mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) lay larger eggs after copulating: with preferred males and smaller eggs after copulating with less preferred males. As a result, females produced offspring of better body condition when paired with preferred males. After controlling: for these differences in maternal investment, we found no effect: of paternity on offspring condition. This shows that differences between half-sibs cannot always be attributed to paternal or maternal genetic effects.},
	number = {6773},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Cunningham, E. J. A. and Russell, A. F.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {differential-allocation hypothesis extra-pair pate, differential-allocation hypothesis extra-pair paternity reproductive effort blue tit survival size quality viability peacocks trains},
	pages = {74--77}
}

@article{dalbaDifferentialDepositionAntimicrobial2010,
	title = {Differential deposition of antimicrobial proteins in blue tit ({Cyanistes} caeruleus) clutches by laying order and male attractiveness},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000276652600014},
	abstract = {Female birds can influence offspring fitness by varying the relative quantities of egg components they deposit within and between clutches. Antimicrobial proteins (lysozyme, ovotransferrin, and avidin) are significant components of the avian albumen and likely aid in defense of embryos from microbial infection. Within clutches, females may enhance antimicrobial defense of early-laid eggs to protect them from the high risk of infection incurred before the onset of incubation. Among entire clutches, females may invest more resources in young sired by more attractive males because they have higher reproductive value. We tested these hypotheses by quantifying antimicrobial protein distribution within and among clutches in blue tit eggs. Contrary to our hypothesis, clutches showed no differential deposition of lysozyme or avidin within clutches, but eggs laid in the middle of the sequence had higher concentrations of ovotransferrin than eggs in the beginning and end. Consistent with our second hypothesis, we found that females produced eggs with higher concentrations of lysozyme (although not ovotransferrin or avidin) when mated to more attractive (more UV-reflective) males. Furthermore, females mated to polygynous males deposited less lysozyme than those mated to monogamous males. These data suggest that allocation of lysozyme at the clutch level may be a maternal effect mediated by male qualities.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {D'alba, L. and Shawkey, M. D. and Korsten, P. and Vedder, O. and Kingma, S. A. and Komdeur, J. and Beissinger, S. R.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {maternal effects antimicrobial proteins differenti, maternal effects antimicrobial proteins differential allocation egg infection male sexual attractiveness male uv attractiveness trans-shell infection egg viability parus-caeruleus allocation hypothesis parental effort zebra finch avian egg investment},
	pages = {1037--1045}
}

@article{delisleMaleLarvalNutrition1995,
	title = {Male {Larval} {Nutrition} in {Choristoneura}-{Rosaceana} ({Lepidoptera}, {Tortricidae}) - an {Important} {Factor} in {Reproductive} {Success}},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995TJ37500014},
	abstract = {This study examines how Choristoneura rosaceana male quality, as determined by larval diet, age and mating history, affects the reproductive success of both sexes. While the size of the spermatophore produced at first mating increased linearly with male age, the frequency of mating was significantly higher for middle-aged males (2-4 days old) than younger (0-2 days old) or older (6-8 days old) individuals, when both sexes were fed on artificial diet. However, the duration of copulation was longer in couples with older than younger males. The observed age-related changes in spermatophore size had no significant effect on female longevity, fecundity or fertility, suggesting no direct relationship between male investment and spermatophore size under these experimental conditions, Different larval food sources (artificial diet, maple and hazelnut) did not affect the proportion of 2-day-old virgin males that mated; however, the proportion that remated was significantly higher for males reared on high-quality food (maple and artificial diet) than those on hazelnut, a poorer food source. There was a 5-fold decline in spermatophore size between the first and second matings on all diets, but female reproductive output was reduced by only 25\%. In contrast, while the first spermatophore produced by males on hazelnut was 1.5 times smaller than those produced on maple and artificial diet, the fecundity of their mates was 40\% less than those mated with high-quality virgin males. These results provide additional support to the idea that spermatophore size is not a valuable indicator of male quality. Most tethered females placed in the field during the first flight period mated with virgin males (based on the size of the spermatophore), suggesting that female choice exists in this species. These results are discussed in relation to the incidence of polyandry in naturally occurring populations of Choristoneura and the potential use of size and/or chemical cues by females to assess male quality.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Delisle, J. and Bouchard, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {male larval food male mating frequency male qualit, male larval food male mating frequency male quality spermatophore size female reproductive output moth utetheisa-ornatrix papilio-machaon l pyrrolizidine alkaloids paternal investment generalist herbivore butterflies insects temperature population pheromone},
	pages = {508--517}
}

@article{delisleMaleLarvalNutrition1997,
	title = {Male larval nutrition influences the reproductive success of both sexes of the spruce budworm, {Choristoneura} fumiferana ({Lepidoptera}: {Tortricidae})},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XR94300006},
	abstract = {1. It has recently been demonstrated that the species of host plant used by males during larval development may significantly affect the reproductive success of both sexes in a polygophagous tortricid, Choristoneura rosaceana (Delisle \& Bouchard 1995). In the present study, using the Spruce Budworm, C. fumiferana, the hypothesis was tested that in oligophagous species, similar effects would result from within-species variability in foliage quality. 2. It was demonstrated that male larval diet (young and old Balsam Fir foliage (YF vs OF) or artificial diet (AD)) significantly influences the reproductive success of both sexes of C. fumiferana. 3. Male body size and spermatophore size were positively correlated, with AD {\textgreater} YF {\textgreater} OF; however, males fed on YF had better mating success than those on OF and AD, indicating that size may not always be a good estimate of male quality. 4. The propensity of females to resume calling (CA(+)) and remate (RM+) was significantly lower, and the length of the refractory period longer, following first mating with high (YF) rather than low (OF and AD) male quality. 5. Females that resumed calling (CA(+)) had a lower reproductive output than those that did not (CA(-)), with the effect being more pronounced following mating with males fed on low (OF and AD) rather than high (YF) quality diet, A similar trend was observed in the proportion of females that were unsuccessfully mated, as shown by their low incidence of fertility ({\textless}25\%). In contrast to their reproductive output, females that resumed calling lived as long as those that did not, regardless of male larval diet. However, the resumption of calling was also observed in a large number of highly fertile (48\%) females, indicating that infertility was not the only reason for the resumption of sexual receptivity. 6. Females that remated (RM+) following an initial mating with low quality males (OF and AD) had fecundities and longevities similar to those that did not (RM-). However, their incidence of fertility was significantly higher. In contrast, females that remated following an initial mating with high quality males (YF) were more fecund and lived slightly longer than those that did not (RM-). A similar pattern was observed with females initially mated with OF and AD males, if only individuals with high fertility following first mating were considered in the analyses. 7. Male larval diet had no effect on fecundity, percentage fertility and longevity in females that remained refractory following their first mating. 8. The first mating occurred earlier in the night and lasted longer than the second, with both variables being independent of the diet of the first mate. This may explain why overall the proportion of females that remated was lower than that for females that resumed calling following mating.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Delisle, J. and Hardy, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {male investment mating success reproductive output, male investment mating success reproductive output resumption of female receptivity spermatophore size moth utetheisa-ornatrix male accessory-glands papilio-machaon l pieris-napi pseudaletia-unipuncta pheromone production resource-allocation paternal investment spermatophore size helicoverpa-zea},
	pages = {451--463}
}

@article{delopeFemaleReproductiveEffort1993,
	title = {Female {Reproductive} {Effort} {Depends} on the {Degree} of {Ornamentation} of {Their} {Mates}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993NE37800011},
	abstract = {Sexual selection theory assumes that secondary sexual characters do not influence female reproductive effort. Female animals may invest relatively more in reproduction if they acquire mates of high phenotypic quality, because offspring sired by preferred males may be relatively more viable than offspring sired by less preferred males. Here we report for the first time in a field study that females of the monogamous barn swallow Hirundo rustica adjust their reproductive effort to the attractiveness of their mates. Experimental manipulation of male tail length, which is a trait currently subject to a directional female mating preference, affected the reproductive effort by females in single broods as well as their decision on the seasonal number of clutches. These results, and those of previous experiments, demonstrate that female barn swallows assess the quality of their mates throughout the reproductive season and adjust their reproductive decisions accordingly. This result has important implications for the theory of sexual selection and for the possibility of testing current models of female mate preferences, because the viability of offspring will be confounded by differential reproductive effort.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Delope, F. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {female choice, differential allocation hypothesis, differential allocation hypothesis female choice h, differential allocation hypothesis female choice hirundo rustica ornament size reproductive effort sexual selection sexual selection mating preferences hirundo-rustica tail ornaments evolution choice swallow handicap hypothesis quality, Hirundo rustica, ornament size, ornamentation, reproductive effort, sexual selection},
	pages = {1152--1160}
}

@article{demaryMaleCourtshipAttractiveness2007,
	title = {Male courtship attractiveness and paternity success in {Photinus} greeni fireflies},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000244759100017},
	abstract = {Although female mate choice and male sperm competition have separately attracted much attention, few studies have addressed how precopulatory and postcopulatory episodes of sexual selection might interact to drive the evolution of male traits. In Photinus fireflies, females preferentially respond to males based on their bioluminescent courtship signals, and females gain direct benefits through male nuptial gifts acquired during multiple matings over several nights. We experimentally manipulated matings of P.greeni fireflies to test the hypothesis that postcopulatory paternity success might be biased toward males that are more attractive during courtship interactions. We first measured male courtship attractiveness to individual females using field behavioral assays. Females were then assigned to two double-mating treatments: (1) least attractive second male-females were first mated with their most attractive male, followed by their least attractive male, or (2) most attractive second male-females mated with males in reverse order. Larval offspring produced by each female following these double matings were genotyped using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, and male paternity was determined. Contrary to prediction, firefly males that were more attractive to females based on their bioluminescent courtship displays subsequently showed significantly lower paternity, reflecting possible male trade-offs or sexual conflict. Differences in male paternity were not related to male body condition, testes or accessory gland mass, or to variation in female spermathecal size. Additionally, this study suggests that changes in phenotypic selection gradients may occur during different reproductive stages. These results indicate that it is crucial for future studies on sexual selection in polyandrous species to integrate both precopulatory and postcopulatory episodes to fully understand the evolution of male traits.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Demary, K. C. and Lewis, S. M.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {courtship signals female choice multiple cues post, courtship signals female choice multiple cues postcopulatory female choice selection gradients sexual selection sperm competition postcopulatory sexual selection scathophaga-stercoraria l. cryptic female choice red flour beetle yellow dung fly male body-size sperm storage nuptial gifts tribolium-castaneum insemination},
	pages = {431--439}
}

@article{dentressangleMaternalInvestmentEggs2008,
	title = {Maternal investment in eggs is affected by male feet colour and breeding conditions in the blue-footed booby, {Sula} nebouxii},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000259245900008 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v08754t842216143/fulltext.pdf},
	abstract = {Females are expected to vary investment in offspring according to variables that may influence the offspring fitness in a way that optimises her inclusive fitness for a particular context. Thus, when sexual ornaments signal the quality of the male, females might invest in reproduction as a function of the attractiveness of their mate. We tested whether breeding conditions and male feet colour influence reproductive decisions of blue-footed booby females. In the blue-footed booby, male feet colour is a dynamic condition-dependent sexually selected trait that is related to paternal effort. During two consecutive years, an El Nino year (poor breeding conditions) and a year with good breeding conditions, we experimentally reduced male attractiveness by modifying their feet colour after the first egg was laid and recorded female investment in the second egg. We found that, relative to the first egg in the clutch, females laid heavier second eggs during the poor year than during the good year. Females paired with males with duller feet colour reduced second-egg mass and volume and delayed the laying of the second egg, independently of the year. Absolute yolk androstenedione (A4) concentration (but not testosterone, T) in second eggs was higher during a poor year than during a good year. Only during a year with poor breeding conditions, females paired with experimental males decreased the relative A4 concentration (but not T) in the second egg compared to control females. Thus, blue-footed booby females probably favour brood reduction by decreasing egg quality and increasing size asymmetry between chicks when the breeding and the mate conditions are poor.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Dentressangle, F. and Boeck, L. and Torres, R.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {sexual traits egg quality laying asynchrony yolk a, sexual traits egg quality laying asynchrony yolk androgens sula nebouxii maternal effects headed gull chicks yolk testosterone levels barn swallow eggs zebra finch hatching asynchrony larus-ridibundus differential-allocation offspring phenotype male attractiveness sexual selection},
	pages = {1899--1908}
}

@article{drickamer2000,
	title = {Free female mate choice in house mice affects reproductive success and offspring viability and performance},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000085855900013},
	abstract = {We tested a critical assumption of sexual dialectics theory (Gowaty 1997, Feminism and Evolutionary Biology, Chapman \& Hall) using house mice, Mus musculus. We asked if female house mice accrue viability benefits for their offspring when they mate with males they prefer versus with males they do not prefer. Our experiment was designed to eliminate or control other mechanisms of reproductive competition besides female mate choice. After allowing females to discriminate behaviourally between two males, which were at random with respect to phenotypic variation discriminating females were paired with preferred (P) or nonpreferred (NP) males. We then tested whether females mating with males they preferred had offspring of higher viability than females mating with nonpreferred males. In pairwise comparisons, we tested for differences in offspring performance in dominance contests and in nest-building skill. At weaning, we exposed half of the pups to cold stress. We tested progeny performance and viability in the laboratory or in outdoor field enclosures. In:comparison to P females, NP females produced significantly fewer litters. Sons from P matings were socially dominant to sons from NP matings. Adult offspring from P matings;built better nests than those from NP matings. In field enclosures significantly fewer NP than P offspring survived to 60 days after introduction. Male and female progeny from P matings established larger home ranges and constructed better nests than progeny from NP matings. This is the first demonstration of progeny viability differences for females allowed to express mate preferences between males presented to them at random. (C) 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Drickamer, L. C. and Gowaty, P. A. and Holmes, C. M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {mating preferences mus-domesticus peromyscus-manic, mating preferences mus-domesticus peromyscus-maniculatus poecilia-reticulata enclosures musculus population quality mouse size},
	pages = {371--378}
}

@article{drickamerFreeMutualMate2003,
	title = {Free mutual mate preferences in house mice affect reproductive success and offspring performance},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000181163100013},
	doi = {Doi 10.1006/Anbe.2002.2027},
	abstract = {When social constraints on the expression of mate preferences are absent, variation in offspring viability is predicted to favour females and males that display mate preferences. Earlier studies showed that female and male house mice, Mug domesticus, tested individually and mated with preferred (P) partners had higher reproductive success and better progeny performance than individuals mated with nonpreferred (NP) partners. Here we tested the effects of mutual mate preferences on reproductive success, offspring viability and performance. We conducted mate preference tests and created four types of reproductive pairings. One involved females and males that preferred each other (P-P); the second type had females that preferred the male but the male did not prefer the female (P-NP); the third had females that did not prefer the male but the male did prefer the female (NP-P). The last set consisted of females and males that did not prefer each other (NP-NP). We measured components of fitness for breeders (reproductive success) and offspring viability (birth-to-weaning viability and weight variation) as well as measures of offspring performance. There were no statistical differences in reproductive success of breeders or offspring viability and quality (weight variation) among the four types of pairings. There were, however, consistent differences between P-P versus NP-NP matings. The number of pups weaned, time to first litter, birth-to-weaning viability, pup body weight at birth and weaning, and the growth rates for pups of both sexes were consistently greater for progeny from P-P matings than NP-NP matings. Significant differences occurred among the four mating types in dominance of sons during aggression trials, nest construction and predator avoidance. Progeny from P-P matings displayed behaviour associated with higher fitness more often than progeny from NP-NP matings. These data show that breeders produce more highly competent progeny, most likely to survive, when social constraints on the expression of mate preferences in both sexes are relaxed. (C) 2003 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Drickamer, L. C. and Gowaty, P. A. and Wagner, D. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {mus-musculus mating preferences social-dominance c, mus-musculus mating preferences social-dominance choice mouse domesticus selection evolution behavior flies},
	pages = {105--114}
}

@article{droneyFemalesLayFewer2003,
	title = {Females lay fewer eggs for males with greater courtship success in a lekking {Drosophila}},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000181391800011},
	doi = {Doi 10.1006/Anbe.2003.2056},
	abstract = {The evolutionary basis for female mate choice in lek mating systems has been a common subject of research in animal behaviour. Because males apparently provide only gametes to females in lekking species, most research has focused on possible indirect (genetic) benefits that females might gain by discriminating among males. Despite the emphasis on indirect benefits, it has been recognized that females in non-resource-based systems such as leks could potentially gain direct benefits via mate choice if males varied in fertilization abilities, for example. Previous evidence has, shown that females of a lekking Hawaiian Drosophila, D. grimshawi, vary in fecundity when mated to certain males, and that females possess preferences for vigorously courting males. This study tests the hypothesis that D. grimshawi females gain direct benefits by preferentially mating with more sexually vigorous males. Male courtship vigour (performance of wing and head-under-wing displays) and the consequences of female choice on offspring production were evaluated separately using different females. Unexpectedly, matings involving more vigorously courting males resulted in fewer offspring being produced. Reduced offspring number resulted because females laid fewer eggs when mating with males having greater courtship success. These results are discussed in light of sexual conflict and possible multiple mating by females. Females also demonstrated considerable variation in mating behaviour and behavioural variation was correlated with mating benefits. (C) 2003 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Droney, D. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, egg, hawaiian drosophila mating preferences lek paradox, hawaiian drosophila mating preferences lek paradox choice evolution ejaculate selection benefits conflict diptera, lekking},
	pages = {371--378}
}

@article{duboisEmptyNestsNot2003,
	title = {Empty nests do not affect female mate choice or maternal investment in {House} {Wrens}},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {0010-5422},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000182664700021},
	abstract = {House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) remove eggs from the nests of other birds, including conspecifics and heterospecifics and both cup and cavity nests. Egg removal by males before females arrive increases the number of empty nests in and around a male House Wren's territory, and females might use this trait in mate choice. We manipulated the presence of empty nests in House Wren territories prior to female settlement by adding artificial nests with or without plastic eggs. We used the timing of female settlement as an index of mate preference. Our manipulation had no effect on the timing of female settlement or on variables related to maternal investment such as clutch size, egg volume, or provisioning effort. Differential investment in offspring was based on the timing of a reproductive attempt, which was unrelated to the experimental manipulation.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Condor},
	author = {Dubois, N. S. and Getty, T.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {egg removal empty nests house wren mate choice nes, egg removal empty nests house wren mate choice nest destruction parental investment troglodytes aedon troglodytes-aedon tree swallows interference competition hypothesis support},
	pages = {382--387}
}

@article{duboisSurplusNestBoxes2006,
	title = {Surplus nest boxes and the potential for polygyny affect clutch size and offspring sex ratio in house wrens},
	volume = {273},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000238946100005 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1595/1751.full.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2006.3509},
	abstract = {Females of many species can gain benefits from being choosy about their mates and even exhibit context-dependent investment in reproduction in response to the quality of their breeding situation. Here, we show that if a male house wren is provided with surplus nest boxes in his territory, his mate lays a larger clutch with a significantly higher proportion of sons. This response to a territory characteristic directly associated with male competitive ability, and ultimately to male reproductive success, suggests that male competition over access to high-quality territories with surplus nest boxes (i.e. those able to support polygyny) may influence female reproductive investment decisions. The results of this study have interesting implications, particularly considering the important role that studies of cavity nesting birds utilizing nest boxes have played in advancing our understanding of behaviour, ecology and evolution.},
	number = {1595},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Dubois, N. S. and Kennedy, E. D. and Getty, T.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {clutch size differential allocation offspring sex, clutch size differential allocation offspring sex ratio parental investment sexual selection troglodytes aedon local resource competition male parental care reproductive success troglodytes-aedon maternal condition blue tit male attractiveness paternal care parus-major extra-pair},
	pages = {1751--1757}
}

@article{edvardssonEffectsCopulatoryCourtship2005,
	title = {The effects of copulatory courtship on differential allocation in the red flour beetle {Tribolium} castaneum},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {0892-7553},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000228854200003 http://www.springerlink.com/content/m300k6842502400h/fulltext.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S10905-005-3692-4},
	abstract = {Mate attractiveness is known to sometimes influence female reproductive investment (i.e. differential allocation) and the sex ratio of her offspring (i.e. sex allocation). Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum rub the lateral edges of the females elytra with their tarsi during copulation. This behavior is important for paternity success when females have mated with two males. We manipulated female perception of the leg rubbing behavior by tarsal ablation and tested whether this behavior is also favored through differential allocation and whether it affects sex allocation. We found some support for an increase in female oviposition rate in response to intensive leg rubbing but failed to find any support for an effect on sex allocation. The overall sex ratio of offspring was slightly male biased but females did not appear to regulate the sex ratio of their offspring.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	author = {Edvardsson, M. and Arnqvist, G.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {cryptic female choice copulatory courtship differe, cryptic female choice copulatory courtship differential allocation sex allocation sexual selection tribolium castaneum cryptic female choice reproductive effort sperm displacement sexual selection drosophila protein ratio},
	pages = {313--322}
}

@article{engqvistNuptialFoodGifts2007,
	title = {Nuptial food gifts influence female egg production in the scorpionfly {Panorpa} cognata},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0307-6946},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000247123500012},
	abstract = {1. Before copulation, male Panorpa cognata scorpionflies offer females a salivary secretion, which is consumed by the female during copulation. It has previously been demonstrated that this nuptial food gift functions as mating effort by increasing male attractiveness and by increasing ejaculate transfer during copulation. 2. In this study, the effect of saliva consumption on female reproductive output was investigated, and thus the possibility that nuptial food gifts also serve as paternal investment. The experimental design enabled the effect of nuptial gift consumption to be disentangled from other possible effects of multiple mating or increased copula duration. 3. The results showed that saliva consumption increases female egg production by on average 8\% (4.5 eggs) per consumed salivary mass, whereas mean egg weight was not influenced. 4. These results have important implications for the evolution and maintenance of both male nuptial gifts and female polyandry in this and other species.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	author = {Engqvist, L.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {female fecundity mating effort mecoptera nuptial f, female fecundity mating effort mecoptera nuptial food gifts paternal investment sexual selection paternal investment reproductive output sperm competition sexual selection bush-crickets offspring viability genetic benefits multiple matings insects fecundity},
	pages = {327--332}
}

@article{evansFemalesIncreaseEgg2010,
	title = {Females increase egg deposition in favor of large males in the rainbowfish, {Melanotaenia} australis},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/3/465 http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/21/3/465.pdf},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arq006},
	abstract = {Females often partition their reproductive investment differentially according to variation in male phenotype. Although evidence for differential maternal investment is accumulating in species with resource-based mating systems, there is relatively little evidence for such effects in species lacking resources at reproduction. In this paper, we evaluate the potential for differential maternal investment in the Australian rainbowfish, Melanotaenia australis, an egg scattering freshwater fish with a non-resource-based mating system. We found that female preferences for relatively large males were reinforced through patterns of differential egg deposition that favored preferred males. We also found that females mated first to relatively large males exhibited a reduction in egg deposition when subsequently paired with smaller males, suggesting that patterns of maternal investment can be influenced by recent mating history. We found no evidence that these patterns of differential egg deposition were influenced by male aggression, which did not differ between large and small males. Sexual conflict through physical manipulation is therefore unlikely to account for these patterns. Instead, our findings are more consistent with a pattern of differential allocation, although future studies are needed to evaluate the fitness effects of egg allocation, and the predicted trade-off between current and future reproductive investment. Irrespective of the evolutionary mechanisms underlying these patterns, our results confirm that female rainbowfish exhibit rapid and flexible changes in their reproductive investment according to male sexual attractiveness.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behav. Ecol.},
	author = {Evans, Jonathan P. and Box, Tegan M. and Brooshooft, Penny and Tatler, Jack R. and Fitzpatrick, John L.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {465--469}
}

@article{evansSireAttractivenessInfluences2004,
	title = {Sire attractiveness influences offspring performance in guppies},
	volume = {271},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000224344700007 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/271/1552/2035.full.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2004.2815},
	abstract = {According to the good-genes hypothesis, females choose among males to ensure the inheritance of superior paternal genes by their offspring. Despite increasing support for this prediction, in some cases differential (non-genetic) maternal effects may obscure or amplify the relationship between paternal attractiveness and offspring quality. Artificial insemination controls such effects because it uncouples mate choice from copulation, therefore denying females the opportunity of assessing male attractiveness. We adopted this technique in the live-bearing fish Poecilia reticulata and examined whether paternal coloration was associated with the behavioural performance of newborn offspring. Sexually receptive virgin females were inseminated with sperm taken individually from donor males that exhibited high variation in the area of orange pigmentation, a trait known to influence female choice in the study population. Our analysis of offspring performance focused on the anti-predator behaviour of newborn fish, including schooling by sibling pairs, the response (swimming speed) of these fishes to a simulated avian predator, and the time taken for a naive investigator to capture the offspring. Although we found no significant effect of sire coloration on either schooling or swimming speed, our analysis revealed a significant positive association between sire coloration and the ability of newborn offspring to evade capture. This finding supports the view that at least one aspect of anti-predator behaviour in newborn offspring is influenced by sire genotype, which in turn is revealed by the expression of secondary sexual traits.},
	number = {1552},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Kelley, J. L. and Bisazza, A. and Finazzo, E. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, differential allocation, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, ABILITY, ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION, association, Attractiveness, AUSTRALIA, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, EXPRESSION, female, female mating preferences, FEMALES, fish, Fisher, fishes, genes, genetic benefits, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, good genes, good-genes hypothesis, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, i, indirect benefits, INSEMINATION, male attractiveness, MALE COLOR PATTERNS, MALE PHENOTYPE, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Maternal effects, offspring, offspring quality, orange, P1, PAIR, PERFORMANCE, pigmentation, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, POECILIA-RETICULATA PISCES, population, predation risk, quality, response, reticulata, selection, sex, sexual selection differential allocation genetic b, sexual selection differential allocation genetic benefits sperm competition guppy indirect benefits poecilia-reticulata pisces female mating preferences male color patterns mate-choice sexual selection trinidadian guppy genetic benefits predation risk geographic-variation male phenotype, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, variation},
	pages = {2035--2042}
}

@article{fitzpatrickLifetimeMatingPotential1989,
	title = {Lifetime {Mating} {Potential} and {Reproductive} {Success} in {Males} of the {True} {Armyworm}, {Pseudaletia}-{Unipuncta} ({Haw}) ({Lepidoptera}, {Noctuidae})},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1989U489100004},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Fitzpatrick, S. M. and Mcneil, J. N.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {37--44}
}

@article{foersterEffectsTestosteroneMalemale2005,
	title = {Effects of testosterone on male-male competition and male-female interactions in blue tits},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226302100002 http://www.springerlink.com/content/tec82w7m6xa1y9e3/fulltext.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-004-0858-6},
	abstract = {In temperate-zone birds, testosterone (T) influences male behavior during the breeding season. The elevation of plasma levels of T to a breeding baseline is necessary for basic reproductive behaviors, but it is still unclear whether variation in T levels above this critical threshold influences the intensity of these behaviors. Such a relationship between T and sexually selected traits is a critical assumption of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. We here experimentally elevated T levels in blue-tit males above the natural mean (T-males) during the period of nest building and egg laying, without manipulating hormone levels during chick feeding. T-males neither interacted more often with other males, nor did they respond more aggressively to a dummy intruder, compared to males with control implants. T-males did not guard their social mates more closely, but they were more likely to interact with potential extra-pair mates. Females mated to T-males did not change their behavior during egg laying and the treatment did not significantly affect male and female feeding rates. Despite this, nests of T-males produced larger and heavier fledglings in one study year. Our observations suggest that T levels above the natural mean during the mating period do not increase aggressive or territorial behavior in male blue tits. However, if females perceived T-males as high-quality mating partners, superior offspring development in nests of T-males might be caused by higher maternal investment. Hence, male behaviors involved in mate attraction may have been influenced by T levels above the natural mean.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Foerster, K. and Kempenaers, B.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {parus caeruleus aggression mate choice sexual sele, parus caeruleus aggression mate choice sexual selection testosterone dark-eyed juncos white-crowned sparrows superb fairy-wrens differential-allocation reproductive success european starlings lapland longspurs breeding-season mate choice great tits},
	pages = {215--223}
}

@article{forkman1996,
	title = {Influence of size and asymmetry of sexual characters in the rooster and hen on the number of eggs laid},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VG57800007},
	abstract = {The quality of secondary sexual characteristics is thought to signal the desirability of an individual. That the attractiveness and/or quality of an individual, male or female, can have an effect on reproduction is also well known, In the present experiment we studied how asymmetry and size of secondary sexual characteristics in hens and roosters (Gallus gallus domesticus) affected the egg laying of hens, The strain used was a relaxed selection line of Brown Leghorn with a relatively low egg production (approx. 0.6-0.8 eggs/day). Each hen spent 24 h/week with the rooster, there were 4 females/rooster, in total 32 roosters and 127 hens. We found a significant effect of wattle asymmetry of roosters on the number of eggs laid by hens mated with them, hens mated with symmetrical males laying more eggs in total (r(s) = 0.50, P = 0.003, Spearman Rank Corr.), hens mated with roosters with larger wattles laid fewer fertilised eggs (r(s) = -0.40, P = 0.02, Spearman Rank). No effect was found for asymmetry of the wattles of the hens on total egg production (r(s) = 0.10, P = 0.36, Spearman Rank) or on fertilised eggs (r(s) = 0.020, P = 0.85, Spearman Rank). These results indicate that the original factors that affected reproduction in the wild ancestor of the domestic hen, e.g., male quality, might still be important in affecting the egg production of domestic poultry.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Forkman, B. and Corr, S.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {egg chicken laying behaviour sexual selection phea, egg chicken laying behaviour sexual selection pheasant phasianus-colchicus fluctuating asymmetry experimental manipulation symmetrical males preference selection choice},
	pages = {285--291}
}

@article{forsman2006,
	title = {Calling is an honest indicator of paternal genetic quality in poison frogs},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000241825400018},
	abstract = {Several competing hypotheses have been put forward to explain why females of many species mate preferentially with males possessing the most conspicuous signals (e.g., ornaments, displays, or songs). We performed a laboratory experiment using two species of poison frogs, Dendrobates leucomelas and Epipedobates tricolor, to test the hypothesis that male calling performance is an honest indicator of parental quality. Our analyses are based on data from behavioral observations of mating activities of captive-reared individuals (and their offspring) that were housed in terraria for four consecutive breeding seasons. Male mating success increased with male calling rate and chirp duration in both species, suggesting that females preferred males with more elaborate calls. Because calling performance improved with age in D. leucomelas, female poison frogs that prefer males with more elaborate calls in the wild may end up mating with older males that have already proven their ability to survive. Females that mated with good callers obtained higher quality offspring. Eggs fertilized by males with high calling rates and long chirp durations had higher hatching success and produced tadpoles that were more likely to metamorphose into surviving frogs. As a consequence, females that mated with males with high calling performance obtained more surviving offspring per egg, compared to females that mated with poor callers. Collectively, our findings comply with the notion that female poison frogs prefer to mate with good callers because calling performance is a reliable predictor of offspring quality. The possible influence of maternal allocation and reasons for the strong effect size compared to previous studies are discussed.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Forsman, A. and Hagman, M.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {dendrobates epipedobates good genes maternal alloc, dendrobates epipedobates good genes maternal allocation offspring viability sexual selection gray tree frogs sexual selection mate choice offspring performance fitness consequences energetic cost metabolic-rate female choice evolution advertisement},
	pages = {2148--2157}
}

@article{fosterMultipleMatingIts1996,
	title = {Multiple mating and its effects in the lightbrown apple moth, {Epiphyas} postvittana ({Walker})},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0022-1910},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VB15900006},
	abstract = {Multiple mating and some of its effects were investigated in the tortricid moth, Epiphyas postvittana, a species in which females are generally monandrous, Males were capable of mating a relatively large number of times (mean of 6.6 matings throughout their lifetime), Although less common, multiple mating of females occurred and was related to the male that the female mated with initially, A small proportion (approximately one fifth) of females that mated with a virgin male, remated; this was not related to the size of the spermatophore from the first mating, Females that mated with a previously mated male were more likely to remate with an increase in the number of previous matings of the male, These data suggest that remating of a female occurs as a result of a deficiency of a substance in the male, either naturally, in the case of some virgin males, or through serial depletion in multiply mated males, that triggers a refractory behaviour in females. The mating status of males affected both pheromone titre of, and number of fertile eggs laid by females they mated with; copulation with a multiply mated male generally resulted in a lesser pheromonostatic effect and fewer fertile eggs laid by a female, compared to when a female mated with a virgin male, Moreover, with an increase in number of previous matings of the male, there was an increase in the proportion of infertile matings (i.e. matings after which the female did not lay any fertile eggs), Age of the male at first mating did not affect pheromone production, proportion of rematings, or number of eggs laid by females that the males mated with, Age of the female at mating also did not affect the proportion of females that remated, but it did affect the number of eggs laid after mating, with females laying fewer fertile eggs and having a higher incidence of infertility when mated at an older age, The three behavioural/physiological changes, laying of fertile eggs, pheromonostasis, induction of refractory behaviour, in mated females (relative to virgin females) appear to be elicited by three different substances transferred from the male during copulation. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
	author = {Foster, S. P. and Ayers, R. H.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {reproductive behaviour pheromone oviposition lepid, reproductive behaviour pheromone oviposition lepidoptera tortricidae sex-pheromone production lymantria-dispar helicoverpa-zea mated behavior gypsy-moth reproductive-performance diel periodicity bursa copulatrix tortricid moths heliothis-zea},
	pages = {657--667}
}

@article{galeottiFemaleFreshwaterCrayfish2006,
	title = {Female freshwater crayfish adjust egg and clutch size in relation to multiple male traits},
	volume = {273},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000236852700011 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1590/1105.full.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2005.3345},
	abstract = {Females may invest more in reproduction if they acquire mates of high phenotypic quality, because offspring sired by preferred partners may be fitter than offspring sired by non-preferred ones. In this study, we tested the differential maternal allocation hypothesis in the freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius italicus, by means of a pairing experiment aimed at evaluating the effects of specific male traits (body size, chelae size and chelae asymmetry) on female primary reproductive effort. Our results showed that females laid larger but fewer eggs for relatively small-sized, large-clawed males, and smaller but more numerous eggs for relatively large-sized, small-clawed males. Chelae asymmetry had no effects on female reproductive investment. While the ultimate consequences of this pattern of female allocation remain unclear, females were nevertheless able to adjust their primary reproductive effort in relation to mate characteristics in a species where inter-male competition and sexual coercion may mask or obscure their sexual preferences. In addition, our results suggest that female allocation may differentially affect male characters, thus promoting a trade-off between the expression of different male traits.},
	number = {1590},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Galeotti, P. and Rubolini, D. and Fea, G. and Ghia, D. and Nardi, P. A. and Gherardi, F. and Fasola, M.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {differential allocation egg size male-male competi, differential allocation egg size male-male competition maternal effects sexual coercion trade-off white-clawed crayfish austropotamobius-pallipes sexual selection differential-allocation orconectes-rusticus male attractiveness investment ornamentation competition patterns},
	pages = {1105--1110}
}

@article{garcia-fernandezEavesdroppingMaleSinging2010,
	title = {Eavesdropping on {Male} {Singing} {Interactions} {Leads} to {Differential} {Allocation} in {Eggs}},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0179-1613},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000278520600010},
	abstract = {Females invest differently in their eggs depending on the quality of their mates. In oscines, female investment is influenced by the quality of male song. In domestic canaries Serinus canaria, as well as in black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapillus, females pay attention not only to the intrinsic quality of male song but can also gather information, by eavesdropping on male-male singing interactions, on the relative quality of males. During these interactions, overlapping the song of the rival is more threatening than alternating. Moreover eavesdropping female canaries have been shown to prefer the overlapping song rather than the overlapped song. The present study was designed to assess the effect of the information gathered by eavesdropping on female investment in eggs. First, we broadcasted overlapping interactions to female canaries. Then, we broadcasted to each female one of the two songs previously heard and collected eggs. Females exposed to overlapping songs laid eggs with greater yolk ratio than females exposed to overlapped songs. In contrast, yolk testosterone quantity and concentration were not affected by the treatment. Moreover, we found a variation between eggs with regard to the testosterone deposited in yolk: both quantity and concentration increased with laying order. Our results suggest that female canaries use information gathered by eavesdropping to differentially allocate resources into the eggs. They suggest that singing interactions could influence chick quality via female investment.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Garcia-Fernandez, V. and Amy, M. and Lacroix, A. and Malacarne, G. and Leboucher, G.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {canaries serinus-canaria yolk testosterone levels, canaries serinus-canaria yolk testosterone levels black-capped chickadees extra-pair paternity headed gull chicks male song quality vocal interactions female canaries precocial bird steroid concentrations},
	pages = {662--670}
}

@article{ratikainenDifferentialAllocationCompensation2010,
	title = {Differential allocation and compensation: who deserves the silver spoon?},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arp168},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Ratikainen, I. I. and Kokko, H.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {compensatory investment differential allocation ma},
	pages = {195--200}
}

@article{lehtonenMateCompatibilityParental2007,
	title = {Mate compatibility, parental allocation and fitness consequences of mate choice in the sand goby {Pomatoschistus} minutus},
	volume = {61},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-007-0390-6},
	abstract = {Recent theory and empirical work suggests that there may be variation among females in mate preferences that is adaptive. One of the possible mechanisms maintaining variability in preferences and preferred traits is that the benefits of mate choice may depend on compatibility with potential mating partners. We examined fitness consequences of mate choice in a species of fish, the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus with a special focus on mate compatibility. Females were given the opportunity to establish their mate preferences in a dichotomous mate choice experiment. This information was then applied by mating the focal or control female with either the preferred or the non-preferred male. The parental performance of the males of these four mating combinations was then measured. In a separate experiment, we assessed the female differential allocation by determining the residual gonad weight of spawned females as a measure of the proportion of eggs spawned. We also estimated the amount of filial cannibalism separately for both sexes. Our results show that preferred males provided benefits in the form of an increased number of hatching eggs. This benefit was the same when the male was mated with a focal or a control female. Hence, we found no support for benefits that depend on mate compatibility. Neither did we find support for the hypothesis that females would lay a different number of eggs depending on the male status. The results also indicate that male filial cannibalism has a strong role in determining hatching success in this species.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Lehtonen, T. K. and Lindstrom, K.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {mate choice filial cannibalism parental allocation},
	pages = {1581--1588}
}

@article{kristAreBlueEggs2007,
	title = {Are blue eggs a sexually selected signal of female collared flycatchers? {A} cross-fostering experiment},
	volume = {61},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-006-0315-9},
	abstract = {Impressive variation in egg colouration among birds has puzzled evolutionary biologists for a long time. The most frequently studied selective forces moulding egg colouration-predation and brood parasitism-have either received little empirical support or may play a role in only a minority of species. A novel hypothesis has suggested that egg colour may be significantly influenced by sexual selection. Females may deposit a blue-green pigment biliverdin into eggshells instead of using it for themselves as a powerful antioxidant. By this handicap, females may signal their quality to males, which are then hypothesized to increase their paternal effort. We experimentally tested the hypothesis in the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis), a species laying blue-green eggs. We cross-fostered clutches between nests to disentangle effects of female/territory quality and egg colour on paternal effort and nestling quality. The results supported two assumptions of sexual signalling through egg colour hypothesis: Blue pigment seems to be a limited resource for females, and female quality is positively correlated with the intensity of the blue-green colour. However, we did not find support for the main prediction of the hypothesis, as male parental effort parameters (feeding frequencies to nestlings and intensity of nest defence) were unrelated to egg colour. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between our results and previous correlative analyses that supported the hypothesis that blue egg colour may be a postmating, sexually selected signal in females.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Krist, M. and Grim, T.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {egg colour differential allocation female signalli},
	pages = {863--876}
}

@article{martinez-padilla2010,
	title = {Does egg colouration reflect male condition in birds?},
	volume = {97},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00114-010-0660-4},
	abstract = {How colouration provides information about individuals in birds has been a central issue in recent decades. Although much information has been derived, little is known about the adaptive significance of egg colouration in birds. A recent idea suggests that biliverdin-and porphyrin-pigmented eggs may act as a post-mating sexual signal for males to assess female quality. In birds, it is common for males to influence prelaying female condition by courtship feeding. Using Eurasian kestrels, a species that lays protoporphyrin-pigmented eggs, we descriptively assessed the influence of male feeding on egg pigmentation by considering female phenotype, condition, breeding parameters and male body condition. We found that older females and females with greyer tails (an index of individual quality) produce highly pigmented eggs. However, male body condition was the only variable that explained egg colouration when considered together with the female-related variables. Therefore, females that mated with males in better condition laid highly pigmented eggs. With the same species, we also explored the cost of producing protoporphyrin-pigmented eggs using a food-supply experiment before the laying period. Food supplementation did not increase egg pigmentation, but hatching success and egg mass were positively related to egg colouration only in food supplied pairs. We suggest that egg colouration might be costly to produce and probably suggests egg quality. However, this cost cannot be explained by female quality, but by male condition instead. In general, our results do not support the theory that egg colouration is a post-mating sexual signal in species where males determine female condition at the time of laying.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	author = {Martinez-Padilla, J. and Dixon, H. and Vergara, P. and Perez-Rodriguez, L. and Fargallo, J. A.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {eurasian kestrel food supplementation egg colourat},
	pages = {469--477}
}

@article{nilssonPatternsDivergenceEffects2002,
	title = {Patterns of divergence in the effects of mating on female reproductive performance in flour beetles},
	volume = {56},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.0014-3820.2002.tb00853.x-1980867072/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00853.x.pdf},
	abstract = {Sexual selection can lead to rapid divergence in reproductive characters. Recent studies have indicated that postmating events, such as sperm precedence, may play a key role in speciation. Here, we stress that other components of postmating sexual selection may be involved in the evolution of reproductive isolation. One of these is the reproductive investment made by females after mating (i.e., differential allocation). We performed an experiment designed to assess genetic divergence in the effects of mating on female reproductive performance in flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum. Females were mated to mates of three different wild-type genotypes at two different frequencies, in all possible reciprocal combinations. Male genotype affected all aspects of female reproduction. through its effects on female longevity. total offspring production, reproductive rate. mating rate. and fertility. Moreover, male and female genotype interacted in their effects on offspring production and reproductive rate. We use the pattern of these interactions to discuss the evolutionary process of divergence and suggest that the pattern is most consistent with that expected if divergence was driven by sexually antagonistic coevolution. In particular, the fact that females exhibited a relatively weak response to males with which they were coevolved suggests that females have evolved resistance to male gonadotropic signals/stimuli.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Nilsson, T. and Fricke, C. and Arnqvist, G.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {cost of reproduction cryptic female choice male ac},
	pages = {111--120}
}

@article{rudolfsenPotentialFitnessBenefits2005,
	title = {Potential fitness benefits from mate selection in the {Atlantic} cod ({Gadus} morhua)},
	volume = {18},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1420-9101.2004.00778.X},
	abstract = {Little evidence of benefits from female mate choice has been found when males provide no parental care or resources. Yet, good genes models of sexual selection suggest that elaborated male sexual characters are reliable signals of mate quality and that the offspring of males with elaborate sexual ornaments will perform better than those of males with less elaborate ornaments. We used cod (Gadus morhua L.), an externally fertilizing species where males provide nothing but sperm, to examine the potential of optimal mate selection with respect to offspring survival. By applying in vitro fertilizations, we crossed eight females with nine males in all possible combinations and reared each of the 72 sib groups. We found that offspring survival was dependent on which female was mated with which male and that optimal mate selection has the potential to increase mean offspring survival from 31.9 to 55.6\% (a 74\% increase). However, the size of the male sexual ornaments and sperm quality (i.e. sperm velocity and sperm density) could not predict offspring survival. Thus, even if there may be large fitness benefits of mate selection, we might not yet have identified the male characteristics generating high offspring survival.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Rudolfsen, G. and Figenschou, L. and Folstad, I. and Nordeide, J. T. and Soreng, E.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, sexual selection, female, FEMALES, genes, good genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, quality, selection, sperm, BENEFITS, breeding ornaments cod fitness benefits gadus morh, CHARACTERS, female mate choice, FERTILIZATION, FERTILIZATIONS, fitness, INCREASE, male sexual ornaments, mate quality, mate selection, model, MODELS, ornament, ornaments, parental care, reliable signals, resources, sexual characters, sexual ornaments, SEXUAL-SELECTION, signals, size, survival},
	pages = {172--179}
}

@article{karlssonNuptialGiftsResource1998,
	title = {Nuptial gifts, resource budgets, and reproductive output in a polyandrous butterfly},
	volume = {79},
	url = {internal-pdf://karlsson1998-4132101645/Karlsson1998.pdf},
	abstract = {Many female insects receive material during mating, referred to as "nuptial gifts," that may increase the female's resource budget. This investigation examines how nuptial gifts influence female nitrogen and carbon budgets ina polyandrous butterfly, Pieris napi. During mating, a virgin male of this species transfers a large and nutritious ejaculate containing 14\% nitrogen by dry mass. The amount of nitrogen transferred is equivalent to that in similar to 70 eggs. Females use the male-transferred nutrients to increase their pool of nutrients used for egg production and show a positive relationship between amount of ejaculate material received and lifetime reproductive output. It is clear that for multiply mated females, nitrogen derived from male nuptial gifts is essential for a balanced nitrogen budget. As in earlier studies, female thorax mass decreased with age, indicating that old females of P. napi are able to use more of the resources from their thorax than young females. Since male-transferred material also increases female longevity, multiply mated females also use more of their resources from the thorax. Consequently, multiply mated females have a relatively higher reproductive investment than singly mated females, i.e., they transform a larger part of their body reserves to egg production. These results are important for studies that involve male-transferred nutrients in female life history patterns as well as for investigations of links between nuptial gifts and sexual selection theory. When the value of nuptial gifts is determined only on the nutritional value of the gift itself rather than the function within the female, there is an obvious risk for incorrect conclusions.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Karlsson, B.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {lepidoptera male donations mating system multiple},
	pages = {2931--2940}
}

@article{wallingFemaleAssociationPreferences2010,
	title = {Do female association preferences predict the likelihood of reproduction?},
	volume = {64},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-009-0869-4},
	abstract = {Sexual selection acting on male traits through female mate choice is commonly inferred from female association preferences in dichotomous mate choice experiments. However, there are surprisingly few empirical demonstrations that such association preferences predict the likelihood of females reproducing with a particular male. This information is essential to confirm association preferences as good predictors of mate choice. We used green swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri) to test whether association preferences predict the likelihood of a female reproducing with a male. Females were tested for a preference for long- or short-sworded males in a standard dichotomous choice experiment and then allowed free access to either their preferred or non-preferred male. If females subsequently failed to produce fry, they were provided a second unfamiliar male with similar sword length to the first male. Females were more likely to reproduce with preferred than non-preferred males, but for those that reproduced, neither the status (preferred/non-preferred) nor the sword length (long/short) of the male had an effect on brood size or relative investment in growth by the female. There was no overall preference based on sword length in this study, but male sword length did affect likelihood of reproduction, with females more likely to reproduce with long- than short-sworded males (independent of preference for such males in earlier choice tests). These results suggest that female association preferences are good indicators of female mate choice but that ornament characteristics of the male are also important.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Walling, C. A. and Royle, N. J. and Lindstrom, J. and Metcalfe, N. B.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {reproductive success female mate choice sexual sel},
	pages = {541--548}
}

@article{simmonsOffspringViabilityBenefits2011,
	title = {Offspring viability benefits but no apparent costs of mating with high quality males},
	volume = {7},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rsbl.2010.0976},
	abstract = {Traditional models of sexual selection posit that male courtship signals evolve as indicators of underlying male genetic quality. An alternative hypothesis is that sexual conflict over mating generates antagonistic coevolution between male courtship persistence and female resistance. In the scarabaeine dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, females are more likely to mate with males that have high courtship rates. Here, we examine the effects of exposing females to males with either high or low courtship rates on female lifetime productivity and offspring viability. Females exposed to males with high courtship rates mated more often and produced offspring with greater egg-adult viability. Female productivity and lifespan were unaffected by exposure to males with high courtship rates. The data are consistent with models of sexual selection based on indirect genetic benefits, and provide little evidence for sexual conflict in this system.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Simmons, L. W. and Holley, R.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {female choice genetic benefits sexual conflict cou},
	pages = {419--421}
}

@article{ligonSexbiasedParentalInvestment2010,
	title = {Sex-biased parental investment is correlated with mate ornamentation in eastern bluebirds},
	volume = {79},
	abstract = {Males typically have greater variance in reproductive success than females, so mothers should benefit by producing sons under favourable conditions. Being paired with a better-than-average mate is one such favourable circumstance. High-quality fathers can improve conditions for their offspring by providing good genes, good resources, or both, so females paired to such males should invest preferentially in sons. Ornamentation has been linked to male quality in many birds, and, in support of differential allocation theory, females of several avian species invest more in entire broods when paired to attractive mates. Additionally, the females of some bird species apparently manipulate the primary sex ratio of their broods in relation to the attractiveness of their mates. However, empirical support for a link between mate ornamentation and preferential feeding of sons (another form of biased investment) is lacking. We tested for correlations between sex-biased parental investment and mate plumage colour in the eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis, a species in which juveniles have sexually dichromatic UV blue plumage. We found that the proportion of maternal feeding attempts to fledgling sons (versus fledgling daughters) was positively correlated with structurally coloured plumage ornamentation of fathers. Additionally, paternal feeding attempts to sons were correlated with plumage ornamentation of mothers and increased in fathers that had breast plumage characteristics typical of older males. These results provide further support for the idea that parental strategies are influenced by mate attractiveness and provide the first evidence that mate ornamentation can influence parental behaviour even after offspring have left the nest. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Ligon, R. A. and Hill, G. E.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {colour eastern bluebird honest signal ornament par},
	pages = {727--734}
}

@article{gonzalez-medinaParentalChickResponses2010,
	title = {Parental and chick responses of {Laughing} {Gulls} ({Leucophaeus} atricilla) to increase of flight costs and brood size},
	volume = {151},
	url = {internal-pdf://fulltext-1-1029385732/fulltext-1.pdf},
	abstract = {One main line of thought in life history theory is that investment in offspring must be balanced to minimize negative impacts on adult survival and future breeding. Seabirds have been regarded as fixed investors, although they exhibit a whole gradient of life history traits. We studied the consequences of brood size (one and three chicks) and of increased flight costs to one mate of a pair (3- and 5-cm trimming of the edge of the primary feathers) on parental response and on survival and body condition of chicks of Laughing Gulls (Leucophaeus atricilla). Parent gulls modified their nest attendance when their mate was handicapped, in a pattern dependent on the sex of the latter. Trimming of males affected chicks more severely than that of females. On its part, brood size affected amount of feeding sessions. Both chick body condition and survival were negatively affected by larger broods and by increased flight costs of one of their parents, especially when it was the male. Overall, parental inversion exhibited adjustments depending on the requirements of the brood and the fact that males compensated better the increased flying costs of their mates than vice versa. Despite a certain capacity by the males to compensate for the increased flight costs of the females, compensation was insufficient, and much less so in females, especially in larger broods, affecting chicks' body condition and survival.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	author = {Gonzalez-Medina, E. and Castillo-Guerrero, J. A. and Mellink, E.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {breeding optimization chick body condition chick s},
	pages = {219--225}
}

@article{ryneSpermatophoreSizeMultiple2001,
	title = {Spermatophore size and multiple mating: {Effects} on reproductive success and post-mating behaviour in the {Indian} meal moth},
	volume = {138},
	url = {internal-pdf://a89-0713132294/A89.pdf},
	abstract = {Ensuring fatherhood is an important issue in polygamous species. In many lepidopteran species, the male inserts a large package (spermatophore) consisting of sperm, accessory gland fluids and nutrients into the female's bursa copulatrix during copulation. In most species it has been shown that a large mate donation causes females either to stop calling, or to prolong the time until re-mating, hereby ensuring fatherhood. We investigated the changes in size of the donation in multiple mating and how the size affected the female post mating behaviour in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. In concordance with other previous studies, we found that a male inserted a significantly larger donation during the first mating compared to following mating occasions. The larger donation was not coupled with larval output since it did not decline during mating occasions. Some males were able to mate at least eight times and male fitness, counted as larval output, showed no association with sequence of mating number. Even though females received larger donations during the first mating, there was no effect on female post mating behaviour in terms of pheromone production and calling behaviour. The weight of the mated female's bursa copulatrix decreased linearly over the first eight days after mating, suggesting that females absorb material other than sperm. We discuss the female advantage of receiving a large donation and why males invest more energy into the first mating while female post-mating behaviour is not affected.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Ryne, C. and Zhu, J. W. and Van Dongen, S. and Lofstedt, C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {plodia-interpunctella lepidoptera male larval nutr},
	pages = {947--963}
}

@article{kraakMutualMateChoice1998,
	title = {Mutual mate choice in sticklebacks: attractive males choose big females, which lay big eggs},
	volume = {56},
	abstract = {Brighter red three-spined stickleback, Gasterostetus aculeatus, males have been shown to be preferred by females in the laboratory but in the field, these males did not receive more eggs. Instead, they had heavier eggs in their brood. We investigated the hypothesis that sexual selection for red coloration in male sticklebacks acts through mate choice by preferred males, who can afford to be choosy, for high-quality females which lay heavier eggs. We assume here that heavier eggs provide a direct fitness advantage. In simultaneous choice tests males were presented with two females differing in size. The number of zigzags directed to and the time spent orienting to each female were measured. After the test the females laid eggs, which we counted and weighed. Bigger (i.e longer and heavier) females laid significantly more and heavier eggs than smaller females. For all 23 males pooled together, the preferred female was the bigger of the two in 17 cases, laid more eggs in 18 cases,but laid heavier eggs in only 13 cases. When bright and dull males were analysed separately, we found that bright but not dull males spent more time oriented to the bigger female, and to the female that laid more eggs. Females preferred by bright males tended to lay heavier eggs than nonpreferred females, although this result was not quite significant. We conclude that in nature this preference for bigger females results in brighter males receiving on average heavier eggs. Assuming higher survival of bigger offspring, we propose that this can explain how brightness can be sexually selected in spite of brighter males not receiving more eggs. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kraak, S. B. M. and Bakker, T. C. M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, egg, mate choice, mutual, potential reproductive rates gasterosteus-aculeatu, stickleback, sticklebacks},
	pages = {859--866}
}

@article{gowatyReproductiveCompensation2008,
	title = {Reproductive compensation},
	volume = {21},
	url = {internal-pdf://gowaty_2008-1494090752/gowaty_2008.pdf},
	abstract = {The reproductive compensation hypothesis says that individuals constrained by ecological or social forces to reproduce with partners they do not prefer compensate for likely offspring viability deficits. The reproductive compensation hypothesis assumes that (i) pathogens and parasites evolve more rapidly than their hosts, (ii) mate preferences predict variation in health and viability of offspring, (iii) social and ecological factors keep some individuals from mating with their preferred partners (some are constrained to mate with partners they do not prefer), (iv) all individuals may be induced to compensate, so that (v) variation in compensation is due to environmental and developmental factors affecting between-individual abilities to express compensatory mechanisms. Selection favouring compensation may act through variation in prezygotic physiological mechanisms, zygotic mechanisms, or parental care to eggs or young that enhance offspring health, increasing the likelihood that some offspring survive to reproductive age, often at a survival cost to the parents. Compensation may be through increased number of eggs laid or offspring born, a compensatory effort working during a single reproductive bout that sometimes will match the number of offspring surviving to reproductive age produced by unconstrained parents during the same bout. The reproductive compensation hypothesis therefore predicts trade-offs in components of fitness for breeders, such that parents constrained to mating with a nonpreferred partner, but who compensate sometimes match their current productivity (number of offspring at reproductive age) to unconstrained parents (those breeding with their preferred partners), and, when all else is equal, die faster than unconstrained parents. The reproductive compensation hypothesis emphasizes that reproductive competition is not just between constrained and unconstrained individuals, but also among constrained individuals who do and do not compensate. The reproductive compensation hypothesis may thus explain previously unexplained between-population and within-population, between-individual variation in reproductive success, survival, physiology and behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {constraints differential allocation hypothesis dis},
	pages = {1189--1200}
}

@article{thornhillCrypticFemaleChoice1983,
	title = {Cryptic {Female} {Choice} and {Its} {Implications} in the {Scorpionfly} {Harpobittacus}-{Nigriceps}},
	volume = {122},
	url = {internal-pdf://2460916-3859481600/2460916.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {765--788}
}

@article{kingmaManipulationMaleAttractiveness2009,
	title = {Manipulation of male attractiveness induces rapid changes in avian maternal yolk androgen deposition},
	volume = {20},
	url = {internal-pdf://172-3876286464/172.pdf},
	abstract = {Avian eggs contain maternal androgens that may adjust offspring development to environmental conditions. We review evidence and functional explanations for the relationship between androgen concentrations in avian eggs and male attractiveness. Experimental studies in captive birds show generally positive relationships, but results from correlational and experimental field studies are less consistent, perhaps because they lack a within-female design to control for confounding between-female variation. We analyzed the effect of male attractiveness on yolk levels of maternal androgens in a wild bird, using a correlational and experimental approach with a within-female design. We manipulated the sexually selected UV coloration of the crown feathers of male blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) after their female had laid the second egg and measured the subsequent effect on androgen concentrations (testosterone and androstenedione) in the fifth, seventh, and ninth eggs relative to that in the second egg. Levels of testosterone, but not androstenedione, in eggs 5 and 7 were higher for control (attractive) than for UV-reduced (unattractive) males. This effect disappeared in the ninth egg, coinciding with the recovery of UV coloration after manipulation. This suggests that females are capable of rapid adjustments of testosterone deposition in response to changes in their mate's ornamental plumage. However, androgen concentrations in the second egg and pretreatment male crown coloration were not correlated. Possibly, the combination of relatively small variation in UV coloration before treatment and the influence of unknown confounding variables in the correlative approach resulted in insufficient statistical power to detect such a correlation.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Kingma, S. A. and Komdeur, J. and Vedder, O. and von Engelhardt, N. and Korsten, P. and Groothuis, T. G. G.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {tits cyanistes-caeruleus differential-allocation h},
	pages = {172--179}
}

@article{torres-vilaMaleMatingHistory2005,
	title = {Male mating history and female fecundity in the {Lepidoptera}: do male virgins make better partners?},
	volume = {57},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-004-0857-7},
	abstract = {In insects, large ejaculate and associated materials, including spermatophores, appear to have evolved via sexual selection acting on males to either delay female remating or to increase the rate of egg-laying. It is also possible, however, that females use nutrients transferred during mating to increase their lifetime fecundity. If so, male ejaculate size may also have evolved under natural selection as a form of paternal investment. In Lepidoptera, males with a greater number of prior matings tend to produce smaller spermatophores. However, the reported effects of male mating history on female fecundity vary widely among species. We therefore performed a meta-analysis using data from 29 studies of 25 species. Overall, the reproductive output of females mated to virgin males was significantly higher than that of females mated to sexually experienced males ( Hedges' d=0.33, P{\textless}0.01). A sample size of around 145 females per male mating type is required to detect an effect of this size with 80\% statistical power at alpha=0.05 (two-tailed). There was no difference in mean effect size between butterflies/skippers and moths. After controlling for any effect of taxonomic group, however, the mean effect size for polyandrous species was significantly greater than that for monandrous species ( Hedges' d=0.45 vs 0.25, P=0.01). We then discuss possible reasons why male mating history, presumably acting through its effect on spermatophore size, might have a stronger effect in polyandrous than monandrous species.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Torres-Vila, L. M. and Jennions, M. D.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {lepidoptera mating effort paternal investment poly},
	pages = {318--326}
}

@article{tanvezSexuallyAttractivePhrases2004,
	title = {Sexually attractive phrases increase yolk androgens deposition in {Canaries} ({Serinus} canaries)},
	volume = {138},
	abstract = {The androgen concentration in birds' eggs varies with laying order, breeding conditions, and mate attractiveness. In passerine birds, mate attractiveness depends upon song quality. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of one criterion used by females to assess male song quality that is to say the presence of sexually attractive phrases on yolk androgen deposition. Twenty-five female Canaries were assigned to three experimental groups; in the first group, the females were allowed to hear songs made up with attractive phrases; in the second group, they were allowed to hear songs made up with non-attractive phrases; and in the control group, the females could not hear any song. Our results show that females allowed to hear songs with attractive phrases deposit significantly higher amounts of androgens (mostly testosterone) in their eggs than females without acoustical stimulation. The females exposed to songs with non-attractive phrases had androgen amounts halfway between the two other groups. This suggests that when females are paired with mates able to sing attractive phrases they can allocate more androgens in their eggs during the pre-laying period. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Tanvez, A. and Beguin, N. and Chastel, O. and Lacroix, A. and Leboucher, G.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {yolk androgens (t and dht) male attractiveness "a"},
	pages = {113--120}
}

@article{marshallMaleSongQuality2005,
	title = {Male song quality affects circulating but not yolk steroid concentrations in female canaries ({Serinus} canaria)},
	volume = {208},
	url = {internal-pdf://4593-4262336768/4593.pdf},
	abstract = {Male song complexity is a sexually selected trait found in many songbirds, including strains of the domestic canary. Studies on several species have shown that male song can affect the hormonal state of females and may also influence concentrations of maternal hormones in the yolk of their eggs. In this study, we show that the level of circulating androgens and oestrogens of female canaries, as measured in faeces, varies with the quality of male song to which they are exposed. The female-perceived quality of male canary song depends on the production of special 'sexy syllables' to which females respond with more sexual displays. Using playback of synthetic song we show that females hearing songs with sexy syllables have higher levels of faecal testosterone than control females hearing songs without them. However, unlike previous studies on the canary, we found no evidence that such females laid eggs with more testosterone (or other steroids) in their egg yolks. We discuss these results in relation to the evolution of male signalling and maternal investment strategies.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Marshall, Rupert C. and Leisler, Bernd and Catchpole, Clive K. and Schwabl, Hubert},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {b01 y08.040 a16.690.325 j02.500.470.800 y08.040 a1},
	pages = {4593--4598}
}

@article{palokangasFemaleChoiceKestrel1992,
	title = {Female {Choice} in the {Kestrel} under {Different} {Availability} of {Mating} {Options}},
	volume = {43},
	url = {internal-pdf://palokangas_etal_animbehav-92-2471168525/Palokangas_etal_AnimBehav-92.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Palokangas, P. and Alatalo, R. V. and Korpimaki, E.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {mate choice pied flycatcher birds reproduction dec},
	pages = {659--665}
}

@article{moore2001,
	title = {Sexual conflict and the evolution of female mate choice and male social dominance},
	volume = {268},
	abstract = {Conflicts between the sexes over control of reproduction are thought to lead to a cost of sexual selection through the evolution of male traits that manipulate female reproductive physiology and behaviour, and female traits that resist this manipulation. Although studies have begun to document negative fitness effects of sexual conflict, studies showing the expected association between sexual conflict and the specific behavioural mechanisms of sexual selection are lacking. Here we experimentally manipulated the opportunity for sexual conflict in the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea and showed that, for this species, odour cues in the social environment influence the behavioural strategies and fitness of males and females during sexual selection. Females provided with the opportunity for discriminating between males but not necessarily mating with preferred males produced fewer male offspring than females mated at random. The number of female offspring produced was not affected, nor was the viability of the offspring. Experimental modification of the composition of the males' pheromone showed that the fecundity effects were caused by exposure to the pheromone component that makes males attractive to females but also makes males less likely to be dominant. Female mate choice therefore carries a demographic cost but functions to avoid male manipulation and aggression. Male-male competition appears to function to circumvent mate choice rather than directly manipulating females, as the mate choice can be cryptic. The dynamic struggle between the sexes for control of mating opportunities and outcomes in N. cinerea therefore reveals a unique role for sexual conflict in the evolution of the behavioural components of sexual selection.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Moore, A. J. and Gowaty, P. A. and Wallin, W. G. and Moore, P. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {pheromone sex ratio sexual conflict sexual selecti},
	pages = {517--523}
}

@article{moreno-ruedaYolkAndrogenDeposition2007,
	title = {Yolk androgen deposition as a female tactic to manipulate paternal contribution},
	volume = {18},
	url = {internal-pdf://arl106v1-2950689025/arl106v1.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Moreno-Rueda, G.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {black-headed gull sparrow passer-domesticus male p},
	pages = {496--498}
}

@article{lewisMateRecognitionChoice2004,
	title = {Mate recognition and choice in {Photinus} fireflies},
	volume = {41},
	url = {internal-pdf://anz41-809-2273387010/anz41-809.pdf},
	abstract = {This paper offers a view of firefly mate recognition and choice seen through the lens of recognition system theory. We review the expression and perception of firefly bioluminescent signals, and describe the photic cues used by Photinus fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the processes of species recognition (identifying conspecifics) and mate-quality recognition (discriminating among potential conspecific mates). The signal characters used by Photinus females to discriminate among potential mates include flash pulse rate and pulse duration. similar temporal characters to those assessed by females in acoustically signaling insects. We also review male nuptial gift production and transfer, and describe the relationship found between male, flash signals and nuptial gift size for Photinus ignitus. We present evidence of mate choice by Photinus males, which appear to allocate limited resources by rejecting low fecundity females. We assess the potential for postcopulatory female choice to mediate mate acceptance errors by increasing paternity success of higher quality mates, or blocking fertilizations by low quality mates. Finally, we integrate recognition system and mate choice theoretical approaches to develop predictions concerning how various factors will alter both male and female mate acceptance thresholds for Photinus fireflies.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
	author = {Lewis, S. M. and Cratsley, C. K. and Demary, K.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {flash communication-systems cryptic female choice},
	pages = {809--821}
}

@article{wedellMaleGenotypeAffects2006,
	title = {Male genotype affects female fitness in a paternally investing species},
	volume = {60},
	url = {internal-pdf://wedell-2467152128/Wedell.pdf},
	abstract = {Male nutrient provisioning is widespread in insects. Females of some species use male-derived nutrients for increased longevity and reproductive output. Despite much research into the consequences of paternal nutrient investment for male and female fitness, the heritability, and therefore the potential of this trait to respond to selection, has rarely been examined. Males of several butterfly species provide the female with nutrients in the spermatophore at mating. Females of the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) use male donations both for developing eggs (resulting in higher lifetime fecundity of multiply mated females), but also for their somatic maintenance (increasing longevity). Using half-sib, father-son regression and full-sib analyses, I showed that paternal nutrient investment is heritable, both in terms of the absolute but also the relative size of the spermatophore (controlling for body size). Male size and spermatophore size were also genetically correlated. Furthermore, a separate study showed male genotype had a significant effect on female longevity and lifetime fecundity. In contrast, male genotype had no influence on the immediate egg-laying rate of females following mating, suggesting limited scope for male manipulation of immediate female oviposition. These results indicate that females may derive both direct (increased lifetime fecundity and longevity) and indirect (sons with greater reproductive success) fitness benefits from paternal nutrient donations in this species.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wedell, N.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {egg, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, selection, BENEFITS, fitness, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, butterflies, butterfly, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, fecundity, FULL-SIB, heritability, insect, INSECTS, INVESTMENT, Lepidoptera, lifetime fecundity longevity male manipulation pie, longevity, MAINTENANCE, MALE SIZE, mating, NUTRIENTS, OVIPOSITION, Pieridae, provisioning, reproductive success, SPERMATOPHORE, SUCCESS},
	pages = {1638--1645}
}

@article{lopez-rullFemaleSpotlessStarlings2009,
	title = {Do female spotless starlings {Sturnus} unicolor adjust maternal investment according to male attractiveness?},
	volume = {40},
	url = {internal-pdf://lopez-0286123008/Lopez.pdf},
	abstract = {In birds, female egg allocation patterns have a strong influence in offspring development and differential investment in egg size and composition has been shown to respond to male attractiveness. In this study we experimentally manipulated the perceived attractiveness of male starlings Sturnus unicolor by increasing the amount of green material in some nests (a male courtship display in this species). We predicted that, if female investment before laying is related to male attractiveness, experimental females would increase their reproductive investment in response to the addition of plants in their nests when compared to control females. We found that our manipulation caused variations in female reproductive investment in a way that seems to influence offspring quantity but not offspring quality: Females laid larger clutch sizes but not larger eggs when green plant material was added. However, yolk androgens contents were not related to the experimental manipulation. Contrary to expectations, females breeding in experimental nests laid eggs with smaller amounts of eggshell pigments. Interestingly, we found that eggs laid later in the sequence had higher testosterone levels and showed more intense egg colouration than eggs laid earlier in the sequence. These differences at the within-clutch level suggest that selection has favoured compensatory strategies for hatching asynchrony. Alternatively, since nest sabotages by other females are most common at the beginning of laying, this could be seen as female strategy to minimise losses due to nest sabotages. As far as we know, this is the first study to show that an external egg characteristic such as blue-green colouration reflects yolk androgen concentration.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	author = {Lopez-Rull, I. and Gil, D.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {yolk testosterone levels avian eggshell pigments h},
	pages = {254--262}
}

@article{sainoCarotenoidConcentrationBarn2002,
	title = {Carotenoid concentration in barn swallow eggs is influenced by laying order, maternal infection and paternal ornamentation},
	volume = {269},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2002.2088},
	abstract = {Carotenoids are critical to embryonic development, immunity and protection from oxidative stress. Transmission of carotenoids to the eggs may affect development and maturation of immunity in offspring, but carotenoids may be available to females in limiting amounts. Females may thus transfer carotenoids to the eggs differentially in relation to the reproductive value of the offspring as affected by sexual ornamentation of their father. In this study of maternal allocation of carotenoids to the eggs in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), females whose immune system had been experimentally challenged with an antigen had smaller lutein concentrations in their eggs than controls. We manipulated the size of a secondary sexual character (tail length) of males, and analysed the effect of manipulation on allocation of lutein to eggs by their vaccinated mates. Contrary to our prediction based on parental allocation theory, mates of tail-shortened males had a larger lutein concentration in their eggs compared with those of control and tail-elongated males. According to previous studies, offspring of short-tailed males have larger exposure and/or susceptibility to parasites. A larger lutein concentration in the eggs of females mated to males with experimentally reduced ornaments may thus reflect adaptive maternal strategies to enhance offspring viability.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Saino, N. and Bertacche, V. and Ferrari, R. P. and Martinelli, R. and Moller, A. P. and Stradi, R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {carotenoids egg hirundo rustica immunity laying or},
	pages = {1729--1733}
}

@article{navaraYolkAntioxidantsVary2006,
	title = {Yolk antioxidants vary with male attractiveness and female condition in the house finch ({Carpodacus} mexicanus)},
	volume = {79},
	abstract = {The manipulation of egg content is one of the few ways by which female birds can alter offspring quality before hatch. Lipid-soluble vitamins and carotenoids are potent antioxidants. Female birds deposit these antioxidants into eggs in variable amounts according to environmental and social conditions, and the quantities deposited into eggs can have effects on offspring health and immunological condition. Allocation theory posits that females will alter the distribution of resources according to mate quality, sometimes allocating resources according to the differential allocation hypothesis (DAH), investing more in offspring sired by better-quality males, and other times allocating resources according to a compensatory strategy, enhancing the quality of offspring sired by lower-quality males. It is unknown, however, whether antioxidants are deposited into eggs according to the DAH or a compensatory strategy. We examined deposition patterns of yolk antioxidants (including vitamin E and three carotenoids) in relation to laying order, mate attractiveness, female condition, and yolk androgen content in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). Female house finches deposited significantly more total antioxidants into eggs sired by less attractive males. Additionally, yolk antioxidant content was significantly positively correlated with female condition, which suggests a cost associated with the deposition of antioxidants into eggs. Finally, concentrations of antioxidants in egg yolks were positively correlated with total yolk androgen content. We suggest that yolk antioxidants are deposited according to a compensatory deposition strategy, enabling females to improve the quality of young produced with less attractive males. Additionally, yolk antioxidants may act to counter some of the detrimental effects associated with high levels of yolk androgens in eggs and, thus, may exert a complementary effect to yolk androgens.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Physiological and Biochemical Zoology},
	author = {Navara, K. J. and Badyaev, A. V. and Mendonca, M. T. and Hill, G. E.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual size dimorphism plumage coloration oxidativ},
	pages = {1098--1105}
}

@article{rooneyFitnessAdvantageNuptial2002,
	title = {Fitness advantage from nuptial gifts in female fireflies},
	volume = {27},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.1365-2311.2002.00420.x-2098322944/j.1365-2311.2002.00420.x.pdf},
	abstract = {1. In many insects, males provide nuptial gifts to females in the form of spermatophores, sperm-containing structures produced by male accessory glands. 2. The work reported here examined the influence of both spermatophore number and spermatophore size on female reproductive output in two related firefly beetles, Photinus ignitus and Ellychnia corrusca (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Based on differences in adult diet, male spermatophores were predicted to increase female reproductive output to a greater extent in P. ignitus than in E. corrusca . 3. Female fecundity was significantly higher in triply mated females than in singly mated females in both species, with no difference between mating treatments in female lifespan or egg hatching success. No effects of second male spermatophore size on fecundity, lifespan, or egg hatching success were detected in either species. 4. These results suggest a direct fitness advantage from multiple mating for females in both species, although enhanced fecundity may be due either to allocation of spermatophore nutrients to eggs or to other substances transferred within the spermatophore acting as oviposition stimulants.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	author = {Rooney, J. and Lewis, S. M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {ellychnia fecundity effects multiple mating nuptia},
	pages = {373--377}
}

@article{taylorSexualSelectionFemale2008,
	title = {Sexual selection and female fitness in {Drosophila} simulans},
	volume = {62},
	url = {internal-pdf://taylor2008-0290102541/Taylor2008.pdf},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-007-0497-9},
	abstract = {There is a current debate over the net fitness consequences of sexual selection. Do preferred males increase female fitness or are these males manipulating females for their own benefit? The evidence is mixed. Some studies find that mating with attractive males increases female fitness components, while others show that preferred males decrease measures of female fitness. In this study, we examined some of the fitness consequences of pre-copulatory sexual selection in Drosophila simulans. Virgin females were either paired with one male and given an opportunity for one copulation or were exposed simultaneously to two males. This allowed us to compare female preference (copulation latency) and fitness (longevity, lifetime productivity and rate of offspring production) both with and without the influence of male male competition. When females had access to a single male, neither female longevity, productivity, nor short-term rate of productivity were associated with female preference, and although females mated more quickly with larger males, male size was also not associated with any female fitness measure. Inclusion of male-male competition showed that female longevity was negatively affected by preference, while productivity and rate of productivity was unaffected. This latter experiment also indicated that females preferred larger males, but again, male size was not associated with female fitness. These results indicate that females may not benefit from mating with preferred males, but they may incur survival costs.There is a current debate over the net fitness consequences of sexual selection. Do preferred males increase female fitness or are these males manipulating females for their own benefit? The evidence is mixed. Some studies find that mating with attractive males increases female fitness components, while others show that preferred males decrease measures of female fitness. In this study, we examined some of the fitness consequences of pre-copulatory sexual selection in Drosophila simulans. Virgin females were either paired with one male and given an opportunity for one copulation or were exposed simultaneously to two males. This allowed us to compare female preference (copulation latency) and fitness (longevity, lifetime productivity and rate of offspring production) both with and without the influence of male-male competition. When females had access to a single male, neither female longevity, productivity, nor short-term rate of productivity were associated with female preference, and although females mated more quickly with larger males, male size was also not associated with any female fitness measure. Inclusion of male-male competition showed that female longevity was negatively affected by preference, while productivity and rate of productivity was unaffected. This latter experiment also indicated that females preferred larger males, but again, male size was not associated with female fitness. These results indicate that females may not benefit from mating with preferred males, but they may incur survival costs.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Taylor, M. L. and Wedell, N. and Hosken, D. J.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female preference male-male competition fitness co},
	pages = {721--728}
}

@article{gilbertMaternalEffectsDue2006,
	title = {Maternal effects due to male attractiveness affect offspring development in the zebra finch},
	volume = {273},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2006.3520},
	abstract = {Maternal effects occur when offspring phenotype is influenced by environmental factors experienced by the mother. Mothers are predicted to invest differentially in offspring in ways that will maximize offspring fitness depending on the environment she expects them to encounter. Here, we test for maternal effects in response to mate attractiveness on offspring developmental traits in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata. We controlled for parental genetic quality by manipulating male attractiveness using coloured leg rings and by randomly assigning mating pairs. The potential confounding effect of differential nestling care was controlled for by cross-fostering clutches and by allowing for variance due to foster father attractiveness in general linear models. We found a difference in egg mass investment between attractiveness groups and, importantly, we found that all of the offspring traits we measured varied with the attractiveness of the father. This provides strong evidence for maternal effects in response to mate attractiveness. Furthermore, due to the experiment design, we can conclude that these effects were mediated by differential investment of egg resources and not due to genetic differences or differences in nestling care.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Gilbert, L. and Williamson, K. A. and Hazon, N. and Graves, J. A.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {maternal effects mate attractiveness egg resources},
	pages = {1765--1771}
}

@article{mclainNongeneticBenefitsMate1998,
	title = {Non-genetic benefits of mate choice: fecundity enhancement and sexy sons},
	volume = {55},
	abstract = {I compared reproductive success (lifetime number of fertilized eggs) as a function of mate choice among females of the stink bug, Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). 'Choosing' (C) females were placed with one of two males on alternate days. CI females chose between inexperienced males while CR females chose between males previously rejected by CI females. 'Non-choosing' (N) females were placed with the same male every day. Non-choosing NI, NR and NA females encountered, respectively, inexperienced males, previously rejected males, or previously accepted and mated males. Reproductive success was highest for CI females, showing direct selection on mate preferences. Reproductive success did not differ between CR and NR females, indicating that male quality, not the act of choosing a mate, affects fitness. CI females preferred males with longer antennae and their fecundity (lifetime number of eggs) was correlated with male antenna length, consistent with antenna length as an indicator of male ability to transfer nutritive sperm produced in paired harlequin lobes of the testes. Harlequin lobes were smaller in rejected than chosen males. In second-generation mate choice trials, sons of NR females competed well against sons of NA females but not against sons of CI females. This suggests that non-genetic paternal contributions that decline with prior mating account for the attractiveness of sons because sons of CI and NA females shared the same fathers. Sons experiencing mating success came from larger eggs and egg size was greatest for CI females, perhaps as a consequence of paternal nutritional contributions. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {McLain, D. K.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {nezara-viridula hemiptera sexual selection mating},
	pages = {1191--1201}
}

@article{gowatyReproductiveDecisionsEcological2009,
	title = {Reproductive decisions under ecological constraints: {It}'s about time},
	volume = {106},
	doi = {Doi 10.1073/Pnas.0901130106},
	abstract = {The switch point theorem (SPT) is the quantitative statement of the hypothesis that stochastic effects on survival, mate encounter, and latency affect individuals' time available for mating, the mean and variance in fitness, and thus, originally favored the evolution of individuals able to make adaptively flexible reproductive decisions. The SPT says that demographic stochasticity acting through variation in (i) individual survival probability, s; (ii) individual encounter probability, e; (iii) latency, l; (iv) the number of potential mates in the population, n; and (v) the distribution of fitness conferred, the w distribution, together affect average lifetime fitness, and induce adaptive switches in individual reproductive decisions. The switch point is the rank of potential mates at which focal individuals switch from accepting to rejecting potential mates, a decision rule that the SPT proves maximizes the average lifetime fitness of a focal individual under given values of ecological constraints on time. The SPT makes many predictions, including that the shape of the distribution of fitness conferred affects individual switch points. All else equal, higher probabilities of individual survival and encounter decrease the fraction of acceptable potential mates, such that focal individuals achieve higher average lifetime fitness by rejecting more potential mates. The primary prediction of the SPT is that each decision a focal individual makes is determined jointly by e, s, l, n, and the w distribution.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A. and Hubbell, S. P.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {demographic stochasticity encounter probability ma},
	pages = {10017--10024}
}

@article{hirokiDelayedMatingIts1997,
	title = {Delayed mating and its cost to female reproduction in the butterfly, {Eurema} hecabe},
	volume = {15},
	url = {internal-pdf://hiroki1997-0709548813/Hiroki1997.pdf},
	abstract = {The timing of mating of females under semi-natural condition, male ejaculate production and their effects on female fecundity were examined in Eurema hecabe. Age of the first mating of females varied, and the number of matings increased with age. Male spermatophore production depended on age and body mass. The spermatophore mass at the second mating depended only on the interval between the first and second matings. The timing of the first mating and the spermatophore mass did not affect female fecundity. The timing of mating of females relative to the role of male spermatophores in female fecundity and male mating strategy are discussed.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Ethology},
	author = {Hiroki, M. and Obara, Y.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {papilio-machaon l paternal investment lepidoptera},
	pages = {79--85}
}

@article{hughesFemaleChoiceMates1985,
	title = {Female {Choice} of {Mates} in a {Polygynous} {Insect}, the {Whitespotted} {Sawyer} {Monochamus}-{Scutellatus}},
	volume = {17},
	url = {internal-pdf://fulltext-1-1598520321/fulltext-1.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Hughes, A. L. and Hughes, M. K.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {385--387}
}

@article{wedellProtandryMateAssessment1992,
	title = {Protandry and {Mate} {Assessment} in the {Wartbiter} {Decticus}-{Verrucivorus} ({Orthoptera}, {Tettigoniidae})},
	volume = {31},
	url = {internal-pdf://wedell1992-2957673229/Wedell1992.pdf},
	abstract = {Protandry, or early male emergence, is prevalent in the majority of insects. There are several explanations, both adaptive and "incidental" for this widespread phenomenon. Here I report the occurrence of protandry in the wartbiter, Decticus verrucivorus, and argue that the explanation for the evolution of protandry in this species is the result of selection acting on males in relation to sperm competition. It has previously been shown that sperm mixing occurs in this species, leading to a reduction in confidence of paternity with number of matings. Emerging early and thereby having a higher probability of mating with virgin females benefits males in two ways: both through a 100\% assurance of paternity and because female egglaying rate decreases over time. A singly mated female can lay up to 30\% of her lifetime egg production during her first refractory period, during which time the eggs are exclusively fertilized by the first male. Wartbiter males seem also to be able to assess female mating status and transfer larger spermatophores when mating with virgin females than when mating with already mated females. This holds true both for previously mated and virgin males. Thus, it seems that male wartbiters allocate their resources differentially depending on female quality.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Wedell, N.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {pseudo-parental investment female reproductive out},
	pages = {301--308}
}

@article{loyauWatchingSexyDisplays2010,
	title = {Watching sexy displays improves hatching success and offspring growth through maternal allocation},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20538650 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/06/09/rspb.2010.0473.full.pdf},
	doi = {rspb.2010.0473 [pii] 10.1098/rspb.2010.0473},
	abstract = {Male attractiveness can have tremendous effects on the fitness of his offspring via good genes, but also via enhanced maternal allocation of resources. Yet the proximate mechanisms influencing differential maternal allocation in relation to male sexiness are poorly known. Here, we studied the importance of visual stimulation for maternal allocation in the Houbara bustard, a vulnerable bird species bred in captivity to support wild populations. Artificial insemination allowed controlling for potential confounding factors, such as a male's territory quality, social interactions or sperm quality/quantity, probably linked to mate attractiveness. We show that artificially inseminated females stimulated by highly displaying males increased their hatching success, owing to increased fertilization success. The females also increased the allocation of maternal androgens in their eggs, leading to an increase of circulating testosterone and growth rate in chicks. Hence, visual stimulation of the females can promote differential maternal allocation and favour offspring fitness. Our results further suggest that using artificial insemination for species conservation without appropriate stimulation of the breeding females probably has negative impacts on their breeding performance and therefore on population viability.},
	language = {Eng},
	journal = {Proc Biol Sci},
	author = {Loyau, A. and Lacroix, F.},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{petriePeahensLayMore1993,
	title = {Peahens {Lay} {More} {Eggs} for {Peacocks} with {Larger} {Trains}},
	volume = {251},
	abstract = {Reproduction is costly and individual decisions about when and how much to invest in reproduction will relate to potential benefits in terms of offspring survivorship or mating success. For those organisms that can reproduce more than once, individuals should invest relatively more in reproduction when the potential benefits are high. If females gain directly or indirectly from choosing attractive, highly ornamented males, then it could be predicted that females mated to these males should invest more in reproduction. Here we report the first test of this prediction for a lekking species, peafowl (Pavo cristatus), in which males do not provide resources for offspring, and females prefer to mate with those males that possess the most elaborate trains. We find that peahens randomly mated to males that vary in the degree of ornament produce more eggs for those peacocks with more elaborate trains. We could find no evidence to support the possibility that this difference arises as a result of difference between males in their ability to fertilize eggs.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Petrie, M. and Williams, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {female mate choice sexual selection evolution pref},
	pages = {127--131}
}

@article{hanleyEggColorationRingbilled2009,
	title = {Egg coloration in ring-billed gulls ({Larus} delawarensis): a test of the sexual signaling hypothesis},
	volume = {63},
	abstract = {Although many avian eggs appear to be cryptically colored, many species also lay vibrant blue green eggs. This seemingly conspicuous coloration has puzzled biologists since Wallace, as natural selection should favor reduced egg visibility to minimize predation pressure. The sexual signaling hypothesis posits that blue green egg coloration serves as a signal of female quality and that males exert post-mating sexual selection on this trait by investing more in the nests of females laying more intensely blue green eggs. This hypothesis has received mixed support to date, and most previous studies have been conducted in cavity-nesting species where male evaluation of his partner's egg coloration, relative to that of other females, may be somewhat limited. In this study, we test the sexual signaling hypothesis in colonially nesting ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) where males have ample opportunity to assess their mate's egg coloration relative to that of other females. We used correlational data and an experimental manipulation to test four assumptions and predictions of the sexual signaling hypothesis: (1) blue green pigmentation should be limiting to females; (2) extent of blue green egg coloration should relate to female quality; (3) extent of blue green egg coloration should relate to offspring quality; and (4) males should provide more care to clutches with higher blue green chroma. Our data provide little support for these predictions of the sexual signaling hypothesis in ring-billed gulls. In light of this and other empirical data, we encourage future studies to consider additional hypotheses for the evolution of blue green egg coloration.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Hanley, D. and Doucet, S. M.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {sexual signaling hypothesis egg coloration ring-bi},
	pages = {719--729}
}

@article{rutsteinExperienceCountsLessons2005,
	title = {Experience counts: lessons from studies of differential allocation},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Ari061},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Rutstein, A. N. and Gilbert, L. and Tomkins, J. L.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {zebra finches mate attractiveness resource-allocat},
	pages = {957--960}
}

@article{morenoBlueGreenEggsPied2008,
	title = {Blue-{Green} {Eggs} in {Pied} {Flycatchers}: {An} {Experimental} {Demonstration} that a {Supernormal} {Stimulus} {Elicits} {Improved} {Nestling} {Condition}},
	volume = {114},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.1439-0310.2008.01551.x-0756051200/j.1439-0310.2008.01551.x.pdf},
	abstract = {It has been proposed that blue-green egg colouration in certain avian species has evolved as a signal of female and egg quality to males, affecting their investment in the brood according to the differential allocation scenario. A recent experiment has successfully manipulated male investment by placing dummy eggs simulating the extremes in the blue-green natural reflectance. Here we have substituted one egg in certain pied flycatcher clutches with a single deep-blue (blue) or light-blue (pale) dummy egg and used other clutches as controls. Blue dummy eggs reflected more in the blue-green part of the spectrum than natural and pale dummy eggs, which were similar in reflectance. Nestlings in nests with one blue dummy egg during laying and incubation attained a significantly higher mass and condition than those in nests with one pale dummy egg or in control broods, when controlling for phenology, brood size and blue-green chroma of the clutch. Only a shift in parental investment can have induced this highly significant effect. Preference for deeply coloured clutches associated with high-quality females and their maternal effects may explain stimulation by a single supernormal stimulus emanating from multiple objects like clutches.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Moreno, J. and Lobato, E. and Merino, S. and Martinez-de La Puente, J.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {cross-fostering experiment ficedula-hypoleuca fema},
	pages = {1078--1083}
}

@article{reyerCrypticFemaleChoice1999,
	title = {Cryptic female choice: frogs reduce clutch size when amplexed by undesired males},
	volume = {266},
	abstract = {In species with internal fertilization, females can 'cryptically' choose (e.g. through sperm selection) which individuals sire their offspring, even when their overt preferences for copulatory partners are overrun by male-male competition and sexual coercion. The experiment presented here reveals that control of paternity after copulation has begun is also possible in species with external fertilization. Females of the hybridogenetic Rana lessonae-Rana esculenta (LL-LR) waterfrog complex adjust their clutch size in response to mate type: they release fewer eggs when amplexed by hybrid LR males-who jeopardize successful reproduction-than when amplexed by parental LL males. This reduction in the number of eggs laid can increase a female's residual reproductive value through a second mating in the same breeding season or a larger clutch size in the next year. We argue that cryptic female choice through clutch size adjustment (i) may have evolved more often than previously assumed, and (ii) can arise even where females mate only once during a reproductive period.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Reyer, H. U. and Frei, G. and Som, C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {anurans cryptic female choice external fertilizati},
	pages = {2101--2107}
}

@article{jaquieryGoodGenesDrive2010,
	title = {Good {Genes} {Drive} {Female} {Choice} for {Mating} {Partners} in the {Lek}-{Breeding} {European} {Treefrog}},
	volume = {64},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2009.00816.X},
	abstract = {Investigating the mechanisms underlying female mate choice is important for sexual-selection theory, but also for population-genetic studies, because distinctive breeding strategies affect differently the dynamics of gene diversity within populations. Using field-monitoring, genetic-assignment, and laboratory-rearing methods, we investigated chorus attendance, mating success and offspring fitness in a population of lek-breeding tree-frogs (Hyla arborea) to test whether female choice is driven by good genes or complementary genes. Chorus attendance explained similar to 50\% of the variance in male mating success, but did not correlate with offspring fitness. By contrast, offspring body mass and growth rate correlated with male attractiveness, measured as the number of matings obtained per night of calling. Genetic similarity between mating partners did not depart from random, and did not affect offspring fitness. We conclude that females are able to choose good partners under natural settings and obtain benefits from the good genes, rather than compatible genes, their offspring inherit. This heritability of fitness is likely to reduce effective population sizes below values previously estimated.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Jaquiery, J. and Broquet, T. and Aguilar, C. and Evanno, G. and Perrin, N.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {female choice good genes hyla arborea lek sexual s},
	pages = {108--115}
}

@article{kokkoShouldAdvertisingParental1998,
	title = {Should advertising parental care be honest?},
	volume = {265},
	abstract = {Species with paternal care show less exaggerated sexual ornamentation than those in which males do not care, although direct benefits from paternal care can vastly exceed the indirect benefits of mate choice. Whether condition-dependent handicaps can signal parenting ability is controversial. The good-parent process predicts the evolution of honest signals of parental investment, whereas the differential-allocation model suggests a trade-off between the attractiveness of a mate and his care-provisioning. I show that both alternatives can arise from optimal allocations to advertisement, parental investment and future reproductive value of the male, and that the male's marginal fitness gain from multiple matings determines which option should apply. The marginal gain is diminishing if opportunities for polygyny or extra-pair copulations are limited. Advertisement is then expected to be modest and honest, indicating genetic quality and condition-dependent parental investment simultaneously. Increasing marginal gains are likely to be related to cases where genetic quality has a significant influence on offspring fitness. This alternative leads to differential allocation with stronger advertisement, more frequent extra-pair copulations, and diminished male care. Reliability is also reduced if allocation benefits have thresholds, e.g. if there is a minimum body condition required for survival, or if females use a polygyny-threshold strategy of mate choice.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Kokko, H.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {parental care, honest advertisement, parental care honest signalling handicap principle},
	pages = {1871--1878}
}

@article{sainoOffspringSexualDimorphism2002,
	title = {Offspring sexual dimorphism and sex-allocation in relation to parental age and paternal ornamentation in the barn swallow},
	volume = {11},
	url = {internal-pdf://saino-1812883712/saino.pdf},
	abstract = {We analysed the morphology of nestling barn swallows (Hirundo rustica ) in relation to their sex, and laying and hatching order. In addition, we studied sex-allocation in relation to parentage, parental age and expression of a secondary sexual character of fathers. Molecular sexing was conducted using the sex chromosome-linked avian CHD1 gene. Sex of the offspring was not associated with laying or hatching order. None of nine morphological, serological and immunological variables varied in relation to offspring sex. Sexual dimorphism did not vary in relation to parental age and expression of a paternal secondary sexual character. The proportion of sons declined with brood size. Individual males and females had a similar proportion of sons during consecutive breeding years. The proportion of sons of individual females declined with age, but increased with the expression of a secondary sexual character of their current mate. The generalized lack of variation in sexual dimorphism among nestlings may suggest that barn swallows do not differentially invest in sons vs. daughters. Alternatively, male offspring may require different parental effort compared to their female siblings in order to attain the same morphological state. The lack of variation in offspring sexual dimorphism with paternal ornamentation suggests no adjustment of overall parental effort in relation to reproductive value of the two sexes. However, male-biased sex ratio among offspring of highly ornamented males may represent an adaptive sex-allocation strategy because the expression of male ornaments is heritable and highly ornamented males are at a sexual selection advantage.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Saino, N. and Ambrosini, R. and Martinelli, R. and Calza, S. and Moller, A. P. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {cost of sons and daughters hirundo rustica laying},
	pages = {1533--1544}
}

@article{polakDevelopmentalInstabilitySexual2008,
	title = {The developmental instability - {Sexual} selection hypothesis: {A} general evaluation and case study},
	volume = {35},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S11692-008-9032-9},
	abstract = {Developmental instability results from small, random perturbations to developmental processes of individual traits. Phenotypic outcomes of developmental instability include fluctuating asymmetry (FA, subtle deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry) and phenodeviance (minor morphological abnormalities). A great deal of research over the past 18 years has focused on the role of developmental instability in sexual selection. A driving force behind this research has been the developmental instability-sexual selection hypothesis, which posits that symmetry and lack of phenodeviance in secondary sexual traits are assessed by mates and rivals because they provide a reliable cue of individual genetic quality. The present article tests this hypothesis by evaluating its five main predictions using published results: expressions of developmental instability in secondary sexual traits should be (1) negatively correlated with mating success; (2) directly assessed by mates and sexual rivals; (3) heritable; (4) condition-dependent; and (5) negatively correlated with ornament size. The first two predictions receive considerable, though not ubiquitous, support from a range of animal species. However, FA in secondary sexual traits is generally not significantly heritable, indicating that FA is unlikely to reveal genetic quality that can be transmitted to offspring. Similarly, there is little evidence to support the predictions that FA is condition dependent, and that it is negatively phenotypically or genetically correlated with sexual trait size. Based on an evaluation of the evidence overall, it is concluded that this hypothesis is unlikely to be viable; it appears unlikely that mate choice for symmetry evolves by "good genes" sexual selection. Hypotheses that do not require asymmetry and phenodeviance to reveal heritable genetic quality may explain observed links between FA/phenodeviance and mating success. Results of a case study of Drosophila bipectinata are summarized, which reinforce this general conclusion. It is suggested that nonadditive genetic variation arising from an interaction between trait-specific developmental genes and genetic background may drive sexual selection for reducing developmental instability in some cases. Levels of developmental instability variation in a population may need to surpass a critical threshold for sexual selection to operate, possibly explaining some of the pronounced heterogeneity in the effect of developmental instability on sexual selection reported in the literature.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Polak, M.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {developmental instability drosophila bipectinata f},
	pages = {208--230}
}

@article{rogersMaleSexualOrnament2008,
	title = {Male sexual ornament size is positively associated with reproductive morphology and enhanced fertility in the stalk-eyed fly {Teleopsis} dalmanni},
	volume = {8},
	url = {internal-pdf://1471-2148-8-236-2232162304/1471-2148-8-236.pdf},
	abstract = {Background: Exaggerated male ornaments and displays often evolve in species where males only provide females with ejaculates during reproduction. Although "good genes" arguments are typically invoked to explain this phenomenon, a simpler alternative is possible if variation in male reproductive quality (e. g. sperm number, ejaculate content, mating rate) is an important determinant of female reproductive success. The "phenotypelinked fertility hypothesis" states that female preference for male ornaments or displays has been selected to ensure higher levels of fertility and has driven the evolution of exaggerated male traits. Females of the stalk-eyed fly Teleopsis dalmanni must mate frequently to maintain high levels of fertility and prefer to mate with males exhibiting large eyespan, a condition-dependent sexual ornament. If eyespan indicates male reproductive quality, females could directly increase their reproductive success by mating with males with large eyespan. Here we investigate whether male eyespan indicates accessory gland and testis length, and then ask whether mating with large eyespan males affects female fertility. Results: Male eyespan was a better predictor of two key male reproductive traits - accessory gland and testis length - than was body size alone. This positive relationship held true over three levels of increasing environmental stress during the maturation of the adult accessory glands and testes. Furthermore, females housed with a large eyespan male exhibited higher levels of fertility than those with small eyespan males. Conclusion: Male eyespan in stalk-eyed flies is subject to strong directional mate preference and is a reliable indicator of male reproductive quality - both because males with larger eyespan have bigger accessory glands and testes, and also as they confer higher fertility on females. Fertility enhancement may have arisen because males with larger eyespan mated more often and/or because they transferred more sperm or other substances per ejaculate. The need to ensure high levels of fertility could thus have been an important selective force in the coevolution of female preference and male eyespan in stalk-eyed flies. Our results support the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis and suggest that it might be of general importance in explaining the evolution of exaggerated male ornaments and displays in species where males only provide females with ejaculates during reproduction.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Bmc Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Rogers, D. W. and Denniff, M. and Chapman, T. and Fowler, K. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {chromosome meiotic drive cyrtodiopsis-dalmanni cor},
	pages = {--}
}

@article{kingmaSexualSelectionFunction2008,
	title = {Sexual selection and the function of a melanin-based plumage ornament in polygamous penduline tits {Remiz} pendulinus},
	volume = {62},
	abstract = {Melanin-based ornaments are often involved in signaling aggression and dominance, and their role in sexual selection is increasingly recognized. We investigated the functions of a melanin-based plumage ornament (facial 'mask') in male Eurasian penduline tits Remiz pendulinus in the contexts of male-male aggression, mating success, and parental care. The penduline tit is a passerine bird with a unique mating system in which both sexes may mate with several mates in a breeding season, and one (or both) parent deserts the clutch. Our study revealed that mask size of males is more likely an honest signal used by females in their mate choice decisions than a trait involved in male-male competition. First, mask size increased with both age and body condition, indicating that the mask may signal male quality. Second, males with larger masks paired more quickly and had more mates over the breeding season than males with smaller masks. Third, we found no evidence that male mask size signals male-male aggression or dominance during competitive encounters. The increased mating success of large-masked males, however, did not translate into higher reproductive success, as nestling survival decreased with mask size. Therefore, we conclude that there is either no directional selection on male mask size or males with larger masks receive indirect, long-term benefits.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kingma, S. A. and Szentirmai, I. and Szekely, T. and Bokony, V. and Bleeker, M. and Liker, A. and Komdeur, J.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female choice brood desertion ornamentation feathe},
	pages = {1277--1288}
}

@article{sanzExperimentallyReducedMale2001,
	title = {Experimentally reduced male attractiveness increases parental care in the pied flycatcher {Ficedula} hypoleuca},
	volume = {12},
	abstract = {This study reports effects of experimental manipulations of reproductive effort and the size of the male's white forehead patch (a secondary sexual trait), on provisioning rates, reproductive success, and parental breeding dispersal distance in the pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca. Parents caring for enlarged broods resulting from manipulated clutches provisioned nests at higher rates than parents with reduced broods. Males with a reduced forehead patch fed their nestlings more in relation to males with an unmanipulated forehead patch, and their young fledging with a longer tarsi. This suggests that males with a reduced attractiveness may perceive their own attractiveness and they devote more rime available for parental effort given their poorer prospects in male contest competition and/or female attraction for extra-pair copulations. However, their females did not alter their provisioning effort and this runs counter to both the differential allocation and the partner-compensation hypotheses. An artificial decrease in a male secondary sexual trait led to a wider breeding dispersal distance between successive pears.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Sanz, J. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {secondary sexual character differential response c},
	pages = {171--176}
}

@article{torokCarotenoidsEggYolks2007,
	title = {Carotenoids in the egg yolks of collared flycatchers ({Ficedula} albicollis) in relation to parental quality, environmental factors and laying order},
	volume = {61},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-006-0282-1},
	abstract = {Birds may influence the fitness of their offspring by transmission of different amounts of carotenoids to their eggs. Carotenoids play crucial roles in antioxidant protection and immune defence mechanisms, but they may be available to females in limiting amounts. Therefore, their allocation to the eggs may be influenced by the female's condition, age and environmental circumstances. Furthermore, the quality of the male parent, which affects the reproductive value of the offspring, may also influence this investment. In this correlational study, we investigated proximate and ultimate factors that may lead to variation in yolk lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-carotene concentrations among and within clutches of a wild passerine, the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). We found that carotenoid concentration was positively associated with caterpillar supply at the time of egg formation, which suggests a proximate constraint of carotenoid availability on yolk composition. Neither female condition, body size, age, nor male plumage ornamentation, age and body size correlated with carotenoid deposition. Yolk beta-carotene concentration was found to be positively linked to yolk testosterone concentration. We suggest that females allocated more beta-carotene to their eggs to mitigate the potentially detrimental effects of elevated steroid concentration. We found that concentration of beta-carotene increased with laying order. The possible function of this pattern may be to enhance the resistance to oxidative stress and pathogens of the disadvantaged last-hatching nestling, suggesting that collared flycatchers pursue a compensatory, "brood survival" strategy.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Torok, J. and Hargitai, R. and Hegyi, G. and Matus, Z. and Michl, G. and Peczely, P. and Rosivall, B. and Toth, G.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {beta-carotene brood survival strategy egg quality},
	pages = {541--550}
}

@article{mazucNoEvidenceDifferential2003,
	title = {No evidence for differential maternal allocation to offspring in the house sparrow ({Passer} domesticus)},
	volume = {14},
	url = {internal-pdf://340-1510701568/340.pdf},
	abstract = {We tested the differential maternal allocation hypothesis in a population of house sparrows. We experimentally altered the attractiveness of males by treating them with implants filled with crystalline testosterone (T) or left empty (C). We subsequently monitored maternal investment as a function of male hormonal treatment and the size of the black patch of feathers on the throat (i.e., the badge), a sexually selected trait. The differential allocation hypothesis predicts that females should adjust their investment with respect to the benefits they receive by mating with an attractive male. Given that both circulating levels of T and badge size are condition-dependent traits, we expected that females mated with T males and/or with large-badged males should invest more into current reproduction. Contrary to this prediction, we found no evidence that suggested differential maternal allocation in this population of house sparrows. Female investment in yolk T, yolk mass, clutch size, chick brooding, and feeding was not affected by male hormonal treatment or by male badge size. As expected, T males invested less into chick brooding and feeding. More surprisingly, females did not compensate the reduced paternal contribution to chick feeding. As a consequence, the breeding success of T pairs was largely reduced compared with that of C pairs. The absence of differential allocation in a system in which it could have an adaptive role raises the question about the possible constraints or overriding factors operating on patterns of reproductive investment in this species.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Mazuc, J. and Chastel, O. and Sorci, G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {badge size reproductive investment sexual selectio},
	pages = {340--346}
}

@phdthesis{vonengelhardtProximateControlAvian2004,
	title = {Proximate control of avian sex allocation : a study on zebra finches},
	url = {internal-pdf://thesis-0319831296/thesis.pdf},
	language = {English},
	author = {von Engelhardt, N.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {yolk androgens (t and dht) male attractiveness zeb}
}

@article{gilMaleAttractivenessDifferential1999,
	title = {Male attractiveness and differential testosterone investment in zebra finch eggs},
	volume = {286},
	url = {internal-pdf://126-2752454656/126.pdf},
	abstract = {Good-genes hypotheses of sexual selection predict that offspring fathered by preferred males should have increased viability resulting from superior genetic quality. Several studies of birds have reported findings consistent with this prediction, but maternal effects are an important confounding variable. Those studies that have attempted to control for maternal effects have only considered differential maternal investment after egg laying. However, female birds differentially deposit testosterone in the eggs, and this influences the development of the chick. This study shows that female birds deposit higher amounts of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in their eggs when mated to more attractive males.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Gil, D. and Graves, J. and Hazon, N. and Wells, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {egg, Attractiveness, male attractiveness, call, good genes,sexual selection,testosterone,zebra finches, obese strain chickens extra-pair paternity genetic, testosterone, zebra finch},
	pages = {126--128}
}

@article{kolmMaleSizeDetermines2002,
	title = {Male size determines reproductive output in a paternal mouthbrooding fish},
	volume = {63},
	abstract = {Size can have strong effects on reproductive success in both males and females, and in many species large individuals are preferred as mates. To estimate the potential benefits from mate choice for size in both sexes, I studied the effects of the size of each sex on the reproductive output of pairs of Banggai cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni, a sexually monomorphic obligate paternal mouthbrooder. When pairs were allowed to form freely, a size-assortative mating pattern was observed and larger pairs had a higher reproductive output as determined by total clutch weight and egg size. To separate the potential benefits from mate choice for size for each sex, I subsequently used these pairs to form reversed size-assortative pairs, that is, the largest male paired to the smallest female and vice versa. I found a positive correlation between male size and clutch size: relatively heavier clutches were found in pairs where females were given a larger male. This suggests that the size of the male influences clutch weight. For egg size, however, the size of both sexes seemed important. The study reveals the benefits of mutual mate choice on size in this species: larger females provide larger eggs and larger males can brood heavier clutches. Furthermore, these results suggest that females differentially allocate resources into the eggs according to the size of the mate. (C) 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Else-vier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kolm, N.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {male body-size mate choice sexual selection egg si},
	pages = {727--733}
}

@article{griggioMaleRockSparrow2003,
	title = {Male rock sparrow ({Petronia} petronia) nest defence correlates with female ornament size},
	volume = {109},
	abstract = {We investigated the relationship between male nest defence and female breast patch size in an alpine population of rock sparrow (Petronia petronia) in northern Italy. We presented a mounted weasel (Mustela nivalis), a common nest predator, to 28 pairs breeding in nest boxes, with 12-13-d-old nestlings, and measured the intensity of male and female defence reaction. We measured the frequency of attack flights, intensity of alarm calling and total time spent in view, and then combined these for each individual, in a single defence factor by principal component analysis. All the females arrived to defend the nest while only 21 males arrived, and females defended the nest more intensely than males. We analysed, by stepwise regression, the relationship of male defence factor to female behaviour and phenotype (breast patch size, a measure of quality) and brood properties (size, mass, phenology). Male defence factor was significantly related only to female breast patch size. We argue that male rock sparrows apparently make parental investment decisions according to their mate's quality, and examine possible alternative hypotheses.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Griggio, M. and Matessi, G. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {male parental care tits parus-major sexual selecti},
	pages = {659--669}
}

@article{velandoMaleColorationChick2005,
	title = {Male coloration and chick condition in blue-footed booby: a cross-fostering experiment},
	volume = {58},
	url = {internal-pdf://fulltext-8-1166262790/fulltext-8.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-005-0911-0},
	abstract = {Sexual selection models suggest that female choice is based on male traits that indicate their genetic or environmental condition, consequently enhancing her reproductive success by direct or indirect benefits. We investigated the relationship between male foot colour and offspring condition in the blue-footed booby, a socially monogamous seabird, with conspicuous and variably condition-dependent coloured feet that are selected by females. In a cross-fostering experiment, we found that chick condition was related to the foot colour of the foster father and, to some extent, to the foot colour of the genetic father; thus overall, the father's sexual ornamentation (genetic and foster) explained 32\% of variance of chick condition. These data suggest that foot colour, a dynamic sexually selected trait, is mostly a signal of parental contribution. In species in which males provide parental care, females may choose mates with higher parental ability. Overall, our data suggest that colourful integuments are honest signals of parental ability.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Velando, A. and Torres, R. and Espinosa, I.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {dynamic trait condition-dependence skin colour sex},
	pages = {175--180}
}

@article{parriFemaleLeafBeetles1998,
	title = {Do female leaf beetles {Galerucella} nymphaeae choose their mates and does it matter?},
	volume = {114},
	url = {internal-pdf://4221907-3665894918/4221907.pdf},
	abstract = {The role of active female choice in sexual selection is frequently difficult to ascertain, and this is particularly the case for many insect species. Also, it is uncertain whether choosing between males would affect offspring viability. We designed an experiment to investigate the presence of female choice in a Coleoptera species (Galerucella nymphaeae). We also estimated whether mate choice would have any effect on offspring performance. Females were first placed with two males in a test arena to see which of the males copulated with the virgin female, and how quickly. Subsequently the loser male was offered a new virgin female to test for any change in latency time until mating. The two-male tests indicated that males with wider upper prothoraxes were more likely to mate with the female, and the latency time until mating was shorter when the winner male had relatively long wings. When the loser males were placed singly with females the latency time was not correlated with male size, and was the same as when two males were used. These results suggest that male-male competition is the most likely cause of sexual selection on size, and if females have any preferences they are not very strong. The seemingly passive female strategy may be sufficient to ensure that females mate with the most vigorous males, since in the field several males usually compete for access to each female. Finally, the benefits of female choosiness were estimated to be low and nonsignificant. The eggs of the winner males were no more likely to hatch, offspring survival into adulthood was no greater among descendants of winner males, and the offspring did not differ in adult size.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Parri, S. and Alatalo, R. V. and Mappes, J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {galerucella nymphaeae leaf beetle male size offspr},
	pages = {127--132}
}

@phdthesis{nasutiDifferentialAllocationFlagfish2006,
	title = {Differential allocation in the flagfish, {Jordanella} floridae, in response to male condition},
	url = {internal-pdf://nasuti_m-1829814784/nasuti_m.pdf},
	abstract = {The Differential Allocation Hypothesis argues that females should invest more  resources into reproduction when paired with high quality mates as a result of greater direct/and or indirect benefits received from reproduction. Evidence suggests that energy reserves often influence male character elaboration and hence the benefits received from mate choice. The current study examined the potential for differential allocation by females in response to male condition in the flagfish, Jordanella floridae. Male condition was manipulated through diet and was expected to affect measures of male body size, condition (weight/length3), fat reserves, color expression, and parental care behavior. Females interacted sequentially with two males from the same or opposite feeding treatment during a two week mating trial. Egg number, egg size, egg energy, hatching success and larval length were recorded as measures of female reproductive allocation. High food males were found to be heavier and longer, suggesting that males prioritize additional nutrients to growth rather than fat stores. As expected, high food males showed greater expression of blue and yellow coloration. Measures of egg number, egg size, egg energy and hatching success were not found to significantly vary with measures of male condition, coloration or behavior. However, males in low condition spent more time fanning, an indicator of parental care. Counter to expectations, male condition had a significant effect on larval length as males of a lower weight for a given length fathered larger larvae. This may suggest that females allocate more resources to eggs when mating with males that provide better parental care. These results are consistent with the Differential Allocation Hypothesis suggesting that female flagfish potentially manipulate reproductive investment in response to mate attractiveness.},
	language = {English},
	author = {Nasuti, M. A. N.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {differential allocation reproduction male attracti}
}

@article{rindenSongQualityDoes2000,
	title = {Song quality does not indicate male parental abilities in the pied flycatcher {Ficedula} hypoleuca},
	volume = {137},
	url = {internal-pdf://4535739-0218892032/4535739.pdf},
	abstract = {Female pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca prefer to mate with males having complex songs, but the benefits of this preference are not known. One potential benefit might be that males with complex songs are of higher quality and thus contribute more to the feeding of the brood than males with simple songs. We tested this by recording the feeding rate of males in two different populations in Norway. Neither the feeding rate nor the male's contribution to the feeding relative to his mate correlated significantly with song complexity (27 and 21 males studied, respectively). However, male feeding rate may be influenced by female feeding effort. Therefore, we also recorded body mass change of 13-day-old nestlings of 30 males during a period of eight hours of enforced female absence. The males were matched in pairs according to brood size and, if necessary, nestlings were exchanged between broods to reduce initial differences in body mass. Both males in each pair were treated on the same day. The change in brood mass did not differ significantly between males with complex and simple songs, and the latter males did not lose more body mass than the former males during female absence. Thus, we conclude that female pied flycatchers mated with males having large song repertoires do not seem to benefit in terms of increased feeding effort from their mates.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Rinden, H. and Lampe, H. M. and Slagsvold, T. and Espmark, Y. O.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {red-winged blackbird sexual selection female choic},
	pages = {809--823}
}

@article{holveckLowqualityFemalesPrefer2010,
	title = {Low-quality females prefer low-quality males when choosing a mate},
	volume = {277},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2009.1222},
	abstract = {Mate choice studies routinely assume female preferences for indicators of high quality in males but rarely consider developmental causes of within-population variation in mating preferences. By contrast, recent mate choice models assume that costs and benefits of searching or competing for high-quality males depend on females' phenotypic quality. A prediction following from these models is that manipulation of female quality should alter her choosiness or even the direction of her mating preferences. We here provide (to our knowledge) the first example where an experimental manipulation of female quality induced a mating preference for low-quality males. Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) reared in small or large experimental broods became high-or low-quality adults, respectively. Only high-quality females preferred high-quality males' mate-advertising songs, while all low-quality females preferred low-quality males' song. Subsequent breeding trials confirmed this pattern: latency until egg laying was shortest in quality-matched pairs, indicating that quality-matched birds were accepted faster as partners. Females produced larger eggs when mated with high-quality males, regardless of their own quality, indicating consensus regarding male quality despite the expression of different choices. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering the development of mating preferences to understand their within-population variation and environmentally induced change.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Holveck, M. J. and Riebel, K.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {state-dependent mate choice sexual selection femal},
	pages = {153--160}
}

@article{velandoPigmentbasedSkinColour2006,
	title = {Pigment-based skin colour in the blue-footed booby: an honest signal of current condition used by females to adjust reproductive investment},
	volume = {149},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00442-006-0457-5},
	abstract = {In monogamous species, the value of present reproduction is affected by the current condition of the mate, and females may use male ornaments to evaluate his condition and adjust their level of investment according. Many animals display colour in fleshy structures which may be accurate indicators of quality due to their potentially rapid response to changes in condition. Here we show that in the blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii, male foot colour is structurally (collagen arrays) and pigment based. In 48 h foot colour became duller when males were food deprived and brighter when they were re-fed with fresh fish. Variation of dietary carotenoids induced comparable changes in cell-mediated immune function and foot colour, suggesting that carotenoid-pigmentation reveals the immunological state of individuals. These results suggest that pigment-based foot colour is a rapid honest signal of current condition. In a second experiment, we found that rapid variation in male foot colour caused parallel variation in female reproductive investment. One day after the first egg was laid we captured the males and modified the foot colour of experimental males with a non-toxic and water resistant duller blue intensive make-up, mimicking males in low condition. Females decreased the size of their second eggs, relative to the second egg of control females, when the feet of their mates were experimentally duller. Since brood reduction in this species is related to size differences between brood mates at hatching, by laying lighter second eggs females are facilitating brood reduction. Our data indicate that blue-footed booby females are continuously evaluating their mates and can perform rapid adjustments of reproductive investment by using dynamic sexual traits. We suggest that this fine-tuned adjustment may be widespread in socially monogamous animals.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Velando, A. and Beamonte-Barrientos, R. and Torres, R.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {dynamic trait differential allocation sexual signa},
	pages = {535--542}
}

@article{karinoMaleBiasedSexRatios2009,
	title = {Male-{Biased} {Sex} {Ratios} in {Offspring} of {Attractive} {Males} in the {Guppy}},
	volume = {115},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1439-0310.2009.01650.X},
	abstract = {The attractiveness hypothesis predicts that females produce offspring with male-biased sex ratios when they mate with attractive males because their male offspring will inherit the paternal sexual attractiveness and may have high reproductive success. In this study, we examined the effect of the attractiveness of the male guppy Poecilia reticulata in terms of the conspicuousness of its orange spot patterns, important criteria affecting female choice in this species, on the offspring sex ratios. We found that food-manipulation treatment altered the conspicuousness of the orange spot patterns in a full-sibling male pair. When females were presented to these males, they showed a greater mate preference for males having brighter orange spots than for those having duller orange spots. Subsequently, half of the females were mated with the preferred males and the remaining females were mated with the less preferred males. When the females exhibited a greater preference for their mates, their offspring sex ratios were more male biased. These results appear to be consistent with the prediction of the attractiveness hypothesis. In the guppy, as male sexual attractiveness is heritable, the male-biased sex ratios of the broods of attractive males may be adaptive.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Karino, K. and Sato, A.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {female mate preference local resource competition},
	pages = {682--690}
}

@article{wedellMateQualityAffects1996,
	title = {Mate quality affects reproductive effort in a paternally investing species},
	volume = {148},
	url = {internal-pdf://2463563-1175130880/2463563.pdf},
	abstract = {Females of many species exercise postcopulatory mate choice by increasing the amount of resources put into reproduction after mating with a preferred male. This phenomenon is termed cryptic female choice in insects and differential allocation in birds. In this study I investigate the possibility that males and females vary their reproductive effort depending on the quality of their mate. Females of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album (Nymphalidae) lay their eggs on a range of host plants, including stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) and sallow (Salix caprea). Previous studies have shown that females reared on sallow are more fecund than females reared on stinging nettle, whereas males reared on stinging nettle produce spermatophores with higher protein content than sallow-reared males. Radioactive label experiments showed that females use male donations for egg production. When females mated males that provided larger donations, they used proportionally more of these proteins for egg production but also increased their own reproductive effort. Female lifetime reproductive output was not found to differ with respect to the larval diet of their mate, but females mated to high-quality males lived significantly longer than females mated to males providing them with smaller donations, which suggests that females can use male nutrients also for somatic maintenance. These results are discussed in relation to female cryptic choice and differential allocation hypotheses.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Wedell, N.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {egg weight variation c-album lepidoptera offspring},
	pages = {1075--1088}
}

@article{halePeacockTrainHonest2009,
	title = {Is the peacock's train an honest signal of genetic quality at the major histocompatibility complex?},
	volume = {22},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1420-9101.2009.01746.X},
	abstract = {Peacocks are a classic example of sexual selection, where females preferentially mate with males who have longer, more elaborate trains. One of the central hypotheses of sexual selection theory is that large or elaborate male 'ornaments' may signal high genetic quality (good genes). Good genes are thought to be those associated with disease resistance and as diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been shown to equate to superior immune responses, we test whether the peacock's train reveals genetic diversity at the MHC. We demonstrate via a captive breeding experiment that train length of adult males reflects genetic diversity at the MHC while controlling for genome-wide diversity and that peahens lay more, and larger, eggs for males with a more diverse MHC, but not for males with longer trains. Our results suggest that females are assessing and responding to male quality in terms of MHC diversity, but this assessment does not appear to be via train length, despite the fact that train length reflects MHC diversity.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hale, M. L. and Verduijn, M. H. and Moller, A. P. and Wolff, K. and Petrie, M.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {good genes maternal effects sexual selection frequ},
	pages = {1284--1294}
}

@article{savalliEffectMaleMating1999,
	title = {The effect of male mating history on paternal investment, fecundity and female remating in the seed beetle {Callosobruchus} maculatus},
	volume = {13},
	url = {internal-pdf://savalli1999-3779729933/Savalli1999.pdf},
	abstract = {1. In many organisms, males provide nutrients to females via ejaculates that can influence female fecundity, longevity and mating behaviour. The effect of male mating history on male ejaculate size, female fecundity, female longevity and female remating behaviour in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus was determined. 2, The quantity of ejaculate passed to females declined dramatically with successive matings. Despite the decline, a male's ability to fertilize a female fully did not appear to decline substantially until his fourth mating. 3. When females multiply mated with males of a particular mated status, the pattern of egg production was cyclic, with egg production increasing after mating. Females multiply mated to virgins had higher fecundity than females mated to non-virgins, and females mated to twice-mated males had disproportionately increased egg production late in their life. 4. Females that mated to multiple virgins, and consequently laid more eggs, experienced greater mortality than females mated only once or mated to non-virgins, suggesting that egg production is costly, and rather than ameliorating these costs, male ejaculates may increase them by allowing or stimulating females to lay more eggs. 5. Females mating with non-virgin males remated more readily than did females mated to virgins. Females given food supplements were less likely to remate than females that were nutritionally stressed, suggesting that females remate in part to obtain additional nutrients.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Savalli, U. M. and Fox, C. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {bruchidae ejaculate size longevity multiple mating},
	pages = {169--177}
}

@article{smisethMalePlumageReflectance2001,
	title = {Is male plumage reflectance correlated with paternal care in bluethroats?},
	volume = {12},
	url = {internal-pdf://164-1594612480/164.pdf},
	abstract = {Although it is now well established that the conspicuous male plumage colors of many birds hal-e been subject to sexual selection by female choice, it is still debated whether females mate with colorful males to obtaiI1 direct or indirect benefits. In species where males provide substantial parental care, females may obtain direct benefits from mating with the males that are best at providing care. The good parent hypothesis suggests that male plumage coloration signals a male's ability to provide parental care. Alternatively, the differential-allocation hypothesis suggests that colorful males reduce their care in response to increased investment by females mated to attractive males. We tested these hypotheses on the bluethroat (Luscinia s. suecica), a socially monogamous, sexually dichromatic bird, in which males have a colorful throat patch consisting of a structurally derived blue area surrounding a melanin-based chestnut spot. Male plumage coloration was objectively quantified by use of reflectance spectrometry. We found no evidence of a relationship between male coloration of either the blue patch or the chestnut spot and the level of paternal care. Nor were there any correlations between male coloration and body size or body condition. Thus, our study does not support the hypothesis that male coloration signals male parental quality (the good parent hypothesis) or the hypothesis that colorful males reduce their care in response to increased investment by females (the differential-allocation hypothesis).},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Smiseth, P. T. and Ornborg, J. and Andersson, S. and Amundsen, T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sparrows passer-domesticus luscinia-s.-svecica dif},
	pages = {164--170}
}

@article{taylorAttractiveMalesNot2010,
	title = {Attractive males do not sire superior daughters},
	volume = {24},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S10682-009-9298-0},
	abstract = {Much of the recent work on the evolution of female choice has focused on the relative influence of direct and indirect benefits, and particularly whether direct costs can be offset by indirect benefits. Studies investigating whether attractive males benefit females by increasing the viability of their offspring often report mating advantages to sons consistent with the Fisher process, while detecting no or weak viability benefits. One potential reason for this is that sons may trade-off viability benefits with investment in costly traits that enhance mating success, leading to the suggestion that viability benefits may be better detected by examining daughters' fitness. Here we investigate the relationship between male attractiveness and daughters' fitness in Drosophila simulans. We measured daughter (and dam) lifetime reproductive success and longevity. We found no evidence that attractive males sire high fitness daughters. Additionally, neither daughters nor dams gained direct benefits from mating with attractive males. However, aspects of daughters' fitness were related to dam characters.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Taylor, M. L. and Wedell, N. and Hosken, D. J.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {female preference indirect genetic benefits daught},
	pages = {195--205}
}

@article{limbourgFemaleBlueTits2004,
	title = {Female blue tits adjust parental effort to manipulated male {UV} attractiveness},
	volume = {271},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2004.2825},
	abstract = {The differential allocation hypothesis predicts that parents should adjust their current investment in relation to perceived mate attractiveness if this affects offspring fitness. It should be selectively advantageous to risk more of their future reproductive success by investing heavily in current offspring of high reproductive value but to decrease investment if offspring value is low. If the benefits of mate attractiveness are limited to a particular offspring sex we would instead expect relative investment in male versus female offspring to vary with mate attractiveness, referred to as 'differential sex allocation'. We present strong evidence for differential allocation of parental feeding effort in the wild and show an immediate effect on a component of offspring fitness. By experimentally reducing male UV crown coloration, a trait known to indicate attractiveness and viability in wild-breeding blue tits (Parus caeruleus), we show that females, but not males, reduce parental feeding rates and that this reduces the skeletal growth of offspring. However, differential sex allocation does not occur. We conclude that blue tit females use male UV coloration as an indicator of expected offspring fitness and adjust their investment accordingly.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Limbourg, T. and Mateman, A. C. and Andersson, S. and Lessells, C. M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {differential allocation differential sex allocatio},
	pages = {1903--1908}
}

@article{solerBlueGreenEggcolor2005,
	title = {Blue and green egg-color intensity is associated with parental effort and mating system in passerines: {Support} for the sexual selection hypothesis},
	volume = {59},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.0014-3820.2005.tb01022.x-3531727366/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01022.x.pdf},
	abstract = {Among several adaptive explanations proposed to account for variation in avian egg color, that related to sexual selection is of particular interest because of its possible generality. Briefly, it proposes that because biliverdin (the pigment responsible for blue-green eggshell coloration) is an antioxidant, deposition in the eggshell by laying females may signal the capacity of females to control free radicals, despite the handicap of removing this antioxidant from their body. If males adjust parental effort in response to the intensity of the blue coloration of eggs, thereby investing more in the offspring of high-quality mates, blue eggs may represent a postmating sexually selected signal in females. Here, by image and spectrophotometric analyses of the eggs of European passerines, we tested two different predictions of the hypothesis. First, variables related to intraspecific variation in parental effort (i.e., the duration of the nestling period controlled for body mass) should be positively related to the intensity of blue-green color of the eggshell across species. Second, there should be a positive relationship between intensity of blue-green color of eggs and degree of polygyny. These predictions were supported: intensity of blue-green coloration (i.e., chroma) was significantly related to the duration of the nestling period and to degree of polygyny after controlling for possible confounding variables (i.e., body mass, incubation period, and nest type) and similarity due to common descent. Nest type (hole or nonhole) also explained a significant proportion of variation in egg chroma, perhaps reflecting different selection pressures (i.e., light conditions, risk of parasitism) affecting species with the two types of nests.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Soler, J. J. and Moreno, J. and Aviles, J. M. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {egg color evolution hole nesters mating systems po},
	pages = {636--644}
}

@article{szentirmaiWhatMakesNestbuilding2005,
	title = {What makes a nest-building male successful? {Male} behavior and female care in penduline tits},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Ari080},
	abstract = {Why do females increase parental effort when caring for the offspring of attractive males? First, attractive males may be poor fathers so that their females are compelled to increase their own contribution in order to fledge some young (the partner-compensation hypothesis). Second, females mated to attractive males may be willing to increase their parental effort to reap high indirect benefits for their offspring, and in turn males can decrease their own contribution (the differential allocation hypothesis [DAH]). We investigated these hypotheses in the penduline tit Remiz pendulinus, a small passerine bird that has sequential polygamy by both sexes and strict uniparental care either by the male or the female. We focused on two sexually selected male traits: nest size and nest-building behavior. We show that male care is unrelated to nest-building behavior, whereas females are more likely to care for the offspring of those males that spend more time nest building. Females also more likely care for the offspring of males that build large nests. Consequently, the reproductive success of males increases with nest size and nest-building behavior. Our results are consistent with the DAH and suggest that nest-building behavior and nest size are under postmating sexual selection in penduline tits.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Szentirmai, I. and Komdeur, J. and Szekely, T.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {differential allocation nest building parental car},
	pages = {994--1000}
}

@article{kohPheromonebasedFemaleMate2009,
	title = {Pheromone-based female mate choice and its effect on reproductive investment in a spitting spider},
	volume = {63},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-009-0735-4},
	abstract = {Numerous studies have focused on whether organisms can signal or perceive pheromones and use chemical signals in species and mate recognition. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies investigating whether pheromones are used in mate choice. Yet, little attention has been paid in exploring the effects of pheromone-based mate choice on reproductive investment. We first tested this hypothesis by providing virgin Scytodes sp. females with a choice between two virgin males in the presence of chemical signals alone and found strong evidence of an odor-based mate preference. We then examined the consequences of the odor-based mate choice by allowing female Scytodes sp. that had previously made an odor-only mate choice to mate with preferred and non-preferred males, respectively. We measured the success of copulation, mortality of male, pre-oviposition interval, egg-sac weight, egg weight, fecundity, fertility, embryonic period, and size of offspring at hatching. Females that mated with the preferred males produced significantly heavier egg sacs that contained more and larger eggs with a greater fertility. Significantly more non-preferred males than preferred males were killed by spitting. However, pre-oviposition interval, embryonic period, and hatchling size were not affected by female mate choice. This study is the first to demonstrate that female spiders are able to regulate their highly valuable reproductive investment based solely on chemical signals.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Koh, T. H. and Seah, W. K. and Yap, L. M. Y. L. and Li, D. Q.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {mate choice reproductive allocation chemical signa},
	pages = {923--930}
}

@article{palmerioReproductiveBiologyFemale2009,
	title = {Reproductive {Biology} of {Female} {Saffron} {Finches} {Does} {Not} {Differ} by the {Plumage} of the {Mate}},
	volume = {111},
	abstract = {Young, immature-plumaged males of species in which plumage maturation is delayed are often unable to obtain mates or pair later in the season to lower-quality females. Their clutches are smaller and the quality of their eggs is lower, leading to fewer nestlings, whose quality and fledging success are reduced. The Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola) is an understudied and declining secondary-cavity nester with delayed plumage maturation; yearling males look like females. The aims of this study, of birds nesting in boxes, were to compare the morphology of immature- and mature-plumaged males of the Saffron Finch and their respective females and to compare the breeding success of females mated to each category of male. We expected that females mated to immature-plumaged males would follow the pattern described for other species, having lower reproductive investment and success. Immature- and mature-plumaged males were similar in morphology, but females paired to mature-plumaged males were bigger in bill height and weight. We found no differences, however, between females paired to each category of male in any biologically meaningful variable. Reduced competition among males for nest cavities and enough females willing to pair with immature-plumaged males might be partially responsible for these results.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Condor},
	author = {Palmerio, A. G. and Massoni, V.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {breeding success delayed plumage maturation nest b},
	pages = {715--721}
}

@article{lauwersCostMatingNonvirgin2006,
	title = {The cost of mating with a non-virgin male in a monandrous butterfly: experimental evidence from the speckled wood, {Pararge} aegeria},
	volume = {60},
	url = {internal-pdf://25063785-4034944518/25063785.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-005-0142-4},
	abstract = {Contrary to vertebrates, sperm production in insects may bear considerable costs for males. This is especially true in species that donate spermatophores containing sperm and nutrient-rich accessory gland products like in butterflies. Hence, spermatophores at first and subsequent copulations can differ in a quantitative and qualitative way. Such effects have particularly been shown in polyandrous species providing large spermatophores. Here we experimentally tested the effect of male mating status (virgin male vs recently mated male) on copulation duration, spermatophore size and females' fitness components in a monandrous butterfly Pararge aegeria that typically donates small spermatophores. Copulations with non-virgin males lasted on average five times longer than that with virgin males and resulted in a spermatophore which was on average three times smaller. Number of eggs laid and female life span were not affected by the mating status treatment, but there was a significant effect on the number of living caterpillars a female produced, as copulations with virgin males resulted in higher numbers of larval offspring. Interestingly, the difference in spermatophore mass at the first and the second copulation increased with male body size. This suggests differential spermatophore allocation decisions among males of different size. Consequences for females and potential mechanisms influencing female fitness components are discussed. Given the small absolute size of spermatophores in P. aegeria, components other than consumable nutrients (perhaps hormones) should cause the observed effects.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Lauwers, K. and Van Dyck, H.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {mating system male ejaculate parental investment f},
	pages = {69--76}
}

@article{wordenParasitesReduceAttractiveness2000,
	title = {Parasites reduce attractiveness and reproductive success in male grain beetles},
	volume = {59},
	abstract = {Sexual characters may reveal the quality of a potential mate, including the mate's level of infection with parasites. Females that prefer males with low levels of infection or no infection may benefit in several ways. Direct benefits may include avoidance of infection, acquistition of larger nuptial gifts or enhancement in fecundity due to differences in male fertility. Females may also benefit indirectly by producing offspring that are more resistant to infections. We measured female preference for odours produced by male grain beetles, Tenebrio molitor, that were either infected by a tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, or uninfected. This parasite is not transmitted directly between conspecifics. Females were attracted to odours of all males, but they were less attracted to those from parasitized males. To the contrary, females were preferentially attracted to infected females. Males did not show any biased attraction to odours from infected and uninfected male beetles. Females that mated with highly infected males produced fewer offspring than females mated to uninfected males, indicating parasitic infection inflicts multiple costs to males. These results are consistent with models of parasite-mediated sexual selection. (C) 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Worden, B. D. and Parker, P. C. and Pappas, P. W.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {mediated sexual selection tenebrio-molitor female},
	pages = {543--550}
}

@article{morenoFunctionStoneCarrying1994,
	title = {The {Function} of {Stone} {Carrying} in the {Black} {Wheatear}, {Oenanthe} {Leucura}},
	volume = {47},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Moreno, J. and Soler, M. and Moller, A. P. and Linden, M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {costly mate preferences sexual selection handicap},
	pages = {1297--1309}
}

@article{safranAreYolkAndrogens2008,
	title = {Are yolk androgens and carotenoids in barn swallow eggs related to parental quality?},
	volume = {62},
	url = {internal-pdf://fulltext-2550922496/fulltext.pdf},
	abstract = {Recently, evidence is mounting that females can adaptively engineer the quality of their offspring via the deposition of yolk compounds, including carotenoids and androgens. In this study, we simultaneously consider how both carotenoids and androgens in egg yolk relate to parental quality in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster). First, we found no relationship between concentrations or amounts of yolk androgens and carotenoids. Yolk carotenoids decreased with laying order, whereas we found no relationship between yolk androgens and laying order. Second, we tested the Investment Hypothesis, which predicts that high-quality females or females paired to high quality mates, allocate differentially more of these yolk compounds to their offspring. For carotenoids, we mostly found evidence to counter predictions of the Investment hypothesis: (1) Carotenoid concentrations varied among females, (2) heavier eggs contained lower carotenoid concentrations, although heavier yolks contained greater amounts of carotenoids, (3) eggs of earlier-laying females had lower concentrations in their eggs, and (4) yolk carotenoids were not correlated with clutch size or male plumage ornamentation. For androgens, we found weak support for the Investment Hypothesis: (1) Yolk androgens varied among females, (2) heavier eggs and yolks contained greater amounts, although not concentrations of androgens, (3) females paired to more colorful males laid eggs with greater concentrations of androgens, and (4) no effects of laying date or morphological correlates of female quality on androgen concentrations in egg yolks. Overall, these findings suggest that each yolk compound may have different functions and therefore may be regulated by different mechanisms.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Safran, Rebecca J. and Pilz, Kevin M. and McGraw, Kevin J. and Correa, Stephanie M. and Schwabl, Hubert},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Birds Chordates Vertebrates Colour and luminescenc},
	pages = {427--438}
}

@article{iyengarFemaleChoiceIncreases1999,
	title = {Female choice increases offspring fitness in an arctiid moth ({Utetheisa} ornatrix)},
	volume = {96},
	abstract = {In Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae), the female mates preferentially with larger males. Having a larger father results in the eggs being more richly endowed with defensive pyrrolizidine alkaloid (which the female receives from the male with the sperm package, in quantity proportional to the male's body mass, and passes on to the eggs); having a larger father also results in the sons and daughters themselves being larger (body mass is heritable in Utetheisa), We provide evidence herein that these consequences enhance the fitness of the offspring. Eggs sired by larger males are less vulnerable to predation (presumably because of their higher alkaloid content), whereas sons and daughters, by virtue of being larger, are, respectively, more successful in courtship and more fecund. The female Utetheisa, therefore, by being choosy, reaps both direct phenotypic and indirect genetic benefits.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Iyengar, V. K. and Eisner, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {fisherian selection good genes nuptial gift pyrrol},
	pages = {15013--15016}
}

@article{lancasterMaternalAdjustmentEgg2010,
	title = {Maternal adjustment of egg size organizes alternative escape behaviors, promoting adaptive phenotypic integration},
	volume = {9999},
	url = {internal-pdf://lancaster_2010-0764785665/Lancaster_2010.pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00941.x},
	abstract = {Numerous integrated traits contribute to any aspect of organismal performance, but favorable trait combinations are difficult to maintain in the face of genetic recombination. We investigated the role of maternal effects in promoting integration of alternative reproductive strategies (223Cthroat colors) with antipredator traits (escape behaviors and dorsal patterns) in the side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana). Previously, we reported that maternally derived estradiol adaptively pairs dorsal patterns with progeny throat colors. Here we show adaptive maternal effects on escape behaviors within each throat color morph. Specifically, yellow-throated females and all females mated to yellow-throated sires lay larger eggs. Larger eggs produce stockier offspring, who remain stockier throughout life. Stockiness promotes evasive escape behaviors (e.g., reversals), which are adaptive in barred, yellow-throated offspring. Orange-throated females lay smaller eggs, producing leaner hatchlings who perform vertical escape behaviors (e.g., jumping). Vertical behaviors enhance survival in striped, orange-throated progeny. Escape behavior was not heritable, but was organized by natural or experimental egg size variation. Maternal effects on adaptive phenotypic integration are likely common in polymorphic species, because recombination otherwise breaks apart beneficial trait combinations. Furthermore, our results provide insight into the role of body shape in organizing (and constraining) evolution of integrated reproductive and antipredator strategies.},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lancaster, Lesley T. and McAdam, Andrew G. and Sinervo, Barry},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{parkerGeneticBenefitsMate2003,
	title = {Genetic benefits of mate choice separated from differential maternal investment in red junglefowl ({Gallus} gallus)},
	volume = {57},
	url = {internal-pdf://02-735-0369991168/02-735.pdf},
	abstract = {Females may choose more attractive mates to obtain better viability or attractiveness genes for their offspring. A number of studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between paternal attractiveness and offspring quality. However, this pattern could be due to inheritance of paternal genes and/or it could be due to increased maternal investment in the offspring of more attractive males. To isolate female responses to male appearance from paternal genetic effects, I housed female red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) with vasectomized (sterile) males and artificially inseminated them. Male junglefowl with larger combs are more attractive to females. Females laid more eggs when housed with a large-combed, as opposed to a small-combed, vasectomized mate. Neither egg volume nor offspring body condition was associated with comb size of the mother's vasectomized mate. Paternal genetics appeared important. Body condition and comb size were greater for the sons of large-combed sperm donor males. This is consistent with the hypothesis that genetic benefits to offspring maintain female preference for the most ornate males. It is possible that greater body condition and comb size in sons of large-combed sires was not caused by genetic differences, but instead was due to compounds in the ejaculate of large-combed sperm donors inducing greater reproductive investment from females. However, females artificially inseminated by large-combed males did not produce more or larger eggs than females artificially inseminated by small-combed males, and thus there is no other evidence consistent with ejaculate-induced differential investment. Furthermore, only in older chicks was body condition significantly related to sire comb size, suggesting genetic rather than differential investment mechanisms.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Parker, T. H.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {artificial insemination clutch size good genes orn},
	pages = {2157--2165}
}

@article{nakagawaDoesBadgeStatus2007,
	title = {Does the badge of status influence parental care and investment in house sparrows? {An} experimental test},
	volume = {153},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00442-007-0765-4},
	abstract = {Theory predicts that traits which signal parental quality might evolve in males of species with biparental care. In avian species, male ornaments may be the most likely candidates for such signals. Male house sparrows (Passer domesticus) possess a black throat patch often referred to as a "badge" or a "badge of status". By assuming a trade-off between male attractiveness (reflected in male ornaments) and parental care under the differential allocation hypothesis, we predicted that badge size would be negatively correlated with male parental investment. An experiment in which the badge was enlarged in one group and unchanged in a control group was conducted. Our manipulation was predicted to affect female as well as male parental investment. However, we found that eight variables associated with parental investment-the start date for breeding, clutch size, male and female incubation time, male and female food provisioning rate, and average chick weight and the number of fledglings-barely differed between treatments. Also, little evidence for correlations between natural variation in badge size and any of these eight variables was found. Instead, the start date for breeding and the number of fledglings were significantly correlated with both male and female age, while clutch size increased with female age. Female condition was a positive predictor of clutch size and number of fledglings. Female tarsus length, unexpectedly, is related to both male and female incubation time. Badge size was also positively correlated with male age. However, parental age (male or female) was not related to parental care. We conclude that badge size does not signal parental quality, but that the ages of both sexes and the condition of the female play significant roles in the reproductive performance of this species.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Nakagawa, S. and Ockendon, N. and Gillespie, D. O. S. and Hatchwell, B. J. and Burke, T.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {badge of status differential allocation parental c},
	pages = {749--760}
}

@article{moralesBiliverdinbasedEggColoration2011,
	title = {Biliverdin-based egg coloration is enhanced by carotenoid supplementation},
	volume = {65},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-010-1025-X},
	abstract = {Avian eggshell color is remarkably variable among and within species and its possible function has long been controversial. Female birds use biliverdin pigment to color their eggs blue and green. Although evidence is accumulating that blue-green eggshell coloration is costly to produce, the exact mechanisms underlying its expression are little studied. Biliverdin pigment is involved in important maintenance functions such as immune and antioxidant defenses and shows similar properties to carotenoid pigments. Carotenoids play a role as immunoenhancers and have the potential to ameliorate the impact of oxidative processes, although their antioxidant function could be minor for some bird species. Important life-history components can be limited by carotenoid availability, including sexual displays and fecundity. Here we explored if biliverdin-based eggshell pigmentation was affected by carotenoid availability in a seabird, by performing a carotenoid supplementation experiment in female blue-footed boobies (Sula nebouxii) after laying their first egg. In this species, blue eggshell color is associated with incubation patterns, and carotenoid availability affects the crucial trade-off between female foot ornamentation and fecundity. We found that under natural conditions, there was a decline in eggshell color with laying order, suggesting pigment limitation for females. However, carotenoid-supplemented females had enhanced second egg coloration compared to controls, and the color increase was independent of their previous pigment allocation to the first egg. Our results suggest that biliverdin-based eggshell coloration is costly to produce and can be alleviated by current carotenoid availability.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Morales, J. and Velando, A. and Torres, R.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {biliverdin eggshell coloration carotenoids life-hi},
	pages = {197--203}
}

@article{qvarnstromMaternalEffectsPaternal2001,
	title = {Maternal effects, paternal effects and sexual selection},
	volume = {16},
	abstract = {Maternal and paternal effects can lead to complicated evolutionary dynamics, including evolution in the opposite direction to selection. Recent studies demonstrate that parental effects on sexually selected traits, as well as preferences for those traits, might be large. Although these findings are likely to have consequences for both the evolutionary dynamics and equilibria of sexual selection, theory is lacking. Because parents are expected to maximize their own fitness, rather than that of a specific offspring, the magnitude (and even direction) of parental effects are context dependent. By extension, this dynamic nature of parental effects might help to explain the maintenance of variation in many sexually selected traits.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Qvarnstrom, A. and Price, T. D.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {beetle onthophagus-taurus reproductive effort mati},
	pages = {95--100}
}

@article{wiehnPlumageCharacteristicsIndicator1997,
	title = {Plumage characteristics as an indicator of male parental quality in the {American} {Kestrel}},
	volume = {28},
	url = {internal-pdf://3677093-3235707649/3677093.pdf},
	abstract = {How females pair with respect to the plumage and provisioning characteristics of males, and its fitness consequences, was studied in the American Kestrel Falco sparverius in east central Pennsylvania, USA. Within a 100 km(2) area where pairing was studied, on the day females formed a pair bond they had approximately 3.4 unmated males to choose from. No male trait was clearly related to the time males had to wait before obtaining females. Indeed, the scarcity of unmated males together with extremely fast pairing (the pairs were usually formed within a day of males' arrival) suggest limited mating options for females. Male plumage brightness was related to age, adult males being brighter than yearlings. Early laying by females was associated with bright plumage of males, and high hatching success and food provisioning rate to nestlings were negatively correlated with the width of the subterminal band of yearling males. Males with bright plumage and a narrow subterminal tail band produced the most fledglings. This study indicates that plumage characteristics may reveal males' parental quality; plumage brightness predicts age and thus experience, and a narrow subterminal tail band predicts foraging ability especially of young, inexperienced males. Consequently, females mated to males with bright plumage color or with narrow subterminal tail band gain reproductive success. The results support the direct process of sexual selection, even though indirect processes may also exist.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	author = {Wiehn, J.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {female pied flycatchers sexual size dimorphism sex},
	pages = {47--55}
}

@article{rintamakiAssortativeMatingFemale1998,
	title = {Assortative mating and female clutch investment in black grouse},
	volume = {56},
	abstract = {Variation in female behaviour has only recently received attention in studies of sexual selection. It has been suggested that females may invest differentially in their offspring in relation to the quality of their mate. This may lead to females that mate with high-quality and/or attractive males laying larger clutches. Females may also differ in their ability to choose between males. For example, females in good physical condition may make better choices. If physical condition and clutch size are positively correlated, this hypothesis could also produce a relationship between male attractiveness and female clutch size. We found, in lekking black grouse, Tetrao tetrix, that females mated to the highest ranked males laid the largest clutches. Furthermore we found, regardless of female age, a positive relationship between a measure of female condition and male rank but not between female condition and her clutch size. In addition, females in good condition visited a larger number of different male territories, and old females produced the largest clutches. Our results suggest two mechanisms to explain our findings. First, females in good physical condition tend to mate with the top males, suggesting an assortative mating pattern. Second, females mating with the highest ranked males lay larger clutches as a consequence of their choice. In general, our result calls for caution in evaluating studies that look at the consequences of mate choice. It may be that differences in female quality produce effects that may be wrongly interpreted as male quality effects. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Rintamaki, P. T. and Lundberg, A. and Alatalo, R. V. and Hoglund, J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {mate choice sexual selection search theory lek par},
	pages = {1399--1403}
}

@article{simmonsFemaleChoiceContributes1987,
	title = {Female {Choice} {Contributes} to {Offspring} {Fitness} in the {Field} {Cricket}, {Gryllus}-{Bimaculatus} ({De} {Geer})},
	volume = {21},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good genes, offspring, fitness, cricket, field, Gryllus bimaculatus},
	pages = {313--321}
}

@article{royerMaleInvestmentEuropean1993,
	title = {Male {Investment} in the {European} {Corn}-{Borer}, {Ostrinia}-{Nubilalis} ({Lepidoptera}, {Pyralidae}) - {Impact} on {Female} {Longevity} and {Reproductive}-{Performance}},
	volume = {7},
	url = {internal-pdf://2389889-4169230854/2389889.pdf},
	abstract = {1. It is generally assumed that the cost of producing ejaculates is relatively low for males, although the decline observed in spermatophore size with repeated mating in certain lepidopteran species would suggest that this is not always the case. However, despite such observed differences in spermatophores very little research has been done to determine if female reproductive success is affected by the previous mating history of her mate. 2. A study was undertaken, using the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, to determine the extent to which (i) male lifetime reproductive success was related to the number of mates, acquired and the actual number of times that a male mated when provided virgin females daily for a period of 10 days, (ii) spermatophore size changed with successive matings and (iii) previous male mating history affected the longevity and the reproductive performance of singly mated females. 3. Males mated 3.8 +/- 0.5 times, with a refractory period of 1.6 +/- 0.1 days between mating, and their lifetime reproductive output increased directly with the number of mates acquired. 4. The volume of the first spermatophore produced was correlated to male pupal weight. Spermatophore volume decreased exponentially with subsequent matings, although the difference in volume between the first and second spermatophore was affected by the time elapsed between matings. While the decrease in spermatophore size had no effect on female longevity, pre-oviposition or oviposition periods or the daily pattern of egg fertility, there was a linear decline in both lifetime fecundity and fertility of successive mates of a given male. Furthermore, females mating with males that had previously mated at least three times retained a significant portion of their egg complement. 5. These results suggest that the production of sperm, as well as male accessory gland secretions, may limit O. nubilalis male reproductive output. These findings are discussed with respect to the potential effect that this may have on mate choice in this species.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Royer, L. and Mcneil, J. N.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {previous male mating history reproductive success},
	pages = {209--215}
}

@article{jimenez-perezMaleRematingBehavior2004,
	title = {Male remating behavior and its effect on female reproductive fitness in {Cnephasia} jactatana {Walker} ({Lepidoptera} : {Tortricidae})},
	volume = {17},
	abstract = {Male remating behavior and its effect on the female reproductive fitness of a New Zealand leafroller, Cnephasia jactatana, were investigated in the laboratory. With a recovery period of at least 24 h between matings, most males were able to mate four times and only about 25\% could mate six times during their lifespan. Only 5\% of males managed to mate twice within 1 day. Mated males transferred 31-51\% smaller spermatophores than virgin males. When mating with a mated male, the female was subject to a 20-51\% and 23-51\% reduction in fecundity and fertility, respectively. With the increasing number of matings her partner had achieved before mating with her, the female's fertility declined significantly faster than fecundity. Courtship period and mating duration remained similar regardless of the male's mating history but males required increasingly longer latency to start courtship display with the increasing number of matings achieved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	author = {Jimenez-Perez, A. and Wang, Q.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {male mating behavior spermatophore size fecundity},
	pages = {685--694}
}

@article{waltersAreBrighterEggs2010,
	title = {Are brighter eggs better? {Egg} color and parental investment by {House} {Wrens}},
	volume = {81},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1557-9263.2010.00273.X},
	abstract = {Recent work suggests that avian egg color could be a sexually selected signal to males that provides information about female condition, female genetic quality, or maternal investment in eggs. Theory predicts that egg color should influence male investment if it is an honest signal of the marginal fitness returns on paternal investment; a male should invest more in a colorful clutch if that investment increases offspring success more than an equivalent investment in a less colorful clutch. Some experimental support for this hypothesis has been found for species that lay blue eggs containing the pigment biliverdin, a potentially costly antioxidant. However, the brown eggshell pigment protoporphyrin, a pro-oxidant associated with poor female condition, has received less attention as a potential predictor of female quality or investment. We performed a cross-fostering experiment with House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) in southwest Michigan in 2007 to test whether brown egg color was related to female condition or maternal investment, and whether male provisioning of nestlings was related to egg color. We swapped entire clutches between nests and measured egg characteristics and parental provisioning rates. We found that brighter eggs (i.e., those with less brown pigment) were heavier, and that nestlings that hatched from brighter eggs were fed at higher rates by their foster mothers, but not by their foster fathers. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that egg color is a potential signal of egg quality and female investment, but we found no evidence of a male response to this potential signal. This lack of a response could be the result of methodological limitations, a nonadaptive biological constraint, or adaptive indifference because chicks from brighter eggs do not actually yield increasing marginal returns on paternal investment. Clearly, additional study is needed to differentiate among these possibilities.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
	author = {Walters, L. A. and Getty, T.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {egg color parental investment protoporphyrin provi},
	pages = {155--166}
}

@article{koseSexualSelectionWhite1999,
	title = {Sexual selection for white tail spots in the barn swallow in relation to habitat choice by feather lice},
	volume = {58},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10600140},
	doi = {10.1006/anbe.1999.1249 anbe.1999.1249 [pii]},
	abstract = {Many bird species have white spots in their tails or wing feathers, and such characters have been hypothesized to be either reliable signals (handicaps) or amplifiers that facilitate the message of a signal. In barn swallows, Hirundo rustica, the size of the white spots in the tail feathers is sexually dimorphic and positively correlated with feather length. We tested whether such spots act as handicaps or amplifiers. These white spots affect sexual selection in barn swallows, as shown by an experiment in which we randomly subjected males to (1) a considerable reduction of the size of all the spots by the use of a black permanent marker pen, (2) a small reduction of the size of the spots, or (3) no reduction. There was a positive association between spot size and the number of offspring produced per season. The white tail spots were preferred by feather-eating Mallophaga as a feeding site: holes made by Mallophaga were more abundant in the white spots than expected by chance. A habitat choice experiment with Mallophaga on barn swallow tail feathers revealed that they preferred white spots over black parts of the tail feathers. We therefore expected long-tailed male barn swallows to have more Mallophaga than short-tailed males. However, the opposite relationship was observed, indicating that long-tailed males may reliably signal their quality by the presence of large white tail spots without parasite damage. Thus white tail spots in barn swallows appear to be a reliable signal of phenotypic quality. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {Eng},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kose, M. and Mand, R. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1201--1205}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalesMaleinducedCostsMating2010,
	title = {Male-induced costs of mating for females compensated by offspring viability benefits in an insect},
	volume = {23},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.1420-9101.2010.02065.x-2517093376/j.1420-9101.2010.02065.x.pdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02065.x/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02065.x/abstractjsessionid=0B601C4C0D},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02065.x},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict facilitates the evolution of traits that increase the reproductive success of males at the expense of components of female fitness. Theory suggests that indirect benefits are unlikely to offset the direct costs to females from antagonistic male adaptations, but empirical studies examining the net fitness pay-offs of the interaction between the sexes are scarce. Here, we investigate whether matings with males that invest intrinsically more into accessory gland tissue undermine female lifetime reproductive success (LRS) in the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. We found that females incur a longevity cost of mating that is proportional to the partner’s absolute investment into the production of accessory gland products. However, male accessory gland weight positively influences embryo survival, and harmful ejaculate-induced effects are cancelled out when these are put in the context of female LRS. The direct costs of mating with males that sire offspring with higher viability are thus compensated by direct and possibly indirect genetic benefits in this species.},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Garcia-Gonzales, F. and Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {genetic benefits, mate choice, longevity, * accessory gland products; * embryo viability; *, polyandry, sexual conflict, embryo viability, harmful male interactions, Teleogryllus oceanicus, male seminal fluid, accessory gland products, australian   field cricket, cricket teleogryllus-oceanicus, drosophila-melanogaster females, field cricket, generational fitness benefits, genetic   benefits, lifetime reproductive success, seminal   fluid, sperm   competition},
	pages = {2066--2075}
}

@article{pilastroMaleRockSparrows2003,
	title = {Male rock sparrows adjust their breeding strategy according to female ornamentation: parental or mating investment?},
	volume = {66},
	doi = {Doi 10.1006/Anbe.2003.2203},
	abstract = {We investigated the relations between female quality and ornamentation and between male breeding investment and female ornamentation in the rock sparrow, Petronia petronia, a passerine in which both sexes have a yellow breast patch. Breast patch size in females was positively correlated with body mass and breeding status; double-brooding and primary females of polygynous males had a larger patch, and patch size could therefore be an indicator of female phenotypic quality. We conducted a field experiment to test whether males allocate their parental effort in relation to female quality, as predicted by the differential allocation hypothesis. We increased and reduced the ornament sizes of paired females and compared the behaviour of their males before and after manipulation. Frequency of brood feeding by the male was not affected by female ornament manipulation; there was a nonsignificant trend for females with enlarged ornaments, contrary to predictions, to increase their feeding rate. Reducing female ornaments resulted in a decrease in male nest attendance, a measure of passive brood defence, whereas enlarging the ornament had no effect. Males concurrently reduced their territorial (song output) and sexual activity (courtship and copulation). The reduction in sexual activity suggests that males may have changed their nest attendance in response to their mate's renesting probability. Whatever the interpretation, these results provide some of the first evidence that not only female, but also male, birds change breeding strategy according to their mate's phenotype in the wild. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Pilastro, A. and Griggio, M. and Matessi, G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection differential-allocation biparenta},
	pages = {265--271}
}

@article{havensMateChoiceOpportunity2011,
	title = {Mate choice opportunity leads to shorter offspring development time in a desert insect},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=21481056 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02265.x/asset/j.1420-9101.2011.02265.x.pdf?v=1&t=gmpfrurv&s=f745467adf1ceaa6b80d8403261f5f0},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02265.x},
	abstract = {We describe indirect genetic benefits of mate choice in two allopatric populations of cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. By manipulating mate choice opportunity, we show that greater mate choice among sexually mature adults leads to shorter offspring egg-to-adult development times; the extent of this reduction was influenced by population origin and by host plant environment. We performed multiple-choice mating trials with individually marked flies to investigate whether differential male mating success was a consequence of female choice, male interaction, or both. We demonstrate that male copulation frequency was not random and instead, was determined by female choice. Virgin females in these trials were no less discriminating than females that had been previously exposed to males. These results suggest that there are indirect benefits of female mate choice that are population and environment specific, consistent with the hypothesis of ecologically influenced 'good genes' sexual selection.},
	language = {Eng},
	journal = {J Evol Biol},
	author = {Havens, J. A. and Orzack, S. H. and Etges, W. J.},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{wiklundPolyandryItsEffect1993,
	title = {Polyandry and {Its} {Effect} on {Female} {Reproduction} in the {Green}-{Veined} {White} {Butterfly} ({Pieris}-{Napi} {L})},
	volume = {33},
	url = {internal-pdf://wiklund1993-2571779597/Wiklund1993.pdf},
	abstract = {In many insects nutrients transferred by the male to the female at mating are later incorporated into both the eggs and soma of the mated females. Accordingly, it has been suggested that female insects can use these male-derived nutrients both for somatic maintenance and to increase both the number and quality of their offspring. Moreover, much discussion is presently devoted to whether the male nuptial gift represents paternal investment, defined as ''any increase in given male's total surviving progeny by increasing the reproductive output by a given female'', or mating effort which obtains '' if a male gains by increasing the proportion of eggs he fertilizes from a given female '' (Parker and Simmons 1989). If the male nuptial gift represents parental investment it should be expected to benefit predominantly the offspring sired by the donor, whereas the '' physiological fate '' of the male nuptial gift is somewhat irrelevant under the mating effort explanation. In this paper we test these issues by studying the lifetime fecundity, egg weights and longevity of two groups of females of the polyandrous green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi, one group of which was allowed to mate only once and the other of which was allowed to mate at liberty, the latter group of females mating on average 2.28 times. Moreover, to test the incorporation rate of male-derived nutrients, we performed a second set of experiments where females were allowed to mate with radioactively labelled males. The results showed that polyandrous females had higher lifetime fecundity compared to monandrous females, laying on average, 1.61 as many eggs, and that the difference in cumulative fecundity between the two groups was statistically significant from the 5th day of egg-laying onwards. Polyandrous females also lived longer and maintained egg weight at a high level for longer than monandrous females. Largely concomitant with egg-laying rate, incorporation rate of male-derived nutrients peaked 3-4 days after mating, subsequently tapering off to stabilize at about 40\% of the maximum. Given the opportunity, female P. napi remated after 3-5 days, the duration of the refractory period being positively correlated with ejaculate mass. Hence, although the nutrient investment of the first male to mate with a female ''subsidizes'' the progeny of later-mating males, the male nuptial gift in P. napi clearly qualifies as both paternal investment and mating effort.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Wiklund, C. and Kaitala, A. and Lindfors, V. and Abenius, J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {pseudo-parental investment papilio-machaon l helic},
	pages = {25--33}
}

@article{takakuraVariationEggSize2004,
	title = {Variation in egg size within and among generations of the bean weevil, {Bruchidius} dorsalis ({Coleoptera}, {Bruchidae}): {Effects} of host plant quality and paternal nutritional investment},
	volume = {97},
	abstract = {Factors affecting egg size variation and its fitness consequences were studied within and among generations of a multivoltine bean weevil, Bruchidius dorsalis (Fahraeus), which exhibits reversed courtship roles. Because the toughness of host plant (Gleditsia japonica Miquel) seed pods varies among weevil generations in the field and it was supposed that seed hardness varies as well, it was hypothesized that female weevils regulate egg size according to seed hardness. To test this hypothesis, egg size was compared among three generations. The overwintering generation of B. dorsalis laid significantly larger (approximate to 40\% greater volume) eggs than did the other two generations. To assess the effect of paternal nutritional investment on egg size, females were allowed to mate with either well-fed or poorly fed males. During the first half of the 20-d experiment, no significant effect was detected, but during the second half, females that had mated with well-fed males laid significantly and slightly larger (approximate to 4\% greater volume) eggs than those mated with poorly fed males. There was much less variation within generations than among generations. Egg size and the drilling ability of hatched larvae were significantly, positively correlated, indicating that larvae that hatched from larger eggs could drill farther into host plant seeds. These results suggest that female weevils regulate egg size according to seasonal changes in the hardness of host plant seeds, and that paternal investment affects within-generation variation in egg size.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	author = {Takakura, K. I.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {gleditsia japonica bruchid egg size host plant qua},
	pages = {346--352}
}

@article{helfensteinFemalesCarotenoidsupplementedMales2008,
	title = {Females of carotenoid-supplemented males are more faithful and produce higher quality offspring},
	volume = {19},
	url = {internal-pdf://1165-2802542848/1165.pdf},
	abstract = {Reproduction is known to increase the basal metabolic rate and generate oxidative stress, a possible proximate cost of reproduction. Carotenoids have been shown to be in vitro antioxidant molecules and, in a number of instances, to contribute in vivo to the antioxidant protection of the organism against the deleterious effects of free radicals and oxidative stress. These compounds are also involved in the up- and downregulation of the immune system. Thus, carotenoids may improve a male's health status and condition during breeding and enhance his attractiveness through, for example, a higher investment into mating activities. The differential allocation hypothesis predicts that females should invest more in reproduction when mated to more attractive partners. Therefore, a supplementary dose of carotenoids during breeding should increase male attractiveness and translate into higher reproductive success via a higher reproductive effort by their mate. We tested this hypothesis in great tits by supplementing males with carotenoids during their female's fertile period. We subsequently transferred entire clutches into unmanipulated foster nests. Thus, any effect of our carotenoid supplementation to males on their reproductive success must be due to female differential reproductive investment. Offspring sired by carotenoid-supplemented males were found to grow bigger and heavier and to fledge more successfully. Carotenoid-supplemented males also lost less paternity. Our results illustrate the fitness benefits males can accrue from carotenoids and underline the selective pressure imposed on males to optimize carotenoid acquisition.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Helfenstein, F. and Losdat, S. and Saladin, V. and Richner, H.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {swallows hirundo-rustica gallus-gallus-domesticus},
	pages = {1165--1172}
}

@article{wilkinsonFemaleChoiceResponse1994,
	title = {Female {Choice} {Response} to {Artificial} {Selection} on an {Exaggerated} {Male} {Trait} in a {Stalk}-{Eyed} {Fly}},
	volume = {255},
	url = {internal-pdf://wilkreillo94-1367510790/WilkReillo94.pdf},
	abstract = {Quantitative genetic models for the evolution of exaggerated male traits through female mate choice predict that selection on male ornaments should cause a correlated response in female preferences. Furthermore, female selectivity should be inversely related to costs of mate choice. Here we use a stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni (Diptera:Diopsidae), which exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in eye span, to evaluate these predictions. Field observations reveal that each evening females aggregate while males disperse among roosting sites where mating occurs. A positive regression between male relative eye span and the number of females in an aggregation suggests that sexual selection acts on male eye span. Mate choice experiments in the lab, using flies after 13 generations of bidirectional selection on male relative eye span, reveal that females from long eye-span lines and an unselected population preferred long eye-span males. Short eye-span line females, however, preferred short eye-span males, demonstrating a genetic correlation between female preference and a sexually selected male trait. Eye span of the largest male in a field aggregation correlated positively with female age, as estimated by amount of eye pigment, and was independent of egg number, thereby providing no evidence that mate choice impairs female survival or fecundity.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Wilkinson, G. S. and Reillo, P. R.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, response, selection, call, costly mate preferences sexual selection handicap, artificial selection, female mate choice,female preference,male ornamentation,sexual dimorphism,stalk-eyed fly, flies, stalk-eyed flies},
	pages = {1--6}
}

@article{southInfluenceMaleEjaculate2011,
	title = {The influence of male ejaculate quantity on female fitness: a meta-analysis},
	volume = {86},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20579038 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00145.x/asset/j.1469-185X.2010.00145.x.pdf?v=1&t=gmpftch8&s=d2fc8bfb583a03dac3e93e69b8f50ed},
	doi = {BRV145 [pii] 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00145.x},
	abstract = {Although the primary function of mating is gamete transfer, male ejaculates contain numerous other substances that are produced by accessory glands and transferred to females during mating. Studies with several model organisms have shown that these substances can exert diverse behavioural and physiological effects on females, including altered longevity and reproductive output, yet a comprehensive synthesis across taxa is lacking. Here we use a meta-analytic approach to synthesize quantitatively extensive experimental work examining how male ejaculate quantity affects different components of female fitness. We summarize effect sizes for female fecundity (partial and lifetime) and longevity from 84 studies conducted on 70 arthropod species that yielded a total of 130 comparisons of female fecundity and 61 comparisons of female longevity. In response to greater amounts of ejaculate, arthropod females demonstrate enhanced fecundity (both partial and lifetime) but reduced longevity, particularly for Diptera and Lepidoptera. Across taxa, multiply mated females show particularly large fecundity increases compared to singly mated females, indicating that single matings do not maximize female fitness. This fecundity increase is balanced by a slight negative effect on lifespan, with females that received more ejaculate through polyandrous matings showing greater reductions in lifespan compared with females that have mated repeatedly with the same male. We found no significant effect size differences for either female fecundity or longevity between taxa that transfer sperm packaged into spermatophores compared to taxa that transfer ejaculates containing free sperm. Furthermore, females that received relatively larger or more spermatophores demonstrated greater lifetime fecundity, indicating that these seminal nuptial gifts provide females with a net fitness benefit. These results contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary origin and maintenance of non-sperm ejaculate components, and provide insight into female mate choice and optimal mating patterns.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc},
	author = {South, A. and Lewis, S. M.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {299--309}
}

@article{vonschantzFemaleChoiceSelects1989,
	title = {Female choice selects for a viability-based male trait in pheasants},
	volume = {337},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2911350 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v337/n6203/pdf/337166a0.pdf},
	doi = {10.1038/337166a0},
	abstract = {Recent theory on sexual selection suggests that females in species without paternal care choose mates by their secondary sexual characters because these indicate genotypic quality which will be transmitted to the offspring. These ideas are not yet empirically supported as data quantifying the relationship between female mate choice and female reproductive success are lacking. Only in one case, in Colias butterflies, has it been demonstrated unequivocally that females choose 'good genotypes' as mates and there is only one study, on Drosophila, demonstrating that mate choice increases one component of offspring fitness. Spur length of male pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) correlates with various fitness-related properties. We here present the first experimental field data showing that female pheasants select mates on the basis of male spur length and that female mate choice correlates with female reproductive success.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {von Schantz, T. and Goransson, G. and Andersson, G. and Froberg, I. and Grahn, M. and Helgee, A. and Wittzell, H.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, Animals Birds/*physiology Female Male *Selection,},
	pages = {166--169}
}

@article{sandvikMaleFemaleMate2000,
	title = {Male and female mate choice affects offspring quality in a sex-role-reversed pipefish},
	volume = {267},
	url = {internal-pdf://492-2920286976/492.pdf},
	abstract = {Where both sexes invest substantially in offspring, both females and males should discriminate between potential partners when choosing mates. The degree of choosiness should relate to the costs of choice and to the potential benefits to be gained. We measured offspring quality from experimentally staged matings with preferred and non-preferred partners in a sex-role-reversed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle L. Here, a substantial male investment in offspring results in a lower potential reproductive rate in males than in females, and access to males limits female reproductive success rather than vice versa. Thus, males are choosier than females and females compete more intensely? over mates than do males. Broods from preferred matings were superior at escaping predation, when either males or females were allowed to choose a partner. However, only 'choosing' females benefited in terns of faster-growing offspring. Our results have important implications for mate-choice research: here we show that even the more competitive and less choosy sex may contribute significantly to sexual selection through mate choice.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Sandvik, M. and Rosenqvist, G. and Berglund, A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection mutual mate choice sex-role rever},
	pages = {2151--2155}
}

@article{paczoltPostcopulatorySexualSelection2010,
	title = {Post-copulatory sexual selection and sexual conflict in the evolution of male pregnancy},
	volume = {464},
	doi = {Doi 10.1038/Nature08861},
	abstract = {Male pregnancy in seahorses, pipefishes and sea dragons ( family Syngnathidae) represents a striking reproductive adaptation that has shaped the evolution of behaviour and morphology in this group of fishes(1-4). In many syngnathid species, males brood their offspring in a specialized pouch, which presumably evolved to facilitate male parental care(5,6). However, an unexplored possibility is that brood pouch evolution was partly shaped by parent-offspring or sexual conflict, processes that would result in trade-offs between current and future pregnancies. Here we report a controlled breeding experiment using the sexually dimorphic Gulf pipefish, Syngnathus scovelli, to test for post-copulatory sexual selection within broods and for trade-offs between successive male pregnancies as functions of female attractiveness. Offspring survivorship within a pregnancy was affected by the size of a male's mate, the number of eggs transferred and the male's sexual responsiveness. Significantly, we also found that embryo survivorship in a current pregnancy was negatively related to survivorship in the prior pregnancy, clearly demonstrating fitness trade-offs between broods. Overall, our data indicate that post-copulatory sexual selection and sexual conflict occur in Gulf pipefishes. The conflict seems to be mediated by a strategy of cryptic choice in which males increase rates of offspring abortion in pregnancies from unattractive mothers to retain resources for future reproductive opportunities. Hence, the male brood pouch of syngnathid fishes, which nurtures offspring(7-9), also seems to have an important role as an arbiter of conflict between the sexes.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Paczolt, K. A. and Jones, A. G.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {pipefish species syngnathidae role-reversed pipefi},
	pages = {401--U94}
}

@article{wilsonWhatIndividualQuality2010,
	title = {What is individual quality? {An} evolutionary perspective},
	volume = {25},
	abstract = {In studies of population ecology, demography and life history evolution, among-individual differences in traits associated with survival and reproduction are often attributed to variation in 'individual quality'. However, often intuitive quality is rarely defined explicitly, and we argue that this can result in ambiguity about what quality actually is. Here we consider the various ways in which the concept of quality is currently applied, and show that subtle differences in intended meaning have very important consequences when the goal is to draw evolutionary inferences. We also propose a novel approach that is consistent with all current ecological uses, but also allows the concept of quality to be integrated with existing evolutionary theory.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Wilson, A. J. and Nussey, D. H.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {habitat heterogeneity breeding probability density},
	pages = {207--214}
}

@article{mollerSymmetricalMaleSexual1994,
	title = {Symmetrical {Male} {Sexual} {Ornaments}, {Paternal} {Care}, and {Offspring} {Quality}},
	volume = {5},
	url = {internal-pdf://188-4111201280/188.pdf},
	abstract = {Simultaneous manipulation of tail length and tail asymmetry in male barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) has revealed that females prefer males with both long and symmetrical tail ornaments over males with short and asymmetrical ornaments. Fluctuating asymmetry in tail length has a negative effect on the maneuvering ability of male barn swallows, and females may prefer males with symmetrical tail ornaments because they thereby acquire more direct fitness benefits in terms of paternal care. The least preferred males with short tails with high asymmetry performed an absolutely and relatively larger share of feeding of nestlings than the most preferred males. However, the combined feeding rate of the pair was not statistically significantly different between treatment groups. Fully grown tarsus length and body mass of offspring on day 15 did not differ between treatments. These results indicate that females do not prefer males with symmetrical tail ornaments because such males contribute a relatively or absolutely Iarger share of parental duties. Although these results do not explain the basis of female choice for long and symmetrical tails, the results are consistent with a hypothesis that females of species with biparental care should invest differentially in their offspring relative to the quality of their mates. The results are also consistent with a hypothesis that preferred males have access to mates with superior parenting abilities.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {barn swallow differential mate access allocation o},
	pages = {188--194}
}

@article{morenoEggColourationMale2004,
	title = {Egg colouration and male parental effort in the pied flycatcher {Ficedula} hypoleuca},
	volume = {35},
	abstract = {A recent hypothesis posits that the bright colours of many avian eggs may act like signals of female genetic quality or condition to males in species with biparental care, inducing them to work harder for their offspring. We measured the colour of blue eggs of pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca in Central Spain with a spectrophotometer on the day of laying, and also quantified the provisioning effort by males and females during the last days of the nestling period. Both chromaticity coordinates in the CIELAB colour space (blue to yellow, green to red) showed significant associations with male provisioning rates, explaining more than 20\% of variation in male parental effort. Male provisioning rates were positively correlated with nestling condition, thereby potentially contributing to female fitness. This evidence is only tentative until experimental confirmation, but suggests that males are affected by the colour of their mates' eggs, a possibility not considered hitherto in the study of sexual selection.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	author = {Moreno, J. and Osorno, J. L. and Morales, J. and Merino, S. and Tomas, G.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection nestlings immunity},
	pages = {300--304}
}

@article{ullerFemaleEggInvestment2005,
	title = {Female egg investment in relation to male sexual traits and the potential for transgenerational effects in sexual selection},
	volume = {57},
	url = {internal-pdf://fulltext-10-0696505094/fulltext-10.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-004-0886-2},
	abstract = {Life-history theory predicts that individuals should increase their reproductive effort when the fitness return from reproduction is high. Females mated with high-quality males are therefore expected to have higher investment than females mated with low-quality males, which could bias estimates of paternal effects. Investigating the traits females use in their allocation decisions and the aspects of reproduction that are altered is essential for understanding how sexual selection is affected. We studied the potential for differential female allocation in a captive population of a precocial bird, the Chinese quail, Coturnix chinensis. Females paired with males with large sexual ornaments laid larger, but not more, eggs than females paired with males with small sexual ornaments. Furthermore, female egg mass was also significantly positively affected by male testis size, probably via some unknown effect of testis size on male phenotype. Testis size and ornament size were not correlated. Thus, both primary and secondary male sexual traits could be important components of female allocation decisions. Experimental manipulation of hormone levels during embryonic development showed that both male and female traits influencing female egg size were sensitive to early hormone exposure. Differences in prenatal hormone exposure as a result of maternal steroid allocation to eggs may explain some of the variation in reproductive success among individuals, with important implications for nongenetic transgenerational effects in sexual selection.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Uller, T. and Eklof, J. and Andersson, S.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {differential allocation maternal effect sexual sel},
	pages = {584--590}
}

@article{gilYolkAndrogensBarn2006,
	title = {Yolk androgens in the barn swallow ({Hirundo} rustica): a test of some adaptive hypotheses},
	volume = {19},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1420-9101.2005.00981.X},
	abstract = {Maternal effects such as androgen in avian eggs can mediate evolutionary responses to selection, allowing manipulation of offspring phenotype and promoting trans-generational adaptive effects. We tested the predictions of two adaptive hypotheses that have been proposed to explain female variation in yolk androgen allocation in birds, using the barn swallow Hirundo rustica as a model. We found no support for the first hypothesis proposing that yolk androgen varies as a function of breeding density in order to prepare offspring for different breeding densities. However, we found experimental support for the hypothesis that female yolk androgen allocation depends on mate attractiveness and that it constitutes an example of differential allocation. Females increased the concentration of androgens in their eggs when mated to males with experimentally elongated tails. Female phenotypic quality as measured by arrival date and clutch size was positively related to egg androgen concentration, consistent with the hypothesis that this is a costly investment, constrained by female condition. We found correlative evidence of a direct relationship between egg androgen concentration and performance of offspring as measured by mass increase.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Gil, D. and Ninni, P. and Lacroix, A. and De Lope, F. and Tirard, C. and Marzal, A. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {androstenedione colony size differential allocatio},
	pages = {123--131}
}

@article{hidalgo-garciaCarotenoidbasedPlumageColoration2006,
	title = {The carotenoid-based plumage coloration of adult {Blue} {Tits} {Cyanistes} caeruleus correlates with the health status of their brood},
	volume = {148},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.1474-919x.2006.00575.x-1132464646/j.1474-919X.2006.00575.x.pdf},
	abstract = {The Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus is a passerine bird in which both sexes provide substantial care to the offspring and display conspicuous carotenoid-based plumage coloration. It has been shown that carotenoid-based coloration in birds reflects both individual quality and foraging ability. Because the body condition of nestlings usually depends on the capacity of their parents to feed them, I predicted that, independent of sex, those individuals with the most exaggerated carotenoid-based plumage coloration should raise offspring in better health. I found that although, in my study population, the smallest females were paired with the largest males, the brightest females were paired with the brightest and most intensely coloured males. I used body condition and T-cell-mediated immune response of nestlings as measures of their health status. Generalized mixed models showed that brighter and more-yellow adults reared offspring in better than average condition and immune response. Older males and smaller females were also able to raise offspring with better immune response. All these results suggest that the carotenoid-based plumage coloration of parents is somehow linked with individual quality, as it presents a significant and positive correlation with the health status of their growing chicks. Thus, the brightest and more intensely coloured individuals raised the healthiest offspring.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ibis},
	author = {Hidalgo-Garcia, S.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {reproductive success parus-major great tit breedin},
	pages = {727--734}
}

@article{gowatyMaleHouseMice2003,
	title = {Male house mice produce fewer offspring with lower viability and poorer performance when mated with females they do not prefer},
	volume = {65},
	doi = {Doi 10.1006/Anbe.2002.2026},
	abstract = {We report experimental results consistent with the hypothesis that constraints on the expression of male mating preferences affect breeder fitness, offspring viability and performance. If constraints on the expression of mating preferences are common, tests of fitness variation associated with mate preferences must eliminate as many constraints on mate preferences as possible. We tested whether male mate preferences influenced breeder fitness, offspring performance and viability in typically polygynous house mice, Mus domesticus, from a feral source population. Our 'free mate choice' trials not only eliminated female preferences, male-male and female-female competition, but also our best guesses of. the traits mediating choosers' preferences. Males mated with their preferred (P) females sired more litters than males mated with their nonpreferred (NP) females. Offspring viability was significantly lower when males' reproduced with females they did not prefer compared with females they did prefer. Adult sons of males that mated with their P females were socially dominant to sons of males that mated with their NP females. Adult offspring from P pairings built better nests than offspring from NP pairings. The slope of the survivorship curve for P offspring was significantly higher than for NP offspring. These results showed (1) males' mate preferences affected their fitness, (2) males that mated with females they preferred produced more-litters than males that mated with females they did not prefer, and (3) their offspring were significantly more viable and performed significantly better on standardized performance tests. This is the first demonstration of fitness benefits of male choice behaviour in a mammal species with typical paternal investment. (C) 2003 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A. and Drickamer, L. C. and Schmid-Holmes, S.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {mhc genetic diversity mating preferences sexual se},
	pages = {95--103}
}

@article{studdSexualSelectionVariation1985,
	title = {Sexual {Selection} and {Variation} in {Reproductive} {Strategy} in {Male} {Yellow} {Warblers} ({Dendroica}-{Petechia})},
	volume = {17},
	url = {internal-pdf://4599813-2525105158/4599813.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Studd, M. V. and Robertson, R. J.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {101--109}
}

@article{preaultMaleBillColour2005,
	title = {Male bill colour and age are associated with parental abilities and breeding performance in blackbirds},
	volume = {58},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-005-0937-3},
	abstract = {In monogamous bird species, male parental investment may influence offspring fitness and females may gain advantages through mating with males providing extensive paternal care. However, paternal care is a benefit that can only be assessed indirectly because mate choice precedes paternal activities. Individual quality and age, both signalled by morphological characteristics, may reflect parental abilities. Because they may reflect individual foraging abilities, carotenoid-based colorations have been proposed to honestly signal parental quality. The blackbird (Turdus merula), a socially monogamous species, exhibits biparental care and males show bills that vary from pale yellow to orange due to carotenoid pigments. In this study, we investigated whether male bill colour and age are associated with parental ability. Our results suggest that males with more orange bills and older males are better fathers. Indeed, male visit rate increased with their bill colour index independently of age, and brood condition was higher for adult males, compared to yearlings, independently of bill colour. Overall, the number of fledglings produced was positively influenced by both the age of males and the colour intensity of their bills. Males with more orange bills and adults had a greater number of fledglings and these males also had higher levels of prolactin, a hormone known to promote parental care. This latter finding suggests that prolactin may be the link between carotenoid based colorations and the intensity of paternal effort. Thus, male bill colour seems to honestly reveal male physiological adjustment to paternal activities.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Preault, M. and Chastel, O. and Cezilly, F. and Faivre, B.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {carotenoid colour parental care prolactin turdus m},
	pages = {497--505}
}

@article{gwynneCourtshipFeedingIncreases1984,
	title = {Courtship {Feeding} {Increases} {Female} {Reproductive} {Success} in {Bush}-{Crickets}},
	volume = {307},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Gwynne, D. T.},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {361--363}
}

@article{skinnerStrategicEggAllocation2007,
	title = {Strategic egg allocation in the zebra fish, {Danio} rerio},
	volume = {18},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arm059},
	abstract = {Females across a range of taxa have been shown to differentially allocate their reproductive resources according to tile attractiveness of their mate. Previous studies demonstrated a female preference for larger males in the zebra fish but have so far failed to uncover a size-mediated difference in male mating success, possibly due to the effects of male-male competition. By controlling for male-male competition in the present study, we show that females strategically allocate their reproductive resources (i.e., eggs) toward larger males. When females were mated sequentially with a large and small male, they released a greater number of eggs to the second male when he was large than when lie was small. Furthermore, there was also a trend for females to release a greater proportion of their eggs to the first male when he was large. Across females, the total number of eggs laid by each female increased with the average standard length of the male pair, whereas the number of eggs laid to the second male also increased with his standard length. This study represents one of the first attempts at identifying differential allocation in a resource-free egg scatterer and Suggests that female preferences may play a greater role in the reproductive success of males in this species than previously envisaged.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Skinner, A. M. J. and Watt, P. J.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {differential allocation, female choice, Attractiveness, INSEMINATION, MALE PHENOTYPE, POECILIA-RETICULATA, mating, BLENNY, BRACHYDANIO-RERIO, CHAENOPSIDAE, differential allocation egg number zebra fish male, egg number, male reproductive success, PREFERENCES, zebra fish},
	pages = {905--909}
}

@article{penterianiPrelayingVocalActivity2002,
	title = {Pre-laying vocal activity as a signal of male and nest stand quality in goshawks},
	volume = {14},
	abstract = {In this study we examined male vocalisation patterns as a measure of individual and nest stand quality in goshawk Accipiter gentilis. We related the male call rate at dawn (considered to be part of a reproductive strategy) to breeding success and nest stand structure. We recorded the two main chattering-type calls of nine goshawks during the 3 months preceding egg-laying (January-March). Nest stand characteristics were assessed by means of six parameters of nest trees and four parameters of the forest stands within a 1-ha plot. The vocalisations varied significantly among individuals: successful breeders had longer vocalisations and began vocalising earlier than failed ones. Males that successfully reproduced also differed significantly from unsuccessful ones in nest stand characteristics. The results indicate that dawn vocal activity may be considered a honest advertisement of male quality, as well as the quality of its nest stand, expressed by breeding success. The conservation concerns we may gain about territory quality in relation to male vocal activity are also discussed.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Penteriani, V. and Faivre, B. and Mazuc, J. and Cezilly, F.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {vocalizations male quality territory quality gosha},
	pages = {9--17}
}

@article{satoFemaleControlOffspring2010,
	title = {Female {Control} of {Offspring} {Sex} {Ratios} {Based} on {Male} {Attractiveness} in the {Guppy}},
	volume = {116},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1439-0310.2010.01767.X},
	abstract = {The sex allocation hypothesis predicts that females manipulate the offspring sex ratios according to mate attractiveness. Although there is increasing evidence to support this prediction, it is possible that paternal effects may often obscure the relationship between female control of offspring sex ratios and male attractiveness. In the present study, we examined whether females played a primary role in the manipulation their offspring sex ratios based on male attractiveness, in the guppy Poecilia reticulata, a live-bearing fish. We excluded the paternal effects by controlling the relative sexual attractiveness of the male by presenting them to the females along with a more attractive or less attractive stimulus male. The test male was perceived to be relatively more attractive by females when it was presented along with a less attractive stimulus male, or vice versa. Subsequently, test male was mated in two different roles (relatively more and less attractive) with two females. If females were responsible for offspring sex ratio manipulation, the sex ratio of the brood would be altered on the basis of the relative attractiveness of the test male. On the other hand, if males play a primary role in offspring sex ratio manipulation, the sex ratios would not differ with the relative attractiveness of the test male. We found that females gave birth to more male-biased broods when they mated with test males in the attractive role than when they mated with males in the less attractive role. This finding suggests that females are responsible for the manipulation of offspring sex ratios based on the attractiveness of their mates.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Sato, A. and Karino, K.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {poecilia-reticulata pisces sequential mate choice},
	pages = {524--534}
}

@article{simmonsMaleSizeMating1988,
	title = {Male {Size}, {Mating} {Potential} and {Lifetime} {Reproductive} {Success} in the {Field} {Cricket}, {Gryllus}-{Bimaculatus} ({Degeer})},
	volume = {36},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {372--379}
}

@article{oberhauserEffectsSpermatophoresMale1989,
	title = {Effects of {Spermatophores} on {Male} and {Female} {Monarch} {Butterfly} {Reproductive} {Success}},
	volume = {25},
	url = {internal-pdf://4600336-3196120582/4600336.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Oberhauser, K. S.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {237--246}
}

@article{neatNoReasonSneak2002,
	title = {No reason to sneak: why males of all sizes can breed in the hole-nesting blenny, {Aidablennius} sphinx},
	volume = {52},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-002-0481-3},
	abstract = {Most blennioid fishes show a resource-based, promiscuous mating system with alternative 'sneaking' mating tactics. The hole-nesting species, Aidablennius sphinx, however, appears to be an exception; small males did not mimic females, most had their own nest and not once in 20 h of spawning observations did a second male enter a nest. In this field study, we ask if sneaker tactics are constrained and what factors favour independent nesting by small males. Larger males received more eggs sooner and attracted more females than smaller males. Larger males may be preferred because they released more sperm per ejaculation and fanned their eggs more often. In the long-term, however, larger males did not spawn more often than smaller males since: (1) the nests of large males filled up with eggs sooner than the nests of small males; (2) large males refused females more often than small males; and (3) a highly biased ratio of females to preferred large males meant many females had no option but to spawn with small males. Thus, small males nest independently, despite potential for female mimicry tactics (multiple females spawned simultaneously) and simultaneous parasitic spawning (males exited the nest during spawning).},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Neat, F. C. and Locatello, L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {blenniidae operational sex-ratio reproductive cons},
	pages = {66--73}
}

@article{wagnerFemaleLifeSpan2003,
	title = {Female life span and fertility are increased by the ejaculates of preferred males},
	volume = {57},
	abstract = {In animals with internal fertilization, sperm competition among males can favor the evolution of male ejaculate traits that are detrimental to females. Female mating preferences, in contrast, often favor traits in males that are beneficial to females, yet little is known about the effect of these preferences on the evolution of male ejaculates. A necessary condition for female preferences to affect the evolution of male ejaculate characteristics is that females select mates based on a trait correlated with ejaculate quality. Previous work has shown that females of the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, prefer males that produce calling songs containing faster and longer chirps. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that females receive more beneficial ejaculates from preferred males. Females were placed on either a high- or a reduced-nutrition diet then mated twice to a male of known song phenotype. Females received only sperm and seminal fluid from males during these matings. There was no effect of male song phenotype on any fitness component for females on the high-nutrition diet. Reduced-nutrition females mated to males that produced preferred song types, however, lived longer, produced more eggs, produced more fertile eggs, and had a higher proportion of their eggs fertilized than those mated to other males. The life-span benefit was positively associated with male chirp duration, and the reproductive benefits were positively associated with male chirp rate. We explored two possible mechanisms for the life span and reproductive benefits. First, a path analysis suggested that part of the effect of male chirp duration on female life span may have been indirect; females mated to males that produced longer chirps showed delayed oviposition, and females that delayed oviposition lived longer. Males that produce longer chirps may thus transfer fewer or less potent oviposition stimulants to females in their seminal fluid. Second, there was a positive correlation between male chirp rate and the number of sperm transferred to females. The fertility benefit may thus have resulted from females receiving more sperm from males that produce faster chirps. Finally, there was a negative phenotypic correlation between male chirp rate and chirp duration, suggesting that females may have to trade off the life span and reproduction benefits when selecting a mate.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wagner, W. E. and Harper, C. J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {calling song direct benefits female preference fie},
	pages = {2054--2066}
}

@article{lynamDifferentialMatingSuccess1992,
	title = {Differential {Mating} {Success} of {Virgin} {Female} {Katydids} {Requena}-{Verticalis} ({Orthoptera}, {Tettigoniidae})},
	volume = {5},
	url = {internal-pdf://lynam-3742258432/lynam.pdf},
	abstract = {Male katydids (Orthoptera:  Tettigoniidae) invest in offspring through nutrients provided in a large spermatophore.  Previous research with Requena verticalis had shown that almost all of the investment of males mating with recently mated (4 days previously) females is in eggs fertilized by the female's previous mate.  Thus males are predicted to discriminate against such females as mates.  In experiments placing males with both a virgin and a female mated 4-5 days previously, virgin females obtained almost all matings.  Although male discrimination of mates was noted in the experiments, there was no evidence that such discrimination was against nonvirgins in both this experiment and one in which a single virgin or mated female was placed with a male.  Instead, the results suggest that the differential mating was a result of interfemale competition. The mating advantage held by virgin females over nonvirgins appeared to be lost once the latter had oviposited.  Finally, there was no evidence from both single-and paired-female experiments that males preferred larger females as mates.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	author = {Lynam, A. J. and Morris, S. and Gwynne, D. T.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {sexual selection mate choice katydid tettigoniidae},
	pages = {51--59}
}

@article{morenoEvidenceSignalingFunction2005,
	title = {Evidence for the signaling function of egg color in the pied flycatcher {Ficedula} hypoleuca},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Ari072},
	abstract = {A recent hypothesis proposes that the bright colors, especially blue and green, of many avian eggs may function as signals of female or offspring phenotypic quality or condition to males in species with biparental care, inducing them to allocate more effort to their offspring. The pigment determining blue and green egg colors is an antioxidant whose availability for eggshell coloring may be limited. To test the signaling function on a species with blue eggs, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, we measured egg color with a spectrophotometer on the day of laying and obtained two principal components from their reflectance spectra that together explained 99\% of variation and represented shell lightness, and hue and saturation, respectively. We also measured female immunocompetence during the nestling period through the response to phytohemagglutinin as a measure of cell-mediated immunity and the response to a tetanus vaccination as a measure of Immoral immunity. The total amount of immunoglobulins in blood of females and of nestlings before fledging was also estimated. Mean within-clutch egg darkness was positively associated with both measures of female immunocompetence, while better female condition was associated with colors tending away from intermediate and toward short wavelengths. Ageing female laid lighter eggs. The mean within-brood level of nestling IgY was also associated with mean within-clutch egg colors tending away from intermediate and toward short wavelengths. Mean egg darkness decreased linearly during the laying sequence, suggesting pigment limitation. Males were observed frequently visiting nests during the laying period, allowing them to observe eggs before the start of incubation. These results support the signaling hypothesis for explaining bright colors of avian eggs.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Moreno, J. and Morales, J. and Lobato, E. and Merino, S. and Tomas, G. and Martinez-de la Puente, J.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {antioxidants egg color female. signaling immunocom},
	pages = {931--937}
}

@article{zizzariFemalePreferenceFitness2009,
	title = {Female preference and fitness benefits of mate choice in a species with dissociated sperm transfer},
	volume = {78},
	url = {internal-pdf://sdarticle-1499158788/sdarticle.pdf},
	abstract = {Female mate preference can have important fitness consequences for females through direct or indirect benefits of mate choice. However, the existence and benefits of mate choice in species that perform dissociated sperm transfer is largely unknown. In the springtail Orchesella cincta, receptive females locate and take up spermatophores deposited in the litter layer by males, without even meeting their partner. We investigated female sexual selection and its benefits in O. cincta. We performed female choice trials with manipulated spermatophore density and diversity to assess female preference for different spermatophore deposition patterns. Furthermore we tested whether females benefit from choosing between spermatophores by measuring several reproductive variables of females assigned to single male (no choice) and double male (choice) mating treatments. Our results show that females chose patches with four spermatophores over patches with a single spermatophore, but did not discriminate between patches of three spermatophores from a single male or from three different males. The mating experiment showed that O. cincta females gained indirect benefits from choosing between spermatophores of different males, because male offspring resulting from the double male treatment produced more spermatophores than the male offspring from females without a choice. No evidence was found for direct benefits of female choice, because there were no differences in clutch size, egg size or offspring survival between treatments. Despite the large number of studies on female mate choice, this is the first time that indirect benefits have been demonstrated in a species with dissociated sperm transfer. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Zizzari, Z. V. and Braakhuis, A. and van Straalen, N. M. and Ellers, J.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {female choice genetic benefits indirect sperm tran},
	pages = {1261--1267}
}

@article{lancasterAdaptiveSocialMaternal2007,
	title = {Adaptive social and maternal induction of antipredator dorsal patterns in a lizard with alternative social strategies},
	volume = {10},
	url = {internal-pdf://lancaster_2007-0362071041/Lancaster_2007.pdf},
	abstract = {Maternal effects facilitate adaptation to changing environments because they alter individual offspring traits to match current conditions. We show that maternal effects can also resolve context-dependent, correlational selection on multiple offspring traits, promoting adaptation to more complex environments. In side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), two alternative pathways of dorsal pattern induction involve maternal oestradiol and alleles for throat colouration (similar to social strategy). In one pathway, females increased yolk oestradiol when mated to yellow-throated sires; oestradiol induced dorsal barring in yellow-throated progeny of both sexes. In another pathway, females elevated yolk oestradiol in response to a high frequency of orange alleles in experimental social neighbourhoods. When the sire lacked yellow alleles, this secondary pathway resulted in striped, orange sons and striped, non-orange daughters. All maternally induced types had high fitness in the wild. These results illustrate a (previously undescribed) mechanism for females to simultaneously resolve differing correlational selection pressures on different progeny.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Lancaster, L. T. and McAdam, A. G. and Wingfield, J. C. and Sinervo, B. R.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {female, alternative strategies correlational selection cry, ANIMALS, Breeding, Ecosystem, Egg Yolk, Egg Yolk: metabolism, Estradiol, Estradiol: metabolism, Estradiol: physiology, Genotype, LIZARDS, Lizards: genetics, Lizards: growth \& development, Lizards: metabolism, Male, Oviparity, Oviparity: physiology, Polymorphism, Genetic, Selection, Genetic, Sex Factors, Skin Pigmentation, Skin Pigmentation: genetics, Skin Pigmentation: physiology, Social Behavior},
	pages = {798--808}
}

@article{matessiMaleRockSparrows2009,
	title = {Male rock sparrows differentially allocate nest defence but not food provisioning to offspring},
	volume = {146},
	doi = {Doi 10.1163/156853909x410748},
	abstract = {Secondary sexual characters may provide information about individual quality to a partner, which may use it during parental care to strategically allocate resources to the current breeding attempt (Differential Allocation Hypothesis). Differential allocation by females has been demonstrated for a number of species, while male differential allocation based on female secondary sexual traits has received less attention. Yet females of many species, among birds in particular, are ornamented. We performed a test of male differential allocation based on a female ornament in the rock sparrow (Petronia petronia), a monomorphic species in which both sexes have a yellow breast patch, the size of which correlates with individual reproductive quality. We reduced the breast patch in a sample of females and compared the parental care of their partners (chick feeding and nest defence) with the parental care of males paired to sham-manipulated controls. Nest defence was assessed by placing a dummy predator on the nest box. Males of ornament-reduced females defended the nest less but did not feed the chicks less than males paired to control females. Our results only partially support male differential allocation and are in agreement with previous tests of male differential allocation in rock sparrows.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Matessi, G. and Carmagnani, C. and Griggio, M. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {differential allocation hypothesis parental care m},
	pages = {209--223}
}

@article{roedMalePhenotypicQuality2007,
	title = {Male phenotypic quality influences offspring sex ratio in a polygynous ungulate},
	volume = {274},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2006.0214},
	abstract = {Evolutionary models of sex ratio adjustment applied to mammals have ignored that females may gain indirect genetic benefits from their mates. The differential allocation hypothesis (DAH) predicts that females bias the sex ratio of their offspring towards (more costly) males when breeding with an attractive male. We manipulated the number of available males during rut in a polygynous ungulate species, the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and found that a doubling of average male mass (and thus male attractiveness) in the breeding herd increased the proportion of male offspring from approximately 40 to 60\%. Paternity analysis revealed indeed that males of high phenotypic quality sired more males, consistent with the DAH. This insight has consequences for proper management of large mammal populations. Our study suggests that harvesting, by generating a high proportion of young, small and unattractive mates, affects the secondary sex ratio due to differential allocation effects in females. Sustainable management needs to consider not only the direct demographic changes due to harvest mortality and selection, but also the components related to behavioural ecology and opportunities for female choice.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Roed, K. H. and Holand, O. and Mysterud, A. and Tverdal, A. and Kumpula, J. and Nieminen, M.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {differential allocation hypothesis harvesting male},
	pages = {727--733}
}

@article{lopez-de-hierroEggspotPatternRather2010,
	title = {Egg-spot pattern rather than egg colour affects conspecific egg rejection in the house sparrow ({Passer} domesticus)},
	volume = {64},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-009-0811-9},
	abstract = {Brood parasitism could be a selective pressure on each female to have a type of egg that permits recognition. House sparrows (Passer domesticus) undergo conspecific brood parasitism and can recognise parasitic eggs. In this study, we analyse the effect of relative size in experimental parasitic eggs compared to the host eggs. We modified egg colour and the spot pattern to determine the influence of these characteristics on egg rejection. Furthermore, we examine whether egg rejection increases with "stimulus summation". Our results show that egg rejection is not affected by relative egg size. However, changes in the spot pattern proved to exert the highest influence on egg rejection (32.4\% of trials), significantly higher than when only egg colour is changed (3.8\%). Therefore, our results suggest that parasitism may be a pressure favouring the maintenance of spotted eggs in house sparrow.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Lopez-de-Hierro, M. D. G. and Moreno-Rueda, G.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {egg rejection conspecific brood parasitism house s},
	pages = {317--324}
}

@article{reynoldsFemaleMatePreference1992,
	title = {Female {Mate} {Preference} {Enhances} {Offspring} {Growth} and {Reproduction} in a {Fish}, {Poecilia}-{Reticulata}},
	volume = {250},
	abstract = {Recent models of sexual selection suggest that females may prefer males that provide heritable benefits ('good genes') for offspring development or survival. We tested this possibility with a three-generation experiment using Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata, a species of livebearing freshwater fish. First, we show that female guppies were attracted to larger-bodied males. Areas of various colour pigments had no effect on female preference in this population. Second, male size had significant father-son heritability. Third, large fathers sired both sons and daughters with higher growth rates. Finally, the higher growth rates of daughters resulted in larger reproductive output, attributable to their larger body size. Female mate preferences may therefore have important effects on the inheritance of life history traits by offspring. The results are consistent with the 'good genes' theory of sexual selection but they also illustrate some of the pitfalls inherent in distinguishing among alternative theories.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Reynolds, J. D. and Gross, M. R.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, Fisher, genes, good genes, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, MALES, MATE, offspring, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, TRAITS, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, BENEFITS, fitness, model, MODELS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, survival, body size, BODY-SIZE, heritability, MALE SIZE, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, COLOR PATTERNS, colour, Darwin, ENGLAND, experiment, FATHERS, female preference, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, handicap principle, HISTORIES, HISTORY, INHERITANCE, lande, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, life-history evolution, life-history evolution sexual selection mating pre, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, PIGMENTS, preference, reproduction, theory, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, Y},
	pages = {57--62}
}

@article{tolonenDeterminantsParentalEffort1994,
	title = {Determinants of {Parental} {Effort} - a {Behavioral}-{Study} in the {Eurasian} {Kestrel}, {Falco}-{Tinnunculus}},
	volume = {35},
	url = {internal-pdf://4601020-0998401030/4601020.pdf},
	abstract = {We recorded behaviour of kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in western Finland during the courtship (1988-1992), incubation (1989-1991), early nestling (age of young 1-2 weeks, 1989-1992) and late nestling stages (3-4 weeks, 1989-1991) to examine determinants of their parental effort (PE).  In males, PE was estimated as the hunting effort (the proportion of budget time spent in flight-hunting) and in females as the food provisioning rate (number of prey items delivered to the nest per hour).  The following predictions derived from the parental investment theory were examined.  (1) Parents rearing large clutches and broods should invest more in breeding than do parents rearing small clutches and broods.  The hunting effort of parents did not increase with clutch or brood size, but males tending large broods had a higher prey delivery rate than males tending small broods (Figs 1-2).  (2) PE of parents should increase in the course of the breeding season.  In males, this was true only between the incubation and early nestling phases (Fig. 3).  (3) The early pairs should invest more in breeding than late ones.  This tended to be true during the early (for males) and late nestling phases (for females) (Fig. 4).  (4) There should be a negative correlation between PE of mates within pairs, but no evidence for such adjustment was found (Fig. 5).  (5) Females mated with bright-coloured attractive males should show higher PE than females mated with dull-coloured males but our results were inconsistent with this prediction.  We conclude that PE decisions of kestrels are mainly based on cost-benefit estimates of residual reproductive value, rather than on current investment indicators, like clutch or brood size.  This might be beneficial in environments with highly variable survival prospects of offspring caused by pronounced among-year variation in abundance of the main food (microtine rodents).  The results also show that hypotheses explaining variation in PE in the short term are not necessarily valid for long-term PE, e.g. tending clutches or broods, which also reflects the demands of female and young.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Tolonen, P. and Korpimaki, E.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {falco-tinnunculus parental effort cost-benefit ana},
	pages = {355--362}
}

@article{takakuraEstimationRelativeReproductive2006,
	title = {Estimation of relative reproductive expenditure in the courtship-role-reversed bean weevil, {Bruchidius} dorsafis ({Fahraeus})},
	volume = {24},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S10164-005-0157-3},
	abstract = {It is often difficult to measure the parental expenditure on reproduction by both sexes, because even in species where both sexes invest only nutrient to produce eggs, the nutrition invested by the male is inevitably mixed with that from the female in the body of the female. In this paper, I propose a regression-analysis-based method to estimate the relative amount of investment by both sexes separately, which I have applied to the bean weevil Bruchidius dorsalis (Fahraeus: Bruchidae; Coleoptera), which shows role-reversal in its courtship behavior. The results indicated that lifetime maternal expenditure (the estimated intercept) was fivefold higher than paternal expenditure in a single copulation (the estimated coefficient). Although the number of copulations by wild males was not measured in this study, it is unlikely that they copulate fewer than six times during their lifetime, judging from their longevity and the frequency of copulation in the laboratory. In the experiment, males were divided into two different feeding regimes to test whether their nutritional condition affected their paternal expenditure, but no significant effect was detected.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Ethology},
	author = {Takakura, K.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {bruchidius dorsalis courtship role reversal mating},
	pages = {33--36}
}

@article{whittierIntersexualSelectionMediterranean1995,
	title = {Intersexual {Selection} in the {Mediterranean} {Fruit}-{Fly} - {Does} {Female} {Choice} {Enhance} {Fitness}},
	volume = {49},
	url = {internal-pdf://2410420-3062006278/2410420.pdf},
	abstract = {Adaptive hypotheses of female choice predict that females use male courtship displays as an indicator of male quality. A test of whether female choice is adaptive measuring direct and indirect effects of mate choice on females was made using a laboratory population of a lek-mating species, the Mediterranean fruit fly. The nonrandom mating observed in this species is thought to be strongly influenced by female choice. Whether female choice acts to increase fecundity or offspring quality was assessed using two different statistical tests. Multiple regression showed that females generally do not receive direct benefits as a result of mating with males which are successful in copulating with many females. However, in one trial the relationship between male quality and female benefit was nonlinear. Females which mate with males that obtain few matings ({\textless}2), and females which mate with males that obtain many matings ({\textgreater}6) enjoy increased fecundity. Mate choice does not, however, appear to enhance offspring quality as father/son correlation and sibling analysis showed no heritable component to male copulatory success.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Whittier, T. S. and Kaneshiro, K. Y.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, Attractiveness, selection, fitness, flies, ceratitis capitata female choice fitness heritabil, fruit fly},
	pages = {990--996}
}

@article{reidFitnessCorrelatesSong2005,
	title = {Fitness correlates of song repertoire size in free-living song sparrows ({Melospiza} melodia)},
	volume = {165},
	abstract = {Models of sexual selection propose that exaggerated secondary sexual ornaments indicate a male's own fitness and the fitness of his offspring. These hypotheses have rarely been thoroughly tested in free-living individuals because overall fitness, as opposed to fitness components, is difficult to measure. We used 20 years of data from song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia) inhabiting Mandarte Island, British Columbia, Canada, to test whether a male's song repertoire size, a secondary sexual trait, predicted overall measures of male or offspring fitness. Males with larger song repertoires contributed more independent and recruited offspring, and independent and recruited grandoffspring, to Mandarte's population. This was because these males lived longer and reared a greater proportion of hatched chicks to independence from parental care, not because females mated to males with larger repertoires laid or hatched more eggs. Furthermore, independent offspring of males with larger repertoires were more likely to recruit and then to leave more grandoffspring than were offspring of males with small repertoires. Although we cannot distinguish whether observed fitness variation reflected genetic or environmental effects on males or their offspring, these data suggest that female song sparrows would gain immediate and intergenerational fitness benefits by pairing with males with large song repertoires.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Reid, J. M. and Arcese, P. and Cassidy, A. L. E. V. and Hiebert, S. M. and Smith, J. N. M. and Stoddard, P. K. and Marr, A. B. and Keller, L. F.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {good genes individual quality lifetime reproductiv},
	pages = {299--310}
}

@article{sprengerSourcesPhenotypicVariance2010,
	title = {Sources of phenotypic variance in egg and larval traits in a marine invertebrate},
	volume = {24},
	url = {internal-pdf://fulltext-3394632196/fulltext.pdf},
	abstract = {Contrary to many separate sex systems, the evolutionary ecology of polyandry in simultaneous hermaphrodites, and in particular in those with internal fertilization, has received little attention. Recent studies on the promiscuous gastropod Chelidonura sandrana showed that offspring size, an important determinant of offspring performance in many marine invertebrates, varies with the number of different mating partners. However, the source of this differential allocation by mothers remained unclear. Using a quantitative genetic model, we here tested for parental effects on offspring size and the importance of 'good gene' effects on early life history traits. Our analysis revealed no significant sire but strong dam effects for all investigated traits. Moreover, embryo viability tended to increase with egg capsule volume, thus linking offspring size with offspring performance. Our findings suggest that in C. sandrana (1) differential allocation is a maternal effect in response to the number of different partners, and that (2) additive genetic variance is of negligible importance in early life history traits.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Sprenger, D. and Lange, R. and Michiels, N. K. and Anthes, N.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {polyandry genetic quality differential allocation},
	pages = {185--194}
}

@article{headIndirectBenefitsMating2005,
	title = {The indirect benefits of mating with attractive males outweigh the direct costs},
	volume = {3},
	url = {jsessionid=71ADB5A9567A6FF211C94C2630341285?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030033&representation=PDF},
	doi = {Artn E33 Doi 10.1371/Journal.Pbio.0030033},
	abstract = {The fitness consequences of mate choice are a source of ongoing debate in evolutionary biology. Recent theory predicts that indirect benefits of female choice due to offspring inheriting superior genes are likely to be negated when there are direct costs associated with choice, including any costs of mating with attractive males. To estimate the fitness consequences of mating with males of varying attractiveness, we housed female house crickets, Acheta domesticus, with either attractive or unattractive males and measured a variety of direct and indirect fitness components. These fitness components were combined to give relative estimates of the number of grandchildren produced and the intrinsic rate of increase ( relative net fitness). We found that females mated to attractive males incur a substantial survival cost. However, these costs are cancelled out and may be outweighed by the benefits of having offspring with elevated fitness. This benefit is due predominantly, but not exclusively, to the effect of an increase in sons' attractiveness. Our results suggest that the direct costs that females experience when mating with attractive males can be outweighed by indirect benefits. They also reveal the value of estimating the net fitness consequences of a mating strategy by including measures of offspring quality in estimates of fitness.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Plos Biology},
	author = {Head, M. L. and Hunt, J. and Jennions, M. D. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {drosophila-melanogaster females negative genetic c},
	pages = {289--294}
}

@article{kotiahoMalesInfluenceMaternal2003,
	title = {Males influence maternal effects that promote sexual selection: {A} quantitative genetic experiment with dung beetles {Onthophagus} taurus},
	volume = {161},
	abstract = {Recently, doubt has been cast on studies supporting good genes sexual selection by the suggestion that observed genetic benefits for offspring may be confounded by differential maternal allocation. In traditional analyses, observed genetic sire effects on offspring phenotype may result from females allocating more resources to the offspring of attractive males. However, maternal effects such as differential allocation may represent a mechanism promoting genetic sire effects, rather than an alternative to them. Here we report results from an experiment on the horned dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, in which we directly compare genetic sire effects with maternal effects that are dependent on sire phenotype. We found strong evidence that mothers provide more resources to offspring when mated with large-horned males. There were significant heritabilities for both horn length and body size, but when differential maternal effects were controlled, the observed estimates of genetic variance were greatly reduced. Our experiment provides evidence that differential maternal effects may amplify genetic effects on offspring traits that are closely related to fitness. Thus, our results may partly explain the relatively high coefficients of additive genetic variation observed in fitness-related traits and provide empirical support for the theoretical argument that maternal effects can play an important role in evolution.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Kotiaho, J. S. and Simmons, L. W. and Hunt, J. and Tomkins, J. L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {differential allocation maternal effects indirect},
	pages = {852--859}
}

@article{solerFunctionalSignificanceSexual1996,
	title = {The functional significance of sexual display: {Stone} carrying in the black wheatear},
	volume = {51},
	abstract = {Male black wheatears, Oenanthe leucura, carry on average almost 2 kg of stones to cavities inside caves before each clutch is laid. This costly behaviour may play a role in post-mating sexual selection, if females adjust their reproduction to the amount of stones carried by their mates, an hypothesis tested in two field experiments. First, breeding sites with many new stones also contained many old stones from previous breeding seasons. In a stone removal experiment, in which all old stones were removed from half of the territories, but not from control territories, males carried the same amount of stones following the two treatments. Reproductive success was similar in the two treatments, and the number of old stones carried was thus an unimportant feature of the display. Second, either the number of new stones present or those carried could be the important cue of the display; this was tested by manipulating stones during the display period. When the number of new stones was doubled every second day, males reduced their stone-carrying activity, and when the number of new stones was halved every second day, males compensated for the removal. Laying date and annual reproductive success were positively affected by the treatment and the number of stones carried, but not by the number of stones present, suggesting that females pay attention only to the number of stones carried. (C) 1996 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Soler, M. and Soler, J. J. and Moller, A. P. and Moreno, J. and Linden, M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {selection hypothesis},
	pages = {247--254}
}

@article{kasuyaFemaleMatePreference1992,
	title = {Female {Mate} {Preference} and {Offspring} {Fitness} in the {Melon} {Fly}},
	volume = {7},
	url = {internal-pdf://kasuya_1992-1921939725/Kasuya_1992.pdf},
	abstract = {The influence of female mate preference on the fitness components of offspring was studied in the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae. Adult flies were allowed to mate under two experimental treatments. In one treatment, 1 00 females and 100 males were allowed to mate freely in a cage (cage-mating). In the other treatment, a single female was allowed to mate with a single male in a small chamber (chamber-mating). Viability in the immature stages was not different between two treatments. The developmental speed of female offspring in the cage-mating treatment was faster than that in the chamber-mating treatment. The wing length of offspring of both sex in the cage-mating treatment was also larger than that in the chamber-mating treatment. These results were considered to support 3-trait handicap models of the evolution of female mate preference.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ecological Research},
	author = {Kasuya, E.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {dacus-cucurbitae female mate preference handicap m},
	pages = {277--281}
}

@article{paredesReducedParentalCare2005,
	title = {Reduced parental care, compensatory behaviour and reproductive costs of thick-billed murres equipped with data loggers},
	volume = {69},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Anbehav.2003.12.029},
	abstract = {Theoretical models predict that in species with obligate biparental care, individuals will partially compensate for decreased parental effort by their partners as a stable evolutionary strategy. Full compensation may occur when breeding success is an accelerating function of parental effort, especially in long-lived bird species. We experimentally examined the effect of time-depth recorders (TDRs) on body mass and parental behaviour of thick-billed murres, Uria lomvia, and evaluated the effect of TDRs as handicaps to test whether individuals compensate for decreased partner effort and whether compensation is sex biased. Compared with control birds, TDR-equipped birds had reduced body mass, offspring attendance, number of foraging trips and feeding rates, and males had increased foraging trip duration. in general, males lost mass at a higher rate and made longer foraging trips than females. Partners of TDR-equipped birds compensated for their mates' reduced parental effort by increasing offspring attendance and by increasing chick provisioning above average rates of control birds. Although partners of TDR-equipped birds fully compensated for their mates' reduced offspring attendance (i.e. chicks were never observed to be left unattended), total provisioning rates of pairs with a TDR-equipped bird ((X) over bar +/-SE=4.38+/-0.26 meals/day) were significantly lower than those of control pairs (5.74+/-0.31 meals/day). However, fledgling success of control and TDR-equipped birds did not differ between reproductive seasons. TDR-equipped birds also had a significantly lower rate of return to breed than their non-TDR-equipped partners or control birds, and those that did return the following season were more likely to change mates (32\%) compared with controls (0\%). Taken together, our results underline the need to quantify the effects of monitoring equipment used to measure seabirds' activities, and indicate the ability of female and male thick-billed murres to compensate for reduced partner effort due to handicapping-Compensator behaviour seems to be a necessary response of this single-brooded species to ensure current breeding success; however, it may affect the stability of pair bonds in some individuals. (C) 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Paredes, R. and Jones, I. L. and Boness, D. J.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {foraging trip duration guillemots uria-lomvia time},
	pages = {197--208}
}

@article{osornoEvidenceDifferentialMaternal2006,
	title = {Evidence for differential maternal allocation to eggs in relation to manipulated male attractiveness in the pied flycatcher ({Ficedula} hypoleuca)},
	volume = {147},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S10336-006-0085-1},
	abstract = {We present evidence of differential maternal allocation to eggs in response to manipulated male attractiveness in the migratory pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). We manipulated the size of a male secondary sexual trait, the white forehead patch, right after male arrival to the breeding area and before female arrival. Patch size was (1) enlarged to the maximum observed in the population, (2) reduced by 40\% or (3) kept constant by painting with indelible felt markers over the natural feather patch. Male behaviour was affected by the experimental manipulation, as individuals with enlarged patches performed more approaches to the nestbox in response to song playback during the territory occupation and nest-site presentation phases. Females paired with males with reduced forehead patches laid significantly smaller eggs than those paired with males in the control and enlarged-patch treatments. Laying date and clutch size did not differ among the experimental groups. We discuss that manipulations of ornaments designed to study differential allocation at laying should reduce as well as enlarge their expression.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	author = {Osorno, J. L. and Morales, J. and Moreno, J. and Merino, S. and Tomas, G. and Vasquez, R. A.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {differential maternal allocation egg size ficedula},
	pages = {605--611}
}

@article{lifjeldFunctionCourtshipFeeding1986,
	title = {The {Function} of {Courtship} {Feeding} during {Incubation} in the {Pied} {Flycatcher} {Ficedula}-{Hypoleuca}},
	volume = {34},
	url = {internal-pdf://lifjeld_slagsvold_1986-1263233805/Lifjeld_Slagsvold_1986.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Lifjeld, J. T. and Slagsvold, T.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {1441--1453}
}

@article{moya-laranoEjaculateSizeSecond2006,
	title = {Ejaculate size, second male size, and moderate polyandry increase female fecundity in a seed beetle},
	volume = {17},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arl029},
	abstract = {Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of polyandry in species that provide nuptial gifts. When nuptial gifts are in the form of nutritional elements in the ejaculate and ejaculate size is correlated with male body size, females can accrue both direct (nutritional) and indirect (genetic) benefits from multiple mating. We examined remating decisions in females of the seed beetle Stator limbatus and, using path analysis, examined the effects of male body size on the size of his ejaculate, the amount of ejaculate that was successfully transferred to females, and the overall effect of these variables on female fecundity. Larger males produced larger ejaculates and consequently transferred a larger ejaculate to females, but the effects on female fecundity differed between the females' first and second mates. Both larger first and second males were able to transfer more of their ejaculate to females than were smaller males. Both the total amount of ejaculate transferred by these males and polyandry (number of matings) were positively correlated to female fecundity independently of each other. However, larger second males were more successful at stimulating female fecundity independently of how much ejaculate they transferred. We also provide evidence that females are choosy during their second mating opportunity. Both female choosiness and higher female investment after mating with larger second males suggest that females may benefit from both direct and indirect effects from multiple mating. We also conclude that male body size is under both directional fecundity selection and directional sexual selection.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Moya-Larano, J. and Fox, C. W.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, selection, BENEFITS, INCREASE, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, fecundity, INVESTMENT, MALE SIZE, mating, body size directional selection ejaculate nutritia, choosiness, ejaculate, fecundity selection, form, MATES, multiple mating, NUMBER, nuptial gifts, path analysis, polyandry, transfer},
	pages = {940--946}
}

@article{gilFemaleCanariesProduce2004,
	title = {Female canaries produce eggs with greater amounts of testosterone when exposed to preferred male song},
	volume = {45},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Yhbeh.2003.08.005},
	abstract = {Male birdsong has a great influence in the stimulation of female reproduction. However, female physiological responsiveness to song may depend on the degree of complexity of male song. This is expected because females of iteroparous organisms may increase their fitness by matching their reproductive investment to the predicted value of each reproductive attempt. To the extent that the expression of male ornaments is a signal of male quality, we expect females to increase their investment when paired to highly ornamented males. However, female investment may be cryptic and difficult to detect, such as androgen content in the eggs. In this study, we exposed female canaries (Serinus canaria) to attractive and unattractive song repertoires using a crossover design. As predicted, females invested greater concentrations of testosterone in their eggs when exposed to attractive repertoires than when exposed to unattractive repertoires. This implies that song repertoires convey important information about the reproductive value of a given male and suggests that testosterone deposition in egg yolk may be costly. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
	author = {Gil, D. and Leboucher, G. and Lacroix, A. and Cue, R. and Kreutzer, M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {yolk androgens testosterone differential allocatio},
	pages = {64--70}
}

@article{sainoMaternalAllocationAndrogens2006,
	title = {Maternal allocation of androgens and antagonistic effects of yolk androgens on sons and daughters},
	volume = {17},
	abstract = {Mothers can influence the phenotype of their offspring by adjusting the quality of their eggs in relation to sex and reproductive value Of the progeny. Maternal androgens in the eggs of vertebrates may mediate such adaptive early maternal effects. However, the evolution of early maternal effects mediated by egg androgens may be constrained by the inability of mothers to differentially allocate androgens to eggs with a male or a female if androgens have different effects on sons and daughters. In this study, we increased the concentration of androgens in the eggs of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) within the physiological range of variation and analyzed the effect on nestling growth and begging behavior Egg androgens increased body size and mass of sons but reduced these characters in daughters when compared to two control groups in a repeated-measures analysis of variance of data collected at different ages. However, the differential effect of androgen on the two sexes was no longer significant when the analysis was restricted to the age of 12 days, when final body size is attained. In a second experiment, we tested whether mothers differentially allocated androgens to eggs with sons rather than daughters while manipulating a paternal secondary sexual character. Androgen concentration did not vary in relation to paternal ornamentation or embryo sex. Hence, antagonistic effects of egg androgens on sons and daughters may exist in the very early posthatching life and may constrain the evolution of adaptive maternal effects because mothers do not differentially allocate androgens in relation to embryo sex.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Saino, Nicola and Ferrari, Raffaella Paola and Romano, Maria and Martinelli, Roberta and Lacroix, Andre and Gil, Diego and Moller, Anders Pape},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Birds Chordates Vertebrates General morphology End},
	pages = {172--181}
}

@article{volturaParentalFeedingRates2002,
	title = {Parental feeding rates in the house sparrow, {Passer} domesticus: {Are} larger-badged males better fathers?},
	volume = {108},
	url = {internal-pdf://voltura-0319637760/Voltura.pdf},
	abstract = {Elaborated secondary sexual characteristics may reflect genetic quality or good health, either of which may be associated with an individual's competence as a parent. We examined whether female house sparrows (Passer domesticus) paired to large vs. small-badged mates gain benefits in the form of increased parental care or improved nestling welfare. House sparrow nests where the male had been trapped and banded were observed for 1 h on at least 5 d during the peak growth period of nestlings. Male feeding shares measured as the proportion of total feeds per chick made by the male, were marginally positively correlated with male badge size. Moreover, higher male shares of nestling feeding were associated with improved prospects for offspring survival, and a greater proportion of chicks edged from the nests of larger-badged males. These results suggest that females paired to large-badged males gain direct benefits in the form of enhanced nestling survival, which presumably stem from factors associated with increases in the proportion of nestling feeding contributed by their mates.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Voltura, K. M. and Schwagmeyer, P. L. and Mock, D. W.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {red-winged blackbirds extra-pair paternity sexy so},
	pages = {1011--1022}
}

@article{mainwaringWeightFemalebuiltNests2008,
	title = {The weight of female-built nests correlates with female but not male quality in the {Blue} {Tit} {Cyanistes} caeruleus},
	volume = {43},
	url = {internal-pdf://000164508x345310-2987044352/000164508x345310.pdf},
	abstract = {Among bird species where only one parent constructs the nest, the "sexual display hypothesis" predicts that building behaviour and the structure of the completed nest is a post-pairing, sexually selected signal that informs the non-builder of her/his partner's quality and/or willingness to invest in reproduction, Moreover, the "differential allocation hypothesis" predicts that an individual's investment in parental behaviours, such as nest building, will vary in relation to the partner's quality. These hypotheses were examined in the socially monogamous, hole-breeding Blue Tit, a species in which the female alone builds nests. Parental quality was quantified by recording body size, feather mite load and age. The weight of nests was found to correlate positively with female head-bill length and feather mite load, but not with any indicators of male quality This result is in accordance with the "sexual display" hypothesis, and demonstrates that nest size Could be a form of intra-specific communication that helps inform the non-building partner of the builder's reproductive quality.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Acta Ornithologica},
	author = {Mainwaring, M. C. and Benskin, C. M. H. and Hartley, I. R.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {nest weight nest building maternal construction se},
	pages = {43--48}
}

@article{holveckCanEggsCavity2010,
	title = {Can eggs in a cavity be a female secondary sexual signal? {Male} nest visits and modelling of egg visual discrimination in blue tits},
	volume = {6},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rsbl.2009.1044},
	abstract = {Eggshell colouration is thought to function as a female-specific secondary sexual trait. While tests of this idea are rapidly accumulating in cavity-nesting birds, some fundamental underlying assumptions remain rarely investigated: namely, can males see eggshell coloration and perceive colour differences between the eggs of different females? We tested these two key assumptions in a natural population of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Using transponders, we tracked male nest visits and found that all males visited their nest-boxes while eggs were present and often visually accessible. Interestingly, some males also visited neighbouring nests. We then tested whether birds could detect eggshell coloration using models of avian colour vision; models were performed with and without limitations on visual performance owing to dim light. Both models found that differences in eggshell brightness were often easier to discriminate than differences in colour; there was more contrast in white eggshell background between clutches than within and its contrast against nest background was repeatable within clutches, suggesting these features could act as signals. Yet, the detectability of these contrasts depended entirely on model assumptions of visual limitations. Consequently, we need a better understanding of underlying visual mechanisms in dim-light environments and behavioural discrimination experiments before confirming the signalling potential of eggshell coloration.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Holveck, M. J. and Doutrelant, C. and Guerreiro, R. and Perret, P. and Gomez, D. and Gregoire, A.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {eggshell coloration sexual signal nest visit visua},
	pages = {453--457}
}

@article{goncalvesReproductiveCompensationBroadnosed2010,
	title = {Reproductive compensation in broad-nosed pipefish females},
	volume = {277},
	abstract = {The differential allocation hypothesis assumes that animals should weigh costs and benefits of investing into reproduction with a current mate against the expected quality of future mates, and predicts that they should invest more into reproduction when pairing with a high-quality mate. In the broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle), males care for the embryos in a brood pouch and females compete for access to male mating partners. Both sexes prefer mating with large partners. In the present study, we show that the same female provides both large and small mating partners with eggs of similar size, weight and lipid content when mated to two males in succession. Importantly, however, eggs provided to small males (less preferred) had higher egg protein content (11\% more) than those provided to large males (preferred). Thus, contrary to the differential allocation hypothesis, eggs did not contain more resources when females mated with a larger male. Instead, the pattern observed in our results is consistent with a compensatory reproductive strategy.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Goncalves, I. B. and Mobley, K. B. and Ahnesjo, I. and Sagebakken, G. and Jones, A. G. and Kvarnemo, C.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {syngnathidae sex-role reversal paternal care femal},
	pages = {1581--1587}
}

@article{sundbergMaleColorationIndicator1994,
	title = {Male {Coloration} as an {Indicator} of {Parental} {Quality} in the {Yellowhammer}, {Emberiza}-{Citrinella}},
	volume = {48},
	abstract = {In monogamous species the amount and quality of male parental care may be essential for females since fitness depends on number and quality of offspring. Degree of male ornamentation may be used by females as an indicator of paternal effort and thus may be an important factor in mate choice situations. This was tested by observing feeding rates of yellowhammers, a species showing considerable colour variation. Male and female feeding rates were inter-correlated and were both negatively correlated with male coloration. Relative male feeding rate was not correlated with male colour. In spite of a low feeding rate by more highly coloured older males, no effect was found on nestling condition, indicating compensation by high quality food or bigger load per nest visit. Nevertheless, coloration was positively related to the number of fledged young for old males and so may indicate parental quality. These results suggest that older and generally more colourful males may be more experienced and of higher quality and so may be preferred by females.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Sundberg, J. and Larsson, C.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {predominantly monogamous bird sexual selection nat},
	pages = {885--892}
}

@article{prykeGeneticIncompatibilityDrives2009,
	title = {Genetic {Incompatibility} {Drives} {Sex} {Allocation} and {Maternal} {Investment} in a {Polymorphic} {Finch}},
	volume = {323},
	url = {internal-pdf://1605-4245684224/1605.pdf},
	abstract = {Genetic compatibility may drive individual mate choice decisions because of predictable fitness effects associated with breeding with incompatible partners. In Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae), females paired with genetically incompatible males of alternative color morphs overproduce sons, presumably to reduce investment in inviable daughters. We also observed a reduced overall investment in clutch size, egg size, and care to offspring resulting from incompatible matings. Within-female experimental pairings demonstrate that female birds have the ability to adaptively adjust the sex of their eggs and allocate resources on the basis of partner quality. Female Gouldian finches thus make cumulative strategic allocation decisions to minimize the costs of poor-quality pairings when faced with a genetically incompatible partner.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Pryke, S. R. and Griffith, S. C.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {male attractiveness natural-selection color morphs},
	pages = {1605--1607}
}

@article{linvillePlumageBrightnessIndicator1998,
	title = {Plumage brightness as an indicator of parental care in northern cardinals},
	volume = {55},
	abstract = {Good parent and differential allocation models predict relationships between degree of sexual ornamentation and parental care, but relatively few studies have tested these models. The northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis, is a sexually dichromatic species in which both sexes are ornamented. Males have red plumage, and females have tan plumage with limited areas of red feathering. Cardinals were used to address the two models and determine whether plumage brightness signals level of parental care by both sexes. Absolute effort in feeding nestlings by males was not correlated with male breast plumage colour, but effort by females was positively correlated with female underwing plumage colour. Absolute feeding effort by females was also inversely related to brightness of the mate's breast colour. As a consequence, the proportion of a pair's total feedings provided by the male was positively correlated with male breast colour. Proportion of total feedings provided by the female was positively correlated with female wing colour. Feeding efforts (both per nest and per nestling) were correlated between mates, but birds did not mate assortatively in relation to colour. These results support the good parent hypothesis, suggesting colour brightness is a signal of parental care. The results also indicate that ornamentation of both members of the pair may be important determinants of relative efforts in provisioning nestlings by parent birds. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Linville, S. U. and Breitwisch, R. and Schilling, A. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {red-winged blackbirds sexual selection female choi},
	pages = {119--127}
}

@article{hughesEffectsMatingHistory2000,
	title = {Effects of mating history on ejaculate size, fecundity, longevity, and copulation duration in the ant-tended lycaenid butterfly, {Jalmenus} evagoras},
	volume = {47},
	url = {internal-pdf://hughes2000-0965629453/Hughes2000.pdf},
	abstract = {The mating system of the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, is highly unusual compared to most other Lepidoptera. Characteristics of this system, which has been termed an 'explosive mating strategy,' include the formation of an intensely competitive mating aggregation of males, a highly male biased operational sex ratio, a lack of discrimination and mate choice by both sexes, a high variance in male mating success, and female monogamy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that multiple mating by males imposes physiological costs resulting in smaller spermatophores, and that this results in a fitness cost to females. We found that male J. evagoras transferred only 2.2\% of their eclosion weight during their first mating, consistent with the hypothesis that males of monandrous species produce a relatively small investment. The wet weight of the ejaculate declined by an average of 27\% at the second mating and the dry weight by 29\%, and an intermating interval of 5-9 days was needed for the ejaculate to return to the size at the first mating, regardless of male size or age. Wet ejaculate mass increased proportionally with male size, though dry mass was proportionally larger in smaller males. Ejaculate mass tended to increase with male age at both first and second matings. Female characteristics, in general, did not affect ejaculate mass, although the wet weight of the ejaculate was positively associated with female weight at the second mating. Copulation duration increased from 2.4 h to approximately 3 h at the second mating, and to over 4 h at the third and fourth matings. Fecundity was positively correlated with female size but not with mating history, copulation duration, or any other characteristics measured for either males or females. Female longevity declined significantly as the number of times the male partner had previously mated increased. We conclude that despite the small male investment in ejaculate, the costs of multiple mating may nonetheless be significant, as indicated by the reduction in ejaculate mass, an increase in copulation duration, and reduction in female lifespan with increasing mating number.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Hughes, L. and Chang, B. S. W. and Wagner, D. and Pierce, N. E.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {copulation duration explosive mating system ejacul},
	pages = {119--128}
}

@article{swaddleReproductiveSuccessSymmetry1996,
	title = {Reproductive success and symmetry in zebra finches},
	volume = {51},
	abstract = {Fluctuating asymmetries are small, random developmental accidents in morphological traits that would otherwise be described as being bilaterally symmetric. Experimental evidence indicates that in mate choice situations individuals possessing symmetric arbitrary traits or symmetric secondary sexual characters are preferred over those with larger asymmetries. This experiment investigated the effect of symmetric and asymmetric arbitrary traits (arrangements of coloured leg-bands) on reproductive success in captive zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata. Six groups of six males and six females were separated into six free-flight breeding aviaries. Nestboxes and nesting material were freely available throughout the experiment. Males wore symmetric and asymmetric arrangements of the same coloured leg-bands. Each male wore two orange and two light green bands, two on each leg. There were six possible arrangements of these leg-bands. One male from each of these six leg-band treatments was present in each aviary, along with six females wearing numbered orange bands. Symmetrically banded males produced more offspring that survived past the period of parental care than males in either of the asymmetric treatments; this appeared to be the effect of female choice processes and female-based parental investment and not male intra-sexual dominance. This is the first experiment to indicate that symmetrically manipulated males gain reproductive advantages in controlled laboratory conditions and further supports recent theories indicating the evolutionary importance of symmetry in signalling-trait design. (C) 1996 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Swaddle, J. P.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {male sexual ornaments fluctuating asymmetry band-c},
	pages = {203--210}
}

@article{harrisReproductiveInvestmentWhen2009,
	title = {Reproductive investment when mate quality varies: differential allocation versus reproductive compensation},
	volume = {364},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rstb.2008.0299},
	abstract = {Reproductive investment decisions form an integral part of life-history biology. Selection frequently favours plasticity in investment that can generate maternal effects on offspring development. For example, if females differentially allocate resources based on mate attractiveness or quality, this can create a non-genetic link between mate attractiveness and offspring fitness with potential consequences for ecological and evolutionary dynamics. It is therefore important to understand under what conditions differential investment into offspring in relation to male quality is expected to occur and the direction of the effect. Two opposite predictions, increased investment into offspring produced with high-quality mates ( differential allocation (DA)) and increased investment with low-quality males ( reproductive compensation ( RC)) have been suggested but no formal theoretical treatment justifying the assumptions underlying these two hypotheses has been conducted to date. Here, we used a state-based approach to investigate the circumstances under which the variation in mate quality results in differential female investment into offspring and how this interacts with female energetic resource levels. We found that a pattern of increased investment when mating with high-quality mates (i.e. DA) was the most common optimal investment strategy for females in our model. By contrast, increased investment when mating with low-quality mates (i.e. RC) was predicted only when the relative impact of parental investment on offspring quality was low. Finally, we found that the specific pattern of investment in relation to male quality depends on female energetic state, the likelihood for future mating opportunities and the expected future distribution of mate quality. Thus, the female's age and body condition should be important factors mediating DA and RC, which may help to explain the equivocal results of empirical studies.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Harris, W. E. and Uller, T.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {dynamic program differential allocation compensati},
	pages = {1039--1048}
}

@article{solerNestSizeAffects2001,
	title = {Nest size affects clutch size and the start of incubation in magpies: an experimental study},
	volume = {12},
	url = {internal-pdf://301-3020679168/301.pdf},
	abstract = {Nest size has been suggested to be a sexually selected trait indicating parental ability of both males and females. To test whether a female's reproductive decisions (e.g., clutch size and starting incubation) change in relation to experimental manipulation of nest size, as would be predicted if nest size is a sexually selected signal reflecting the male's parental quality, we manipulated nest size in a population of monogamous magpies before laying by adding or removing about 20 cm of large sticks in the roof of magpie nests. On the one hand, we found that clutch size of reduced nests was smaller than that of control or enlarged nests. Moreover, clutch size was significantly related to nest size after manipulation, which indicates that females adjust clutch size to the final size of the nest, nest size thereby being a good candidate for a sexually selected trait. On the other hand, number of eggs hatched during the first day is hypothesized to be related to the expected available resources during nestling growth, and subsequent nestlings hatched are likely to die due to brood reduction if resources are not sufficient to raise well-developed nestlings. Nest size is hypothesized to inform females about a male's willingness to invest in reproduction, and we found that in broods of experimentally reduced nests, females started to incubate earlier in the laying sequence than they did in broods of control or enlarged nests. Moreover, in experimentally reduced nests, fewer nestlings hatched during the first day, and the difference in body mass between the first and the fourth nestling hatched increased. This result is in accordance with the hypothesis that the female's decision of when to start incubation in the laying sequence is mediated by nest size, a sexually selected trait signaling parental quality. We discuss alternative explanations for the results such as the possibility that nests of different treatments may differ in their thermoregulation properties or in their protection against predators. Key words: clutch size, female decision making, magpies, nest building, parental investment, Pica pica, sexual selection.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Soler, J. J. and de Neve, L. and Martinez, J. G. and Soler, M.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {clutch size female decision making magpies nest bu},
	pages = {301--307}
}

@article{setchellMateChoiceMale2006,
	title = {Mate choice in male mandrills ({Mandrillus} sphinx)},
	volume = {112},
	url = {internal-pdf://setchell-3154977792/Setchell.pdf},
	abstract = {Male primates that attempt to monopolize access to receptive females by mate-guarding expend time and energy and risk injury, making reproduction costly. Males should therefore show mate choice and preferentially allocate mating effort to females that are likely to be fertile and those that will produce high-quality offspring. Specifically, males should preferentially mate-guard high-ranking females rather than low-ranking females, as such females are more likely to be fertile and are able to invest more in offspring. Males should also prefer parous females to nullipares, for similar reasons. Finally, males should avoid mating with close relatives, to avoid the deleterious effects of inbreeding. We investigated 13 group-years of mate-guarding observations for two semi-free-ranging groups of mandrills to examine the influence of these factors on male investment in mate-guarding. We found that males mate-guarded higher-ranking females more than lower-ranking females, and parous females more than nullipares. Female age, true relatedness and maternal kinship did not influence male mate-guarding. Our results suggest that male mandrills do exercise mate choice for higher-quality females, in the form of higher-ranking and parous females. As alpha males are responsible for the great majority of mate-guarding, this can lead to assortative mating, where high-ranking males reproduce with high-ranking females, and has important implications for social relationships and kin selection.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Setchell, J. M. and Wickings, E. J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {long-tailed macaques secondary sexual adornments r},
	pages = {91--99}
}

@article{oberhauserFecundityLifespanEgg1997,
	title = {Fecundity, lifespan and egg mass in butterflies: {Effects} of male-derived nutrients and female size},
	volume = {11},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.1365-2435.1997.00074.x-1417743878/j.1365-2435.1997.00074.x.pdf},
	abstract = {1. Effects of larval reserves and nutrients received as adults on fecundity and lifespan in female Danaus plexippus (the Monarch Butterfly) were measured to determine the relative importance of different sources of nutrients for reproduction and somatic maintenance. 2. Egg-laying lifespan was correlated with female size but not with the amount of male-derived nutrients or adult food concentration. 3. Lifetime fecundity was higher when females received a large first spermatophore, but was not affected by female size when lifespan was controlled or by adult food concentration. 4. At the end of their lives, females contained unlaid eggs and retained, on average, 88\% of their initial mass. This proportion was unchanged in two years, although mean egg-laying lifespan varied from 22.5 to 28.7 days. 5. Egg mass decreased over the female lifespan, and was correlated with female size. 6. These results suggest that larval reserves are more important for somatic maintenance than adult income, but that the protein-rich nutrients received from males contribute to egg production. This supports theoretical predictions and empirical studies of other Lepidoptera showing that larval reserves are less likely to affect fecundity when the adult income can contribute substantially to egg production.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Oberhauser, K. S.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {danaus plexippus lepidoptera monarch butterflies p},
	pages = {166--175}
}

@article{rohdeParentalCareSexual1999,
	title = {Parental care and sexual selection in the bluethroat, {Luscinia} s. svecica: {A} field-experimental test of the differential allocation hypothesis},
	volume = {105},
	url = {internal-pdf://rohde-1812797440/Rohde.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Rohde, P. A. and Johnsen, A. and Lifjeld, J. T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {warblers dendroica-petechia female zebra finches c},
	pages = {651--663}
}

@article{michlFemaleCollaredFlycatchers2005,
	title = {Female collared flycatchers adjust yolk testosterone to male age, but not to attractiveness},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Ari002},
	abstract = {The differential allocation hypothesis predicts that females invest more resources into reproduction when mating with attractive males. In oviparous animals this can include prefertilization decisions such as the production of larger eggs and the deposition of hormones, such as the steroid testosterone, into yolks. On the other hand, a compensatory hypothesis posits that females allocate more resources into the eggs when mated with males of inferior quality. In the present study, we show that free-living females of the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis), a small passerine bird, do not produce larger eggs or deposit more testosterone into eggs when mating with attractive males reflected by a large forehead patch size, which is contrary to the prediction of the differential allocation hypothesis. However, we found higher yolk testosterone concentrations in eggs laid for young than older males. Because in young males genetic quality, parental experience, or willingness to invest into paternal care is likely to be low, high yolk testosterone level in their clutches may indicate that their females follow a compensatory tactic. They may elicit more paternal care from young, inexperienced males by hormonally increasing nestling begging. Laying date was also correlated with yolk testosterone level; however, when we controlled for it, male age still remained a strong determinant of testosterone allocation.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Michl, G. and Torok, J. and Peczely, P. and Garamszegi, L. Z. and Schwabl, H.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {differential maternal investment sexual selection},
	pages = {383--388}
}

@article{gowatyHypothesisReproductiveCompensation2007,
	title = {The hypothesis of reproductive compensation and its assumptions about mate preferences and offspring viability},
	volume = {104},
	doi = {Doi 10.1073/Pnas.0706622104},
	abstract = {The Compensation Hypothesis says that parents and prospective parents attempt to make up for lowered offspring viability by increasing reproductive effort to produce healthy, competitive offspring and by increasing investment in less viable, but still-living progeny (parental effects). The hypothesis assumes that offspring viability is lower when individuals are constrained (often through sexual conflict) to breed with individuals they do not prefer. We review results of experimental tests of the offspring-viability assumption in Tanzanian cockroaches, fruit flies, pipefish, wild mallards, and feral house mice. Experimental constraints on mating preferences lowered offspring viability in each of the studies, Females breeding under constraints laid more eggs or gave birth to more young than females breeding without or with fewer constraints on their mating preferences, and males mating under constraints on their mate preferences ejaculated more sperm than males mating without constraints. The number of eggs laid or offspring born was higher when female choosers were experimentally constrained to reproduce with males they did not prefer. Constrained females may increase fecundity to enhance the probability that they produce adult offspring with rarer phenotypes with survival benefits against offspring generation pathogens. Similarly, ejaculation of more sperm when males are paired with females they do not prefer may be a mechanism that provides more variable sperm haplotypes for prospective mothers or that may provide nutritional benefits to mothers and zygotes.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A. and Anderson, W. W. and Bluhm, C. K. and Drickamer, L. C. and Kim, Y. K. and Moore, A. J.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {differential allocation fecundity sexual conflict},
	pages = {15023--15027}
}

@article{verhulstSongSignalNegotiate2003,
	title = {Song as a signal to negotiate a sexual conflict?},
	volume = {53},
	url = {internal-pdf://2003animbiolverhulst-1963662848/2003AnimBiolVerhulst.pdf},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict occurs when the optimal solution regarding e.g. a life history trait differs between co-operating individuals of different sex. When deciding a conflict is not instantaneous, some form of negotiation can be expected to evolve. In great tits, Parus major, a sexual conflict exists over the number of clutches that are reared, because the fitness costs of a second clutch are greater for females. A conflict is also likely to exist over investment in the first brood - each parent benefiting from a greater investment by the partner. Male great tits sing when rearing the first brood, and if acoustic signals play a role in the negotiation of a sexual conflict, a positive association between male song rate and maternal investment is predicted. In agreement with this hypothesis, maternal effort (in kJ/day) relative to paternal effort was positively correlated with male song rate. Furthermore, females were more likely to start a second clutch when their male had a high song rate, and high song rate was associated with shorter inter-clutch intervals. Song rate was higher when brood size was experimentally reduced and, independent of brood size manipulation, males with high song rate produced higher quality fledglings. These results indicate that song rate reflects the males' state, suggesting it may function as a handicap signal. Although song rate seems too low ({\textless}4\% of time) for honesty to be maintained by production costs alone, signalling costs may be amplified by the fact that song appears restricted to the time when the male and female are both near the nest. To achieve a high song rate, the male may have to spend a large amount of time near the nest, thereby seriously restricting time available for other activities.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Biology},
	author = {Verhulst, S.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {daily energy expenditure differential allocation m},
	pages = {159--171}
}

@article{tolleCostlySignalsField2011,
	title = {Costly {Signals} in a {Field} {Cricket} {Can} {Indicate} {High}- or {Low}-{Quality} {Direct} {Benefits} {Depending} {Upon} the {Environment}},
	volume = {65},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01123.x},
	abstract = {The handicap hypothesis proposes that male signals provide reliable information to females because only males of high condition provide high-quality mating benefits and can afford the costs of producing attractive signals. In the context of direct benefits, the handicap hypothesis predicts that benefit quality and signal attractiveness will positively covary among genotypes, positively covary among environments, or be affected by congruent genotype-environment interactions. The latter should occur if the relative condition of a genotype is environment-dependent. We tested these predictions in the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps. An interaction between male family and nutritional environment affected the expression of a costly signal preferred by females, while only male family affected direct benefit quality. These noncongruent effects of family and nutritional environment are inconsistent with the handicap hypothesis, and appear to have resulted from variation among nutritional environments in the relationship between signal attractiveness and benefit quality. Surprisingly, signal attractiveness was positively correlated with benefit quality when males experienced a low nutrition environment but negatively correlated with benefit quality when males experienced a high nutrition environment. As a result, female choice for direct benefits may be difficult, particularly in heterogeneous environments, unless females can assess the environmental histories of males.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Tolle, A. E. and Wagner, W. E.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {direct benefits gryllus lineaticeps male signals p},
	pages = {283--294}
}

@article{lopez-rullEggColourCovaries2007,
	title = {Egg colour covaries with female expression of a male ornament in the spotless starling ({Sturnus} unicolor)},
	volume = {113},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1439-0310.2007.01400.X},
	abstract = {The sexually selected egg colour hypothesis (SSECH) proposes that egg colouration is as a post-mating sexually selected signal of female phenotypic quality, maintained by a higher allocation of paternal care. Similarly, some female traits can reflect genetic quality or condition and males could use this information in mate choice or in modulating parental investment. In our study, we examined the correlation of individual variation in egg colouration with female expression of a male ornament and how male feeding covaried with these two female traits in the spotless starling, in which egg colour varies widely between clutches and where both sexes possess showy throat feathers that are age dependent and that may signal individual quality. According to the SSECH, high-quality females (females with longer throat feathers) are expected to lay more colourful eggs than low-quality females and males should modify their feeding behaviour accordingly. By means of a principal component analysis, we found that most of the variation in egg colouration was due to brightness differences, and in a lower proportion to chromatic variation. Chromatic variation reflected a ultraviolet (UV) vs. greenness trade-off and was positively associated with throat feather length: females with larger throat feathers laid eggs with higher UV and lower green reflectance. However, egg brightness was not related to female feather length, as the SSECH would predict. Male feedings were positively related to female throat feather length and negatively related to chromatic variation, meaning that males contributed more to nests of females with long throat feathers who laid eggs with higher UV and lower green reflectance. In conclusion, our data provide mixed support for the SSECH: although egg chromatic variation was related to female expression of a male ornament and male parental care, we found no evidence that egg brightness was involved in these processes.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Lopez-Rull, I. and Celis, P. and Gil, D.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {flycatcher ficedula-hypoleuca sexual selection rep},
	pages = {926--933}
}

@article{takakuraCourtshiprolereversalBeanWeevil2001,
	title = {Courtship-role-reversal in the bean weevil, {Bruchidius} dorsalis ({Coleoptera} : {Bruchidae}): {Interplay} between male-male competition and cryptic female choice},
	volume = {36},
	url = {internal-pdf://takakura-2001-courtship-role-rever-4020821508/Takakura-2001-Courtship-role-rever.pdf},
	abstract = {Females of Bruchidius dorsalis, a wild bean weevil, exhibit courtship behavior actively, whereas the males are reluctant to mate but donate a large amount of seminal fluid, which eventually enhances female fecundity. This study examined the pre- and post-copulatory advantage of greater investing males: whether females choose greater investing males as their mates before copulation, and whether greater investing males attain larger reproductive success either by predominant sperm precedence or by prolonging the refractory period of the mating partner. B. dorsalis females did not preferably mate with greater investing or larger males, but refrained from mating for a longer period if they had obtained more investment. The sperm precedence of females mated with a sterilized and a normal male showed that the last mated mate had precedence. Namely, B. dorsalis females did not choose greater investing males on a behavioral basis, but they preferentially used sperm of greater investing males by prolonging the mating interval according to the amount of the investment. The refractory period approximately 20 h at the longest, was probably too short for the receiving females to assimilate the nutrients derived from the seminal fluid to the production of eggs that would be fertilized by the donating males. If this is the case, mate investment in B. dorsalis is expressed as mating effort rather than paternal investment.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Applied Entomology and Zoology},
	author = {Takakura, K.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {bruchidius dorsalis cryptic female choice mating i},
	pages = {311--316}
}

@article{reaneyImmuneActivationNot2010,
	title = {Immune activation but not male quality affects female current reproductive investment in a dung beetle},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arq139},
	abstract = {Changes in female reproductive investment can have large effects on offspring quality and thus maternal fitness. An immune activation is often expected to lead to a reduction in reproductive effort in order to release resources necessary for costly resistance to infection. Alternatively, an increase in investment in current reproduction may occur in order to maximize lifetime reproductive success: the so-called "terminal investment" effect. Additionally, females are expected to invest more in their reproductive effort when mating with higher quality males. Here, we investigate how an immune response and male quality affect the reproductive decisions made by female dung beetles, Euoniticellus intermedius. Female dung beetles invest a large amount of energy into each offspring, building large brood balls into which a single egg is laid. Maternal investment is therefore easily estimated from the number and size of the brood balls constructed. We found no affect of the mated male quality on female current reproductive investment. However, immune activation with lipopolysaccharide caused a significant reduction in the number of brood balls produced but did not affect brood ball size. An immune activation therefore caused resources to be diverted away from reproduction, as predicted by the "cost of immunity" hypothesis. Although life-history theory predicts 2 potentially opposing outcomes of an immune activation, a summary of studies investigating the trade-off between immune investment and current reproduction fails to provide any clear trends of what may predict the direction of this trade-off.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Reaney, L. T. and Knell, R. J.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {dung beetle euoniticellus intermedius female repro},
	pages = {1367--1372}
}

@article{headGeneticAssociationMale2006,
	title = {Genetic association between male attractiveness and female differential allocation},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rsbl.2006.0474},
	abstract = {Differential allocation of reproductive effort towards offspring of attractive mates is a form of post-copulatory mate choice. Although differential allocation has been demonstrated in many taxa, its evolutionary implications have received little attention. Theory predicts that mate choice will lead to a positive genetic correlation between female preference and male attractiveness. This prediction has been upheld for precopulatory mate choice, but whether such a relationship between male attractiveness and female differential allocation exists has never been tested. Here, we show that both female pre-copulatory mate choice and post-copulatory differential allocation are genetically associated with male attractiveness in house crickets, Acheta domesticus. Daughters of attractive males mated sooner and laid more eggs when paired with larger males. These forms of mate choice are strongest in large females, suggesting that costs decrease with increasing female size. The genetic association between attractiveness and differential allocation suggests potential for differential allocation to become exaggerated by coevolutionary runaway processes in an analogous manner to pre-copulatory choice. Sexual selection is thus likely to be stronger than predicted by pre-copulatory choice alone.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Head, M. L. and Hunt, J. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Male, Selection, Genetic, reproduction, Body Weight, Choice Behavior, differential allocation mate choice indirect benef, Genetics, Population, GRYLLIDAE, Gryllidae: physiology, Models, Genetic, Models, Statistical, Regression Analysis, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Animal},
	pages = {341--344}
}

@article{vaclavDifferentReproductiveTactics2002,
	title = {Different reproductive tactics in house sparrows signalled by badge size: {Is} there a benefit to being average?},
	volume = {108},
	url = {internal-pdf://vaclav-3960291072/Vaclav.pdf},
	abstract = {Sexual selection models usually predict directional selection for ornamental traits because of intra- as well as inter-sexual selection. Animals frequently face reproductive trade-offs, such as between mating and parental effort. Provided that both are essential and have opposite effects on ornament expression, we may however not necessarily expect directional selection for ornament size. The house sparrow is an ideal species to study such a trade-off, as the size of the male ornament, the black throat badge, seems to be inversely related to mating and parental effort. It has been suggested that large-badged males invest more in female attraction and territory defence, while small-badged males may invest more in parental care. In a nest-box study, we show that females started to breed earliest and produced the largest clutches when mated to males with average-sized badges that invested in paternal care more than other males. These results are discussed in view of inter- as well intra-sexual selection. Overall, average-badged males experienced the highest hatching failures, their chicks were in the poorest physical condition and they did not fledge more chicks than other males. It is therefore unlikely that the mating advantages that we observed could by themselves lead to stabilizing selection for badge size. Our results rather suggest that badge size in male house sparrows signals different reproductive tactics, which are adapted flexibly according to their physical condition and socio-ecological situations.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Vaclav, R. and Hoi, H.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {secondary sexual character male collared flycatche},
	pages = {569--582}
}

@article{hettyeyMateChoiceGenetic2010,
	title = {Mate {Choice} for {Genetic} {Benefits}: {Time} to {Put} the {Pieces} {Together}},
	volume = {116},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1439-0310.2009.01704.X},
	abstract = {It is thought that mate choice allows individuals to obtain genetic benefits for their offspring, and although many studies have found some support for this hypothesis, several critical questions remain unresolved. One main problem is that empirical studies on mate choice and genetic benefits have been rather piecemeal. Some studies (1) aimed to test how mate choice affects offspring fitness, but have not examined whether the benefits are because of genetic effects. Other studies tested whether mate choice provides (2) additive or (3) non-additive genetic benefits and only a few studies (4) considered these genetic effects together. Finally, some studies (5) examined whether the potential benefits that might be gained from mate choice are due to additive genetic effects vs. non-additive effects, and although they found evidence for both, they did not examine whether mate choice is relevant. Furthermore, previous studies have usually not controlled for non-genetic sources of variation in offspring fitness. Thus, there remain gaping holes in our understanding, and it is the connections among the research approaches that now need more attention. We suggest that studies are needed that measure non-genetic effects, the potential benefits from both additive and non-additive genetic effects, and also determine whether mate choice exploits these potential benefits. Such integrative studies are necessary to put the pieces together and clarify the role of genetic benefits in the evolution of mate choice.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Hettyey, A. and Hegyi, G. and Puurtinen, M. and Hoi, H. and Torok, J. and Penn, D. J.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {in-house mice postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance},
	pages = {1--9}
}

@article{tatoInfluenceSizePartner2006,
	title = {Influence of size and partner preference on the female function of the earthworm {Eisenia} andrei ({Oligochaeta}, {Lumbricidae})},
	volume = {42},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Ejsobi.2006.07.010},
	abstract = {Many aspects of the reproduction and mating behaviour of earthworms remain poorly understood. In this study, we focused on body size as a possible trait that influences earthworm reproduction and mating processes. Eisenia andrei is a simultaneously hermaphroditic animal with reciprocal insemination and many hermaphrodites are expected to mate not primarily to get their own eggs fertilized, but rather to get the opportunity to fertilize the eggs of their partners. We investigated whether E. andrei has a size-dependent sex allocation, i.e. if larger earthworms are more biased toward female allocation and produce more egg mass and whether E. andrei has a size-related mate choice by studying the relationship between mating delay and cocoon production. To test this, we compared cocoon production between pairs of earthworms of equal and different size. Mature individuals of E. andrei were classified in two size classes (small and large) and we performed a two-factorial experiment with earthworm size and the size of the partner as factors. After copulation, earthworms were isolated and thereafter their mass and the number of cocoons they produced were recorded weekly for 18 weeks. We found no evidence of size-dependent sex allocation and we found no effect of size-assortative mating on cocoon production. With respect to the differences in the time to mate, the mating delay seems to indicate the existence of some kind of mate choice, independent of the earthworm size. Those earthworms that were matched sooner laid many cocoons, but those that waited a long time to mate laid fewer cocoons. This effect was stronger in those individuals paired with large partners, suggesting that some large partners are more desired 'males' than others; the reason for this remain as an open question. In general, our results confirm that earthworms are able to discriminate their partners and adjust their breeding effort accordingly. (c) 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {European Journal of Soil Biology},
	author = {Tato, A. and Velando, A. and Dominguez, J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {earthworms mate choice size-dependent sex allocati},
	pages = {S331--S333}
}

@article{palokangasFemaleKestrelsGain1994,
	title = {Female {Kestrels} {Gain} {Reproductive} {Success} by {Choosing} {Brightly} {Ornamented} {Males}},
	volume = {47},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Palokangas, P. and Korpimaki, E. and Hakkarainen, H. and Huhta, E. and Tolonen, P. and Alatalo, R. V.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {costly mate preferences sexual selection choice se},
	pages = {443--448}
}

@article{spenceMatingPreferenceFemale2006,
	title = {Mating preference of female zebrafish, {Danio} rerio, in relation to male dominance},
	volume = {17},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arl016},
	abstract = {Mating success tends to be skewed toward dominant males, though female mate preferences may not always correlate with male dominance. In this study, we investigated the mating preferences of female zebrafish, Danio rerio, in the absence of male-male competition. We paired females sequentially with males of known dominance rank, using a nested, repeated measures design, with egg production as a measure of female mate preference. We predicted that females would spawn more frequently and produce larger clutches when paired with males of higher dominance rank. We found significant differences among females in the size of clutches produced and among males in the size of clutches received, but these differences were independent of male dominance rank. Male body size was not related to either dominance rank or clutch size received. These results indicate that females vary clutch size in relation to the males with which they are paired but that they do not favor dominant males. Thus, male competition may normally override female mate preference in zebrafish.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Spence, R. and Smith, C.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fish, mate choice, SPERM COMPETITION, sticklebacks, OVIPOSITION, BRACHYDANIO-RERIO, assortative mating, assortative mating mate choice oviposition pheromo, EGG-PRODUCTION, male body-size, male-male competition, pheromone, RHODEUS-SERICEUS, territoriality},
	pages = {779--783}
}

@article{partridgeEffectPerceivedFemale2009,
	title = {The effect of perceived female parasite load on post-copulatory male choice in a sex-role-reversed pipefish},
	volume = {63},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-008-0668-3},
	abstract = {The last several decades of research in behavioral ecology have resulted in a deeper appreciation of post-mating processes and sexual conflict in sexual selection. One of the most controversial aspects of sexual selection is cryptic mate choice. Here, we take advantage of male pregnancy in a sex-role-reversed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) to quantify cryptic choice based on perceived parasite load and other sources of variance in female fitness. Studies have shown that S. typhle males preferentially mate with females with lower parasite loads and that a male's perception of female parasite load can be altered by tattooing females. We manipulated the apparent parasite load of females in controlled mating experiments to test the hypothesis that post-copulatory sexual selection is dependent on a male's perception of female parasite load in pipefish. Our results provided no evidence for cryptic male choice based on perceived female parasite load. However, we found evidence that eggs from larger females were more likely to result in viable offspring than eggs from smaller females and that the first female to mate with a male transferred more eggs per copulation on average. Overall, our results show that potential for post-copulatory sexual selection does exist in pipefish, but the male's perception of female parasite load does not play a major role in this process.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Partridge, C. and Ahnesjo, I. and Kvarnemo, C. and Mobley, K. B. and Berglund, A. and Jones, A. G.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {cryptic choice microsatellites pipefish post-copul},
	pages = {345--354}
}

@article{nilssonIncubationFeedingMale1988,
	title = {Incubation {Feeding} as a {Male} {Tactic} for {Early} {Hatching}},
	volume = {36},
	url = {internal-pdf://nilsson1988-3444251149/NIlsson1988.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Nilsson, J. A. and Smith, H. G.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {641--647}
}

@article{sainoEarlyMaternalEffects2002,
	title = {Early maternal effects mediated by immunity depend on sexual ornamentation of the male partner},
	volume = {269},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2002.1992},
	abstract = {Vertebrates have an immature immune system soon after birth, and parasites can therefore be particularly virulent to young hosts. Transfer of immune factors via the egg can give rise to early maternal effects with important consequences for offspring fitness, as maternally derived immunity confers anti-parasite protection. Mothers are expected to allocate immunity differentially to the eggs according to the reproductive value of their offspring as influenced by the quality of their father. In this study, we analysed transmission to the yolk of antibodies specific to an antigen (Newcastle disease virus vaccine, NDV) by vaccinated female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) mated to males whose secondary sexual characteristics had been manipulated. Concentration of anti-NDV antibodies in the yolk positively covaried with that in maternal plasma. Anti-NDV antibodies were more concentrated in the first but not the fourth eggs laid by females mated with tail-elongated males compared with those mated with tail-shortened and control males. This experiment shows that allocation of maternal immune factors to the eggs is affected by quality of the male, as signalled by its secondary sexual characteristic. Thus, early maternal effects are influenced by sexual attractiveness of male mates and are mediated by immunity.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Saino, N. and Ferrari, R. P. and Martinelli, R. and Romano, M. and Rubolini, D. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {egg lay order hirundo rustica immunity maternal ef},
	pages = {1005--1009}
}

@article{rosvallMalesOffsetCost2010,
	title = {Do males offset the cost of female aggression? {An} experimental test in a biparental songbird},
	volume = {21},
	url = {internal-pdf://161-3037445376/161.pdf},
	abstract = {Aggressive behavior in females is thought to be costly due to a trade-off between aggression and parental care. In biparental systems, resolution of this trade-off may depend on the extent to which males mitigate the cost of female aggression. Using a population of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in which intrasexual aggression has been shown to be beneficial to females in acquiring a nesting cavity, but costly in terms of offspring quality, I asked if the cost of female aggression is offset by her partner. First, I determined if pairs mate disassortatively by aggressiveness and whether the degree of dissimilarity of aggressiveness correlates with parameters of reproductive success. I then experimentally handicapped males to test whether female aggressiveness becomes more costly when males provision young less. I found no evidence of disassortative mating, although pairs differing more in aggressiveness laid more and larger eggs. When male provisioning was reduced, offspring were no worse in quality, but nestling mortality increased. Aggressive behavior was only associated with a fitness cost in control nests. Therefore, males may mitigate the cost of aggression for their female partners indirectly, not by compensating for poor parenting by aggressive females, but instead by females investing more heavily in reproduction when mated to a male that is more different from her own phenotype. To the extent this differential allocation outweighs the cost of aggressiveness, male phenotype may play a key role in understanding the selective pressures shaping the evolution of aggressive behavior in females.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Rosvall, K. A.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {assortative mating differential allocation female},
	pages = {161--168}
}

@article{qvarnstromExperimentallyIncreasedBadge1997,
	title = {Experimentally increased badge size increases male competition and reduces male parental care in the collared flycatcher},
	volume = {264},
	url = {internal-pdf://q5r09w9pyfew67p5_264_1225-1-0246436629/Q5R09W9PYFEW67P5_264_1225-1.pdf},
	abstract = {Experimental enlargement of sexually selected traits that are energetically cheap to produce is expected to reveal costs resulting from increased risk of predation or social competition. Given a trade-off between sexually selected traits and life history traits such costs may be expected to affect not only the males themselves but also their offspring. In this study I manipulated the size of the forehead patch, a sexually selected trait that functions as a badge of status in male collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). First, I found that a male's likelihood to establish a breeding territory with respect to his original badge size was affected by the treatment such that old males (older than or equal to two years) with relatively small original badges enjoyed an increased likelihood of establishing a breeding territory while young males (yearlings) suffered a reduced likelihood of establishment when their badges were enlarged as compared to unchanged. Second, young males with enlarged badges that were able to establish a territory fed their nestlings less in relation to their females compared to the control males. However, the females adjusted their parental effort to such an extent that no significant differences were observed in total feeding rate nor in reproductive success between the two groups of males. These results suggest that experimentally enlarged badge size in the collared flycatcher may result in increased male competition and that males have to trade their effort spent in male contest against their parental effort.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Qvarnstrom, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {ficedula-albicollis passer-domesticus sexual selec},
	pages = {1225--1231}
}

@article{johnsenMaleSexualAttractiveness2005,
	title = {Male sexual attractiveness and parental effort in blue tits: a test of the differential allocation hypothesis},
	volume = {70},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Anbehav.2005.01.005},
	abstract = {When the reproductive value of a breeding attempt is related to attributes of the breeding partner, an individual is expected to allocate more resources to parental care when mated to a high-quality partner. We tested predictions of the differential allocation hypothesis, by experimentally increasing and decreasing male blue tit, Parus caeruleus, sexual attractiveness and recording subsequent measures of male and female parental effort during the chick-feeding period. We used marker pens, to create two distinct male phenotypes: one more attractive phenotype with a shift in peak reflectance towards the ultraviolet (UV) part of the spectrum (UV+) and one less attractive phenotype with a shift towards the human-visible part of the spectrum (UV-). There was no significant difference in absolute or relative female feeding rate with respect to treatment. However, there were significant interaction effects between treatment and female age on female feeding rate, indicating that 1-year-old females provisioned more when mated to a UV+ male than a UV- male. UV- males fed their chicks at a higher rate than UV+ males, but there was no significant difference between the groups in total feeding rate. Females contributed less to nest defence relative to their mates when they were mated to UV- males, whereas the opposite was true for females mated to UV+ males. The behavioural responses did not translate into differences in measures of reproductive output. Our study suggests that male phenotypic appearance at the chick-feeding stage influences female decisions about level of parental effort. (c) 2005 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Johnsen, A. and Delhey, K. and Schlicht, E. and Peters, A. and Kempenaers, B.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {parus-caeruleus mate choice paternity care ornamen},
	pages = {877--888}
}

@article{rutowskiFemaleButterfliesMated1987,
	title = {Female {Butterflies} {Mated} with {Recently} {Mated} {Males} {Show} {Reduced} {Reproductive} {Output}},
	volume = {20},
	url = {internal-pdf://4600027-2508292102/4600027.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Rutowski, R. L. and Gilchrist, G. W. and Terkanian, B.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {319--322}
}

@article{gormanIncubationEffortRelation2005,
	title = {Incubation effort in relation to male attractiveness in zebra finches {Taeniopygia} guttata},
	volume = {36},
	url = {internal-pdf://gorman-1913509120/Gorman.pdf},
	abstract = {The division of labour in parental care between the two sexes varies between and within species. In birds, parents have been shown to invest more into egg production and nestling care when paired with an attractive rather than an unattractive mate, as predicted by the differential allocation hypothesis. Here we investigate variation in the female's and male's share of incubation behaviour, a vital, and costly, period of parental care during which the embryo is vulnerable to perturbations in developmental conditions. We manipulated the attractiveness of male zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata, using red or green leg-rings. To simulate their natural social environment we allowed them to breed in outdoor aviaries. All males within an aviary were given the same coloured ring to avoid ring-colour related assortative mating. Males within a colony, however, were still expected to show some variation in attractiveness with the earliest laying females possibly pairing with the most attractive males. Indeed we found that both factors played a role in explaining female incubation effort. Among females mated to red ringed males, earlier laying females contributed significantly more to incubation than late laying females, but no such pattern was found in females mated to green ringed males. Overall, there were no differences in the level of incubation provided by both parents between treatment groups, suggesting some compensation within the pair. Hatching success was correlated with a pair's total incubation effort. These results suggest that variation in the division of parental care between the sexes is in agreement with both increased effort of females mated with attractive males, and females compensating for the reduced effort of attractive males seeking further mating opportunities. These two factors can act at the same time in natural populations and both should be considered when explaining variation in division of labour between the sexes.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	author = {Gorman, H. E. and Arnold, K. E. and Nager, R. G.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {differential-allocation hypothesis band-color pref},
	pages = {413--420}
}

@article{silvaFemaleReproductiveTactics2009,
	title = {Female reproductive tactics in a sex-role reversed pipefish: scanning for male quality and number},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arp058},
	abstract = {Theoretical studies predict that females should invest in current reproduction according to both the expected payoffs from mating with different-quality males and their future mating prospects. The Syngnathidae family, with its male pregnancy together with the occurrence of varying degrees of sex-role reversal, constitutes an exceptional model to study female allocation strategies. The present work tests for the influence of male availability and quality (translated into body size) on the egg allocation pattern of different-sized females of the sex role-reversed pipefish Syngnathus abaster. Besides revealing a multiple mating strategy and showing that females do not produce enough eggs to fully occupy a male's brood pouch during the extent of a pregnancy, results reveal a complex pattern with different-sized females adopting different investment tactics. In contrast to small, less attractive females, who show a much more constant reproductive effort through the tested mating contexts, large females seem able to monitor the number and quality of available males responding accordingly by 1) laying more eggs in the presence of several large males or saving efforts for future breeding and 2) laying larger eggs in larger males while depositing smaller ones in lower quality individuals as a consequence of a serial mating process (large males first, small males later).},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Silva, K. and Almada, V. C. and Vieira, M. N. and Monteiro, N. M.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {egg allocation female mate choice mate quality pip},
	pages = {768--772}
}

@article{huntMaternalPaternalEffects2000,
	title = {Maternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle {Onthophagus} taurus},
	volume = {54},
	url = {internal-pdf://hunt_simmons_2000-2442027277/Hunt_Simmons_2000.pdf},
	abstract = {Parents often have important influences on the development of traits in their offspring. One mechanism by which parents are able to influence offspring phenotype is through the level of care they provide. In onthophagine dung beetles, parents typically provision their offspring by packing dung fragments into a brood mass. Onthophagus taurus males can be separated into two discrete morphs: Large, "major" males have head horns, whereas "minor" males are hornless. Here we show that a switch in parental provisioning strategies adopted by males coincides with the switch in male morphology. Male provisioning results in the production of heavier brood masses than females will produce alone. However, unlike females in which the level of provisioning increases with body size in a continuous manner, the level of provisioning provided by males represents an "all-or-none" tactic with all major males providing a Bred level of provisioning irrespective of their body size. Offspring size is determined largely by the quantity of dung provided to the developing larvae so that paternal and maternal provisioning affects the body size and horn size of offspring produced. The levels of provisioning by individual parents are significantly repeatable, suggesting paternal and maternal effects as candidate indirect genetic effects in the evolution of horn size in the genus Onthophagus.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Maternal effects, offspring, provisioning, alternative strategies dung beetles maternal effec, maternal influences, Paternal effects, phenotype},
	pages = {936--941}
}

@article{itzkowitzFemaleMateChoice1978,
	title = {Female {Mate} {Choice} in {Pupfish}, {Cyprinodon}-{Variegatus}},
	volume = {3},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Itzkowitz, M.},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {1--8}
}

@article{svenssonMatingBehaviorReproductive1998,
	title = {Mating behavior and reproductive potential in the turnip moth {Agrotis} segetum ({Lepidoptera} : {Noctuidae})},
	volume = {11},
	abstract = {We investigated the lifetime mating potential and the reproductive behavior of male and female turnip moths Agrotis segetum (Schiff.) under field and laboratory conditions, The sex ratio was 1:1 in a lab-reared population as well as in two wild populations. Males were capable of mating repetitively a relatively large number of rimes (mean of 6.7 +/- 2.7 matings) when given access to new virgin females throughout their lifetimes. Females seldom mated more than once (mean +/- 1.3 +/- 0.6 matings), indicating a male-biased operational sex ratio. The mean potential lifetime mating was Jive times higher in males, while the coefficient of variance was lower in males. There was no differences in longevity between animals that were allowed to mate and animals not allowed to mate, indicating no direct costs or benefits of mating in physiological terms. In males, the number of matings was positively correlated with longevity, but this was not the case in females. Nor was there a correlation between the number of female matings and the number of fertilized eggs. There was a negative correlation between the number of eggs fertilized and the number of times males had previously mated, indicating that male ejaculates were limited. Male spermatophore size also decreased with number of achieved matings. Laboratory-reared females attracted males in the field throughout their lifetimes, with a peak at 3-7 days of age. Wild males, allowed to choose between pairs of caged females in the field,,were attracted in equal numbers to females of different ages. Females did not show any mate-rejection behavior in the field. They mated with the first male that courted them. No incidence of mate replacement by males arriving later to already courted females were recorded.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	author = {Svensson, M. G. E. and Marling, E. and Lofqvist, J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {agrotis segetum lepidoptera noctuidae turnip moth},
	pages = {343--359}
}

@article{wedellWartbiterSpermatophoreIts1989,
	title = {The {Wartbiter} {Spermatophore} and {Its} {Effect} on {Female} {Reproductive} {Output} ({Orthoptera}, {Tettigoniidae}, {Decticus}-{Verrucivorus})},
	volume = {24},
	url = {internal-pdf://wedell_arak_1989-3007996429/Wedell_Arak_1989.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Wedell, N. and Arak, A.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {117--125}
}

@article{mooreFemalesAvoidManipulative2003,
	title = {Females avoid manipulative males and live longer},
	volume = {16},
	url = {internal-pdf://babeskinarticle221-3616432901/BabeskinArticle221.pdf},
	abstract = {Female mate choice has been demonstrated in a wide variety of species and is now accepted as an important factor in sexual selection. One of the remaining questions, however, is why females prefer specific males. Do females or their offspring benefit from their choice? Or do females choose mates to minimize costs of mating? Here we show that, in the ovoviviparous cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea, where sexual selection has been well documented, females chose mates to avoid costly male manipulation. Females were partnered with preferred or nonpreferred mates, and fitness of the females measured. We found that females lived longer when they mated with preferred males. Female lifespan depended on the rate at which offspring developed from egg to parturition: slower development led to longer life. We manipulated the male pheromone and showed that the component of the pheromone blend that makes males attractive to females also delayed parturition. Thus, like other aspects of sexual conflict in this species, offspring development and thereby the mother's lifespan depended on exposure of females to specific components of the male pheromone. Males benefit from manipulating offspring development because females with accelerated parturition remained unreceptive whereas females with slower developing offspring readily remated after giving birth to their offspring. Our results suggest a hormone-like role for the male pheromone in N. cinerea and provide the first direct evidence of mate choice to avoid male manipulation. This study shows that dominant males may not be preferred males if they are manipulating females, why multiple components with contrasting effects can exist in a sexual signal, and emphasizes the complex fitness relationships that can arise in species with sexual conflict.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Moore, A. J. and Gowaty, P. A. and Moore, P. J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {female mate choice fitness longevity pheromone sex},
	pages = {523--530}
}

@article{klintPairFormationReproductive1981,
	title = {Pair {Formation} and {Reproductive} {Output} in {Domestic} {Pigeons}},
	volume = {6},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Klint, T. and Enquist, M.},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {57--62}
}

@article{morenoMoreColourfulEggs2006,
	title = {More colourful eggs induce a higher relative paternal investment in the pied flycatcher {Ficedula} hypoleuca: a cross-fostering experiment},
	volume = {37},
	url = {internal-pdf://moreno-3775788800/moreno.pdf},
	abstract = {The signalling hypothesis of eggshell colouration in birds posits that females of species with blue-green eggs signal their phenotypic quality or the quality of their eggs to their mates through deposition of the antioxidant biliverdin as pigment. Males respond by investing more in the offspring. Through a cross-fostering experiment where we have exchanged whole clutches between pairs of pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca nests, we managed to break potential associations between female quality and clutch chromaticity. We show that males respond to incubated clutches with more variable and higher peak values in blue-green chroma through a higher proportional investment in nestling provisioning on day 4 of the nestling period, when males invest more heavily than females in provisioning. More variable clutches show higher peak chroma values. We also show that egg colour during the two-week incubation period has a significant effect, which is not found for the colour of eggs during the laying period. Finally, the proportion of male provisioning visits affects negatively female brooding effort and nestling mortality, and thereby has positive effects on female fitness. Blue-green chroma in the pied flycatcher functions as a signal of female or clutch quality to males which respond by adjusting their relative investment with respect to total pair effort.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	author = {Moreno, J. and Morales, J. and Lobato, E. and Merino, S. and Tomas, G. and la Puente, J. M. D.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection female condition biparental care},
	pages = {555--560}
}

@article{jacotExperimentalNestSite2009,
	title = {Experimental nest site limitation affects reproductive strategies and parental investment in a hole-nesting passerine},
	volume = {77},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Anbehav.2009.01.012},
	abstract = {In resource defence mating systems, males monopolize a resource that is of primary importance for breeding females. For secondary cavity nesters, the availability of suitable nesting sites is important in determining the strength of intrasexual competition, whereby phenotypic and behavioural traits will be favoured that enable individuals to gain access to these sites. The traits that are important in male competition may additionally affect mate choice decisions and a female's investment in the current brood. In a field study on blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, we increased intrasexual competition by experimentally limiting nest sites in experimental plots and compared these plots to control plots. Birds breeding in experimental plots did not differ phenotypically from birds in control plots. However, females that bred in the nest site-limited plots fed their offspring at a higher rate than control females. This result indicates that increased competition for limited resources led to more investment in current reproduction, either because successful females were of higher intrinsic quality or because they adjusted their investment in relation to superior territory or male characteristics. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Jacot, A. and Valcu, M. and van Oers, K. and Kempenaers, B.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {blue tit brood parasitism cyanistes caeruleus diff},
	pages = {1075--1083}
}

@article{tsengFunctionMultipleMating2007,
	title = {The function of multiple mating in oviposition and egg maturation in the seed beetle {Callosobruchus} maculatus},
	volume = {32},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1365-3032.2007.00561.X},
	abstract = {To comprehend the significance of multiple mating in female Callosobruchus maculatus, the material-benefits hypothesis is tested, as well as the potential function and mechanism of additional mating for females. The results show that longevity and lifetime fecundity are significantly higher in doubly-mated females, whereas females subject to an interrupted second copulation (which transfers no ejaculate) show resemblance with singly-mated females in lifetime fecundity and daily fecundity, supporting the material-benefits hypothesis. Female lifetime fecundity increases with ejaculate size in doubly-, but not singly-mated females. Doubly-mated females exhibit an immediate increase in fecundity on the day of remating. Moreover, dissection of ovaries after remating shows that the number of unlaid eggs is lower in doubly-mated females in comparison with singly-mated females, whereas the total number of unlaid and laid eggs shows no significant difference. This suggests that the second mating increases the oviposition rate, but not the egg maturation rate in female C. maculatus. Thus, ejaculate serves as a stimulus for oviposition, at least on the remating day. However, because doubly-mated females lay more eggs in total than singly-mated females, doubly-mated females appear to mature more eggs than the singly-mated counterparts. This is attributed to the 'indirect-driven' hypothesis, which states that the reduction in the number of mature eggs in the oviducts brought about by oviposition stimulates the maturation of oocytes in ovarioles to replenish the number of mature eggs.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Physiological Entomology},
	author = {Tseng, H. F. and Yang, R. L. and Lin, C. and Horng, S. B.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {callosobruchus maculatus egg maturation fecundity},
	pages = {150--156}
}

@article{tallamyCopulatoryCourtshipSignals2003,
	title = {Copulatory courtship signals male genetic quality in cucumber beetles},
	volume = {270},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2002.2198},
	abstract = {In the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), males court females during copulation by stroking them with their antennae. Stroking occurs exclusively during the first stages of copulation, after a male has penetrated a female's vaginal duct but before he is allowed access to her bursa copulatrix. Females accept the spermatophore of fast-stroking males and reject those of slow-stroking males by relaxing or constricting muscles distorting the vaginal duct. Here, we measure the repeatability of stroking behaviour within males, examine the effect of losing one antenna on male attractiveness and test whether such female control results in direct phenotypic benefits for the discriminating female or indirect genetic benefits that appear in her offspring. We also use a half-sibling design to quantify the variance and heritability of stroking speed and endurance. Female beetles were paired with a male that was known to stroke either quickly or slowly. No difference was found in the resulting fecundity or egg-hatching rate of the females, or in the survivorship, development rate, size, age at first reproduction or fecundity of their offspring indicating that no direct benefits are gained by discriminating among males on the basis of stroking speed. There were, however, good-genes benefits for the mates of fast-stroking males. Offspring of fast-stroking fathers were also fast strokers and were more likely to be accepted as mates than offspring of slow-stroking fathers. There was substantial variance among sires in stroking speed and endurance and the heritability of each trait was high. The antennal stroking rate was highly repeatable in successive mating attempts and males with only one antenna were not accepted as mates. The repeatability within males, variability between males and heritability between generations of copulatory stroking combine to provide females with a reliable and honest signal of the genetic quality of courting males.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Tallamy, D. W. and Darlington, M. B. and Pesek, J. D. and Powell, B. E.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {chrysomelidae good genes copulatory courtship sexu},
	pages = {77--82}
}

@article{mcfarlaneFemaleCapeSugarbirds2010,
	title = {Female {Cape} sugarbirds ({Promerops} cafer) modify egg investment both for extra-pair mates and for male tail length},
	volume = {23},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.1420-9101.2010.02067.x-0945125892/j.1420-9101.2010.02067.x.pdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02067.x/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02067.x},
	abstract = {The differential allocation hypothesis predicts that females should invest more in reproduction when paired with attractive males. We measured egg volume in Cape sugarbirds (Promerops cafer), a sexually dimorphic passerine, in relation to paternity of the offspring and in response to an experimental tail length treatment. We manipulated tail length, after pair formation, but before egg laying: males had their tails either shortened or left unmanipulated. Our manipulation was designed to affect female allocation in a particular breeding attempt rather than long-term mate choice: males with shortened tails would appear to be signalling at a lower level than they should given their quality. We found that egg volume was smaller in the nests of males with experimentally shortened tails but larger when the offspring were the result of extra-pair matings. Both these findings are consistent with the differential allocation hypothesis. We suggest that tail length may be used by females as a cue for mate quality, eliciting reduced female investment when breeding with social mates; and with males with shortened tails.},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {McFarlane, M. L. and Cherry, M. I. and Evans, M. R.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {* differential allocation; * paternity; * Promerop},
	pages = {1998--2003}
}

@article{wedellPaternalInvestmentDirectly2003,
	title = {Paternal investment directly affects female reproductive effort in an insect},
	volume = {270},
	doi = {Doi 10.1098/Rspb.2003.2479},
	abstract = {Female reproductive effort can be influenced by the quality of her mate. In some species, females increase their reproductive effort by differentially allocating resources after mating with high-quality males. Examination of female reproductive effort in relation to male quality has implications for estimating the evolvability of traits and for sexual-selection models. Accurate quantification of reproductive investment is not possible in many species. Butterflies are an exception, as most nectar-feeding species emerge with almost intact reproductive resources, and in some species males provide nutrients at mating that enhance female fecundity. By manipulating male donations and using radioactive isotopes, we quantified the effect of variation in nutrient provisioning on female reproductive effort in two butterfly species. In the green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi, females increased their reproductive effort after receiving large male donations. By contrast, in the speckled wood, Pararge aegeria, where males do not provide nutrients, female reproductive effort was independent of male ejaculate. Increased reproductive effort in Pieris napi resulted from the production of more eggs, rather than from investing more resources per egg. In this species donating ability is heritable; hence females laying more eggs after mating with high-donating males benefit both through higher fecundity and through the production of high-donating sons.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Wedell, N. and Karlsson, B.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {paternal investment maternal effort differential a},
	pages = {2065--2071}
}

@article{sanzNestOrnamentationBlue2011,
	title = {Nest ornamentation in blue tits: is feather carrying ability a male status signal?},
	volume = {22},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arq199},
	abstract = {In a wide range of animal taxa, males build elaborate mating structures to attract females. For instance, some bird species use their nests or display sites as nonbodily ornaments (extended phenotypes) in intersexual communication. Recently, it has been proposed that feather carrying constitutes a postmating sexual display. Here, evidence supporting this hypothesis is presented for a species in which such behavior had not been previously reported, the blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus. In our Mediterranean study populations, males carry feathers to the nest and place them outside the nest cup. Here, we show experimentally and by means of observational data that feather carrying by male blue tits induced their mates to increase their clutch size. In addition, males from ornamented nests fed their offspring at a higher rate than those from nests in which this behavior was not detected. Feather-carrying effort was positively associated with male tarsus length. On the other hand, females paired with males engaging in this activity reduced their feeding rates but obtained direct fitness benefits: Ornamented nests resulted in more fledged young with better body condition than those without feathers carried by males. In summary, this study suggests that male feather-carrying ability constitutes an honest signal of their parental quality and a good predictor of breeding success in these blue tit populations.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Sanz, J. J. and Garcia-Navas, V.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {cyanistes caeruleus extended phenotype feather car},
	pages = {240--247}
}

@article{helfensteinFunctionsCourtshipFeeding2003,
	title = {Functions of courtship feeding in black-legged kittiwakes: natural and sexual selection},
	volume = {65},
	doi = {Doi 10.1006/Anbe.2003.2129},
	abstract = {Various authors have proposed that courtship feeding evolved under natural selection, sexual selection or both. Using observations of 250 breeding pairs over 3 consecutive years for a total of 77 000 nest-hours, we examined the functional significance of courtship feeding in a seabird, the black-legged kittiwake, Rissa triclactyla. We predicted courtship feeding would benefit males and females in different ways: males may invest in future progeny and females may allow copulations in exchange for food or use courtship feeding to assess males' parental quality. Courtship feeding was correlated with clutch size in I of 3 years, suggesting that males may increase their reproductive success by provisioning their mates. Courtship feeding, which was individually repeatable between years, was also related to male arrival date. These results suggest that courtship feeding is a reliable index of male quality that females may use for mate appraisal. Because courtship feeding commences after the pair bond is established, it cannot be used as a criterion for mate choice in the pair's first year. However, courtship feeding rate was related to male re-pairing success in the following breeding season. We thus suggest that courtship feeding in kittiwakes could have first evolved under natural selection (the nutrition hypothesis) and subsequently may have become a signal of mate quality that females could use to evaluate their mates for future seasons (future mate appraisal hypothesis). (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Helfenstein, F. and Wagner, R. H. and Danchin, E. and Rossi, J. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {reproductive success rissa-tridactyla katydids ort},
	pages = {1027--1033}
}

@article{pincemyExperimentsColourOrnaments2009,
	title = {Experiments on colour ornaments and mate choice in king penguins},
	volume = {78},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Anbehav.2009.07.041},
	abstract = {Research on animal ornaments used in mate choice has largely focused on males, particularly for bird species with sexually dimorphic coloured patches of feathers and integument. Relatively less information is available for coloured ornaments of sexually monomorphic species and the use of these ornaments during mate choice. The king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, is a monogamous marine bird in which both sexes show very similar coloured ornaments (UV and yellow-orange colours on the beak, yellow orange auricular feathers, and yellow to rusty-brown breast feathers). These ornaments have previously been implicated in mate choice. We used manipulative experiments to test the role of coloured feather patches in the choice of partners that occurs during pair formation. Experimental reduction of auricular patch size delayed pairing, and alteration of auricular and breast patch colour from yellow to white caused an even stronger delay (white treatments gave adults the appearance of immature birds). Surprisingly, we found that time to pairing did not differ between treatments for females, but males showed significant delays in pairing in general and especially when treated. Thus, females seemed to be more selective in mate choice than males, a phenomenon that might be explained by a male-biased sex ratio in the colony. Nevertheless, our results indicate that choice of mate may be much stronger in one of the sexes in what appears to be a sexually monomorphic species, for which we expected sexual selection to favour mutually strong male and female mate choice. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Pincemy, G. and Dobson, F. S. and Jouventin, P.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {aptenodytes patagonicus king penguin mate choice o},
	pages = {1247--1253}
}

@article{velandoDifferentialBodyCondition2003,
	title = {Differential body condition regulation by males and females in response to experimental manipulations of brood size and parental effort in the blue-footed booby},
	volume = {72},
	url = {internal-pdf://jae-1132621574/jae.pdf},
	abstract = {1. In long-lived species, such as seabirds, the allocation of resources between self-maintenance and reproduction is of particular interest because only a small reduction in adult survival may have a large negative effect on lifetime reproductive success. There is much debate about whether seabirds have a fixed or flexible level of investment in their current reproduction, and it has been proposed that parents can regulate the risk of an increase in mortality under the control of a mass threshold. 2. Body mass change as response to experimental manipulations of parental effort was examined in blue-footed boobies (Sula nebouxii Mine-Edwards), a sexually size-dimorphic seabird, with females approximately 31\% heavier than males. 3. First, paternal effort was manipulated by trimming the flight feathers and thereby handicapping males during the chick-rearing period. Mass remained stable in handicapped males, while there was a reduction of female body mass as response to the handicapped partner. The handicapping of males had a significant effect on chick mass. 4. Secondly, an experiment was made by enlarging and decreasing broods of two chicks to three and one during the first week after hatching. Body mass of females, but not males, was lower in enlarged broods, and body mass of males, but not females, was higher in the reduced broods when the chicks were 45 days old. Chick body masses were lower among enlarged broods than among reduced and control broods. 5. Overall, these and other results revealed that blue-footed boobies have a sex-specific body mass regulation. Males had a fixed body mass at the end of experiments; they were working at some physiological maximum or were unwilling to pay the cost in terms of future survival, when the effort demanded was increased. Females performed a flexible effort and were working with a buffer of nutritional reserves that they used when necessary. Below a critical level, females preferentially allocated resources to the maintenance of their body condition at the expense of investment in current reproduction.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Velando, A. and Alonso-Alvarez, C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {body mass threshold brood size manipulation handic},
	pages = {846--856}
}

@article{moralesParentalConflictBlue2010,
	title = {Parental conflict and blue egg coloration in a seabird},
	volume = {97},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20128107},
	abstract = {When both parents provide offspring care, equal sharing of costly parental duties may enhance reproductive success. This is crucial for longlived species, where increased parental effort in current reproduction profoundly affects future reproduction. Indication of reproductive value or willingness to invest in reproduction may promote matching responses by mates, thus reducing the conflict over care. In birds with biparental care, blue-green eggshell color may function as a signal of reproductive value that affects parental effort, as predicted by the signaling hypothesis of blue-green eggshell coloration. However, this hypothesis has not been explored during incubation, when the potential stimulus of egg color is present, and has been little studied in longlived birds. We experimentally studied if egg color affected incubation patterns in the blue-footed booby, a longlived species with biparental care and blue eggs. We exchanged fresh eggs between nests of the same laying date and recorded parental incubation effort on the following 4 days. Although egg color did not affect male effort, original eggshell color was correlated with pair matching in incubation. Exchanged eggshell color did not affect incubation patterns. This suggests that biliverdin-based egg coloration reflects female quality features that are associated with pair incubation effort or that blue-footed boobies mate assortatively high-quality pairs incubating more colorful clutches. An intriguing possibility is that egg coloration facilitates an equal sharing of incubation, the signal being functional only during a short period close to laying. Results also suggest that indication of reproductive value reduces the conflict over care.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	author = {Morales, J. and Torres, R. and Velando, A.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Animals Birds/*physiology Color Conflict (Psycholo},
	pages = {173--180}
}

@article{stiverParentalMatingEffort2009,
	title = {Parental and {Mating} {Effort}: {Is} {There} {Necessarily} a {Trade}-{Off}?},
	volume = {115},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1439-0310.2009.01707.X},
	abstract = {One of the common assumptions in the study of the evolution of parental care is that trade-offs exist between parental investment and other fitness-related traits. In general, this body of work follows the traditional definition that parental investment (in the current offspring) decreases that individual's ability to invest in future reproduction (Trivers 1972). However, examination of the empirical evidence shows that assuming a trade-off between parental and mating effort is not always appropriate. This overemphasis on a trade-off between mating and parental effort has arisen in part because of an oversimplification of female reproductive strategies, a failure to consider interactions between the sexes, and a tendency to consider behaviours as unifunctional, thereby ignoring the more complex relationship between mating and parental effort in many species. Here, we first examine the empirical evidence for trade-offs between mating and parental effort in males and females to ask when trade-offs occur and what pattern they take. By highlighting a number of exemplar species, we then explore how the presence or absence of trade-offs relates to mate choice and sexual selection in both sexes. Finally, we highlight the importance of considering individual variation, which has been particularly overlooked in examinations of female investment, and how preferences in one sex may influence the existence and our interpretation of apparent trade-offs in the other sex.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Stiver, K. A. and Alonzo, S. H.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {female mate choice life-history evolution extra-pa},
	pages = {1101--1126}
}

@article{partridgeMateChoiceIncreases1980,
	title = {Mate {Choice} {Increases} a {Component} of {Offspring} {Fitness} in {Fruit}-{Flies}},
	volume = {283},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Partridge, L.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, offspring, fitness, call, flies, fruit fly, good genes,sexual selection,choice,fitness,sire},
	pages = {290--291}
}

@article{grueblerBroodOverlapMale2010,
	title = {Brood overlap and male ornamentation in the double-brooded barn swallow},
	volume = {21},
	url = {internal-pdf://513-1264264196/513.pdf},
	abstract = {Brood overlap can be an optimal solution to the intraseasonal trade-off in the allocation of time between successive broods. In line with life-history theory, the extent of brood overlap should be adjusted according to the individual costs and benefits of the simultaneous investment into 2 broods. Phenotypic quality can affect these costs and benefits. In barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), male tail streamer length is a phenotypic quality trait, which is related to reproductive decisions, resulting in pairs with long-tailed males showing higher annual output than those with short-tailed males. We predict that the extent of brood overlap in barn swallows is positively associated with the male's tail ornamentation. Using radiotelemetry, we assessed the duration of postfledging care and juvenile survival and quantified brood overlap with unprecedented accuracy. Broods of pairs with highly ornamented males overlapped to a larger extent than those of pairs with short-tailed males. Brood overlap depended on the reproductive value of the previous brood and on female phenotypic quality. Clutch initiation after a short interbrood interval was associated with a great brood overlap. Short. duration of postfledging care but not brood overlap reduced fledgling survival in first broods, and earlier second broods were associated with enlarged clutches. Thus, pairs with long-tailed males managed to increase clutch size and survival of the second brood by an early onset without: incurring survival costs in the first brood. This is in line with the hypothesis that brood overlap enforces differential annual reproductive output among individuals varying in phenotypic quality.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Gruebler, M. U. and Naef-Daenzer, B.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {hirundo rustica interbrood interval intraseasonal},
	pages = {513--519}
}

@article{kolmDifferentialInvestmentBanggai2003,
	title = {Differential investment in the {Banggai} cardinalfish: {Can} females adjust egg size close to egg maturation to match the attractiveness of a new partner?},
	volume = {63},
	url = {internal-pdf://kolm-0823012352/kolm.pdfhttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2342650739&partnerID=40&md5=ebe85ce385ac4f262aebacd4caa823e0},
	abstract = {To test whether females can change their egg investment according to the different attractiveness (i.e. size as measured by standard length, L $_{\textrm{s}}$) of a new mate after eggs have already matured in response to an earlier mate, female Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni were first allowed to produce eggs for small (unattractive) or large (attractive) males. Then, when spawning was initiated, but prior to actual spawning, their partner was switched to either a significantly larger or a significantly smaller partner, respectively. A strong positive correlation between egg size and days until spawning with the second male was found for the females initially paired to a small and then a large male. Within a few days, these females apparently increased their egg size to match the attractiveness of their new male. No correlation between days until spawning and egg size in females initially paired to a large and then a small male, however was found, so apparently females were unable to adjust egg size in response to a decrease in mate attractiveness. Consequently, it is suggested that females can increase their egg size investment even after the onset of egg maturation and that this change can be quite rapid. ¬© 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Kolm, N. and Olsson, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Banggai cardinalfish Constraints Differential inve},
	pages = {144--151}
}

@article{navaraYolkAndrogenDeposition2006,
	title = {Yolk androgen deposition as a compensatory strategy},
	volume = {60},
	abstract = {The deposition of androgens into the yolks of eggs can have long-lasting effects on the growth and development of young birds. It has been proposed that female birds and reptiles deposit yolk androgens according to the differential allocation hypothesis (DAH), which posits the allocation of more resources to offspring sired by more attractive, higher-quality males. We examined deposition patterns of yolk androgens in relation to mate attractiveness in the house finch Carpodacus mexicanus. Contrary to the predictions of the DAH, female house finches deposited significantly more androgens into eggs sired by less attractive males. We propose that, rather than serving as resources, androgens are used as mediators in a compensatory distribution strategy, enabling females to improve the quality of young produced with less attractive males.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Navara, K. J. and Hill, G. E. and Mendonca, M. T.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {differential allocation hypothesis egg testosteron},
	pages = {392--398}
}

@article{ritchieFitnessConsequencesPotential1992,
	title = {Fitness {Consequences} of {Potential} {Assortative} {Mating} inside and {Outside} a {Hybrid} {Zone} in {Chorthippus}-{Parallelus} ({Orthoptera}, {Acrididae}) - {Implications} for {Reinforcement} and {Sexual} {Selection} {Theory}},
	volume = {45},
	url = {internal-pdf://ritchie1992-0759834637/Ritchie1992.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Ritchie, M. G. and Butlin, R. K. and Hewitt, G. M.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {hybrid zone assortative mating fitness reinforceme},
	pages = {219--234}
}

@article{nisbetCourtshipFeedingEggSizeBreeding1973,
	title = {Courtship-{Feeding}, {Egg}-{Size} and {Breeding} {Success} in {Common} {Terns}},
	volume = {241},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Nisbet, I. C. T.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {141--142}
}

@article{zannEffectsBandColor1994,
	title = {Effects of {Band} {Color} on {Survivorship}, {Body} {Condition} and {Reproductive} {Effort} of {Free}-{Living} {Australian} {Zebra} {Finches}},
	volume = {111},
	url = {internal-pdf://4088512-2383103488/4088512.pdf},
	abstract = {In domesticated laboratory Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata), leg bands of certain colors affect mate selection, parental effort, reproductive success, sex ratio of offspring, and survivorship. I tested the effects of these same colors on survivorship, body condition and reproductive effort of free-living Zebra Finches over several breeding seasons at two colonies in northern Victoria, Australia. At the ''Cloverlea'' colony, adults of each sex received either ''attractive'' or ''unattractive'' color bands. Nevertheless, survivorship to 12 months was not affected by band color nor was there compelling evidence (mass, bill color and molt) for deteriorating body condition due to reproductive costs; there were no sex differences in survivorship. Reproductive effort each breeding season in these free-living birds may not be as great as that in some laboratory populations because in nature the season is shorter and the interval for recovery correspondingly longer. In contrast, at the ''Danaher'' colony, where birds had unique color combinations of three bands (plus one metal band), a retrospective analysis of four years of data showed that there were significant effects of band color on reproductive effort of females; they laid more eggs if mated to males having a single red band (attractive color) in their combination than if mated to males having a single light-green band (unattractive color) or bands of other colors (neutral attractiveness). They laid an extra clutch, but this did not result in significantly more fledglings and independent young being raised by the pair. There were no band-color or sex effects on survivorship of adults at this colony. There were no obvious biases in the allocation of band colors or identification of breeding pairs that might explain the extra-clutch effect. The finding on red-banded males is largely consistent with that described for domesticated Zebra Finches, where females make a differential reproductive allocation in response to their partner's band color. No similar effects were found for female band color where, contrary to expectation, females with black (attractive) bands had significantly fewer fledglings than did females with color bands of neutral attractiveness. The overall conclusion is that color bands do not significantly affect the behavior of wild Zebra Finches, but it would be wise to omit red bands on males where possible.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Auk},
	author = {Zann, R.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sex-ratio manipulation red-winged blackbirds poeph},
	pages = {131--142}
}

@article{loyauMaleSexualAttractiveness2007,
	title = {Male sexual attractiveness affects the investment of maternal resources into the eggs in peafowl ({Pavo} cristatus)},
	volume = {61},
	abstract = {According to the differential investment hypothesis, females paired with attractive mates are expected to invest more in the current reproduction relative to females paired with unattractive males. We experimentally tested this hypothesis in the peafowl (Pavo cristatus) by providing females with males that differed in sexual attractiveness. In agreement with the differential allocation hypothesis, females paired with more ornamented males laid larger eggs, and deposited higher amounts of testosterone into the egg yolk, independently of the sex of the embryo. These results show that the association between paternal phenotype and offspring quality could arise via a differential maternal investment. They also suggest that, if ornamented males do transmit good genes to the progeny, the maternal differential investment can amplify the effect of such good genes on the offspring fitness.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Loyau, A. and Saint Jalme, M. and Mauget, R. and Sorci, G.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {good genes maternal differential investment egg si},
	pages = {1043--1052}
}

@article{rutsteinMateAttractivenessPrimary2004,
	title = {Mate attractiveness and primary resource allocation in the zebra finch},
	volume = {68},
	abstract = {Since egg production is nutritionally and energetically expensive, differential allocation theory predicts that females should allocate more resources at laying when mated to an attractive male. Females are also predicted to invest more in sons than in daughters under such conditions, because male offspring should have higher fitness returns than female offspring when fathered by an attractive male. We examined primary resource allocation in zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, when mated to both an attractive and an unattractive male. In the first breeding round, as predicted, females mated to attractive males laid heavier eggs, and there was a positive relation between female mass and egg mass. In contrast, for females mated to unattractive males there was no correlation between egg mass and body mass. Mate attractiveness did not affect clutch size or yolk androgen investment. Unexpectedly, in the second breeding round, in which the same females were paired with different males of opposite attractiveness to those in the first round, females did not alter their individual patterns of investment in egg mass. Therefore, we suggest there may be a physiological carryover effect and that females were primed by their first reproductive experience. In both rounds of breeding there was no difference in egg mass or yolk androgen concentration between male or female eggs in either treatment. Similarly, the primary sex ratio did not differ between treatments. This suggests that females do not differentially invest in male and female offspring in relation to the attractiveness of their mate in this species. (C) 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Rutstein, A. N. and Gilbert, L. and Slater, P. J. B. and Graves, J. A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sex-ratio manipulation band-color preferences taen},
	pages = {1087--1094}
}

@article{watsonMultimaleMatingFemale1998,
	title = {Multi-male mating and female choice increase offspring growth in the spider {Neriene} litigiosa ({Linyphiidae})},
	volume = {55},
	url = {internal-pdf://watson1998-2827943181/Watson1998.pdf},
	abstract = {The purpose of this controlled-breeding study was to investigate the viability consequences of female choice and sequential polyandry for offspring in a way that would separate the influences of these two aspects of female sexual behaviour. Female sierra dome spiders, Neriene litigiosa (= Linyphia litigiosa) typically mate two to three times before production of their first batch of eggs, although some females (ca 16\%) mate only once. Strong fighters are preferred as first mates and principal sires. Large males that give a vigorous performance during copulatory courtship are preferred as sires among a female's secondary mates. In this study, the number of matings by free-living females was experimentally controlled and the size and copulatory vigour of all the females' mates were recorded. At the end of the breeding season, the females were collected and their broods were obtained in captivity. Randomly chosen subsets of 28 female's offspring were reared under standard conditions during the following spring. The spiderlings were reared for 27 days in the company of siblings under conditions that would encourage the expression of genetic variation in viability, and growth and survivorship were monitored. After controlling for maternal effects (i.e. female size and oviposition date) and variance in feeding opportunities among rearing groups, both mate number and mate size were positively and independently related to offspring growth rates and the size of offspring attained after emergence from the natal cocoon. The results support the hypotheses that the preference for large males yields viability benefits to offspring and that polyandry can augment the benefits of selective mating. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Watson, P. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sierra dome spiders sexual selection mate choice g},
	pages = {387--403}
}

@article{lancasterFemaleChoiceOptimal2009,
	title = {Female choice for optimal combinations of multiple male display traits increases offspring survival},
	volume = {20},
	url = {internal-pdf://8.83.23.145/993.pdf},
	abstract = {Females commonly incorporate information from more than 1 male trait when making mating decisions, which may increase their ability to choose high-quality males. Assessment of multiple male traits may also incur increasing costs of time and/or energy and should therefore provide an adaptive advantage over females that do not exhibit such complex mating decisions. Although this benefit has been assumed/concluded in previous mate choice studies, it has rarely been empirically verified with female fitness data. Here we show that female side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) that assess males for optimal trait combinations of throat color (a polymorphic social signal) and dorsal patterning (a polymorphic antipredator trait) recruit more offspring to the next adult generation. Specifically, females preferred males with a barred dorsal pattern, but only when males were yellow throated (signaling a sneaker strategy in males). Females mated to sires with both these traits experienced high rates of progeny survival to adulthood, via inheritance of favorable genetic combinations from sires (indirect benefits). Previous results suggest that this is because barredness confers crypsis primarily in yellow-throated lizards and not in lizards with alternative throat colors. Together, these results support the hypothesis that female preference for multiple, interacting male traits is an adaptive response to complex patterns of natural selection on offspring, such as correlational selection on unlinked traits. Our results provide new evidence for an adaptive advantage to females that exhibit complex mating-decision rules and suggest that one advantage lies in reducing deleterious recombination of genes for traits that, only in specific combinations, enhance fitness.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Lancaster, L. T. and Hipsley, C. A. and Sinervo, B.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {evolution, indirect benefits, mate choice, signals, alternative strategies color pattern polymorphism, lizard, trade-offs, alternative strategies, crypsis, color pattern polymorphism, correlational selection, alternative male, color pattern, correlational   selection, good genes sexual selection, multivariate signaling (multicomponent display), preferences, strategies},
	pages = {993--999}
}

@article{sadekPolyandryFieldcollectedSpodoptera2001,
	title = {Polyandry in field-collected {Spodoptera} littoralis moths and laboratory assessment of the effects of male mating history},
	volume = {98},
	url = {internal-pdf://sadek2001-2471101965/Sadek2001.pdf},
	abstract = {To estimate multiple mating in females in the field, moths of S. littoralis were light-trapped in June, July, August, and September in 1997 and 1998 in the edge of farming land in Assiut (Egypt). Females were dissected for the spermatophores in their bursae. Virgin females represented 8.04\%, whereas once-mated and multiply-mated females were 37.2\% and 54.76\% of the trapped females, respectively. The average number of matings per trapped female (1.68 +/- 0.05) was significantly lower than that of laboratory-reared females (2.48 +/- 0.11). As the number of captured males declined from June to September, there was a significant shift towards remating in the captured females. Laboratory mating experiments were performed with reared females that were daily supplied with males of different mating histories, including virgin males (V) or males that had previously mated once (PM1), twice (PM2), or three times (PM3). Females supplied with virgin males exhibited significantly lower numbers of matings acquired during a 5-day experiment than females supplied with previously mated males. There was also a highly significant association between the frequency of mating among females and the mating history of males involved. Females supplied with previously mated males showed a higher propensity to remate than those supplied with virgin males. Significant increase of the reproductive capacity of females was associated with virginity (versus cion-virginity) of males or multiple mating (versus single mating) by females. Females paired with V or PM1 males exhibited shorter longevity and higher rates of egg laying than those paired with PM2 and PM3 males. The results suggest that females are able to assess the male mating status and, accordingly, alter their mating behavior to achieve higher reproductive capacity.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata},
	author = {Sadek, M. M.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {multiple mating egyptian cotton leafworm light tra},
	pages = {165--172}
}

@article{pischeddaMaleGenotypeInfluences2010,
	title = {Male genotype influences female reproductive investment in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=21159677 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/12/11/rspb.2010.2272.full.pdf},
	doi = {rspb.2010.2272 [pii] 10.1098/rspb.2010.2272},
	abstract = {In many species, males can influence the amount of resources their mates invest in reproduction. Two favoured hypotheses for this observation are that females assess male quality during courtship or copulation and alter their investment in offspring accordingly, or that males manipulate females to invest heavily in offspring produced soon after mating. Here, we examined whether there is genetic variation for males to influence female short-term reproductive investment in Drosophila melanogaster, a species with strong sexual selection and substantial sexual conflict. We measured the fecundity and egg size of females mated to males from multiple isofemale lines collected from populations around the globe. Although these traits were not strongly influenced by the male's population of origin, we found that 22 per cent of the variation in female short-term reproductive investment was attributable to the genotype of her mate. This is the first direct evidence that male D. melanogaster vary genetically in their proximate influence on female fecundity, egg size and overall reproductive investment.},
	language = {Eng},
	journal = {Proc Biol Sci},
	author = {Pischedda, A. and Stewart, A. D. and Little, M. K. and Rice, W. R.},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{saetherRegulationParentalEffort1993,
	title = {Regulation of {Parental} {Effort} in a {Long}-{Lived} {Seabird} - an {Experimental} {Manipulation} of the {Cost} of {Reproduction} in the {Antarctic} {Petrel}, {Thalassoica}-{Antarctica}},
	volume = {33},
	url = {internal-pdf://4600862-4152470278/4600862.pdf},
	abstract = {The fitness of a parent in an altricial bird species is likely to be a function of the proportion of resources allocated to offspring production in relation to the amount spent on its own survival. Here we report an experiment on the Antarctic petrel in which we manipulated the costs of rearing an offspring by placing small lead loads on the legs of one parent. The bird could then either decrease its own body reserves or reduce the food load to the chick. The manipulated birds decreased their food load and increased the feeding interval, compared with unmanipulated birds. Consequently, the rate of chick loss increased. No significant difference was found between the body weights of experimental and control birds during the experiment.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Saether, B. E. and Andersen, R. and Pedersen, H. C.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {antarctic petrel cost of reproduction parental car},
	pages = {147--150}
}

@article{potvinParentalInvestmentAmplifies2009,
	title = {Parental investment amplifies effects of genetic complementarity on growth rates in song sparrows, {Melospiza} melodia},
	volume = {78},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Anbehav.2009.07.023},
	abstract = {Life history theory predicts that individuals paired with attractive mates may invest more in offspring. Such differential investment may amplify the effects of genetic quality on fitness. Attractiveness can include 'good gene' and 'complementary gene' components, but how the latter affects parental investment remains unknown. We found that nestling song sparrows with genetically dissimilar parents grew faster than did nestlings whose parents were genetically more similar to one another. A cross-fostering experiment revealed complementary gene effects on growth; nestlings produced by genetically dissimilar parents grew faster than their adoptive 'siblings' reared in the same nest but produced by parents that were more genetically similar. To explore whether parental investment exaggerates these complementary gene effects on growth, we monitored parental nest visits. Maternal visits were negatively related to genetic similarity between mates. The novel finding that females adjust levels of care according to the genetic diversity of their offspring suggests that parental investment can amplify complementary gene effects on fitness. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Potvin, D. A. and MacDougall-Shackleton, E. A.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {compatible gene complementary gene cross-fostering},
	pages = {943--948}
}

@article{maguireMorphologicalGeneticPredictors2010,
	title = {Morphological and genetic predictors of parental care in the {North} {American} barn swallow {Hirundo} rustica erythrogaster},
	volume = {41},
	url = {internal-pdf://maguire-0403565824/maguire.pdf},
	abstract = {Sexually dimorphic traits often signal the fitness benefits an individual can provide to potential mates. In species with altricial young, these signals may also predict the level of parental care an individual is expected to provide to shared offspring. In this study, we tested three hypotheses that traditionally relate sexually dimorphic traits to parental care in two populations of North American barn swallows Hirundo rustica erythrogaster. The good parent hypothesis predicts a positive relationship between an individual's ornamentation and his or her care whereas the differential allocation (more care given by individuals when paired to high quality mates) and reproductive compensation (more care given by individuals when paired to low quality mates) hypotheses predict that an individual's level of parental investment is relative to the quality of their mate. Male and female North American barn swallows have colorful ventral feathers and elongated tail streamers, but there is evidence that ventral color, not tail streamer length, predicts measures of seasonal reproductive success. Accounting for the positive correlation between within-pair feeding rates and other potentially confounding variables in all of our models, we found no support for the good parent hypothesis because in both males and females, traits shown to be under sexual selection did not predict feeding rates in either sex. However, our data reveal that male coloration, and not streamer length, predicted a female's provisioning rate to shared offspring (females fed more when paired with darker individuals) in two separate populations, supporting the differential allocation, but not the reproductive compensation hypothesis. Because genetic traits have also been shown to affect parental investment, we evaluated this variable as well and found that a male's paternity did not have significant effects on either male or female feeding rates. Overall, our results suggest that females do not pair with darker males in order to gain direct benefits in terms of his expected levels of parental care to shared offspring, but do themselves invest greater levels of care when paired to darker males. Further, our results are consistent with previous studies which suggest that ventral feather color, not streamer length, is a target of sexual selection in North American populations of barn swallow because females invested more in their offspring when paired to darker mates.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	author = {Maguire, S. E. and Safran, R. J.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {differential-allocation hypothesis flycatcher fice},
	pages = {74--82}
}

@article{giraudeauMaternalInvestmentFemale2011,
	title = {Maternal investment of female mallards is influenced by male carotenoid-based coloration},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/09/10/rspb.2010.1115.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.1115},
	abstract = {The differential allocation hypothesis predicts that females modify their investment in a breeding attempt according to its reproductive value. One prediction of this hypothesis is that females will increase reproductive investment when mated to high-quality males. In birds, it was shown that females can modulate pre-hatch reproductive investment by manipulating egg and clutch sizes and/or the concentrations of egg internal compounds according to paternal attractiveness. However, the differential allocation of immune factors has seldom been considered, particularly with an experimental approach. The carotenoid-based ornaments can function as reliable signals of quality, indicating better immunity or ability to resist parasites. Thus, numerous studies show that females use the expression of carotenoid-based colour when choosing mates; but the influence of this paternal coloration on maternal investment decisions has seldom been considered and has only been experimentally studied with artificial manipulation of male coloration. Here, we used dietary carotenoid provisioning to manipulate male mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) bill coloration, a sexually selected trait, and followed female investment. We show that an increase of male bill coloration positively influenced egg mass and albumen lysozyme concentration. By contrast, yolk carotenoid concentration was not affected by paternal ornamentation. Maternal decisions highlighted in this study may influence chick survival and compel males to maintain carotenoid-based coloration from the mate-choice period until egg-laying has been finished.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Giraudeau, M. and Duval, C. and Czirjak, G. Å and Bretagnolle, V. and Eraud, C. and McGraw, K. J. and Heeb, P.},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{sainoImmunoglobulinPlasmaConcentration2001,
	title = {Immunoglobulin plasma concentration in relation to egg laying and mate ornamentation of female barn swallows ({Hirundo} rustica)},
	volume = {14},
	url = {internal-pdf://saino-2467172608/saino.pdf},
	abstract = {In vertebrates, offspring have a relatively inefficient immune system soon after birth. Female birds transmit immunoglobulins to the egg, which can confer protection against parasites to their offspring after hatching, but allocation of immune factors can depend on the reproductive value of the offspring as affected, for example, by the quality of their father. We analyse the variation in immunoglobulin levels of female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) during the breeding cycle in relation to the expression of a secondary sexual character of their mates. Circulating immunoglobulins peaked on approximately the day before that of laying of their first egg, but postlaying concentration was similar to the concentration well before laying. Immunoglobulin levels per unit volume of plasma were lower for females breeding late compared with those breeding early. Haematocrit of females reached an absolute minimum on the day of laying of the third egg. In males, concentration of immunoglobulins relative to other plasma proteins did not change in relation to the breeding stage. Smaller relative concentrations of immunoglobulins and haematocrit were observed in males breeding late in the season. Immunoglobulin concentration of females was positively correlated with the level of ornamentation of their mates. These results suggest that females alter their immune profile to transmit humoral factors providing immune defence against pathogens to their offspring after hatching. This enhancement of immune protection is larger when the offsprings are of relatively large reproductive value as when sired by high quality males. Alternatively, females with relatively large immunoglobulin concentration preferentially mate with the most ornamented males.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Saino, N. and Martinelli, R. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {breeding cycle differential allocation eggs immuno},
	pages = {95--109}
}

@article{stapleyBehavioralSyndromesInfluence2005,
	title = {Behavioral syndromes influence mating systems: floater pairs of a lizard have heavier offspring},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Ari019},
	abstract = {Variation in correlated behaviors or behavioral syndromes could have interesting effects on mating systems, especially if the variation in syndrome exists in both sexes. Both males and females of the lizard Eulamprus heatwolei display two behavioral types of a behavioral syndrome, defined by correlations between territorial, exploratory, and predator avoidance behaviors. We tested how this variation in behavioral syndrome influences reproductive success, pairing patterns, and offspring weight. We used spatial behavior and residency in the field to identify territorial and floater individuals. Females were relocated to the laboratory to give birth, and all offspring, dams, and potential sires were genotyped to determine offspring paternity. During field surveys, 164 lizards were caught of which 27.5\% were territorial and the rest were floaters. Paternity was assigned to 66\% of the 104 offspring produced by 33 dams. Territorial sires fathered a greater proportion of the offspring of territorial dams than floater sires. Larger territorial males were more likely to sire the entire clutch or share paternity with fewer additional sires than smaller territorial males. Floater sire size, however, did not influence the number of fathers per litter. Floater females produced heavier offspring than their territorial counterparts, and offspring fathered by floaters were heavier than maternal half-sibs fathered by territorial males. We speculate that differences in offspring weight may be the result of differences in yolk provisioning by females and parent genetic compatibility.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Stapley, J. and Keogh, J. S.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {eulamprus heatwolei multiple paternity offspring q},
	pages = {514--520}
}

@article{griffithFemaleChoiceAnnual1999,
	title = {Female choice and annual reproductive success favour less-ornamented male house sparrows},
	volume = {266},
	abstract = {Theories of sexual selection usually assume that female preferences for male ornamental traits are fixed and always likely to favour the largest or most extravagant sexual ornaments. This is not, however, always necessary or likely, particularly in resource-based monogamous systems. Here we show that in a closed population of house sparrows, small-badged males were preferred by females as both social and genetic mates and produced a higher number of viable offspring. Previous studies of other house sparrow populations have shown females to prefer large-badged males. Given the likely trade-offs operating between different male behavioural and morphological traits, we propose that female choice is a flexible adaptive strategy through which females can select those males likely to supply the male-acquired benefits that are locally most important.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Griffith, S. C. and Owens, I. P. F. and Burke, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, reproductive success, call, direct benefits,female choice,mate choice,Passer domesticus,reproductive success,sexual selection, reproductive success passer domesticus mate choice},
	pages = {765--770}
}

@article{hargitaiEffectsEnvironmentalConditions2005,
	title = {Effects of environmental conditions and parental quality on inter- and intraclutch egg-size variation in the collared flycatcher ({Ficedula} albicollis)},
	volume = {122},
	abstract = {Egg size is a particularly important life-history trait mediating maternal influences on offspring phenotype. Females can vary their egg-size investment in relation to environmental circumstances, their own breeding condition, and the quality of their mate. Here we analyzed inter- and intraclutch variation in egg size in the Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) on the basis of eight years of data. According to our results, mean egg size increased with female condition, but did not differ among young, middle-aged, and old females. The male's age, body size, and forehead patch size did not influence egg size; thus, we found no evidence for differential investment in egg size in relation to male quality. We found no effect of laying date on egg size when controlling for ambient temperature during the egg formation period, yet temperature had a significant effect on egg size. That result indicates proximate constraints on egg formation. Furthermore, we report on annual differences in intraclutch egg-size variation. Egg size increased within clutches in years with a warm prelaying period; whereas in years when the weather during that period was cold, there was no significant intraclutch trend. Proximate considerations seem to explain the observed patterns of intraclutch egg-size variation; however, we cannot reject the adaptive explanation. Mean egg size and intraclutch egg-size variation were unrelated to clutch size. Therefore, we found no evidence for a trade-off between size and number of eggs within a clutch.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Auk},
	author = {Hargitai, R. and Torok, J. and Toth, L. and Hegyi, G. and Rosivall, B. and Szigeti, B. and Szollosi, E.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {collared flycatcher egg size environmental quality},
	pages = {509--522}
}

@article{qvarnstromAdaptivePlasticityMate2000,
	title = {Adaptive plasticity in mate preference linked to differences in reproductive effort},
	volume = {405},
	abstract = {There is abundant evidence for the existence of marked mate preferences in natural populations, but the occurrence of within-population variation in mate preferences has received little attention(1-3) and is often regarded as nonadaptive deviation from the optimal norm(2,3). Here we show experimentally that the preference of female collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis for male forehead patch size, a sexually selected trait(4-6), varies with the time of breeding, an environmental factor with strong effects on reproductive success. Contrary to expectations based on time-constrained choice models(7,8), only late-breeding females prefer males with a large patch size. The variation in mate preference matches a seasonal change in female reproductive success: longterm data reveal a positive relationship between female reproductive success and male patch size exclusively in late breeders. In addition, female reproductive effort, as assessed by clutch size, appears to be adjusted relative to both timing of breeding and male phenotype. We conclude that not only can mate preferences display adaptive plasticity within populations, but this plasticity can also be linked to differences in reproductive investment.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Qvarnstrom, A. and Part, T. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {reproductive effort, variation, mate preference, preference, flycatcher ficedula-albicollis secondary sexual ch, plasticity},
	pages = {344--347}
}

@article{williamsonYolkAntioxidantsMate2006,
	title = {Yolk antioxidants and mate attractiveness in the {Zebra} {Finch}},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1365-2435.2006.01087.X},
	abstract = {Egg laying is costly for birds, as eggs must contain all the energy and nutrients needed by the developing embryo. As nutrients are limiting, there is a conflict between provisioning eggs and conserving nutrients for future health and survival. Life-history theory suggests that females should choose how to invest resources in relation to the value of the reproductive attempt. Females may manipulate egg composition in relation to the attractiveness of their mate, ensuring chick survival and assuming that the offspring will themselves be more attractive and have higher reproductive success. Antioxidants are an important component of egg composition: they are vital for embryonic and posthatching chick development and survival. Here we demonstrate that female Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata) mated to attractive males deposit more carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in later-laid eggs, shown by a significant interaction between laying order and antioxidant concentration. This bias may increase the probability of chick survival from later-laid eggs and potentially the lifetime reproductive success of the laying female. The body condition of the laying female, measured as fat reserves, was found to be a significant predictor of yolk carotenoid concentration but not of yolk alpha-tocopherol concentration.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Williamson, K. A. and Surai, P. F. and Graves, J. A.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {alpha-tocopherol carotenoids differential allocati},
	pages = {354--359}
}

@article{schraderPopulationDifferencesPre2005,
	title = {Population differences in pre- and post-fertilization offspring provisioning in the {Least} {Killifish}, {Heterandria} formosa},
	url = {internal-pdf://136.83.0.4/4098574.pdf},
	abstract = {We used data from a long-term field study of two populations of the Least Killifish, Heterandria formosa, to examine whether genetically based population differences in offspring size at birth are mainly due to differences in pre-fertilization offspring provisioning (i.e., differences in egg mass) or differences in post-fertilization offspring provisioning (i.e., the degree of matrotrophy). We found differences between populations in pre-fertilization offspring provisioning and larger differences in post-fertilization provisioning. These results establish population variation in H. formosa as a potential model for studying the costs and benefits that could modulate the evolution of matrotrophy. In addition, our results illuminate some of the costs and benefits associated with matrotrophy and offer insight into how matrotrophy influences the expression of other life history relationships, including that between female size and fecundity, the trade-off between offspring number and size, and the population-specific responses of offspring number and size to variation in population density.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Schrader, M. and Travis, J.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {viviparous fish life-history follicular placenta p},
	pages = {649--656}
}

@article{kruczekMaleRankAffects2008,
	title = {Male rank affects reproductive success and offspring performance in bank voles},
	volume = {94},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Physbeh.2008.04.016},
	abstract = {Laboratory studies reveal that in several rodent species the females prefer dominant males as mating partners. Here we investigate the correlation between males' social rank and their reproductive success. Similar numbers of females mating with relatively more dominant or relatively more subordinate males produced a litter, and parturition took place 19-21 days after mating. Relatively more dominant males tended to sire more pups than did relatively more subordinates, but the mean number of offspring per litter did not differ significantly between the two groups. Significantly more pups fathered by relatively more dominant males survived to weaning than those sired by relatively more subordinate fathers. Dominance had a long-term effect on the reproductive activity of the offspring: their rate of sexual maturation was increased. In pups sired by a relatively more dominant father, the uteruses of females, and the testes and accessory sex glands of males, were significantly heavier than those of offspring born to relatively more subordinate males. Our results suggest that social rank is an important determinant of the reproductive success of bank vole males. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Physiology \& Behavior},
	author = {Kruczek, M. and Zatorska, M.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {bank vole social dominance reproduction sexual mat},
	pages = {611--615}
}

@article{watsonMateChoiceDung2010,
	title = {Mate choice in the dung beetle {Onthophagus} sagittarius: are female horns ornaments?},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arp207},
	abstract = {Sexual selection typically operates via male contest competition and female choice, favoring the evolution of secondary sexual traits in males. However, there are numerous taxa in which females possess secondary sexual traits and the selective pressures operating on female ornamentation are not well understood. We examined sexual selection operating via mate choice in the dung beetle Onthophagus sagittarius, a species exhibiting sex-specific ornamentation. Precopulatory mate preferences and their subsequent effects on breeding success were examined. Female preferences favored large males and when paired with small males, males with high courtship rates. Large females were choosier than small females. No overt male preferences for female size or ornamentation were found; thus, we conclude that female horns in this species are unlikely to have evolved as ornaments via precopulatory male mate choice. Relative horn length in females determined brood ball productivity, whereas female body size and an interaction between male courtship rate and male body size determined brood ball weight. Our results provide evidence for female but not male mate choice. They suggest that attractive males increase reproductive performance, but it is unclear whether the effect of male phenotype is mediated via differences in paternal investment or female differential allocation toward attractive males.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Watson, N. L. and Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {female horns mutual mate choice parental provision},
	pages = {424--430}
}

@article{oksanenMaternalEffortMale1999,
	title = {Maternal effort and male quality in the bank vole, {Clethrionomys} glareolus},
	volume = {266},
	abstract = {Parental investment in reproduction is adjusted according to potential benefits in terms of offspring survival and/or mating success. If male quality affects the reproductive success of a female, then females mating with high-quality males should invest more in reproduction. Although the subject has been of general interest, further experimental verification of the hypothesis is needed. We studied whether female bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) adjusted their maternal effort according to male quality, measured as mating success. To enable the measurement of maternal effort during nursing separately from male genetic effects the litters were cross-fostered. Further, the genetic background of male quality was examined. Male quality did not correlate with litter size or offspring size at birth. Offspring growth was positively related to food consumption and milk production of mothers. However, these direct measurements of maternal effort were independent of male quality. Male mating success appeared to be significantly heritable indicating chat there are genetic benefits. Still, females did not adjust maternal effort according to the genetic quality of their offspring. We suggest that female bank voles gain significant genetic benefits from mating with high-quality males whereas they cannot improve their reproductive success by increasing maternal effort.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Oksanen, T. A. and Alatalo, R. V. and Horne, T. J. and Koskela, E. and Mappes, J. and Mappes, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {heritability of mating success life history male q},
	pages = {1495--1499}
}

@article{yamamotoReproductiveActivityForcePaired1989,
	title = {Reproductive {Activity} of {Force}-{Paired} {Cockatiels} ({Nymphicus}-{Hollandicus})},
	volume = {106},
	url = {internal-pdf://4087760-3269185025/4087760.pdf},
	abstract = {In some monogamous birds random force-pairing of mates results in successful reproduction. In addition, prior social experience with a mate may enhance subsequent reproductive success. We investigated the influence of force-pairing and prior pair association on reproductive activity in Cockatiels stimulated to breed by long daylengths and nest-box access. Birds force-paired at the onset of long days had reduced reproductive activity compared to birds force-paired prior to long days. Both groups of force-paired birds displayed less activity than established control pairs. Birds force-paired prior to long days but then reunited with former mates at the onset of long days did not show impaired reproductive activity compared with controls. We show that force-pairing can lead to some breeding activity in this species and that mate familiarity improves the reproductive activity resulting from force-pairing. Furthermore, pairs with histories of breeding do not require continuous mate access to maintain pair bonds.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Auk},
	author = {Yamamoto, J. T. and Shields, K. M. and Millam, J. R. and Roudybush, T. E. and Grau, C. R.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {86--93}
}

@article{sheldonDifferentialAllocationTests2000,
	title = {Differential allocation: tests, mechanisms and implications},
	volume = {15},
	abstract = {Differential allocation occurs when reproductive investment is influenced by mate attractiveness. Recently, wide-ranging empirical support for differential allocation has been obtained. These data suggest that mates can affect the payoffs from reproduction, thus making sacrifices of reproductive value worthwhile when breeding with an attractive mate. As an example of an adaptive parental effect, the existence of differential allocation has some interesting implications for empirical studies of sexual selection and for predicting evolutionary responses to selection.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {differential allocation, good-genes, mate choice, Maternal effects, allocation, maternal allocation, secondary sexual character cryptic female choice r},
	pages = {397--402}
}

@article{massaMateChoiceReproductive1996,
	title = {Mate choice and reproductive success in the domesticated budgerigar, {Melopsittacus} undulatus},
	volume = {63},
	url = {internal-pdf://908277538-2017776641/908277538.pdf},
	abstract = {Female budgerigars that had been given the opportunity to choose their mace laid more promptly, produced a higher number of eggs and reared a higher number of fledgings than females that had been denied the possibility to choose a mate and had been paired at random. In addition, males of self-selected pairs performed courtship singing at higher rate than those of random pairs. However, in the following brood most differences disappeared as the number of eggs laid and young fledged increased in the random group and the race of courtship singing decreased in the self-selected group. It appears, therefore, that choosy females do enjoy a reproductive advantage even though they do not necessarily choose genetically superior males. Male budgerigars singing too little might be simply unable to stimulate ovarian development and sexual response of the female.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Italian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Massa, R. and Galanti, V. and Bottoni, L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {budgerigar mate choice courtship singing reproduct},
	pages = {243--246}
}

@article{svardEffectEjaculateMass1991,
	title = {The {Effect} of {Ejaculate} {Mass} on {Female} {Reproductive} {Output} in the {European} {Swallowtail} {Butterfly}, {Papilio}-{Machaon} ({L}) ({Lepidoptera}, {Papilionidae})},
	volume = {4},
	abstract = {Previously, we showed that virgin males of Papilio machaon deliver ejaculates that are twice as big as any ejaculates they transfer at later matings.  Here, we investigate the consequences of these two size classes of ejaculates on female reproductive output and demonstrate that females that received one small ejaculate laid as many eggs, fertilized the same proportion of eggs, and lived as long as those that had received one big ejaculate.  However, females that received big ejaculates laid heavier eggs, but only between the twelfth and the fifteenth days of egg-laying.  We conclude that male-derived nutrients appear to have a limited effect on female reproductive output in P. machaon and that the large size of ejaculates delivered by male butterflies are determined primarily by selection on males to produce longer refractory periods in females.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior},
	author = {Svard, L. and Wiklund, C.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {fecundity fertility multiple matings spermatophore},
	pages = {33--41}
}

@article{ruboliniSpermAllocationRelation2006,
	title = {Sperm allocation in relation to male traits, female size, and copulation behaviour in a freshwater crayfish species},
	volume = {60},
	doi = {Doi 10.1007/S00265-005-0158-9},
	abstract = {Sperm competition is a well-recognised agent in the evolution of sperm and ejaculate structure, as well as variation in female quality. Models of the evolution of ejaculate expenditure predict that male body condition, female fecundity and the risk and intensity of sperm competition may be the ultimate factors shaping optimal ejaculate size. We investigated sperm allocation in Austro-potamobius italicus, a freshwater crayfish exhibiting a coercive mating system and external fertilisation, in relation to male and female traits and copulation behaviour under laboratory conditions. We found that mating males were sensitive to female size and produced larger ejaculates when mating with larger females, which were more fecund in terms of number of eggs produced. We found no evidence for female egg production being sperm-limited, as the number of eggs was not dependent on male sperm expenditure. Copulation duration and number of ejaculations reliably predicted the amount of sperm transferred and both these behavioural measures positively covaried with female body size. These results indicate that male freshwater crayfish can modulate their sperm expenditure in accordance with cues that indicate female fecundity. In addition, a novel finding that emerged from this study is the decrease in sperm expenditure with male body size, which may either suggest that large, old male crayfish are better able than small males to economise sperm at a given mating to perform multiple matings during a reproductive season, or that they experience senescence of their reproductive performance.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Rubolini, D. and Galeotti, P. and Ferrari, G. and Spairani, M. and Bernini, F. and Fasola, M.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {arthropoda decapoda fecundity senescence sperm com},
	pages = {212--219}
}

@article{mollerMaleParentalCare1998,
	title = {Male parental care, differential parental investment by females and sexual selection},
	volume = {55},
	url = {internal-pdf://mollerthornhill1998parental-1121974529/MollerThornhill1998Parental.pdf},
	abstract = {Males play a variable parental role in reproduction, ranging from no male parental care to extensive male care. Females may acquire either direct or indirect fitness benefits from their mate choice, and direct fitness benefits include male parental care. Theoreticians have traditionally emphasized direct fitness benefits to females in species with extensive male parental care. We review the literature and show extensive variation in the patterns of male care, related to the attractiveness of males to females. At one extreme of this continuum, females invest differentially in parental care, investing more when paired with attractive males. The costs of female parental care and other aspects of parental investment may be balanced by benefits in terms of more attractive sons and/or more viable offspring. At the other extreme, in species with extensive direct fitness benefits, males with preferred sexual phenotypes provide the largest relative share of parental care. A comparative study of birds revealed that the extent of the differential female parental investment was directly related to the frequency of extra-pair paternity. Since extra-pair paternity may arise mainly as a consequence of female choice for indirect fitness benefits, this result supports our prediction that differential parental investment is prevalent in species where females benefit indirectly from their mate choice. The consequences for sexual selection theory of these patterns of male care in relation to male attractiveness are emphasized. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Moller, A. P. and Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {mating success mate choice reproductive success de},
	pages = {1507--1515}
}

@article{prykeMaternalAdjustmentParental2010,
	title = {Maternal adjustment of parental effort in relation to mate compatibility affects offspring development},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {Doi 10.1093/Beheco/Arp180},
	abstract = {Theory predicts that parents should adjust reproductive investment in a current breeding attempt by considering the relative fitness benefits of current and future reproductive attempts. Empirical tests, however, have proved problematic because of the difficulties in isolating variables that yield clear and predictable fitness returns to individuals and because partner compensation in socially monogamous species is likely to confound individual investment strategies. We test the effect of parental investment by males and females in the color polymorphic Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae), a species with mutual mate choice and high fitness costs when breeding with incompatible partners. Using a within-individual experimental design, in which both males and females were forced to breed with mates of the same (matched) and different (mixed) color morph, we show that females, but not males, increased their provisioning effort when breeding with compatible mates. By crossfostering offspring within and between matched and mixed pairs, we also found that foster offspring reared by matched pairs, with increased female provisioning, were healthier, grew and developed faster, and fledged earlier than offspring reared by mixed pairs. Furthermore, due to the experimental design, these effects were directly mediated by differential investment by females and not by male compensation. Thus, our results provide support for maternal (but not paternal) effects in response to mate quality.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Pryke, S. R. and Griffith, S. C.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {differential allocation genetic incompatibility ma},
	pages = {226--232}
}

@article{hargitaiMaternalImmunoglobulinConcentration2006,
	title = {Maternal immunoglobulin concentration in {Collared} {Flycatcher} ({Ficedula} albicollis) eggs in relation to parental quality and laying order},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.1365-2435.2006.01171.X},
	abstract = {1. The immune system of newly hatched birds is relatively immature; therefore pathogens can be particularly virulent. Females transfer passive immunity in terms of immunoglobulins to the eggs to protect their young against infections in the crucial early life stages. 2. As transmission of antibodies is likely to be nutritionally costly, mothers are expected to allocate these components differentially to eggs according to their own condition, the quality of their mate or the laying order of eggs. 3. We found that in Collared Flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis), yolk antibody levels positively correlated with female body condition, but showed no relationship with maternal age or body size. Furthermore, females with higher plasma heterophil : lymphocyte ratio and heterophil count, which may indicate higher level of stress, deposited lower amount of immunoglobulins to their eggs. These results suggest that females of better physiological condition were able to invest more immunoglobulins to their eggs. 4. Neither the plumage characteristics, nor the age of the male parent was related to yolk antibody concentration, and thus no evidence for differential allocation of antibodies in relation to male quality or attractiveness could be detected. 5. Last-laid eggs contained higher yolk immunoglobulin concentration than earlier-laid eggs within a clutch. This pattern could be interpreted as a way to improve the survival probability of the disadvantaged last-hatching nestling.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Hargitai, R. and Prechl, J. and Torok, J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {antibody transmission brood survival strategy egg},
	pages = {829--838}
}

@article{solerNestBuildingSexually1998,
	title = {Nest building is a sexually selected behaviour in the barn swallow},
	volume = {56},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9933540},
	doi = {ar980938 [pii]},
	abstract = {Females may use male nest building to assess male parental quality, and nest size would then be a sexually selected trait. In the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica, females select their partner by his tail length, a character believed to signal good genes. Both sexes participate in nest building, although male participation is negatively related to his attractiveness as reflected by tail length. We tested the hypothesis that nest building is a sexually selected trait: females paired with males of high parental quality (as shown by the male during nest building) may obtain a mate providing large amounts of parental investment, while, as has been shown previously, females mated to attractive (long-tailed) males will acquire mates with good genetic quality. Therefore, since nest building in barn swallows occurs after mating, we predicted a postmating sexual selection process by which the female invests differentially in reproduction depending on the male's nest-building effort (reflecting his willingness to invest in reproduction). The volume of material in a nest was related to the male's contribution to nest building and, in agreement with our hypothesis, in a multiple regression analysis, male tail length and nest material volume were negatively related to laying date and positively to female investment in reproduction (total number of eggs laid during the breeding season). Moreover, females paired with long-tailed males (which contribute very little to nest building), but using the same amount of nest material as females paired with short-tailed males, reduced the thickness of the nest and hence increased its capacity. Therefore, in the barn swallow two different traits appear to be sexually selected: tail length of males owing to the good genes process and nest-building ability owing to the good parent process. (c) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	language = {Eng},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Soler, J. J. and Cuervo, J. J. and Moller, A. P. and De lope, F.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {1435--1442}
}

@article{jaworMultipleOrnamentsMale2004,
	title = {Multiple ornaments in male northern cardinals, {Cardinalis} cardinalis, as indicators of condition},
	volume = {110},
	url = {internal-pdf://jawor-0554502912/Jawor.pdf},
	abstract = {Investigations of male ornaments in the context of sexual selection have tended to focus on single ornaments, although many species of birds possess multiple ornaments. Understanding the evolution of multiple ornaments requires knowledge of correlations among ornaments in the same individual and the extent to which ornament expression reflects individual condition and behavior. Variation in four male ornaments in socially monogamous, biparental northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) was related to body size, indices of condition, level of paternal care, and reproductive success. Redness of breast plumage positively predicted body size and negatively predicted nestling feeding rate. Bill color predicted current body condition, with birds with redder bills in better condition. Birds with smaller black face masks had greater reproductive success. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that different ornaments in male cardinals provide information on different aspects of condition and behavior.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Jawor, J. M. and Breitwisch, R.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {mallard mating preferences tufted malachite sunbir},
	pages = {113--126}
}

@article{szigetiEggQualityParental2007,
	title = {Egg quality and parental ornamentation in the blue tit {Parus} caeruleus},
	volume = {38},
	doi = {Doi 10.1111/J.2007.0908-8857.03769.X},
	abstract = {Components of avian egg quality often show remarkable variation between females and yet the causes of variation in this fitness-related trait remain poorly understood. We investigated the egg size and yolk carotenoid investment of blue tit Parus caeruleus females in relation to multiple parental traits. We show that females produce eggs with more colourful yolks when mated to ultraviolet (UV) attractive males. Since yolk carotenoids may enhance offspring fitness, but may be available to females in limiting amounts, the correlation we found suggests adaptive egg quality adjustment in response to mate attractiveness, but an experimental approach is required to rule out alternative explanations. Yolk colour was also correlated with laying date and yolk mass. Though the effect of laying date could not be explained by ambient temperature during egg formation, it suggests a proximate constraint of general carotenoid availability on yolk composition. Egg size was not affected by male attractiveness; however, females with a brighter crown produced larger eggs, suggesting that crown coloration might indicate individual quality in females too.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	author = {Szigeti, B. and Torok, J. and Hegyi, G. and Rosivall, B. and Hargitai, R. and Szollosi, E. and Michl, G.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {gull larus-fuscus barn swallow eggs plumage colora},
	pages = {105--112}
}

@article{markowEjaculateDerivedNutritionalContribution1990,
	title = {Ejaculate-{Derived} {Nutritional} {Contribution} and {Female} {Reproductive} {Success} in {Drosophila}-{Mojavensis} ({Patterson} and {Crow})},
	volume = {4},
	url = {internal-pdf://markow1990-1263228429/Markow1990.pdf},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Markow, T. A. and Gallagher, P. D. and Krebs, R. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Drosophila, reproductive success, ABVI, age, nutrition},
	pages = {67--73}
}

@article{michereffEffectsDelayedMating2004,
	title = {Effects of delayed mating and male mating history on the reproductive potential of {Leucoptera} coffeella ({Lepidoptera} : {Lyonetiidae})},
	volume = {6},
	url = {internal-pdf://j.1461-9555.2004.00227.x-4286622726/j.1461-9555.2004.00227.x.pdf},
	abstract = {1 Despite the importance of Leucoptera coffeella (Guerin-Meneville) in coffee production worldwide, there is a lack of information on its reproduction. This knowledge will help in mass rearing, and support the development of behavioural control techniques for this insect. The present study determined the effects of delayed mating and previous matings of male L. coffeella on fecundity, egg viability and frequency of female remating. 2 The highest levels of fecundity and egg viability were obtained from matings of 1-3-day-old females. When females mated at 5 days of age, there were reductions of 40\% in oviposition and of 43\% in egg viability. 3 Females mated with 2-day-old virgin males were more fecund than those mated with older males; egg viability was also low (18\%) from females mated with older males. 4 Virgin females that mated with virgin males laid a greater number of eggs than those mated with previously copulated males. Egg viability decreased with the increase in the number of previous male matings. 5 Five-day-old females remated in greater proportion than 2-3-day-old females. Females that copulated with males that had previously mated three times had higher rates of remating than those that copulated with virgin males. 6 The results obtained indicate that 1-3 days after emergence is the optimum age for mating. The implications of these findings for the control of L. coffeella by synthetic sex pheromone are discussed.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology},
	author = {Michereff, M. F. F. and Vilela, E. F. and Michereff, M. and Nery, D. M. S. and Thiebaut, J. T.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {coffee leaf-miner egg viability fecundity leucopte},
	pages = {241--247}
}

@article{solerSexuallySelectedEgg2008,
	title = {Sexually selected egg coloration in spotless starlings},
	volume = {171},
	url = {internal-pdf://524958-0562166022/524958.pdf},
	doi = {Doi 10.1086/524958},
	abstract = {It has been recently proposed that the blue-green coloration in eggs of many avian species may constitute a sexually selected female signal. Blue-green color intensity would reflect the physiological condition of females, and hence it might also affect the allocation of male parental care. In this study, we use three different experimental approaches to explore the importance of sexual selection on blue-green egg coloration of spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) eggs. First, experimental deterioration of female body condition (by means of wing feather removal) negatively affected the intensity of blue-green egg coloration. Second, blue-green color intensity of artificial model eggs had a significant positive influence on paternal feeding effort. Finally, we found a negative relationship between the effect of experimental food supply on nestling immunocompetence and the intensity of blue-green coloration of eggs, suggesting that egg color predicts nutritional conditions that nestlings will experience during development. All these results taken together strongly support a role of sexual selection in the blue-green coloration of spotless starling eggs.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Soler, J. J. and Navarro, C. and Contreras, T. P. and Aviles, J. M. and Cuervo, J. J.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {blue eggs differential allocation hypothesis egg c},
	pages = {183--194}
}

@article{kolmFemalesProduceLarger2001,
	title = {Females produce larger eggs for large males in a paternal mouthbrooding fish},
	volume = {268},
	abstract = {When individuals receive different returns from their reproductive investment dependent on mate quality, they are expected to invest more when breeding with higher quality mates. A number of studies over the past decade have shown that females may alter their reproductive effort depending on the quality/attractiveness of their mate. However, to date, despite extensive work on parental investment, such a differential allocation has, not been demonstrated in fish. Indeed, so far only two studies from any taxon have suggested that females alter the quality of individual offspring according to the quality/attractiveness of their mate. The banggai cardinal fish is an obligate paternal mouth brooder where females lay few large eggs. It has previously been shown that male size determines clutch weight irrespective of female size in this species. In this study,. I investigated whether females perform more courtship displays towards larger males and whether females allocate their reproductive effort depending on the size of their mate by experimentally assigning females to either large or small males. I found that females displayed more towards larger males, thereby suggesting a female preference for larger males. Further, females produced heavier eggs and heavier clutches but not more eggs when paired with large males. My experiments show that females in this species adjust their offspring weight and, thus, presumably offspring quality according to the size of their mate.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Kolm, N.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {differential allocation paternal mouthbrooding fis},
	pages = {2229--2234}
}

@article{gluckmanDevelopmentalPlasticityDevelopmental2009,
	title = {Developmental {Plasticity} and the {Developmental} {Origins} of {Health} and {Disease}},
	url = {https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/221148},
	doi = {10.1159/000221148},
	language = {english},
	urldate = {2018-07-19},
	journal = {Early Life Origins of Human Health and Disease},
	author = {Gluckman, Peter D. and Hanson, Mark A.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1--10},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1249/221148.html:text/html}
}

@article{sentisEvolutionStandingGenetic2018,
	title = {Evolution without standing genetic variation: change in transgenerational plastic response under persistent predation pressure},
	volume = {121},
	copyright = {2018 The Genetics Society},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	shorttitle = {Evolution without standing genetic variation},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-018-0108-8},
	doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0108-8},
	abstract = {Transgenerational phenotypic plasticity is a fast non-genetic response to environmental modifications that can buffer the effects of environmental stresses on populations. However, little is known about the evolution of plasticity in the absence of standing genetic variation although several non-genetic inheritance mechanisms have now been identified. Here we monitored the pea aphid transgenerational phenotypic response to ladybird predators (production of winged offspring) during 27 generations of experimental evolution in the absence of initial genetic variation (clonal multiplication starting from a single individual). We found that the frequency of winged aphids first increased rapidly in response to predators and then remained stable over 25 generations, implying a stable phenotypic reconstruction at each generation. We also found that the high frequency of winged aphids persisted for one generation after removing predators. Winged aphid frequency then entered a refractory phase during which it dropped below the level of control lines for at least two generations before returning to it. Interestingly, the persistence of the winged phenotype decreased and the refractory phase lasted longer with the increasing number of generations of exposure to predators. Finally, we found that aphids continuously exposed to predators for 22 generations evolved a significantly weaker plastic response than aphids never exposed to predators, which, in turn, increased their fitness in presence of predators. Our findings therefore showcased an example of experimental evolution of plasticity in the absence of initial genetic variation and highlight the importance of integrating several components of non-genetic inheritance to detect evolutionary responses to environmental changes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-08-09},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Sentis, Arnaud and Bertram, Raphaël and Dardenne, Nathalie and Ramon-Portugal, Felipe and Espinasse, Gilles and Louit, Ines and Negri, Lucie and Haeler, Elena and Ashkar, Thomas and Pannetier, Théo and Cunningham, James L. and Grunau, Christoph and Trionnaire, Gaël Le and Simon, Jean-Christophe and Magro, Alexandra and Pujol, Benoit and Hemptinne, Jean-Louis and Danchin, Etienne},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {266--281},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1251/Sentis et al. - 2018 - Evolution without standing genetic variation chan.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1252/s41437-018-0108-8.html:text/html}
}

@article{macartneyEpigeneticPaternalEffects2018,
	title = {Epigenetic paternal effects as costly, condition-dependent traits},
	volume = {121},
	copyright = {2018 The Genetics Society},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-018-0096-8},
	doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0096-8},
	abstract = {It is now recognized that post-copulatory traits, such as sperm and ejaculate production can impose metabolic costs, and such traits are therefore expected to exhibit condition-dependent expression, whereby, low condition individuals experience a greater marginal cost of investment compared to high condition individuals. Ejaculates are especially costly in species where males invest in offspring quality through nutrient-rich spermatophores or other seminal nuptial gifts. However, recent evidence shows that, in species where males do not provision females or offspring, males can still influence offspring development through paternal effects mediated by epigenetic factors, such as non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation and chromatin structure. Because such epigenetic paternal effects do not involve the transfer of substantial quantities of resources, such as nutrients, the costs of conferring such effects have not been considered. Here we argue that if selection favours paternal investment in offspring quality through epigenetic factors, then the epigenetic machinery required to bring about such effects may also be expected to evolve strongly condition-dependent expression. We outline indirect evidence suggesting that epigenetic paternal effects could impose substantial metabolic costs, consider the conditions under which selection may act on such effects, and suggest ways to test for differential costs and condition-dependence of these effects. Incorporating epigenetic paternal effects into condition-dependent life history theory will further our understanding of the heritability of fitness and the evolution of paternal investment strategies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-08-09},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Macartney, Erin L. and Crean, Angela J. and Bonduriansky, Russell},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {248--256},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1254/Macartney et al. - 2018 - Epigenetic paternal effects as costly, condition-d.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1255/s41437-018-0096-8.html:text/html}
}

@article{immlerSpermFactorPaternal2018,
	title = {The sperm factor: paternal impact beyond genes},
	volume = {121},
	copyright = {2018 The Genetics Society},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	shorttitle = {The sperm factor},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-018-0111-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0111-0},
	abstract = {The fact that sperm carry more than the paternal DNA has only been discovered just over a decade ago. With this discovery, the idea that the paternal condition may have direct implications for the fitness of the offspring had to be revisited. While this idea is still highly debated, empirical evidence for paternal effects is accumulating. Male condition not only affects male fertility but also offspring early development and performance later in life. Several factors have been identified as possible carriers of non-genetic information, but we still know little about their origin and function and even less about their causation. I consider four possible non-mutually exclusive adaptive and non-adaptive explanations for the existence of paternal effects in an evolutionary context. In addition, I provide a brief overview of the main non-genetic components found in sperm including DNA methylation, chromatin modifications, RNAs and proteins. I discuss their putative functions and present currently available examples for their role in transferring non-genetic information from the father to the offspring. Finally, I identify some of the most important open questions and present possible future research avenues.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-08-09},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Immler, Simone},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {239--247},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1257/Immler - 2018 - The sperm factor paternal impact beyond genes.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1258/s41437-018-0111-0.html:text/html}
}

@article{lindEvolutionaryConsequencesEpigenetic2018,
	title = {Evolutionary consequences of epigenetic inheritance},
	volume = {121},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-018-0113-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0113-y},
	abstract = {Editorial},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-08-09},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Lind, Martin I. and Spagopoulou, Foteini},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {205--209},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1260/Lind and Spagopoulou - 2018 - Evolutionary consequences of epigenetic inheritanc.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1261/s41437-018-0113-y.html:text/html}
}

@article{zajitschekTransgenerationalEffectsMaternal2018,
	title = {Transgenerational effects of maternal sexual interactions in seed beetles},
	volume = {121},
	copyright = {2018 The Genetics Society},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-018-0093-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0093-y},
	abstract = {Mating often bears large costs to females, especially in species with high levels of sexual conflict over mating rates. Given the direct costs to females associated with multiple mating, which include reductions in lifespan and lifetime reproductive success, past research focused on identifying potential indirect benefits (through increases in offspring fitness) that females may accrue. Far less attention has, however, been devoted to understanding how costs of sexual interactions to females may extend across generations. Hence, little is known about the transgenerational implications of variation in mating rates, or the net consequences of maternal sexual activities across generations. Using the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, a model system for the study of sexual conflict, we investigate the effects of mating with multiple males versus a single male, and tease apart effects due to sexual harassment and those due to mating per se, over three generations. A multigenerational analysis indicated that females that were exposed to ongoing sexual harassment and who also were permitted to mate with multiple males showed no difference in net fitness compared to females that mated just once without ongoing harassment. Intriguingly, however, females that were continually harassed, but permitted to mate just once, suffered a severe decline in net fitness compared to females that were singly (not harassed) or multiply mated (harassed, but potentially gaining benefits via mating with multiple males). Overall, the enhanced fitness in multiply mated compared to harassed females may indicate that multiple mating confers transgenerational benefits. These benefits may counteract, but do not exceed (i.e., we found no difference between singly and multiply mated females), the large transgenerational costs of harassment. Our study highlights the importance of examining transgenerational effects from an inclusive (looking at both indirect benefits but also costs) perspective, and the need to investigate transgenerational effects across several generations if we are to fully understand the consequences of sexual interactions, sexual conflict evolution, and the interplay of sexual conflict and multi-generational costs and benefits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-08-09},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Zajitschek, Susanne R. K. and Dowling, Damian K. and Head, Megan L. and Rodriguez-Exposito, Eduardo and Garcia-Gonzalez, Francisco},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {indirect benefits, drosophila-melanogaster, direct costs, callosobruchus-maculatus coleoptera, egg size plasticity, female fitness, harmful male   interactions, mating frequency, model-system, offspring   viability},
	pages = {282--291},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1263/Zajitschek et al. - 2018 - Transgenerational effects of maternal sexual inter.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1264/s41437-018-0093-y.html:text/html}
}

@article{rothRecentAdvancesVertebrate2018,
	title = {Recent advances in vertebrate and invertebrate transgenerational immunity in the light of ecology and evolution},
	volume = {121},
	copyright = {2018 The Genetics Society},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-018-0101-2},
	doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0101-2},
	abstract = {Parental experience with parasites and pathogens can lead to increased offspring resistance to infection, through a process known as transgenerational immune priming (TGIP). Broadly defined, TGIP occurs across a wide range of taxa, and can be viewed as a type of phenotypic plasticity, with hosts responding to the pressures of relevant local infection risk by altering their offspring’s immune defenses. There are ever increasing examples of both invertebrate and vertebrate TGIP, which go beyond classical examples of maternal antibody transfer. Here we critically summarize the current evidence for TGIP in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Mechanisms underlying TGIP remain elusive in many systems, but while it is unlikely that they are conserved across the range of organisms with TGIP, recent insight into epigenetic modulation may challenge this view. We place TGIP into a framework of evolutionary ecology, discussing costs and relevant environmental variation. We highlight how the ecology of species or populations should affect if, where, when, and how TGIP is realized. We propose that the field can progress by incorporating evolutionary ecology focused designs to the study of the so far well chronicled, but mostly descriptive TGIP, and how rapidly developing -omic methods can be employed to further understand TGIP across taxa.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-08-09},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Roth, Olivia and Beemelmanns, Anne and Barribeau, Seth M. and Sadd, Ben M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {225--238},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1266/Roth et al. - 2018 - Recent advances in vertebrate and invertebrate tra.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1267/s41437-018-0101-2.html:text/html}
}

@article{bantaQuantitativeEpigeneticsEvolution2018,
	title = {Quantitative epigenetics and evolution},
	volume = {121},
	copyright = {2018 The Genetics Society},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-018-0114-x},
	doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0114-x},
	abstract = {Epigenetics refers to chemical modifications of chromatin or transcribed DNA that can influence gene activity and expression without changes in DNA sequence. The last 20 years have yielded breakthroughs in our understanding of epigenetic processes that impact many fields of biology. In this review, we discuss how epigenetics relates to quantitative genetics and evolution. We argue that epigenetics is important for quantitative genetics because: (1) quantitative genetics is increasingly being combined with genomics, and therefore we should expand our thinking to include cellular-level mechanisms that can account for phenotypic variance and heritability besides just those that are hard-coded in the DNA sequence; and (2) epigenetic mechanisms change how phenotypic variance is partitioned, and can thereby change the heritability of traits and how those traits are inherited. To explicate these points, we show that epigenetics can influence all aspects of the phenotypic variance formula: VP (total phenotypic variance) = VG (genetic variance) + VE (environmental variance) + VGxE (genotype-by-environment interaction) + 2COVGE (the genotype–environment covariance) + Vɛ (residual variance), requiring new strategies to account for different potential sources of epigenetic effects on phenotypic variance. We also demonstrate how each of the components of phenotypic variance not only can be influenced by epigenetics, but can also have evolutionary consequences. We argue that no sources of epigenetic effects on phenotypic variance can be easily cast aside in a quantitative genetic research program that seeks to understand evolutionary processes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-08-09},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Banta, Joshua A. and Richards, Christina L.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {210--224},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1269/Banta and Richards - 2018 - Quantitative epigenetics and evolution.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1270/s41437-018-0114-x.html:text/html}
}

@article{rapkinGenotypebysexbydietInteractionsNutritional2018,
	title = {Genotype-by-sex-by-diet interactions for nutritional preference, dietary consumption, and lipid deposition in a field cricket},
	copyright = {2018 The Genetics Society},
	issn = {1365-2540},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41437-018-0130-x},
	doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0130-x},
	abstract = {Changes in feeding behaviour, especially the overconsumption of calories, has led to a rise in the rates of obesity, diabetes, and other associated disorders in humans and a range of animals inhabiting human-influenced environments. However, understanding the relative contribution of genes, the nutritional environment, and their interaction to dietary intake and lipid deposition in the sexes still remains a major challenge. By combining nutritional geometry with quantitative genetics, we determined the effect of genes, the nutritional environment, and their interaction on the total nutritional preference (TP), total diet eaten (TE), and lipid mass (LM) of male and female black field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) fed one of four diet pairs (DPs) differing in the ratio of protein to carbohydrate and total nutritional content. We found abundant additive genetic variance for TP, TE, and LM in both sexes and across all four DPs, with significant genetic correlations between TE and TP and between TP and LM in males. We also found significant genotype-by-DP and genotype-by-sex-by-DP interactions for each trait and significant genotype-by-sex interactions for TE and LM. Complex interactions between genes, sex, and the nutritional environment, therefore, play an important role in nutrient regulation and lipid deposition in T. commodus. This finding may also help explain the increasing rate of obesity and the maintenance of sex differences in obesity observed across many animal species, including humans.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-08-09},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Rapkin, James and Jensen, Kim and House, Clarissa M. and Wilson, Alastair J. and Hunt, John},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1272/Rapkin et al. - 2018 - Genotype-by-sex-by-diet interactions for nutrition.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1273/s41437-018-0130-x.html:text/html}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalezComparingEvolvabilitiesCommon2012,
	title = {Comparing evolvabilities: {Common} errors surrounding the calculation and use of coefficients of additive genetic variation},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	shorttitle = {Comparing {Evolvabilities}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01565.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01565.x},
	abstract = {In 1992, David Houle showed that measures of additive genetic variation standardized by the trait mean, CVA (the coefficient of additive genetic variation) and its square (IA), are suitable measures of evolvability. CVA has been used widely to compare patterns of genetic variation. However, the use of CVAs for comparative purposes relies critically on the correct calculation of this parameter. We reviewed a sample of quantitative genetic studies, focusing on sire models, and found that 45\% of studies use incorrect methods for calculating CVA and that practices that render these coefficients meaningless are frequent. This may have important consequences for conclusions drawn from comparative studies. Our results are suggestive of a broader problem because miscalculation of the additive genetic variance from a sire model is prevalent among the studies sampled, implying that other important quantitative genetic parameters might also often be estimated incorrectly. We discuss the most prominent issues affecting the use of CVA and IA, including scale effects, data transformation, and the comparison of traits with different dimensions. Our aim is to increase awareness of the potential mistakes surrounding the calculation and use of evolvabilities, and to compile general guidelines for calculating, reporting, and interpreting these useful measures in future studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2018-08-10},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Garcia‐Gonzalez, Francisco and Simmons, Leigh W. and Tomkins, Joseph L. and Kotiaho, Janne S. and Evans, Jonathan P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fitness, heritability, CVA, evolvability, IA, natural selection, quantitative genetics},
	pages = {2341--2349},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1275/Garcia‐Gonzalez et al. - 2012 - Comparing Evolvabilities Common Errors Surroundin.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1276/j.1558-5646.2011.01565.html:text/html}
}

@article{fantiCanalizationSelectionNovo2017,
	title = {Canalization by {Selection} of de {Novo} {Induced} {Mutations}},
	volume = {206},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2017 by the Genetics Society of America},
	issn = {0016-6731, 1943-2631},
	url = {http://www.genetics.org/content/206/4/1995},
	doi = {10.1534/genetics.117.201079},
	abstract = {One of the most fascinating scientific problems, and a subject of intense debate, is that of the mechanisms of biological evolution. In this context, Waddington elaborated the concepts of “canalization and assimilation” to explain how an apparently somatic variant induced by stress could become heritable through the germline in Drosophila. He resolved this seemingly Lamarckian phenomenon by positing the existence of cryptic mutations that can be expressed and selected under stress. To investigate the relevance of such mechanisms, we performed experiments following the Waddington procedure, then isolated and fixed three phenotypic variants along with another induced mutation that was not preceded by any phenocopy. All the fixed mutations we looked at were actually generated de novo by DNA deletions or transposon insertions, highlighting a novel mechanism for the assimilation process. Our study shows that heat-shock stress produces both phenotypic variants and germline mutations, and suggests an alternative explanation to that of Waddington for the apparent assimilation of an acquired character. The selection of the variants, under stress, for a number of generations allows for the coselection of newly induced corresponding germline mutations, making the phenotypic variants appear heritable.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-09-06},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Fanti, Laura and Piacentini, Lucia and Cappucci, Ugo and Casale, Assunta M. and Pimpinelli, Sergio},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28576865},
	keywords = {Drosophila, assimilation, canalization, heat shock, transposons},
	pages = {1995--2006},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1278/Fanti et al. - 2017 - Canalization by Selection of de Novo Induced Mutat.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1280/1995.html:text/html}
}

@article{acuna-hidalgoNewInsightsGeneration2016,
	title = {New insights into the generation and role of de novo mutations in health and disease},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1474-7596},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5125044/},
	doi = {10.1186/s13059-016-1110-1},
	abstract = {Aside from inheriting half of the genome of each of our parents, we are born with a small number of novel mutations that occurred during gametogenesis and postzygotically. Recent genome and exome sequencing studies of parent–offspring trios have provided the first insights into the number and distribution of these de novo mutations in health and disease, pointing to risk factors that increase their number in the offspring. De novo mutations have been shown to be a major cause of severe early-onset genetic disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and other developmental diseases. In fact, the occurrence of novel mutations in each generation explains why these reproductively lethal disorders continue to occur in our population. Recent studies have also shown that de novo mutations are predominantly of paternal origin and that their number increases with advanced paternal age. Here, we review the recent literature on de novo mutations, covering their detection, biological characterization, and medical impact.},
	urldate = {2018-09-06},
	journal = {Genome Biology},
	author = {Acuna-Hidalgo, Rocio and Veltman, Joris A. and Hoischen, Alexander},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {27894357},
	pmcid = {PMC5125044},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1282/Acuna-Hidalgo et al. - 2016 - New insights into the generation and role of de no.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mousseauAdaptiveSignificanceMaternal1998,
	title = {The adaptive significance of maternal effects},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534798014724},
	doi = {10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01472-4},
	abstract = {Recently, the adaptive significance of maternal effects has been increasingly recognized. No longer are maternal effects relegated as simple `troublesome sources of environmental resemblance' that confound our ability to estimate accurately the genetic basis of traits of interest. Rather, it has become evident that many maternal effects have been shaped by the action of natural selection to act as a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic response to environmental heterogeneity. Consequently, maternal experience is translated into variation in offspring fitness.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2018-09-06},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Mousseau, Timothy A. and Fox, Charles W.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, offspring, clutch size, maternal effects, oviposition, phenotypic variation, propagule size, sex ratio},
	pages = {403--407},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1285/Mousseau and Fox - 1998 - The adaptive significance of maternal effects.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1286/S0169534798014724.html:text/html}
}

@article{brickExtensiveSexDifferences2018,
	title = {Extensive sex differences at the initiation of genetic recombination},
	copyright = {2018 Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0492-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0492-5},
	abstract = {Differential DNA methylation and the long-range effects of chromatin organization lead to pronounced differences in recombination landscape between males and females.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-09-14},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Brick, Kevin and Thibault-Sennett, Sarah and Smagulova, Fatima and Lam, Kwan-Wood G. and Pu, Yongmei and Pratto, Florencia and Camerini-Otero, R. Daniel and Petukhova, Galina V.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1288/Brick et al. - 2018 - Extensive sex differences at the initiation of gen.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1289/s41586-018-0492-5.html:text/html}
}

@article{janickeDarwinianSexRoles2016,
	title = {Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2016, The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/2/e1500983},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1500983},
	abstract = {Since Darwin’s conception of sexual selection theory, scientists have struggled to identify the evolutionary forces underlying the pervasive differences between male and female behavior, morphology, and physiology. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm predicts that anisogamy imposes stronger sexual selection on males, which, in turn, drives the evolution of conventional sex roles in terms of female-biased parental care and male-biased sexual dimorphism. Although this paradigm forms the cornerstone of modern sexual selection theory, it still remains untested across the animal tree of life. This lack of evidence has promoted the rise of alternative hypotheses arguing that sex differences are entirely driven by environmental factors or chance. We demonstrate that, across the animal kingdom, sexual selection, as captured by standard Bateman metrics, is indeed stronger in males than in females and that it is evolutionarily tied to sex biases in parental care and sexual dimorphism. Our findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that Darwin’s concept of conventional sex roles is accurate and refute recent criticism of sexual selection theory.
Consistent with Darwin’s ideas, this meta-analysis reveals that males experience stronger sexual selection than females.
Consistent with Darwin’s ideas, this meta-analysis reveals that males experience stronger sexual selection than females.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-09-14},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Janicke, Tim and Häderer, Ines K. and Lajeunesse, Marc J. and Anthes, Nils},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {e1500983},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1291/Janicke et al. - 2016 - Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal ki.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1292/e1500983.html:text/html}
}

@article{chirgwinHowDoesParental2018,
	title = {How does parental environment influence the potential for adaptation to global change?},
	volume = {285},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Author(s). http://royalsocietypublishing.org/licencePublished by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/285/1886/20181374},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.1374},
	abstract = {Parental environments are regularly shown to alter the mean fitness of offspring, but their impacts on the genetic variation for fitness, which predicts adaptive capacity and is also measured on offspring, are unclear. Consequently, how parental environments mediate adaptation to environmental stressors, like those accompanying global change, is largely unknown. Here, using an ecologically important marine tubeworm in a quantitative-genetic breeding design, we tested how parental exposure to projected ocean warming alters the mean survival, and genetic variation for survival, of offspring during their most vulnerable life stage under current and projected temperatures. Offspring survival was higher when parent and offspring temperatures matched. Across offspring temperatures, parental exposure to warming altered the distribution of additive genetic variance for survival, making it covary across current and projected temperatures in a way that may aid adaptation to future warming. Parental exposure to warming also amplified nonadditive genetic variance for survival, suggesting that compatibilities between parental genomes may grow increasingly important under future warming. Our study shows that parental environments potentially have broader-ranging effects on adaptive capacity than currently appreciated, not only mitigating the negative impacts of global change but also reshaping the raw fuel for evolutionary responses to it.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1886},
	urldate = {2018-09-17},
	journal = {Proc. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Chirgwin, Evatt and Marshall, Dustin J. and Sgrò, Carla M. and Monro, Keyne},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {30209227},
	pages = {20181374},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1294/Chirgwin et al. - 2018 - How does parental environment influence the potent.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1296/20181374.html:text/html}
}

@article{shamsArgusOpensourceFlexible2018,
	title = {Argus: {An} open-source and flexible software application for automated quantification of behavior during social interaction in adult zebrafish},
	issn = {1554-3528},
	shorttitle = {Argus},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1083-y},
	doi = {10.3758/s13428-018-1083-y},
	abstract = {Zebrafish show great potential for behavioral neuroscience. Promising lines of research, however, require the development and validation of software tools that will allow automated and cost-effective behavioral analysis. Building on our previous work with the RealFishTracker (in-house-developed tracking system), we present Argus, a data extraction and analysis tool built in the open-source R language for behavioral researchers without any expertise in R. Argus includes a new, user-friendly, and efficient graphical user interface, instead of a command-line interface, and offers simplicity and flexibility in measuring complex zebrafish behavior through customizable parameters. In this article, we compare Argus with Noldus EthoVision and Noldus The Observer, to validate this new system. All three software applications were originally designed to quantify the behavior of a single subject. We first also performed an analysis of the movement of individual fish and compared the performance of the three software applications. Next we computed and quantified the behavioral variables that characterize dyadic interactions between zebrafish. We found that Argus and EthoVision extract similar absolute values and patterns of changes in these values for several behavioral measures, including speed, freezing, erratic movement, and interindividual distance. In contrast, the manual coding of behavior in The Observer showed weaker correlations with the two tracking methods (EthoVision and Argus). Thus, Argus is a novel, cost-effective, and customizable method for the analysis of adult zebrafish behavior that may be utilized for the behavioral quantification of both single and dyadic interacting subjects, but further sophistication will be needed for the proper identification of complex motor patterns, measures that a human observers can easily detect.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-09-19},
	journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
	author = {Shams, Soaleha and Amlani, Shahid and Scicluna, Matthew and Gerlai, Robert},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Dyads, R programming language, Social behavior, Zebrafish},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/1298/Shams et al. - 2018 - Argus An open-source and flexible software applic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pitnickInvestmentTestesCost1996,
	title = {Investment in testes and the cost of making long sperm in {Drosophila}},
	volume = {148},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/285911},
	doi = {10.1086/285911},
	abstract = {Relationships among body mass, testis mass, sperm length, and the number of sperm produced were examined among 11 Drosophila species, after controlling for phylogenetic effects. This is the first study to examine many of these relationships comparatively in an invertebrate taxon; patterns observed among these variables were fundamentally different from those consistently reported in studies of vertebrates. In regression analyses, testis mass increased with body mass with an exponent greater than one, which indicates that males of larger-bodied Drosophila species make a proportionately greater energetic investment in testes than do males of smaller-bodied species. The positive allometry of testis mass is hypothesized to be a combined consequence of the unusual positive relationship between body mass and sperm length and the positive relationship between sperm length and testis mass. Interspecific variation in testis mass was found to be a function of variation in sperm length rather than variation in the number of sperm produced. Significant trade-offs were identified between sperm length and the number of sperm produced and transferred per copulation. Results are discussed in terms of the costs of producing longer sperm, the correlated evolution of sperm length and body size, the relationship between breeding system and sperm production patterns, and the nature of differences between vertebrates and invertebrates in sperm production and the size of testes.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Pitnick, Scott},
	month = jul,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {57--80},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1300/285911.html:text/html}
}

@article{kroodsmaPseudoreplicationPlaybackExperiments2001,
	title = {Pseudoreplication in playback experiments, revisited a decade later},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347200916762},
	doi = {10.1006/anbe.2000.1676},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kroodsma, Donald E. and Byers, Bruce E. and Goodale, Eben and Johnson, Steven and Liu, Wan-Chun},
	month = may,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1029--1033},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1302/Kroodsma et al. - 2001 - Pseudoreplication in playback experiments, revisit.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1303/S0003347200916762.html:text/html}
}

@article{parkerSexualConflictMating2006,
	title = {Sexual conflict over mating and fertilization: an overview},
	volume = {361},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	shorttitle = {Sexual conflict over mating and fertilization},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569603/},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2005.1785},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict is a conflict between the evolutionary interests of individuals of the two sexes. The sexes can have different trait optima but this need not imply conflict if their optima can be attained simultaneously. Conflict requires an interaction between males and females (e.g. mating or parental care), such that the optimal outcomes for each sex cannot be achieved simultaneously. It is important to distinguish between battleground models, which define the parameter space for conflict and resolution models, which seek solutions for how conflicts are resolved. Overt behavioural conflict may or may not be manifest at resolution. Following Fisherian principles, an immediate (i.e. direct) benefit to a male that has a direct cost to his female partner can have an indirect benefit to the female via her male progeny. Female resistance to mating has been claimed to represent concurrence rather than conflict, due to female benefits via sons (males with low mating advantage are screened out by resistance). However, the weight of current evidence (both theoretical and empirical) supports sexual conflict for many cases. I review (i) conflicts over mate quality, encounters between males and females of genetically diverged subpopulations, mating rate and inbreeding, (ii) the special features of postcopulatory sexual conflict and (iii) some general features of importance for conflict resolution.},
	number = {1466},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Parker, G.A},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16612884},
	pmcid = {PMC1569603},
	pages = {235--259},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1305/Parker - 2006 - Sexual conflict over mating and fertilization an .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{markowDelayedMaleMaturity1995,
	title = {Delayed male maturity is a cost of producing large sperm in {Drosophila}},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/92/23/10614},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.92.23.10614},
	abstract = {Among fruit-fly species of the genus Drosophila there is remarkable variation in sperm length, with some species producing gigantic sperm (e.g., {\textgreater} 10 times total male body length). These flies are also unusual in that males of some species exhibit a prolonged adult nonreproductive phase. We document sperm length, body size, and sex-specific ages of reproductive maturity for 42 species of Drosophila and, after controlling for phylogeny, test hypotheses to explain the variation in rates of sexual maturation. Results suggest that delayed male maturity is a cost of producing long sperm. A possible physiological mechanism to explain the observed relationship is discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Markow, T. A. and Pitnick, Scott},
	month = nov,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7479851},
	pages = {10614--10618},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1308/Pitnick et al. - 1995 - Delayed male maturity is a cost of producing large.pdf:application/pdf;PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/6967/Pitnick et al. - 1995 - Delayed male maturity is a cost of producing large.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1310/10614.html:text/html}
}

@article{millerSpermfemaleCoevolutionDrosophila2002,
	title = {Sperm-female coevolution in {Drosophila}},
	volume = {298},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/298/5596/1230},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1076968},
	abstract = {Rapid evolution of reproductive traits has been attributed to sexual selection arising from interaction between the sexes. However, little is known about the nature of selection driving the evolution of interacting sex-specific phenotypes. Using populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for divergent sperm length or female sperm-storage organ length, we experimentally show that male fertilization success is determined by an interaction between sperm and female morphology. In addition, sperm length evolution occurred as a correlated response to selection on the female reproductive tract. Giant sperm tails are the cellular equivalent of the peacock's tail, having evolved because females evolved reproductive tracts that selectively bias paternity in favor of males with longer sperm.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5596},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Miller, Gary T. and Pitnick, Scott},
	month = nov,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12424377},
	pages = {1230--1233},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1312/Miller and Pitnick - 2002 - Sperm-Female Coevolution in Drosophila.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/1313/Miller and Pitnick - 2002 - Sperm-Female Coevolution in Drosophila.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1316/1230.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/1317/1230.html:text/html}
}

@article{millerFunctionalSignificanceSeminal2003,
	title = {Functional significance of seminal receptacle length in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00476.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00476.x},
	abstract = {Despite its central role in post-copulatory sexual selection, the female reproductive tract is poorly understood. Here we provide the first experimental study of the adaptive significance of variation in female sperm-storage organ morphology. Using populations of Drosophila melanogaster artificially selected for longer or shorter seminal receptacles, we identify relationships between the length of this primary sperm-storage organ and the number of sperm stored, pattern of progeny production, rate of egg fertilization, remating interval, and pattern of sperm precedence. Costs and benefits of relatively short or long organs were identified. Benefits of longer receptacles include increased sperm-storage capacity and thus progeny production from a single insemination. Results suggest that longer receptacles have not naturally evolved because of developmental time costs and a correlated reduction in longevity of mated females. This latter cost may be a consequence of sexual conflict mediated by ejaculate toxicity. Receptacle length did not alter the pattern of sperm precedence, which is consistent with data on the co-evolution of sperm and female receptacle length, and a pattern of differential male fertilization success being principally determined by the interaction between these male and female traits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Miller, G. T. and Pitnick, S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, longevity, artificial selection, development time, remating, sexual conflict, sperm competition},
	pages = {114--126},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1319/Miller and Pitnick - 2003 - Functional significance of seminal receptacle leng.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/1320/Miller and Pitnick - 2003 - Functional significance of seminal receptacle leng.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1321/j.1420-9101.2003.00476.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/1322/j.1420-9101.2003.00476.html:text/html}
}

@article{pitnickHowLongGiant1995,
	title = {How long is a giant sperm?},
	volume = {375},
	copyright = {1995 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/375109a0},
	doi = {10.1038/375109a0},
	abstract = {How long is a giant sperm?},
	language = {en},
	number = {6527},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Pitnick, Scott and Spicer, Greg S. and Markow, Therese A.},
	month = may,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {109},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1324/Pitnick et al. - 1995 - How long is a giant sperm.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1325/375109a0.html:text/html}
}

@article{lupoldHowSexualSelection2016,
	title = {How sexual selection can drive the evolution of costly sperm ornamentation},
	volume = {533},
	copyright = {2016 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18005},
	doi = {10.1038/nature18005},
	abstract = {Post-copulatory sexual selection (PSS), fuelled by female promiscuity, is credited with the rapid evolution of sperm quality traits across diverse taxa1. Yet, our understanding of the adaptive significance of sperm ornaments and the cryptic female preferences driving their evolution is extremely limited1,2. Here we review the evolutionary allometry of exaggerated sexual traits (for example, antlers, horns, tail feathers, mandibles and dewlaps), show that the giant sperm of some Drosophila species are possibly the most extreme ornaments3,4 in all of nature and demonstrate how their existence challenges theories explaining the intensity of sexual selection, mating-system evolution and the fundamental nature of sex differences5,6,7,8,9. We also combine quantitative genetic analyses of interacting sex-specific traits in D. melanogaster with comparative analyses of the condition dependence of male and female reproductive potential across species with varying ornament size to reveal complex dynamics that may underlie sperm-length evolution. Our results suggest that producing few gigantic sperm evolved by (1) Fisherian runaway selection mediated by genetic correlations between sperm length, the female preference for long sperm and female mating frequency, and (2) longer sperm increasing the indirect benefits to females. Our results also suggest that the developmental integration of sperm quality and quantity renders post-copulatory sexual selection on ejaculates unlikely to treat male–male competition and female choice as discrete processes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7604},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Lüpold, Stefan and Manier, Mollie K. and Puniamoorthy, Nalini and Schoff, Christopher and Starmer, William T. and Luepold, Shannon H. Buckley and Belote, John M. and Pitnick, Scott},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {535--538},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1327/Lüpold et al. - 2016 - How sexual selection can drive the evolution of co.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1328/nature18005.html:text/html}
}

@article{frickeAdultMaleNutrition2008,
	title = {Adult male nutrition and reproductive success in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {62},
	copyright = {© 2008 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2008 The Society for the Study of Evolution},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00515.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00515.x},
	abstract = {Explanations for the maintenance of variation in reproductive traits influenced by seminal fluid accessory gland proteins (Acps) in male Drosophila melanogaster include nontransitivity in the outcome of sperm competition and/or condition dependence of the traits involved. We investigated the effects of adult male nutrition (five diets) on the expression of Acp- and sperm- mediated traits. We found novel, nonlinear effects, with females showing lower levels of refractoriness to remating after mating with males held on the lowest and highest yeast diets. There were no significant effects of adult male nutrition on male paternity share, but there was a striking, nonlinear effect on second male progeny production, with males kept on intermediate yeast diets fathering the highest number of offspring. Such “bell shaped” responses of life-history traits to nutrition have only previously been reported for longevity. Consistent with previous reports, males maintained on low protein diets had lower premating success and gained fewer rematings with nonvirgins. We show novel and body size independent effects of adult male nutrition on traits influenced by Acps and sperm, which do not fit current condition-dependent handicap models and can affect the strength of sexual selection acting upon such fitness-related traits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2018-09-27},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Fricke, Claudia and Bretman, Amanda and Chapman, Tracey},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {sexual selection, sperm competition, Accessory gland proteins, female refractoriness},
	pages = {3170--3177},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1330/Fricke et al. - 2008 - Adult Male Nutrition and Reproductive Success in D.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1331/j.1558-5646.2008.00515.html:text/html}
}

@article{baileyIndirectGeneticEffects2018,
	title = {Indirect genetic effects in behavioral ecology: does behavior play a special role in evolution?},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	shorttitle = {Indirect genetic effects in behavioral ecology},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/29/1/1/4737155},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arx127},
	abstract = {Behaviour is highly flexible, but does this make it special compared to other types of traits? We review how considering indirect genetic effects—the influence},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Bailey, Nathan W. and Marie-Orleach, Lucas and Moore, Allen J. and Simmons, Leigh},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1--11},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1333/Bailey et al. - 2018 - Indirect genetic effects in behavioral ecology do.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1334/4737155.html:text/html}
}

@article{manuelEffectsEnvironmentalEnrichment2015,
	title = {The {Effects} of {Environmental} {Enrichment} and {Age}-{Related} {Differences} on {Inhibitory} {Avoidance} in {Zebrafish} ({Danio} rerio {Hamilton})},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1545-8547},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/zeb.2014.1045},
	doi = {10.1089/zeb.2014.1045},
	abstract = {The inhibitory avoidance paradigm allows the study of mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation in zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton). For zebrafish, the physiology and behavior associated with this paradigm are as yet poorly understood. We therefore assessed the effects of environmental enrichment and fish age on inhibitory avoidance learning. Fish raised in an environmentally enriched tank showed decreased anxiety-like behavior and increased exploration. Enrichment greatly reduced inhibitory avoidance in 6-month (6M)- and 12-month (12M)-old fish. Following inhibitory avoidance, telencephalic mRNA levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna), neurogenic differentiation (neurod), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript 4 (cart4), and cannabinoid receptor 1 (cnr1) were lower in enriched-housed fish, while the ratios of mineralocorticoid receptor (nr3c2)/glucocorticoid receptor α [nr3c1(α)] and glucocorticoid receptor β [nr3c1(β)]/glucocorticoid receptor α [nr3c1(α)] were higher. This was observed for 6M-old fish only, not for 24-month (24M) old fish. Instead, 24M-old fish showed delayed inhibitory avoidance, no effects of enrichment, and reduced expression of neuroplasticity genes. Overall, our data show strong differences in inhibitory avoidance behavior between zebrafish of different ages and a clear reduction in avoidance behavior following housing under environmental enrichment.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Zebrafish},
	author = {Manuel, Remy and Gorissen, Marnix and Stokkermans, Mitchel and Zethof, Jan and Ebbesson, Lars O.E. and Vis, Hans van de and Flik, Gert and Bos, Ruud van den},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {152--165},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1336/Manuel et al. - 2015 - The Effects of Environmental Enrichment and Age-Re.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1337/zeb.2014.html:text/html}
}

@article{waferEffectsEnvironmentalEnrichment2016,
	title = {Effects of {Environmental} {Enrichment} on the {Fertility} and {Fecundity} of {Zebrafish} ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1559-6109},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4865689/},
	abstract = {Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a popular vertebrate model in biomedical research, but information describing the effects of environmental enrichment on fertility and fecundity of zebrafish is sparse. In the current study, 18 breeding pairs were placed in divided 1.5-L breeding tanks containing 1 of 3 enrichment conditions: plastic grass (n = 6), plastic leaves (n = 6), or no enrichment (n = 6, control). The pairs were allowed to spawn for 3 h the next day, after which eggs were counted and breeding pairs were returned to holding tanks for use in subsequent sessions. Spawning sessions were repeated at 7-d intervals until the completion of 9 trials, with pairs rotating to a different condition at each interval. Total egg count (mean ± SEM) after 3 h was greater for zebrafish spawning in the grass environment (48.0 ± 7.7 eggs) than in the leaf or control environments (29.4 ± 5.3 and 20.4 ± 3.7 eggs, respectively). An interaction emerged between enrichment type and the age of the spawning pair on the number of fry at 6 d postfertilization (dpf). Initially, more fry were obtained from 110- and 160-dpf pairs with the grass enrichment, but from 173- and 180-dpf pairs there were more obtained with leaf enrichment than grass. A separate experiment showed that enrichment type did not have an effect on fry survivability. Overall, our data indicates that, under certain conditions, zebrafish fertility and fecundity are greater in a breeding tank containing environmental enrichment than in a bare tank.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS},
	author = {Wafer, Lemnique N and Jensen, V Behrana and Whitney, Jesse C and Gomez, Thomas H and Flores, Rene and Goodwin, Bradford S},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {27177561},
	pmcid = {PMC4865689},
	pages = {291--294},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1339/Wafer et al. - 2016 - Effects of Environmental Enrichment on the Fertili.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vonkroghForebrainCellProliferation2010,
	title = {Forebrain cell proliferation, behavior, and physiology of zebrafish, {Danio} rerio, kept in enriched or barren environments},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0031-9384},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938410001617},
	doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.003},
	abstract = {Comparative studies on neural plasticity in non-mammalian vertebrates are increasingly promoted as an important complement to mammalian models. In teleost fishes the number of brain cells increases with age, body weight, and body length throughout life. Neurogenesis persists to a large degree, and both neuron replacement and net brain growth occur during adulthood. Whether environmental factors affect brain cell proliferation has however been scarcely investigated in this animal group. In the current study adult male zebrafish were kept in social isolation in different environments (enriched vs. barren) for one week. Telencephalic cell proliferation was investigated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. Higher numbers of PCNA positive nuclei and significantly increased inter-individual variability was observed in fish kept in aquaria enriched with artificial plants and gravel. Zebrafish rapidly regained feed intake after transfer to social isolation. Whole-body cortisol levels were also generally low in isolated fish, although slightly elevated in fish from enriched environments. In summary, this study demonstrates that environmental alterations can rapidly alter cell cycle dynamics in the zebrafish brain. Furthermore, the results support the idea that mild short-term stressors and concomitant small increases in corticosteroid exposure stimulate brain cell proliferation.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Physiology \& Behavior},
	author = {von Krogh, Kristine and Sørensen, Christina and Nilsson, Göran E. and Øverli, Øyvind},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Behavior, Complexity, Enrichment, Neurogenesis, Plasticity, Teleosteii},
	pages = {32--39},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1342/von Krogh et al. - 2010 - Forebrain cell proliferation, behavior, and physio.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1343/S0031938410001617.html:text/html}
}

@article{brydgesDoesEnvironmentalEnrichment2009,
	series = {Special {Issue}: {Animal} {Suffering} and {Welfare}},
	title = {Does environmental enrichment affect the behaviour of fish commonly used in laboratory work?},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159109000410},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.017},
	abstract = {Housing conditions can have significant effects on the behaviour and physiology of captive animals. Enriching barren environments, for example by providing structural complexity or companionship, are generally considered beneficial as they can decrease the occurrence of abnormal behaviours and physiology and as such, it is argued that enrichment helps to improve welfare for captive animals such as laboratory rodents. Fish are increasingly used in a range of laboratory contexts, yet to date there is very little information on how fish should be housed. Here, we report the results of an experiment addressing the effects of environmental enrichment on learning, memory and temperament behaviours in three-spined sticklebacks, a small freshwater species commonly used to address evolutionary and ecological questions in the laboratory. We compared the behaviours of three different treatment groups: (i) fish recently caught in a natural environment, (ii) fish housed for 10 months in enriched tanks in the laboratory, and (iii) fish housed for 10 months in plain tanks in the laboratory. We found no effect of housing environment on learning or temperament behaviours, however, there was a difference in how accurately fish retained information. Both laboratory enriched and plain fish returned to a previously rewarded location after a 3-day retention interval, but wild fish did not. Together these results indicate that the environmental enrichments provided in this laboratory setting did not generate behavioural differences in captive populations of three-spined sticklebacks.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Brydges, Nichola M. and Braithwaite, Victoria A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Enrichment, Learning, Memory, Temperament, Welfare},
	pages = {137--143},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1345/Brydges and Braithwaite - 2009 - Does environmental enrichment affect the behaviour.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1346/S0168159109000410.html:text/html}
}

@article{kistlerPreferenceStructuredEnvironment2011,
	title = {Preference for structured environment in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio) and checker barbs ({Puntius} oligolepis)},
	volume = {135},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159111003194},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2011.10.014},
	abstract = {Information about the welfare and husbandry of pet and laboratory fish is scarce although millions of fish are sold in pet shops and used in laboratory research every year. Inadequate housing conditions can cause behavioural problems also in fish since they are complex animals with sophisticated behaviour. In this study, we investigated the influence of environmental complexity on compartment preference and behaviour in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and checker barbs (Puntius oligolepis). For the preference test, large aquaria were divided by two semi-transparent walls of Plexiglas into an empty compartment, a structured compartment enriched with plants and clay pots, and a smaller compartment in-between, where food was provided. For observation, the empty and structured compartments were divided into six zones of similar size by defining three vertical layers and two horizontal areas (back vs. front area). Seven groups of six to nine zebrafish and seven groups of seven or eight checker barbs were observed on four days each (within a time period of ten days) to assess compartment use and activity, and to assess behavioural diversity and use of zones within compartments. Both zebrafish and checker barbs showed a significant preference for the structured compartment. Nevertheless, in neither species did behavioural diversity differ between the empty and structured compartment. Zebrafish used all zones in both compartments to the same extent. Checker barbs, however, used the structured compartment more evenly than the empty compartment, where they mainly used the lower and middle zones. These results suggest that zebrafish and checker barbs have a preference for complex environments. Furthermore, they indicate that the behavioural and ecological needs of fish may vary depending on species, and recommendations for husbandry should be specified at species level.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Kistler, Claudia and Hegglin, Daniel and Würbel, Hanno and König, Barbara},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Zebrafish, Animal welfare, Checker barb, Environmental enrichment, Laboratory fish, Ornamental fish, Structural preference},
	pages = {318--327},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1348/Kistler et al. - 2011 - Preference for structured environment in zebrafish.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1349/S0168159111003194.html:text/html}
}

@article{schroederWhatZebrafishWant2014,
	title = {What do zebrafish want? {Impact} of social grouping, dominance and gender on preference for enrichment},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0023-6772},
	shorttitle = {What do zebrafish want?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677214538239},
	doi = {10.1177/0023677214538239},
	abstract = {Although environmental enrichment is known to improve laboratory rodent wellbeing and enhance scientific data collection, relatively little is known with regards to the type of enrichment that might be useful for zebrafish (Danio rerio). Therefore, this study explored if zebrafish displayed preferences for a range of enrichments, including substrates, artificial plants, combinations thereof and airstones. Tanks divided into two compartments containing different enrichment cues were used to determine the preferences of zebrafish housed in pairs and groups of eight. When comparing time spent in enriched versus barren compartments, dominant individuals in a pair displayed a preference for substrate and behaviourally excluded the subordinate (p {\textless} 0.05). In groups there was a preference for all substrate (p {\textless} 0.01) and plant (p {\textless} 0.05) enrichments over barren conditions. The strongest preference was for gravel substrate and images of gravel attached to the bottom of the tank. When preferences were compared for different enrichments, gravel (both sexes, p {\textless} 0.01) again emerged as the cue attracting the most significant preferences, with any combination featuring gravel substrate preferred over any combination featuring sand (p {\textless} 0.05). The study has demonstrated that zebrafish reared in barren conditions preferred structural enrichment over standard conditions; however, when fish were held in pairs this was influenced by dominance status and in groups this was influenced by gender.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Laboratory Animals},
	author = {Schroeder, Paul and Jones, Soffia and Young, Iain S and Sneddon, Lynne U},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {328--337},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/1351/Schroeder et al. - 2014 - What do zebrafish want Impact of social grouping,.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{salvanesEnvironmentalEnrichmentPromotes2013,
	title = {Environmental enrichment promotes neural plasticity and cognitive ability in fish},
	volume = {280},
	copyright = {© 2013 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1767/20131331},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.1331},
	abstract = {Different kinds of experience during early life can play a significant role in the development of an animal's behavioural phenotype. In natural contexts, this influences behaviours from anti-predator responses to navigation abilities. By contrast, for animals reared in captive environments, the homogeneous nature of their experience tends to reduce behavioural flexibility. Studies with cage-reared rodents indicate that captivity often compromises neural development and neural plasticity. Such neural and behavioural deficits can be problematic if captive-bred animals are being reared with the intention of releasing them as part of a conservation strategy. Over the last decade, there has been growing interest in the use of environmental enrichment to promote behavioural flexibility in animals that are bred for release. Here, we describe the positive effects of environmental enrichment on neural plasticity and cognition in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Exposing fish to enriched conditions upregulated the forebrain expression of NeuroD1 mRNA and improved learning ability assessed in a spatial task. The addition of enrichment to the captive environment thus promotes neural and behavioural changes that are likely to promote behavioural flexibility and improve post-release survival.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1767},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Proc. R. Soc. B},
	author = {Salvanes, Anne Gro Vea and Moberg, Olav and Ebbesson, Lars O. E. and Nilsen, Tom Ole and Jensen, Knut Helge and Braithwaite, Victoria A.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23902903},
	pages = {20131331},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1353/Salvanes et al. - 2013 - Environmental enrichment promotes neural plasticit.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1355/20131331.html:text/html}
}

@article{collymoreBehavioralEffectsSingle2015,
	title = {The {Behavioral} {Effects} of {Single} {Housing} and {Environmental} {Enrichment} on {Adult} {Zebrafish} ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1559-6109},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4460940/},
	abstract = {Environmental enrichment provides laboratory-housed species the opportunity to express natural behavior and exert control over their home environment, thereby minimizing stress. We sought to determine whether providing an artificial plant in the holding tank as enrichment influenced anxiety-like behaviors and place-preference choice in adult zebrafish. Fish were housed singly or in social groups of 5 for 3 wk in 1 of 4 experimental housing environments: single-housed enriched (n = 30), single-housed barren (n = 30), group-housed enriched (n = 30), and group-housed barren (n = 30). On week 4, individual fish were selected randomly from each of the experimental housing environments and tested by using novel-tank, light–dark, and place-preference tests. Housing fish singly in a barren environment increased anxiety-like behaviors in the novel-tank and light–dark behavioral tests. Single-housed zebrafish in barren tanks as well as zebrafish group-housed with conspecifics, both with and without plant enrichment, spent more time associating with conspecifics than with the artificial plant enrichment device during the place-preference test. Single-housed fish maintained in enriched tanks displayed no preference between a compartment with conspecifics or an artificial plant. Our results suggest the addition of an artificial plant as enrichment may benefit single-housed zebrafish when social housing is not possible.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS},
	author = {Collymore, Chereen and Tolwani, Ravi J and Rasmussen, Skye},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {26045453},
	pmcid = {PMC4460940},
	pages = {280--285},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1357/Collymore et al. - 2015 - The Behavioral Effects of Single Housing and Envir.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{odeaGenderDifferencesIndividual2018,
	title = {Gender differences in individual variation in academic grades fail to fit expected patterns for {STEM}},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-06292-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-06292-0},
	abstract = {Men are over-represented in the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) workforce even though girls outperform boys in these subjects at school. Here, the authors cast doubt on one leading explanation for this paradox, the ‘variability hypothesis’.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {O’Dea, R. E. and Lagisz, M. and Jennions, M. D. and Nakagawa, S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3777},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1360/O’Dea et al. - 2018 - Gender differences in individual variation in acad.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1361/s41467-018-06292-0.html:text/html}
}

@article{brockFullyAutomatedComputer2017,
	title = {A fully automated computer based {Skinner} box for testing learning and memory in zebrafish},
	copyright = {© 2017, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), CC BY-NC 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/03/23/110478},
	doi = {10.1101/110478},
	abstract = {Zebrafish are an important model species with unparalleled potential to advance understanding of the genetics and neurobiology of behaviour through genetic and pharmacological screening and mutant analysis. However, advances using this species have been limited by the lack of robust, standardised methodology and equipment suitable for assessing adult behaviour. Here we describe a simple, fully automated, computer based, operant system for measuring behaviour in juvenile and adult zebrafish and provide detailed protocols for appetitive and aversive assays to assess cognitive function in adult zebrafish. Applications include the study of cognition in zebrafish (and other similar sized fish species) and in zebrafish models of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, frontotemporal dementia), and characterisation of the role of select brain regions, neurotransmitter systems and genes in zebrafish. Further, the scalable nature of the system makes the protocols suitable for use in pharmacological and genetic screening programmes.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-10-04},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	author = {Brock, Alistair J. and Sudwarts, Ari and Daggett, Jennifer and Parker, Matthew O. and Brennan, Caroline H.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {110478},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1363/Brock et al. - 2017 - A fully automated computer based Skinner box for t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1364/110478.html:text/html}
}

@article{kenneyContextualFearConditioning2017,
	title = {Contextual fear conditioning in zebrafish},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1072-0502, 1549-5485},
	url = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/24/10/516},
	doi = {10.1101/lm.045690.117},
	abstract = {Zebrafish are a genetically tractable vertebrate that hold considerable promise for elucidating the molecular basis of behavior. Although numerous recent advances have been made in the ability to precisely manipulate the zebrafish genome, much less is known about many aspects of learning and memory in adult fish. Here, we describe the development of a contextual fear conditioning paradigm using an electric shock as the aversive stimulus. We find that contextual fear conditioning is modulated by shock intensity, prevented by an established amnestic agent (MK-801), lasts at least 14 d, and exhibits extinction. Furthermore, fish of various background strains (AB, Tu, and TL) are able to acquire fear conditioning, but differ in fear extinction rates. Taken together, we find that contextual fear conditioning in zebrafish shares many similarities with the widely used contextual fear conditioning paradigm in rodents. Combined with the amenability of genetic manipulation in zebrafish, we anticipate that our paradigm will prove to be a useful complementary system in which to examine the molecular basis of vertebrate learning and memory.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2018-10-04},
	journal = {Learning \& Memory},
	author = {Kenney, Justin W. and Scott, Ian C. and Josselyn, Sheena A. and Frankland, Paul W.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28916626},
	pages = {516--523},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1366/Kenney et al. - 2017 - Contextual fear conditioning in zebrafish.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1368/516.html:text/html}
}

@article{mccarthyIncorporatingSexBiological2017,
	title = {Incorporating sex as a biological variable in neuroscience: what do we gain?},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.137},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
	author = {McCarthy, Margaret M. and Woolley, Catherine S. and Arnold, Arthur P.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {707}
}

@article{sireciConstructContentValidity1998,
	title = {The {Construct} of {Content} {Validity}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1573-0921},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006985528729},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1006985528729},
	abstract = {Many behavioral scientists argue that assessments used in social indicators research must be content-valid. However, the concept of content validity has been controversial since its inception. The current unitary conceptualization of validity argues against use of the term content validity, but stresses the importance of content representation in the instrument construction and evaluation processes. However, by arguing against use of this term, the importance of demonstrating content representativeness has been severely undermined. This paper reviews the history of content validity theory to underscore its importance in evaluating construct validity. It is concluded that although measures cannot be “validated” based on content validity evidence alone, demonstration of content validity is a fundamental requirement of all assessment instruments.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Social Indicators Research},
	author = {Sireci, Stephen G.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {83--117}
}

@article{sharpeOptimismBigFive2011,
	title = {Optimism and the {Big} {Five} factors of personality: {Beyond} {Neuroticism} and {Extraversion}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0191-8869},
	shorttitle = {Optimism and the {Big} {Five} factors of personality},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886911003722},
	doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.033},
	abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the Big Five factors of personality and dispositional optimism. Data from five samples were collected (Total N=4332) using three different measures of optimism and five different measures of the Big Five. Results indicated strong positive relationships between optimism and four of the Big Five factors: Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness explained additional variance in dispositional optimism over and above Neuroticism and Extraversion, providing evidence for the complexity of optimism. The position of optimism in the larger web of human personality constructs is discussed.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2018-10-18},
	journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
	author = {Sharpe, J. Patrick and Martin, Nicholas R. and Roth, Kelly A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Big Five, Five-Factor Model, Optimism, Personality, Pessimism, Positive psychology},
	pages = {946--951},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1372/Sharpe et al. - 2011 - Optimism and the Big Five factors of personality .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1373/S0191886911003722.html:text/html}
}

@article{batesonOptimisticPessimisticBiases2016,
	series = {Behavioral ecology},
	title = {Optimistic and pessimistic biases: a primer for behavioural ecologists},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2352-1546},
	shorttitle = {Optimistic and pessimistic biases},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154616301875},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.09.013},
	abstract = {To address the adaptive value of optimism/pessimism an operational definition is required. I define a behavioural decision as relatively optimistic if it is consistent with the animal having either, a higher expectation of reward, or a lower expectation of punishment (threat), than the same animal in a different state (or a different animal). Pessimism is the inverse of optimism. Such relative behavioural biases can arise from various cognitive mechanisms, and do not require inaccurate (i.e. biased) cognitive representations of the probabilities of either rewards or punishers. Normative models show that optimistic and pessimistic behavioural biases can be adaptive in the face of risk or uncertainty. Empirical evidence from a range of species can be interpreted as supporting predictions of these models. Behavioural biases are hypothesised to be a key component of affective states, whose evolutionary function is to prioritise the allocation of resources towards the currently most important fitness-relevant activities.},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences},
	author = {Bateson, Melissa},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {115--121},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1375/Bateson - 2016 - Optimistic and pessimistic biases a primer for be.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6858/Bateson - 2016 - Optimistic and pessimistic biases a primer for be.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1376/S2352154616301875.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6859/S2352154616301875.html:text/html}
}

@article{brydgesEnvironmentalEnrichmentInduces2011,
	title = {Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognitive bias in rats},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347210003994},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.030},
	abstract = {People’s affective or emotional state can alter their cognitive processing, biasing interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. Those in a more positive state interpret such stimuli in a more optimistic manner than those in a negative state. Recently this research has extended to animals, and has shown that manipulations associated with negative affect cause animals to interpret ambiguous stimuli more pessimistically. We investigated whether exposure to environmental enrichment engenders optimistic responses to ambiguous stimuli. Rats, Rattus norvegicus, were trained on a novel conditional discrimination task whereby they learned the correct response necessary to obtain a food reward given the stimulus present during approach (rough or smooth sandpaper). One stimulus was associated with a higher-value reward than the other. Once the rats were trained, cognitive bias was probed by exploring their responses to an ambiguous stimulus (intermediate grade of sandpaper); a rat was defined as optimistic if it chose the response appropriate to the stimulus associated with the better reward. Animals transferred from unenriched to enriched cages showed more optimistic responses following the change. A control group maintained in unenriched cages showed pessimistic responses throughout. These results demonstrate for the first time that environmental enrichment can induce an optimistic cognitive bias in rats previously housed in standard caging, possibly indicative of a more positive affective state. These results add support to the suggestion that measuring cognitive biases can give an insight into animal emotional states; this has implications for animal welfare and preclinical testing of potential therapeutics for mood disorders.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Brydges, Nichola M. and Leach, Matthew and Nicol, Katie and Wright, Rebecca and Bateson, Melissa},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {affective state, animal welfare, emotion, environmental enrichment, judgement bias, positive cognitive bias, rat},
	pages = {169--175},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1378/Brydges et al. - 2011 - Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognit.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1379/Brydges et al. - 2011 - Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognit.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1380/S0003347210003994.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1381/S0003347210003994.html:text/html}
}

@article{blaserBehavioralPhenotypingZebrafish2006,
	title = {Behavioral phenotyping in zebrafish: {Comparison} of three behavioral quantification methods},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1554-3528},
	shorttitle = {Behavioral phenotyping in zebrafish},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192800},
	doi = {10.3758/BF03192800},
	abstract = {The zebrafish has been popular in developmental biology and genetics, but its brain function has rarely been studied. High-throughput screening of mutation or drug-induced changes in brain function requires simple and automatable behavioral tests. This article compares three behavioral quantification methods in four simple behavioral paradigms that test a range of characteristics of adult zebrafish, including novelty-induced responses, social behavior, aggression, and predator-model—induced responses. Two quantification methods, manual recording and computerized videotracking of location and activity, yielded very similar results, suggesting that automated videotracking reliably measures activity parameters and will allow high-throughput screening. However, observation-based event recording of posture patterns was found generally not to correlate with videotracking measures, suggesting that further refinement of automated behavior quantification may be considered.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
	author = {Blaser, Rachel and Gerlai, Robert},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Erratic Movement, Experimental Fish, Experimental Tank, Group Preference, Manual Recording},
	pages = {456--469},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/1383/Blaser and Gerlai - 2006 - Behavioral phenotyping in zebrafish Comparison of.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bertonAreWeGetting2012,
	title = {Are {We} {Getting} {Closer} to {Valid} {Translational} {Models} for {Major} {Depression}?},
	volume = {338},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2012, American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/338/6103/75},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1222940},
	abstract = {Advances in characterizing the neuropathology and functional dysconnectivity of depression and promising trials with emerging circuit-targeted and fast-onset therapeutics are providing unprecedented opportunities to gain deeper insight into the neurobiology of this devastating and pervasive disorder. Because of practical and ethical limitations to dissecting these mechanisms in humans, continued progress will critically depend on our ability to emulate aspects of depressive symptomatology and treatment response in nonhuman organisms. Although various experimental models are currently available, they often draw skepticism from both clinicians and basic research scientists. We review recent progress and highlight some of the best leads to diversify and improve discovery end points for preclinical depression research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6103},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Berton, Olivier and Hahn, Chang-Gyu and Thase, Michael E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23042886},
	pages = {75--79},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1385/Berton et al. - 2012 - Are We Getting Closer to Valid Translational Model.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1387/75.html:text/html}
}

@article{mendlCognitiveBiasIndicator2009,
	series = {Special {Issue}: {Animal} {Suffering} and {Welfare}},
	title = {Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: {Emerging} evidence and underlying mechanisms},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	shorttitle = {Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159109000446},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.023},
	abstract = {Accurate assessment of animal emotion (affect) is an important goal in animal welfare science, and in areas such as neuroscience and psychopharmacology. Direct measures of conscious emotion are not available, so assessment of animal affect has relied on measures of the behavioural and physiological components of affective states. These are important indicators but have some limitations (e.g. measuring emotional arousal rather than valence (positivity vs negativity)). Human psychology research suggests that changes in cognitive function (information processing) can also be reliable indicators of emotional state (especially valence). For example, people in negative states attend to threats, retrieve negative memories, and make negative judgements about ambiguous stimuli more than happier people. Here we review a new research area investigating the possibility that such affect-induced ‘cognitive biases’ also occur in animals. We focus on a novel ‘judgement bias’ paradigm in which animals are trained that one cue predicts a positive event and another cue predicts a less positive/negative event, and are then presented with ambiguous (intermediate) cues. The hypothesis is that animals in a negative affective state will be more likely to respond to (‘judge’) these ambiguous cues as if they predict the negative event (a ‘pessimistic’ response), than animals in a more positive state. Recent studies of rats, dogs, rhesus monkeys, starlings and humans provide face-value support for this hypothesis. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the affect manipulation treatments used in these studies, and the possibility that treatment-induced changes in feeding motivation, general activity and learning are responsible for the effects observed, and we consider whether the type of bias observed and the precise design of the judgement bias task can provide information about different types of affective state. Judgement biases may result from the influence of affect on decision-making processes including attention to and perception of the ambiguous cue, evaluation of the value and probability (expected utility) of the outcomes of different responses, and action selection. Affect might also modulate general tendencies of loss, risk and ambiguity aversion, hence biasing decisions. We discuss these possibilities in relation to theory and findings from neurobiological and psychological studies of decision-making, in order to better understand the potential mechanisms underlying judgement biases. We conclude with some specific recommendations for study design and interpretation, and suggestions for future research in this area.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Mendl, Michael and Burman, Oliver H. P. and Parker, Richard M. A. and Paul, Elizabeth S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Animal welfare, Attention, Cognitive bias, Emotion, Reward valuation, Subjective probability},
	pages = {161--181},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1389/Mendl et al. - 2009 - Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion a.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1390/S0168159109000446.html:text/html}
}

@article{hardingAnimalBehaviourCognitive2004,
	title = {Animal behaviour: {Cognitive} bias and affective state},
	volume = {427},
	copyright = {2004 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	shorttitle = {Animal behaviour},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/427312a},
	doi = {10.1038/427312a},
	abstract = {Information processing by humans can be biased by their emotions — for example, anxious and depressed people tend to make negative judgements about events and to interpret ambiguous stimuli unfavourably1,2,3,4. Here we show that such a 'pessimistic' response bias can also be measured in rats that are housed in unpredictable conditions5,6. Our findings indicate that cognitive bias can be used as an indicator of affective state in animals, which should facilitate progress in animal-welfare studies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6972},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Harding, Emma J. and Paul, Elizabeth S. and Mendl, Michael},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {312},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1392/Harding et al. - 2004 - Animal behaviour Cognitive bias and affective sta.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1393/427312a.html:text/html}
}

@article{sharotOptimismBias2011,
	title = {The optimism bias},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211011912},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.030},
	abstract = {Summary
The ability to anticipate is a hallmark of cognition. Inferences about what will occur in the future are critical to decision making, enabling us to prepare our actions so as to avoid harm and gain reward. Given the importance of these future projections, one might expect the brain to possess accurate, unbiased foresight. Humans, however, exhibit a pervasive and surprising bias: when it comes to predicting what will happen to us tomorrow, next week, or fifty years from now, we overestimate the likelihood of positive events, and underestimate the likelihood of negative events. For example, we underrate our chances of getting divorced, being in a car accident, or suffering from cancer. We also expect to live longer than objective measures would warrant, overestimate our success in the job market, and believe that our children will be especially talented. This phenomenon is known as the optimism bias, and it is one of the most consistent, prevalent, and robust biases documented in psychology and behavioral economics.},
	number = {23},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Sharot, Tali},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: sharotOptimismBias2011a},
	pages = {R941--R945},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1395/Sharot - 2011 - The optimism bias.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7385/Sharot - 2011 - The optimism bias.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1396/S0960982211011912.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7384/S0960982211011912.html:text/html}
}

@misc{CognitiveBiasAnimals2018,
	title = {Cognitive bias in animals},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
	url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_bias_in_animals&oldid=859762677},
	abstract = {Cognitive bias in animals is a pattern of deviation in judgment, whereby inferences about other animals and situations may be affected by irrelevant information or emotional states. It is sometimes said that animals create their own "subjective social reality" from their perception of the input. In humans, for example, an optimistic or pessimistic bias might affect one's answer to the question "Is the glass half empty or half full?"
To explore cognitive bias, one might train an animal to expect that a positive event follows one stimulus and that a negative event follows another stimulus. For example, on many trials, if the animal presses lever A after a 20 Hz tone it gets a highly desired food, but a press on lever B after a 10 Hz tone yields bland food. The animal is then offered both levers after an intermediate test stimulus, e.g. a 15 Hz tone. The hypothesis is that the animal's "mood" will bias the choice of levers after the test stimulus; if positive, it will tend to choose lever A, if negative it will tend to choose lever B. The hypothesis is tested by manipulating factors that might affect mood – for example, the type of housing the animal is kept in.Cognitive biases have been shown in a wide range of species including rats, dogs, rhesus macaques, sheep, chicks, starlings and honeybees.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Wikipedia},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Page Version ID: 859762677},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1398/index.html:text/html}
}

@article{rygulaTraitPessimismPredicts2013,
	title = {Trait {Pessimism} {Predicts} {Vulnerability} to {Stress}-{Induced} {Anhedonia} in {Rats}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0893-133X},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773668/},
	doi = {10.1038/npp.2013.116},
	abstract = {Depressive disorder is often associated with cognitive biases. In this study, we took a unique opportunity to investigate whether trait pessimism could predict vulnerability to stress-induced anhedonia in an animal model of depression. In a series of ambiguous-cue interpretation (ACI) tests, we identified animals displaying ‘pessimistic' and ‘optimistic' traits. Subsequently, the rats were subjected to chronic restraint, and the trait differences in response to stress were investigated using sucrose preference and ACI tests before, during and after the stress regime. Although stress resulted in anhedonia in both subgroups, it occurred faster and lasted longer in the ‘pessimistic' compared with the ‘optimistic' animals. Chronic stress exposure also increased the negative judgment bias in rats, although this effect was not dependent on the ‘pessimistic' trait. For the first time, we demonstrated a link between cognitive judgment bias and vulnerability to stress-induced anhedonia in an animal model. We also introduced a cognitive biomarker, which may be of value for etiological depression studies.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
	author = {Rygula, Rafal and Papciak, Justyna and Popik, Piotr},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23660704},
	pmcid = {PMC3773668},
	pages = {2188--2196},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1400/Rygula et al. - 2013 - Trait Pessimism Predicts Vulnerability to Stress-I.pdf:application/pdf;PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1401/Rygula et al. - 2013 - Trait Pessimism Predicts Vulnerability to Stress-I.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1403/npp2013116.html:text/html}
}

@article{zidarEnvironmentalComplexityBuffers2018,
	title = {Environmental complexity buffers against stress-induced negative judgement bias in female chickens},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23545-6},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-23545-6},
	abstract = {Cognitive processes are often biased by emotions. In humans, affective disorders are accompanied by pessimistic judgement, while optimistic judgement is linked to emotional stability. Similar to humans, animals tend to interpret ambiguous stimuli negatively after experiencing stressful events, although the long-lasting impact on judgement bias has rarely been investigated. We measure judgement bias in female chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) after exposure to cold stress, and before and after exposure to additional unpredictable stressors. Additionally, we explore if brain monoamines can explain differences in judgement bias. Chicks exposed to cold stress did not differ in judgement bias compared to controls, but showed sensitivity to additional stressors by having higher motivation for social reinstatement. Environmental complexity reduced stress-induced negative judgement bias, by maintaining an optimistic bias in individuals housed in complex conditions even after stress exposure. Moreover, judgement bias was related to dopamine turnover rate in mesencephalon, with higher activity in individuals that had a more optimistic response. These results demonstrate that environmental complexity can buffer against negative effects of additive stress and that dopamine relates to judgement bias in chicks. These results reveal that both internal and external factors can mediate emotionally biased judgement in animals, thus showing similarities to findings in humans.},
	language = {En},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Zidar, Josefina and Campderrich, Irene and Jansson, Emelie and Wichman, Anette and Winberg, Svante and Keeling, Linda and Løvlie, Hanne},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {5404},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1405/Zidar et al. - 2018 - Environmental complexity buffers against stress-in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1406/s41598-018-23545-6.html:text/html}
}

@article{wolfensohnAssessmentWelfareZoo2018,
	title = {Assessment of {Welfare} in {Zoo} {Animals}: {Towards} {Optimum} {Quality} of {Life}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2076-2615},
	shorttitle = {Assessment of {Welfare} in {Zoo} {Animals}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6071229/},
	doi = {10.3390/ani8070110},
	abstract = {Simple Summary
Maintaining a high standard of animal welfare is essential in zoos, and methods of animal welfare assessment should aim to evaluate positive as well as negative states. The indicators that are useful in assessing these are discussed as there is huge variability in the available information about the natural biology for some zoo species. Wild baselines are not always the most accurate indicator of what is right for an animal in captivity, which makes the identification of factors to include within species-specific welfare assessment even more challenging. There is no “one size fits all” welfare strategy as it should account for the range of biological requirements and needs, which it is not possible to define for some zoo species. The different approaches for welfare assessment are reviewed, including the development of the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid which offers an evidence-based tool for continual welfare assessment, using technology where appropriate, to facilitate decision making and lead to improvements in the animals’ quality of life.

Abstract
Zoos are required to maintain a high standard of animal welfare, and this can be assessed using a combination of resource-based and animal-based indices usually divided into behavioural indicators, physiological indicators and clinical/pathological signs. Modern animal welfare assessments should aim to encompass positive affective states and the indicators that are useful in assessing these are discussed. When developing factors to be scored for each species, there is huge variability in the available information about the natural biology for some zoo species and even less information concerning those animals in captivity. Wild baselines are not always the most accurate indicator of what is right for an animal in captivity, which makes the identification of factors to include within species-specific welfare assessment even more challenging. When planning a welfare strategy for any species, it is important that the full range of their biological requirements and needs are considered, but this can be challenging for some zoo species and it is not possible to define a “one size fits all” welfare strategy. The different approaches for welfare assessment are reviewed, including the development of the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid which offers an evidence-based tool for continual welfare assessment, using technology where appropriate, to facilitate decision making and lead to improvements in the animals’ quality of life.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI},
	author = {Wolfensohn, Sarah and Shotton, Justine and Bowley, Hannah and Davies, Siân and Thompson, Sarah and Justice, William S. M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29973560},
	pmcid = {PMC6071229},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1408/Wolfensohn et al. - 2018 - Assessment of Welfare in Zoo Animals Towards Opti.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cleggCognitiveBiasZoo2018,
	title = {Cognitive {Bias} in {Zoo} {Animals}: {An} {Optimistic} {Outlook} for {Welfare} {Assessment}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2076-2615},
	shorttitle = {Cognitive {Bias} in {Zoo} {Animals}},
	doi = {10.3390/ani8070104},
	abstract = {Cognitive bias testing measures how emotional states can affect cognitive processes, often described using the \&ldquo;glass half-full/half-empty\&rdquo; paradigm. Classical or operant conditioning is used to measure responses to ambiguous cues, and it has been reported across many species and contexts that an animal\&rsquo;s cognitive bias can be directly linked to welfare state, e.g., those in better welfare make more optimistic judgements. Cognitive bias testing has only recently been applied to animals and represents a key milestone in welfare science: it is currently one of the only accurate methods available to measure welfare. The tests have been conducted on many farm, laboratory, and companion animal species, but have only been carried out in zoo settings a handful of times. The aims of this review are to evaluate the feasibility of cognitive bias testing in zoos and its potential as a tool for studying zoo animal welfare. The few existing zoo cognitive bias studies are reviewed, as well as those conducted on similar, non-domesticated species. This work is then used to discuss how tests could be successfully designed and executed in zoo settings, which types of tests are most appropriate in different contexts, and how the data could be used to improve animal welfare. The review closely examines the many variables are present in the zoo which cannot be controlled as in other settings, termed here the Zoo Environment (ZE) Variables. It is recommended that tests are developed after consideration of each of the ZE Variables, and through strong collaboration between zookeepers, managers, and academic institutions. There is much unexplored potential of cognitive bias testing in the zoo setting, not least its use in investigating animal welfare in zoos. It is hoped that this review will stimulate increased interest in this topic from zoo managers, scientists, and industry regulators alike.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Animals: an open access journal from MDPI},
	author = {Clegg, Isabella L. K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29954151},
	pmcid = {PMC6071086},
	keywords = {affective state, animal welfare, animal-based measures, cognitive bias, zoo animals}
}

@article{monkMorePracticalAttention2018,
	title = {Towards a more practical attention bias test to assess affective state in sheep},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190404},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0190404},
	abstract = {Tests for attention bias potentially offer more rapid assessment of affective state in animals than existing cognitive methods. An attention bias test has previously been developed for sheep and validated as a measure of anxious states. The 3 minute test assessed behavioural responses of sheep in an enclosed arena after brief exposure to the threat of a dog. Experiment 1 of the current study aimed to refine the previously developed method, removing the need for a habituation period and shortening the test duration. Sheep were given either an anxiolytic drug, an anxiogenic drug or a control treatment prior to testing to induce contrasting affective states. Differences in behaviour were found between the treatment groups within the first 45s of the test, indicating the original test duration could be shortened from 180 s. During testing, 36 of 40 animals in the control and anxiolytic groups ate the novel feed offered in the test, indicating it is not necessary to habituate animals to a feed container. Experiment 2 aimed to confirm the responses measured in the test were primarily towards the dog rather than other aspects of the test environment. Sheep exposed to an empty window at the beginning of the test behaved differently to those which were exposed to a dog, indicating sheep behaviour in the test is at least partially a response to the dog. A third group of sheep were also tested with the dog immediately after having small data loggers attached to their necks. Behaviour of these sheep did not differ from the sheep tested without loggers, indicating data logger attachment did not impact their behaviour in the test. In both experiments, treatments did not appear to modify activity (zones crossed), which we propose indicates the test was primarily detecting valence of the affective state rather than arousal.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Monk, Jessica E. and Doyle, Rebecca E. and Colditz, Ian G. and Belson, Sue and Cronin, Greg M. and Lee, Caroline},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Behavior, Animal behavior, Collective animal behavior, Diazepam, Dogs, Eating, Sheep, Vocalization},
	pages = {e0190404},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1413/Monk et al. - 2018 - Towards a more practical attention bias test to as.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1414/article.html:text/html}
}

@article{bethellHowToGuideDesigning2015,
	title = {A “{How}-{To}” {Guide} for {Designing} {Judgment} {Bias} {Studies} to {Assess} {Captive} {Animal} {Welfare}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1088-8705},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2015.1075833},
	doi = {10.1080/10888705.2015.1075833},
	abstract = {Robust methods to assess nonhuman animal emotion are essential for ensuring good welfare in captivity. Cognitive bias measures such as the judgment bias task have recently emerged as promising tools to assess animal emotion. The simple design and objective response measures make judgment bias tasks suitable for use across species and contexts. In reviewing 64 studies published to date, it emerged that (a) judgment biases have been measured in a number of mammals and birds and an invertebrate; (b) no study has tested judgment bias in any species of fish, amphibian, or reptile; and (c) no study has yet investigated judgment bias in a zoo or aquarium. This article proposes that judgment bias measures are highly suitable for use with these understudied taxa and can provide new insight into welfare in endangered species housed in zoos and aquariums, where poor welfare impacts breeding success and, ultimately, species survival. The article includes a “how-to” guide to designing judgment bias tests with recommendations for working with currently neglected “exotics” including fishes, amphibians, and reptiles.},
	number = {sup1},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science},
	author = {Bethell, Emily J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {26440495},
	keywords = {fish, animal welfare, emotion, cognitive bias, amphibians, Correction to: A “How-To” Guide for Designing Judgment Bias Studies to Assess Captive Animal Welfare, reptiles},
	pages = {S18--S42},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1416/Bethell - 2015 - A “How-To” Guide for Designing Judgment Bias Studi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1417/10888705.2015.html:text/html}
}

@article{perryStudyingEmotionInvertebrates2017,
	title = {Studying emotion in invertebrates: what has been done, what can be measured and what they can provide},
	volume = {220},
	copyright = {© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd. http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/},
	issn = {0022-0949, 1477-9145},
	shorttitle = {Studying emotion in invertebrates},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/220/21/3856},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.151308},
	abstract = {Skip to Next Section
Until recently, whether invertebrates might exhibit emotions was unknown. This possibility has traditionally been dismissed by many as emotions are frequently defined with reference to human subjective experience, and invertebrates are often not considered to have the neural requirements for such sophisticated abilities. However, emotions are understood in humans and other vertebrates to be multifaceted brain states, comprising dissociable subjective, cognitive, behavioural and physiological components. In addition, accumulating literature is providing evidence of the impressive cognitive capacities and behavioural flexibility of invertebrates. Alongside these, within the past few years, a number of studies have adapted methods for assessing emotions in humans and other animals, to invertebrates, with intriguing results. Sea slugs, bees, crayfish, snails, crabs, flies and ants have all been shown to display various cognitive, behavioural and/or physiological phenomena that indicate internal states reminiscent of what we consider to be emotions. Given the limited neural architecture of many invertebrates, and the powerful tools available within invertebrate research, these results provide new opportunities for unveiling the neural mechanisms behind emotions and open new avenues towards the pharmacological manipulation of emotion and its genetic dissection, with advantages for disease research and therapeutic drug discovery. Here, we review the increasing evidence that invertebrates display some form of emotion, discuss the various methods used for assessing emotions in invertebrates and consider what can be garnered from further emotion research on invertebrates in terms of the evolution and underlying neural basis of emotion in a comparative context.},
	language = {en},
	number = {21},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Perry, Clint J. and Baciadonna, Luigi},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {29093185},
	pages = {3856--3868},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1419/Perry and Baciadonna - 2017 - Studying emotion in invertebrates what has been d.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/1420/Perry and Baciadonna - 2017 - Studying emotion in invertebrates what has been d.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1423/3856.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/1424/3856.html:text/html}
}

@article{baciadonnaUseJudgementBias2015,
	title = {The {Use} of {Judgement} {Bias} to {Assess} {Welfare} in {Farm} {Livestock}},
	url = {https://animalstudiesrepository.org/acwp_asie/126},
	journal = {SENTIENCE},
	author = {Baciadonna, L. and McElligott, A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	file = {"The Use of Judgement Bias to Assess Welfare in Farm Livestock" by L. Baciadonna and A. G. McElligott:files/1426/126.html:text/html}
}

@article{papciakMeasuringCognitiveJudgement2017,
	title = {Measuring {Cognitive} {Judgement} {Bias} in {Rats} {Using} the {Ambiguous}-{Cue} {Interpretation} {Test}},
	volume = {78},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2017 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	issn = {1934-8576},
	url = {https://currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cpns.19},
	doi = {10.1002/cpns.19},
	abstract = {An active-choice, operant, ambiguous-cue interpretation (ACI) paradigm is described that can be used for measuring cognitive judgement bias in rats. In this behavioral test, animals in an operant conditioning chamber are trained to press a lever to receive a food reward when a specific tone is presented, and to press another lever in response to a different tone to avoid punishment by an electric foot-shock. The tones, which serve as discriminative stimuli, acquire a positive or negative valence, and the training continues until the rats demonstrate a stable, correct discrimination between these two stimuli. The animals are tested after they have attained stable discrimination performance. The ambiguous-cue test consists of a discrimination task, as described above, but includes the presentation of additional tones with frequencies that are intermediate between the trained positive and negative tones. The lever-press response pattern to these ambiguous cues is considered an indicator of the rat's expectation of a positive or negative event; in other words, it is a measure of ‘optimism’ or ‘pessimism’, respectively. © 2017 by John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Current Protocols in Neuroscience},
	author = {Papciak, Justyna and Rygula, Rafal},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {rat, ambiguous-cue interpretation, cognitive judgement bias, optimism, pessimism},
	pages = {9.57.1--9.57.22},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1428/Papciak and Rygula - 2017 - Measuring Cognitive Judgement Bias in Rats Using t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1429/cpns.html:text/html}
}

@article{makowskaDifferencesAnticipatoryBehaviour2016,
	title = {Differences in {Anticipatory} {Behaviour} between {Rats} ({Rattus} norvegicus) {Housed} in {Standard} versus {Semi}-{Naturalistic} {Laboratory} {Environments}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0147595},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0147595},
	abstract = {Laboratory rats are usually kept in relatively small cages, but research has shown that they prefer larger and more complex environments. The physiological, neurological and health effects of standard laboratory housing are well established, but fewer studies have addressed the sustained emotional impact of a standard cage environment. One method of assessing affective states in animals is to look at the animals’ anticipatory behaviour between the presentation of a cue signalling the arrival of a reward and the arrival of that reward. The primary aim of this study was to use anticipatory behaviour to assess the affective state experienced by female rats a) reared and housed long-term in a standard laboratory cage versus a semi-naturalistic environment, and b) before and after treatment with an antidepressant or an anxiolytic. A secondary aim was to add to the literature on anticipatory behaviour by describing and comparing the frequency and duration of individual elements of anticipatory behaviour displayed by rats reared in these two systems. In all experiments, total behavioural frequency was higher in standard-housed rats compared to rats from the semi-naturalistic condition, suggesting that standard-housed rats were more sensitive to rewards and experiencing poorer welfare than rats reared in the semi-naturalistic environment. What rats did in anticipation of the reward also differed between housing treatments, with standard-housed rats mostly rearing and rats from the semi-naturalistic condition mostly sitting facing the direction of the upcoming treat. Drug interventions had no effect on the quantity or form of anticipatory behaviour, suggesting that the poorer welfare experienced by standard-housed rats was not analogous to depression or anxiety, or alternatively that the drug interventions were ineffective. This study adds to mounting evidence that standard laboratory housing for rats compromises rat welfare, and provides further scientific support for recommendations that current minimum standards be raised.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Makowska, I. Joanna and Weary, Daniel M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Behavior, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Biological locomotion, Drug therapy, Impulsivity, Pilot studies, Rats},
	pages = {e0147595},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1431/Makowska and Weary - 2016 - Differences in Anticipatory Behaviour between Rats.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1432/article.html:text/html}
}

@article{carrerasEffectGenderHalothane2016,
	title = {Effect of gender and halothane genotype on cognitive bias and its relationship with fear in pigs},
	volume = {177},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016815911630003X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.019},
	abstract = {Cognitive bias (CB) has been recently proposed as a tool to study emotions by assessing the cognitive function through behaviour observation. It is based on the premise that subjects in a negative affective state perform more negative judgements about ambiguous stimuli than subjects in positive affective state. This study aimed at investigating if halothane genotype (homozygous Hal-free, NN vs. heterozygous Hal carrier, Nn) and gender (gilts, G vs. entire males, EM) affect the CB in pigs. Moreover, the results of the CB test (CBT) were compared with the results of a novel object test (NOT) in order to assess the influence of fear in the decision taken by pigs during the CBT. The results of both tests were contrasted with the concentration of brain neurotransmitters in four different brain areas in order to analyse the involvement of the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways on the pigs’ affective state and fear. A total of 48 pigs, in terms of 12Hal-free gilts (NNG), 12Hal carrier gilts (NnG), and 12Hal-free entire males (NNEM) and 12Hal carrier entire males (NnEM) were put on the CBT at the age of 20 weeks and on the NOT four days later. After two days, pigs were slaughtered and four brain structures (amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus) were dissected for the analysis of brain neurotransmitters. The CBT and NOT results did not show any effect of the genotype and gender or their interaction on pigs’ emotional response (p{\textgreater}0.10). However, the CBT correlated positively with the NOT (r=0.49; p=0.0005), with pigs classified with a negative CB tending to be more fearful in front of the novel object than those with a positive CB (p=0.05). Moreover, the pigs that took longer to get in contact with the novel object in the NOT also had lower (p=0.013) concentration of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and increased DOPAC/dopamine ratio in the hypothalamus (p=0.003). These results suggest that fear level plays an important role in the decision taken by the pig dealing with ambiguous stimuli.},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Carreras, Ricard and Arroyo, Laura and Mainau, Eva and Peña, Raquel and Bassols, Anna and Dalmau, Antoni and Faucitano, Luigi and Manteca, Xavier and Velarde, Antonio},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Cognitive bias, Fear, Gender, Halothane genotype, Neurotransmitters},
	pages = {12--18},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1434/Carreras et al. - 2016 - Effect of gender and halothane genotype on cogniti.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1435/S016815911630003X.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{dawkinsChapterTwoAnimal2015,
	title = {Chapter {Two} - {Animal} {Welfare} and the {Paradox} of {Animal} {Consciousness}},
	volume = {47},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065345414000023},
	abstract = {Animal welfare science has a potentially paradoxical attitude to animal consciousness. On the one hand, the belief that animals are conscious is what draws people to want to study animal welfare, but on the other, consciousness remains ‘the hard problem’ and seems currently to be beyond the usual methods of science. This article asks whether the study of animal welfare that includes ‘feelings’ can be truly scientific by examining changing scientific attitudes to studying consciousness that have taken place over the last 50 years. Human psychologists have a similar problem in studying human consciousness and their findings provide a framework for studying feelings in nonhuman animals. Animal welfare scientists have at least four different ways of dealing with the potential paradox of animal consciousness. These are the following: (1) To argue that there are no problems and so there is no paradox (2) To admit the difficulties of studying consciousness and to settle for the next best thing—the likely (but not certain) behavioral correlates of consciousness (3) To admit the difficulties but then try to find ways of studying consciousness more directly (4) To ignore the problem altogether and concentrate on studying animal welfare in ways that are independent of assumptions about animal consciousness. I conclude that it is possible to have a science of animal welfare that avoids being paradoxical and is able to make a genuine contribution to the greatest remaining mystery in biology—why suffering, pleasure, and pain feel like anything at all.},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	booktitle = {Advances in the {Study} of {Behavior}},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Dawkins, Marian},
	editor = {Naguib, Marc and Brockmann, H. Jane and Mitani, John C. and Simmons, Leigh W. and Barrett, Louise and Healy, Sue and Slater, Peter J. B.},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	doi = {10.1016/bs.asb.2014.11.001},
	keywords = {Welfare, Animal consciousness, Animal minds, Pain, Sentience, Suffering},
	pages = {5--38},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1437/S0065345414000023.html:text/html}
}

@article{rygulaEffectsOptimismMotivation2015,
	title = {Effects of optimism on motivation in rats},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1662-5153},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340205/},
	doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00032},
	abstract = {In humans, optimism is a cognitive construct related to motivation; optimists exert effort, whereas pessimists disengage from effort. In this study, using a recently developed ambiguous-cue interpretation (ACI) paradigm we took the unique opportunity to investigate whether “optimism” as a trait is correlated with motivation in rodents. In a series of ACI tests (cognitive bias screening, CBS), we identified rats displaying “pessimistic” and “optimistic” traits. Subsequently, we investigated the trait differences in the motivation of these rats to gain reward and to avoid punishment using a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement paradigm. Although “optimistic” and “pessimistic” animals did not differ in their motivation to avoid punishment, the “optimistic” rats were significantly more motivated to gain reward than their “pessimistic” conspecifics. For the first time, we showed an association between cognitive judgment bias and motivation in an animal model. Because both investigated processes are closely related to mental health and wellbeing, our results may be valuable for preclinical modeling of many psychiatric disorders.},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
	author = {Rygula, Rafal and Golebiowska, Joanna and Kregiel, Jakub and Kubik, Jakub and Popik, Piotr},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25762910},
	pmcid = {PMC4340205},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1439/Rygula et al. - 2015 - Effects of optimism on motivation in rats.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bethellHappyHamstersEnrichment2015,
	title = {Happy hamsters? {Enrichment} induces positive judgement bias for mildly (but not truly) ambiguous cues to reward and punishment in {Mesocricetus} auratus},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2054-5703},
	shorttitle = {Happy hamsters?},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4632568/},
	doi = {10.1098/rsos.140399},
	abstract = {Recent developments in the study of animal cognition and emotion have resulted in the ‘judgement bias’ model of animal welfare. Judgement biases describe the way in which changes in affective state are characterized by changes in information processing. In humans, anxiety and depression are characterized by increased expectation of negative events and negative interpretation of ambiguous information. Positive wellbeing is associated with enhanced expectation of positive outcomes and more positive interpretation of ambiguous information. Mood-congruent judgement biases for ambiguous information have been demonstrated in a range of animal species, with large variation in the way tests are administered and in the robustness of analyses. We highlight and address some issues using a laboratory species not previously tested: the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Hamsters were tested using a spatial judgement go/no-go task in enriched and unenriched housing. We included a number of controls and additional behavioural tests and applied a robust analytical approach using linear mixed effects models. Hamsters approached the ambiguous cues significantly more often when enriched than unenriched. There was no effect of enrichment on responses to the middle cue. We discuss these findings in light of mechanisms underlying processing cues to reward, punishment and true ambiguity, and the implications for the welfare of laboratory hamsters.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
	author = {Bethell, Emily J. and Koyama, Nicola F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {26587255},
	pmcid = {PMC4632568},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1442/Bethell and Koyama - 2015 - Happy hamsters Enrichment induces positive judgem.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{roelofsMakingDecisionsAmbiguity2016,
	title = {Making {Decisions} under {Ambiguity}: {Judgment} {Bias} {Tasks} for {Assessing} {Emotional} {State} in {Animals}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1662-5153},
	shorttitle = {Making {Decisions} under {Ambiguity}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4899464/},
	doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00119},
	abstract = {Judgment bias tasks (JBTs) are considered as a family of promising tools in the assessment of emotional states of animals. JBTs provide a cognitive measure of optimism and/or pessimism by recording behavioral responses to ambiguous stimuli. For instance, a negative emotional state is expected to produce a negative or pessimistic judgment of an ambiguous stimulus, whereas a positive emotional state produces a positive or optimistic judgment of the same ambiguous stimulus. Measuring an animal’s emotional state or mood is relevant in both animal welfare research and biomedical research. This is reflected in the increasing use of JBTs in both research areas. We discuss the different implementations of JBTs with animals, with a focus on their potential as an accurate measure of emotional state. JBTs have been successfully applied to a very broad range of species, using many different types of testing equipment and experimental protocols. However, further validation of this test is deemed necessary. For example, the often extensive training period required for successful judgment bias testing remains a possible factor confounding results. Also, the issue of ambiguous stimuli losing their ambiguity with repeated testing requires additional attention. Possible improvements are suggested to further develop the JBTs in both animal welfare and biomedical research.},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
	author = {Roelofs, Sanne and Boleij, Hetty and Nordquist, Rebecca E. and van der Staay, Franz Josef},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {27375454},
	pmcid = {PMC4899464},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1445/Roelofs et al. - 2016 - Making Decisions under Ambiguity Judgment Bias Ta.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lalotYouKnowWhat2017,
	series = {Individual differences in cognition and personality},
	title = {You know what? {I}’m happy. {Cognitive} bias is not related to personality but is induced by pair-housing in canaries ({Serinus} canaria)},
	volume = {134},
	issn = {0376-6357},
	shorttitle = {You know what?},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635716302716},
	doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2016.09.012},
	abstract = {Recent studies suggest that cognitive bias could constitute a novel and valid measure of animal welfare. Although interest for a link between personality and cognition is growing, no study to date investigated whether a cognitive bias might be related to the personality of the individuals. We trained 43 domestic canaries (Serinus canaria) to discriminate between two sides of a test cage, each side being associated with a different value (attractive or aversive food in a dish). During the test phase, the dish was placed at intermediate locations, representing ambiguous information. Results show evidence of an “optimistic” bias (flying faster to the dish at the ambiguous location) in birds housed in pairs, compared to birds housed singly, suggesting an influence of social context (living conditions) on canaries’ emotions when tested individually. We also studied six traits of individuals’ personality and found that aggressiveness, neophobia, one sociability index and obstinacy were repeatable across social context and/or day-light schedule, whereas the other sociability index, boldness and locomotion were not. No correlation between the birds’ optimism and any of their personality traits was found, suggesting that cognitive bias may be a matter of social context rather than of individual personality.},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Lalot, Mathilde and Ung, Davy and Péron, Franck and d’Ettorre, Patrizia and Bovet, Dalila},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Animal welfare, Personality, Cognitive bias, Emotions, Individual differences, Social enrichment},
	pages = {70--77},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1448/Lalot et al. - 2017 - You know what I’m happy. Cognitive bias is not re.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1449/S0376635716302716.html:text/html}
}

@article{deakinStatedependentJudgementBias2018,
	title = {State-dependent judgement bias in {Drosophila}: evidence for evolutionarily primitive affective processes},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Authors.. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.},
	issn = {1744-9561, 1744-957X},
	shorttitle = {State-dependent judgement bias in {Drosophila}},
	url = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/14/2/20170779},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2017.0779},
	abstract = {Affective states influence decision-making under ambiguity in humans and other animals. Individuals in a negative state tend to interpret ambiguous cues more negatively than individuals in a positive state. We demonstrate that the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, also exhibits state-dependent changes in cue interpretation. Drosophila were trained on a Go/Go task to approach a positive (P) odour associated with a sugar reward and actively avoid a negative (N) odour associated with shock. Trained flies were then either shaken to induce a purported negative state or left undisturbed (control), and given a choice between: air or P; air or N; air or ambiguous odour (1 : 1 blend of P : N). Shaken flies were significantly less likely to approach the ambiguous odour than control flies. This ‘judgement bias’ may be mediated by changes in neural activity that reflect evolutionarily primitive affective states. We cannot say whether such states are consciously experienced, but use of this model organism's versatile experimental tool kit may facilitate elucidation of their neural and genetic basis.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Deakin, Amanda and Mendl, Michael and Browne, William J. and Paul, Elizabeth S. and Hodge, James J. L.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29491031},
	pages = {20170779},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1451/Deakin et al. - 2018 - State-dependent judgement bias in Drosophila evid.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1453/20170779.html:text/html}
}

@article{trimmerOptimisticRealisticPerspectives2016,
	series = {Behavioral ecology},
	title = {Optimistic and realistic perspectives on cognitive biases},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2352-1546},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154616301644},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.09.004},
	abstract = {Numerous papers have tried to explain cognitive biases, such as optimism and overconfidence, from an evolutionary perspective. The attempts have met with mixed success. I identify why some approaches are more successful than others in explaining sub-optimal behaviours. I conclude that some evolutionary explanations of cognitive biases can be successful; the relevant explanation will depend on the particular bias being studied. In particular, I highlight the need to incorporate internal costs when considering the evolution of mental mechanisms, and how this can provide adaptive explanations of sub-optimal behaviours.},
	urldate = {2018-10-25},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences},
	author = {Trimmer, Pete C},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {37--43},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1455/Trimmer - 2016 - Optimistic and realistic perspectives on cognitive.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1456/S2352154616301644.html:text/html}
}

@article{poolAttentionalBiasPositive2016,
	title = {Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: {A} meta-analytic investigation},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {1939-1455(ELECTRONIC),0033-2909(PRINT)},
	shorttitle = {Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli},
	doi = {10.1037/bul0000026},
	abstract = {Despite an initial focus on negative threatening stimuli, researchers have more recently expanded the investigation of attentional biases toward positive rewarding stimuli. The present meta-analysis systematically compared attentional bias for positive compared with neutral visual stimuli across 243 studies (N = 9,120 healthy participants) that used different types of attentional paradigms and positive stimuli. Factors were tested that, as postulated by several attentional models derived from theories of emotion, might modulate this bias. Overall, results showed a significant, albeit modest (Hedges’ g = .258), attentional bias for positive as compared with neutral stimuli. Moderator analyses revealed that the magnitude of this attentional bias varied as a function of arousal and that this bias was significantly larger when the emotional stimulus was relevant to specific concerns (e.g., hunger) of the participants compared with other positive stimuli that were less relevant to the participants’ concerns. Moreover, the moderator analyses showed that attentional bias for positive stimuli was larger in paradigms that measure early, rather than late, attentional processing, suggesting that attentional bias for positive stimuli occurs rapidly and involuntarily. Implications for theories of emotion and attention are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
	author = {Pool, Eva and Brosch, Tobias and Delplanque, Sylvain and Sander, David},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Emotions, Attentional Bias, Rewards},
	pages = {79--106},
	file = {Full Text:files/1458/Pool et al. - 2016 - Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli A.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1459/2015-42376-001.html:text/html}
}

@article{wilsonHowShouldWe2018,
	title = {How should we interpret estimates of individual repeatability?},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {20563744},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/evl3.40},
	doi = {10.1002/evl3.40},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-29},
	journal = {Evolution Letters},
	author = {Wilson, Alastair J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	note = {tex.ids: wilsonHowShouldWe2018a},
	keywords = {Phenotypic plasticity, Behaviour, Behavioural genetics, Quantitative genetics},
	pages = {4--8},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7756/Wilson - 2018 - How should we interpret estimates of individual re.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7755/evl3.html:text/html;Wilson - 2018 - How should we interpret estimates of individual re.pdf:files/1461/Wilson - 2018 - How should we interpret estimates of individual re.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{beekmanDoesFieldAnimal2017,
	title = {Does the field of animal personality provide any new insights for behavioral ecology?},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arx022},
	abstract = {The field of animal personalities claims to fill a gap in our understanding of animal behavior, because it explicitly studies the adaptive significance of behavioral differences. This is a controversial claim given that the field of behavioral ecology firmly places the study of animal behavior in an evolutionary context. In fact, it is the evolutionary context that differentiates behavioral ecology from ethology and animal behavior, 2 fields that were already concerned with the study of behavior in nonhuman animals. So, if behavioral ecology already takes an evolutionary approach to variation in behavior, we ask what is personality research about exactly? This question is particularly pertinent now the focus of personality research shifts and the field moves away from being mainly descriptive to include quantitative frameworks. As a result, the field has come to borrow heavily from already established fields. In our view, this has resulted in "animal personality" studies becoming nothing more than a rebranding of existing fields of research-fields that are far more solidly grounded and hypothesis driven than the often vague and superficial focus on animal personalities.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Beekman, Madeleine and Jordan, L. Alex},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	note = {WOS:000401942800001},
	keywords = {fish, selection, animal personality, behavioral ecology, behavioral syndromes, boldness, diversity, emergence, genetical evolution, individual-differences, life, repeatability, worker sterility},
	pages = {617--623},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1463/Beekman and Jordan - 2017 - Does the field of animal personality provide any n.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{houslayAvoidingMisuseBLUP2017,
	title = {Avoiding the misuse of {BLUP} in behavioural ecology},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arx023},
	abstract = {Having recognized that variation around the population-level "Golden Mean" of labile traits contains biologically meaningful information, behavioural ecologists have focused increasingly on exploring the causes and consequences of individual variation in behaviour. These are exciting new directions for the field, assisted in no small part by the adoption of mixed-effects modelling techniques that enable the partitioning of among- and within-individual behavioural variation. It has become commonplace to extract predictions of individual random effects from such models for use in subsequent analyses (for example, between a personality trait and other individual traits such as cognition, physiology, or fitness-related measures). However, these predictions are made with large amounts of error that is not carried forward, rendering further tests susceptible to spurious P values from these individual-level point estimates. We briefly summarize the problems with such statistical methods that are used regularly by behavioural ecologists, and highlight the robust solutions that exist within the mixed model framework, providing tutorials to aid in their implementation.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Houslay, Thomas M. and Wilson, Alastair J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	note = {WOS:000407590000002},
	keywords = {animal personality, individual-differences, behavioural plasticity, behavioural syndromes, cognition, consistency, coping   styles, eastern chipmunks, evolutionary ecology, long, personality-traits, phenotypic plasticity, physiology, wild},
	pages = {948--952},
	file = {Full Text:files/1465/Houslay and Wilson - 2017 - Avoiding the misuse of BLUP in behavioural ecology.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{monceauPersonalityImmuneResponse2017,
	title = {Personality, immune response and reproductive success: an appraisal of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	shorttitle = {Personality, immune response and reproductive success},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12684},
	abstract = {1. The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis is an extended concept of the life-history theory that includes behavioural traits. The studies challenging the POLS hypothesis often focus on the relationships between a single personality trait and a physiological and/or life-history trait. While pathogens represent a major selective pressure, few studies have been interested in testing relationships between behavioural syndrome, and several fitness components including immunity. 2. The aim of this study was to address this question in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, a model species in immunity studies. The personality score was estimated from a multidimensional syndrome based of four repeatable behavioural traits. 3. In a first experiment, we investigated its relationship with two measures of fitness (reproduction and survival) and three components of the innate immunity (haemocyte concentration, and levels of activity of the phenoloxidase including the total proenzyme and the naturally activated one) to challenge the POLS hypothesis in T. molitor. Overall, we found a relationship between behavioural syndrome and reproductive success in this species, thus supporting the POLS hypothesis. We also showed a sex-specific relationship between behavioural syndrome and basal immune parameters. 4. In a second experiment, we tested whether this observed relationship with innate immunity could be confirmed in term of differential survival after challenging by entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis. In this case, no significant relationship was evidenced. 5. We recommend that future researchers on the POLS should control for differences in evolutionary trajectory between sexes and to pay attention to the choice of the proxy used, especially when looking at immune traits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Monceau, Karine and Dechaume-Moncharmont, Francois-Xavier and Moreau, Jerome and Lucas, Camille and Capoduro, Remi and Motreuil, Sebastien and Moret, Yannick},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	note = {WOS:000403146400022},
	keywords = {fitness, survival, longevity, behavioral syndromes, evolutionary ecology, animal personalities, Bacillus thuringiensis, behavioural syndrome, concordance correlation-coefficient, consistent individual-differences, drosophila-melanogaster, fitness consequences, immunity, natal dispersal, resting metabolic-rate, tenebrio-molitor},
	pages = {932--942}
}

@article{saphire-bernsteinOxytocinReceptorGene2011,
	title = {Oxytocin receptor gene ({OXTR}) is related to psychological resources},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/108/37/15118},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1113137108},
	abstract = {Psychological resources—optimism, mastery, and self-esteem—buffer the deleterious effects of stress and are predictors of neurophysiological and psychological health-related outcomes. These resources have been shown to be highly heritable, yet the genetic basis for this heritability remains unknown. Here, we report a link between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) SNP rs53576 and psychological resources, such that carriers of the “A” allele have lower levels of optimism, mastery, and self-esteem, relative to G/G homozygotes. OXTR was also associated with depressive symptomatology. Mediation analysis indicates that the effects of OXTR on depressive symptoms may be largely mediated by the influence of OXTR on psychological resources.},
	language = {en},
	number = {37},
	urldate = {2018-10-29},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Saphire-Bernstein, Shimon and Way, Baldwin M. and Kim, Heejung S. and Sherman, David K. and Taylor, Shelley E.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21896752},
	pages = {15118--15122},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1468/Saphire-Bernstein et al. - 2011 - Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is related to psycho.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1470/15118.html:text/html}
}

@article{douglasEnvironmentalEnrichmentInduces2012,
	title = {Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognitive biases in pigs},
	volume = {139},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159112000688},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.018},
	abstract = {The objective assessment of affective (emotional) state in farm livestock, especially positive states, poses a significant challenge. In human psychology, there is evidence that affective state can alter cognition, with more positive states being associated with an increased likelihood of judging ambiguous information postively (a phenomenon described as optimistic cognitive bias). The aim of this study was to investigate whether judgement biases could be used to assess affective states in pigs housed in environments with different levels of enrichment. Two groups of five gilts were housed in either enriched (E) or barren (B) environments for the first five weeks of the experiment. The enriched group had more space, straw and objects to manipulate. The pigs were trained on a go/no-go task to discriminate two auditory cues, a positive cue that predicted a food reward if the pig approached a hatch, and a negative cue that predicted a mildly aversive experience if the pig approached the same hatch. The quality of the pigs’ environment was then changed over time in a balanced, cross-over design (either EBE or BEB). Tests of cognitive bias were made on individual pigs before and after each change in environment using an unreinforced, ambiguous, auditory cue different from either the positive or the negative cue. In test sessions, positive, negative and amibiguous cues were presented in a randomised sequence, and the pigs’ responses (whether they approached the hatch and latency to approach) were recorded. Both groups were more likely to approach the hatch and were faster to approach the hatch in response to the ambiguous cue when currently housed in the enriched environment. There was also an interaction between current and past environment, whereby pigs that started in the enriched environment were subsequently less likely and slower to approach the hatch when moved to a barren environment than pigs intially housed in the barren environment. These results show that pigs have more optimistic judgement biases in enriched environments indicative of a more positive affective state. Also, pigs that have spent time in an enriched environment react more negatively to being subsequently housed in a barren environment. We conclude that cognitive bias has potential to provide additional information about the effect of various management regimes on farmed animals’ welfare. This will be increasingly important for identifying practices to promote positive affective states in our food producing animals.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-29},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Douglas, Catherine and Bateson, Melissa and Walsh, Clare and Bédué, Anaïs and Edwards, Sandra A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Environmental enrichment, Cognitive bias, Emotion, Affective state, Housing, Pig welfare},
	pages = {65--73},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1472/Douglas et al. - 2012 - Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognit.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1473/Douglas et al. - 2012 - Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognit.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1474/S0168159112000688.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1475/S0168159112000688.html:text/html}
}

@article{volginUnderstandingRoleEnvironmental2018,
	title = {Understanding the {Role} of {Environmental} {Enrichment} in {Zebrafish} {Neurobehavioral} {Models}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1545-8547},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/zeb.2018.1592},
	doi = {10.1089/zeb.2018.1592},
	abstract = {Environmental stimuli are critical in preclinical research that utilizes laboratory animals to model human brain disorders. The main goal of environmental enrichment (EE) is to provide laboratory animals with better choice of activity and greater control over social and spatial stressors. Thus, in addition to being a useful experimental tool, EE becomes an important strategy for increasing the validity and reproducibility of preclinical data. Although zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly becoming a promising new organism for neuroscience research, the role of EE in zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) models remains poorly understood. Here we discuss EE in preclinical studies using zebrafish and its influence on brain physiology and behavior. Improving our understanding of EE effects in this organism may enhance zebrafish data validity and reliability. Paralleling rodent EE data, mounting evidence suggests the growing importance of EE in zebrafish neurobehavioral models.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-10-29},
	journal = {Zebrafish},
	author = {Volgin, Andrey D. and Yakovlev, Oleg V. and Demin, Konstantin A. and Abreu, Murilo S. de and Rosemberg, Denis B. and Meshalkina, Darya A. and Alekseeva, Polina A. and Friend, Ashton J. and Amstislavskaya, Tamara G. and Kalueff, Allan V.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {425--432},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1477/Volgin et al. - 2018 - Understanding the Role of Environmental Enrichment.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1478/zeb.2018.html:text/html}
}

@article{zajitschekSenescenceWildInsects,
	title = {Senescence in wild insects: {Key} questions and challenges},
	volume = {0},
	copyright = {© 2019 The Authors. Functional Ecology © 2019 British Ecological Society},
	issn = {1365-2435},
	shorttitle = {Senescence in wild insects},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.13399},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.13399},
	abstract = {Insects are key laboratory models for research on the fitness effects, genetics and plasticity of senescence. It was long believed that insects almost never survive long enough to senesce in the wild, but it is now clear that senescence occurs and can exact substantial fitness costs in natural insect populations. Yet, given the practical challenges of obtaining longitudinal field data on small, motile animals, we still know remarkably little about the evolution, expression and fitness consequences of senescence in wild insects. We argue that the study of senescence in wild insects is important because many insights and hypotheses based on laboratory experiments must be tested in natural populations. Examples of research areas where conclusions from laboratory studies could be misleading include the roles of candidate senescence genes, the effects of nutrition and dietary restriction on life span and senescence patterns, and the roles of viability selection and sexual selection in shaping senescence through trade-offs and antagonistic pleiotropy. Several emerging model species (such as antler flies, crickets, damselflies, dragonflies and butterflies) offer opportunities for field research on senescence using a range of observational and experimental techniques, as well as new genomic approaches. Insects provide valuable and increasingly tractable models for research on senescence in natural populations. We believe that such work will shed light on many important questions in ecology and evolutionary biology. A plain language summary is available for this article.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2019-07-22},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Zajitschek, Susanne and Bonduriansky, Russell},
	keywords = {life history, plasticity, ageing, dietary restriction, field study, natural populations},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1499/Zajitschek et al. - Senescence in wild insects Key questions and chal.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1485/1365-2435.html:text/html}
}

@article{gerlaiHighthroughputBehavioralScreens2010,
	title = {High-throughput behavioral screens: the first step towards finding genes involved in vertebrate brain function using zebrafish},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1420-3049},
	shorttitle = {High-throughput behavioral screens},
	doi = {10.3390/molecules15042609},
	abstract = {The zebrafish has been in the forefront of developmental biology for three decades and has become a favorite of geneticists. Due to the accumulated genetic knowledge and tools developed for the zebrafish it is gaining popularity in other disciplines, including neuroscience. The zebrafish offers a compromise between system complexity (it is a vertebrate similar in many ways to our own species) and practical simplicity (it is small, easy to keep, and prolific). Such features make zebrafish an excellent choice for high throughput mutation and drug screening. For the identification of mutation or drug induced alteration of brain function arguably the best methods are behavioral test paradigms. This review does not present experimental examples for the identification of particular genes or drugs. Instead it describes how behavioral screening methods may enable one to find functional alterations in the vertebrate brain. Furthermore, the review is not comprehensive. The behavioral test examples presented are biased according to the personal interests of the author. They will cover research areas including learning and memory, fear and anxiety, and social behavior. Nevertheless, the general principles will apply to other functional domains and should represent a snapshot of the rapidly evolving behavioral screening field with zebrafish.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
	author = {Gerlai, Robert},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {20428068},
	keywords = {Zebrafish, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Genes, High-Throughput Screening Assays},
	pages = {2609--2622},
	file = {Full Text:files/1481/Gerlai - 2010 - High-throughput behavioral screens the first step.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{blaserExperimentsLearningZebrafish2014,
	title = {Experiments on learning in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio): a promising model of neurocognitive function},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1873-7528},
	shorttitle = {Experiments on learning in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.003},
	abstract = {The past decade has seen rapid proliferation of behavioral research with zebrafish, and an emergence of interest in their potential as a model of neurocognitive function. Already, zebrafish have been proposed as a model of autism, Alzheimer's, drug abuse, schizophrenia, and other disorders involving cognitive dysfunction. Zebrafish have the sophisticated sensory and motor systems necessary for complex learning experiments, and their power as a genetic and developmental model has already been established. Currently, however, learning procedures remain unrefined, and behavioral variability presents a major problem for researchers. Before zebrafish can be effectively used to study the neurological bases of learning, a set of robust and replicable techniques must be characterized and standardized. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and critique of learning procedures that have been used with zebrafish and their results. We hope that such an analysis will prove useful in this early stage of research to guide future learning experiments and thereby improve the efficiency and validity of research with this promising new animal model.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews},
	author = {Blaser, R. E. and Vira, D. G.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24631853},
	keywords = {Zebrafish, Behavior, Learning, Animals, Appetitive Behavior, Avoidance Learning, Cognitive, Comparative, Conditioning, Conditioning, Classical, Conditioning, Operant, Methods, Model, Models, Animal, Neuropsychological Tests, Phenotyping, Reflex, Startle, Techniques},
	pages = {224--231}
}

@article{salmetoCognitiveBiasChick2011,
	title = {Cognitive bias in the chick anxiety-depression model},
	volume = {1373},
	issn = {1872-6240},
	doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.007},
	abstract = {Cognitive bias is a phenomenon that presents in clinical populations where anxious individuals tend to adopt a more pessimistic-like interpretation of ambiguous aversive stimuli whereas depressed individuals tend to adopt a less optimistic-like interpretation of ambiguous appetitive stimuli. To further validate the chick anxiety-depression model as a neuropsychiatric simulation we sought to quantify this cognitive endophenotype. Chicks exposed to an isolation stressor of 5m to induce an anxiety-like or 60 m to induce a depressive-like state were then tested in a straight alley maze to a series of morphed ambiguous appetitive (chick silhouette) to aversive (owl silhouette) cues. In non-isolated controls, runway start and goal latencies generally increased as a function of greater amounts of aversive characteristics in the cues. In chicks in the anxiety-like state, runway latencies were increased to aversive ambiguous cues, reflecting more pessimistic-like behavior. In chicks in the depression-like state, runway latencies were increased to both aversive and appetitive ambiguous cues, reflecting more pessimistic-like and less optimistic-like behavior, respectively.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Brain Research},
	author = {Salmeto, Amy L. and Hymel, Kristen A. and Carpenter, Erika C. and Brilot, Ben O. and Bateson, Melissa and Sufka, Kenneth J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21156165},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Analysis of Variance, Bias, Chickens, Cognition Disorders, Cues, Depression, Disease Models, Animal, Endophenotypes, Escape Reaction, Maze Learning, Photic Stimulation, Predictive Value of Tests, Reaction Time},
	pages = {124--130}
}

@article{lucaSearchOptimalFear2012,
	title = {In search of optimal fear inducing stimuli: {Differential} behavioral responses to computer animated images in zebrafish},
	volume = {226},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	shorttitle = {In search of optimal fear inducing stimuli},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432811006577},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.001},
	abstract = {Zebrafish has been gaining popularity in behavioral genetics and behavioral neuroscience as this species offers an excellent compromise between system complexity and practical simplicity for mechanistic analyses of brain and behavior function. Recently, a number of studies started to investigate methods with which fear responses may be induced reliably in zebrafish. The ultimate goal of these studies has been to develop zebrafish models of pathological processes and to investigate the mechanisms of fear and to eventually translate the findings to the human clinic. Previously, animated image of a sympatric predator of zebrafish was shown to induce fear responses. Here we expand on this recently gained knowledge and investigate whether other moving images may induce more robust fear responses. The images investigated include the original sympatric predator, the Indian leaf fish, another sympatric predator, the needle fish, a bird silhouette moved on the side or above the tank, an expanding dot mimicking rapid approach of an object shown on the side and from above the tank, as well as non-fear inducing images including a single and a group of zebrafish. Our results indicate that although the sympatric predators do induce some fear responses, the other images, particularly the expanding dot but also the bird silhouette shown from above are more effective. The results also reveal a stimulus dependent motor pattern response repertoire of zebrafish demonstrating that perhaps univariate quantification methods may not be appropriate for uncovering the complexity of fear or anxiety related phenotypical changes in this species.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-10-29},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Luca, Ruxandra M. and Gerlai, Robert},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Zebrafish, Fear, Anti-predatory behavior},
	pages = {66--76},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1489/Luca and Gerlai - 2012 - In search of optimal fear inducing stimuli Differ.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1490/S0166432811006577.html:text/html}
}

@article{mathesonLargerEnrichedCages2008,
	title = {Larger, enriched cages are associated with ‘optimistic’ response biases in captive {European} starlings ({Sturnus} vulgaris)},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159107000846},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.007},
	abstract = {Anxious and depressed humans typically view circumstances more pessimistically than non-depressed individuals. Here, we explore the proposal that such cognitive biases also exist in non-human animals, and could be used as novel measures of animal welfare. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that wild-caught captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are more optimistic in their interpretation of ambiguous stimuli when they are housed in cages designed to promote greater welfare compared with when they are housed in standard laboratory cages. Starlings were trained using a choice procedure to discriminate between two temporal stimuli (2s versus 10s duration light stimulus) associated with outcomes of a different value (instant or delayed food). Next, the birds’ responses to ambiguous, unreinforced stimuli of intermediate duration ranging from 2 to 10s were examined under two housing regimes designed to manipulate the birds’ welfare: big enriched cages versus standard cages (smaller and unenriched). The birds’ probability of classifying an intermediate stimulus as that associated with the instant food outcome was significantly higher in the enriched cage compared with the standard cage. Thus, the birds displayed greater optimism in the face of uncertainty under housing conditions in which other measures indicate better welfare. These findings support the use of cognitive bias-based tasks as a novel, non-invasive technique for assessing affective state in non-human animals.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-10-29},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Matheson, Stephanie M. and Asher, Lucy and Bateson, Melissa},
	month = feb,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Animal welfare, Environmental enrichment, Cognitive bias, Emotion, Affective state, Choice, Temporal discrimination},
	pages = {374--383},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1492/Matheson et al. - 2008 - Larger, enriched cages are associated with ‘optimi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1493/Matheson et al. - 2008 - Larger, enriched cages are associated with ‘optimi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1494/S0168159107000846.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1495/S0168159107000846.html:text/html}
}

@article{charmantierAssortativeMatingColored2017,
	title = {Assortative mating by colored ornaments in blue tits: space and time matter},
	volume = {7},
	shorttitle = {Assortative mating by colored ornaments in blue tits},
	url = {https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/731185},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2018-10-30},
	journal = {Ecol Evol},
	author = {Charmantier, Anne and Fargevieille, Amélie and Grégoire, Arnaud and Granado, Maria Del Rey and Doutrelant, Claire},
	year = {2017},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1497/Charmantier et al. - 2017 - Assortative mating by colored ornaments in blue ti.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1498/731185.html:text/html}
}

@article{rubertoTaggingProcedureVisible2018,
	title = {The {Tagging} {Procedure} of {Visible} {Implant} {Elastomers} {Influences} {Zebrafish} {Individual} and {Social} {Behavior}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1545-8547},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/zeb.2018.1616},
	doi = {10.1089/zeb.2018.1616},
	abstract = {One commonly used method to preserve individual identity in the study of social behavior of zebrafish is through silicone-based visible implant elastomers (VIEs), which represent a safe and durable tagging procedure. While the effects of VIE tagging on welfare and general health have been addressed in detail, whether this procedure influences social behavior remains unclear. In this study, we compared individual and group behaviors exhibited by shoals composed of three individuals: two nontagged and one (focal subject) that was either nontagged (control condition) or sham-, purple-, blue-, or yellow tagged. Traditional behavioral parameters of activity, shoaling, and schooling (speed, polarization, and interindividual distances), along with an information-theoretic measure of social interaction (transfer entropy), were used to study the effect of tagging. Our findings indicate that tagging procedure per se significantly increased individual speed of the tagged subjects and of the group. The tagging procedure also altered the level of interaction between individuals, measured by transfer entropy. Conversely, tagging procedure did not influence shoaling and schooling tendencies. These findings suggest that VIE tagging may elicit some level of stress, which may affect some behavioral responses more than others. We recommend use of alternative methods such as multitracking systems when possible.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-10-30},
	journal = {Zebrafish},
	author = {Ruberto, Tommaso and Clément, Romain J.G. and Spinello, Chiara and Neri, Daniele and Macrì, Simone and Porfiri, Maurizio},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {433--444},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1501/Ruberto et al. - 2018 - The Tagging Procedure of Visible Implant Elastomer.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1502/zeb.2018.html:text/html}
}

@article{vargasLoveFirstSight2018,
	title = {‘{Love} at first sight’: {The} effect of personality and colouration patterns in the reproductive success of zebrafish ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {‘{Love} at first sight’},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0203320},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0203320},
	abstract = {Individual differences in animal personality and external appearance such as colouration patterns have both been extensively studied separately. A significant body of research has explored many of pertinent ecological and biological aspects that can be affected by them and their impact upon fitness. Currently little is known about how both factors interact and their effect on reproductive success. In this study, we evaluated two major parameters contributing to the fitness of the species: reproduction and offspring survival. We selected two different phenotypes of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) selected by their colouration patterns: phenotype 1) named Wild type, UAB line (WT-UAB) with a homogeneous colouration pattern (clear and defined lateral stripes) and phenotype 2) Wild type indefinite (WT-I) had a heterogeneous colouration pattern and different degrees of lateral stripe definition. All animals were also screened for personality. We then compared their reproductive success (spawning rate) and offspring survival at different stages, from egg to larvae, and for 2 successive generations (parental generation was G0; First and second generations were G1 and G2 respectively). Our results show that personality traits were the main source of variability between the fitness components measured: both personalities had similar total numbers of eggs spawned but proactive animals, for both colour phenotypes, had higher reproductive success. This was reflected in a higher percentage of spawning viability at 1day post fertilization (dpf), higher total survival and growth rates at larval stages. Proactive phenotypes from WT-UAB population had a higher overall fitness in comparison to the other phenotypes studied. Our findings imply that fitness of this species when kept under similar husbandry conditions is significantly influenced by parental personality and not by their external appearance. Under these conditions the reproductive success is enhanced. The implications of this study are important for zebrafish breeding and husbandry in captivity and are relevant toward understanding the underlying drivers of trait selection in natural environments.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2018-11-08},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Vargas, Reynaldo and Mackenzie, Simon and Rey, Sonia},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Zebrafish, Personality, Animal sexual behavior, Embryos, Larvae, Personality differences, Reproductive success, Spawning},
	pages = {e0203320},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1504/Vargas et al. - 2018 - ‘Love at first sight’ The effect of personality a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1505/article.html:text/html}
}

@article{fulcherNeurochemicalBehavioralResponses2016,
	title = {Neurochemical and {Behavioral} {Responses} to {Unpredictable} {Chronic} {Mild} {Stress} {Following} {Developmental} {Isolation}: {The} {Zebrafish} as a {Model} for {Major} {Depression}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1545-8547},
	shorttitle = {Neurochemical and {Behavioral} {Responses} to {Unpredictable} {Chronic} {Mild} {Stress} {Following} {Developmental} {Isolation}},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/zeb.2016.1295},
	doi = {10.1089/zeb.2016.1295},
	abstract = {Unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) and developmental social isolation are often utilized in laboratory animals to mimic unpredictable life stressors and early life adversity that may contribute to the development of major depressive disorder in humans. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been used to examine the effects of both developmental social isolation and UCMS. However, anxiety-like behavioral responses, social behavior, and neurochemical changes induced by stressors have not been well characterized. Furthermore, the possible interaction between UCMS and developmental isolation remains unexplored. In this study, we analyzed the effect of UCMS on developmentally isolated and socially reared zebrafish. The UCMS procedure entailed delivering unpredictably varying mild stressors twice a day for 15 consecutive days. To quantify social and anxiety-like behaviors, we measured the zebrafish's behavioral and neurochemical (dopaminergic and serotonergic) responses to an animated image of conspecifics in a novel tank. Our results suggest that UCMS increased anxiety-like behavioral responses, whereas developmental isolation altered motor responses during stimulus presentation. We also found that UCMS diminished weight gain and reduced whole-brain levels of dopamine and serotonin's metabolite 5-HIAA in developmentally isolated, but not socially reared zebrafish. Our findings reinforce the utility of combining developmental isolation with UCMS in zebrafish to model depressive-like behavior in humans.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-11-08},
	journal = {Zebrafish},
	author = {Fulcher, Niveen and Tran, Steven and Shams, Soaleha and Chatterjee, Diptendu and Gerlai, Robert},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {23--34},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1507/Fulcher et al. - 2016 - Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses to Unpredic.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1508/zeb.2016.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{pittmanDevelopingZebrafishDepressionRelated2017,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Developing {Zebrafish} {Depression}-{Related} {Models}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-33774-6},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33774-6_2},
	abstract = {Animal models of disease are ultimately only as strong as the clinical phenotype(s) upon which they are based. Many obstacles impede our ability to design animal models of complex mental illnesses, such as depression. An animal model that attempts to re-create any disease strives to maximize construct, face, and predictive validities. Strategies to model depression in representative animals have largely focused on one or more symptoms of depression, which have left many knowledge gaps open. In approaching these knowledge gaps, there are three primary areas that we feel need to be focused on: development of translational animal models, identification of genetic determinants, and discovery of novel targets/biomarkers of depression. Here, we discuss how zebrafish may be utilized in the modeling and analysis of the mechanisms of depression. Furthermore, this chapter also provides a detailed description of the behavioral responses and makes recommendations for further development of these methods, and how they may be employed in forward genetic screening for mutations involved in depression-related phenotypes.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-11-08},
	booktitle = {The rights and wrongs of zebrafish: {Behavioral} phenotyping of zebrafish},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Pittman, Julian and Piato, Angelo},
	editor = {Kalueff, Allan V.},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-33774-6_2},
	keywords = {Depression, Endophenotypes, Animal model development, Behavioral tests, Pharmacological analysis},
	pages = {33--43},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/1510/Pittman and Piato - 2017 - Developing Zebrafish Depression-Related Models.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kalueffZebrafishEmergingModel2014,
	title = {Zebrafish as an emerging model for studying complex brain disorders},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0165-6147},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165614713002290},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tips.2013.12.002},
	abstract = {The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly becoming a popular model organism in pharmacogenetics and neuropharmacology. Both larval and adult zebrafish are currently used to increase our understanding of brain function, dysfunction, and their genetic and pharmacological modulation. Here we review the developing utility of zebrafish in the analysis of complex brain disorders (including, e.g., depression, autism, psychoses, drug abuse, and cognitive deficits), also covering zebrafish applications towards the goal of modeling major human neuropsychiatric and drug-induced syndromes. We argue that zebrafish models of complex brain disorders and drug-induced conditions are a rapidly emerging critical field in translational neuroscience and pharmacology research.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-11-08},
	journal = {Trends in Pharmacological Sciences},
	author = {Kalueff, Allan V. and Stewart, Adam Michael and Gerlai, Robert},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {behavioral tests, brain disorders, translational research, zebrafish},
	pages = {63--75},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1512/Kalueff et al. - 2014 - Zebrafish as an emerging model for studying comple.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1513/S0165614713002290.html:text/html}
}

@article{rafaEffectsOptimismGambling2016,
	title = {Effects of optimism on gambling in the rat slot machine task},
	volume = {300},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432815303272},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.013},
	abstract = {Although gambling disorder is a serious social problem in modern societies, information about the behavioral traits that could determine vulnerability to this psychopathology is still scarce. In this study, we used a recently developed ambiguous-cue interpretation ​(ACI)​ paradigm to investigate whether ‘optimism’ and ‘pessimism’ as behavioral traits may determine the gambling-like behavior of rodents. In a series of ACI tests (cognitive bias screening), we identified rats that displayed ‘pessimistic’ and ‘optimistic’ traits. Subsequently, using the rat slot machine task (rSMT), we investigated if the ‘optimistic’/‘pessimistic’ traits could determine the crucial feature of gambling-like behavior that has been investigated in rats and humans: the ​interpretation of ‘near-miss’ outcomes as a positive (i.e., win) situation. We found that ‘optimists’ did not interpret ‘near-miss’, ‘near loss’, or ‘clear win’ as win trials more often than ​their ‘pessimistic’ ​conspecifics; however, the ‘optimists’ were statistically more likely to reach for a reward in the hopeless ‘clear loss’ situation. This agrees with human studies and provides a platform for modeling interactions between behavioral traits and gambling in animals.},
	urldate = {2018-11-08},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Rafa, Dominik and Kregiel, Jakub and Popik, Piotr and Rygula, Rafal},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Optimism, Pessimism, Ambiguous-cue interpretation, Cognitive judgment bias, Gambling, Rat},
	pages = {97--105},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1515/Rafa et al. - 2016 - Effects of optimism on gambling in the rat slot ma.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1516/S0166432815303272.html:text/html}
}

@article{enkelAmbiguousCueInterpretationBiased2010,
	title = {Ambiguous-{Cue} {Interpretation} is {Biased} {Under} {Stress}- and {Depression}-{Like} {States} in {Rats}},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {2009 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1740-634X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2009204},
	doi = {10.1038/npp.2009.204},
	abstract = {Negative cognitive bias—the tendency to interpret ambiguous situations pessimistically—is a central feature of stress-related disorders such as depression. The underlying neurobiology of this bias, however, remains unclear, not least because of a lack of translational tools. We established a new ambiguous-cue interpretation paradigm and, with respect to the etiology of depression, evaluated if environmental and genetic factors contribute to a negative bias. Rats were trained to press a lever to receive a food reward contingent to one tone and to press another lever in response to a different tone to avoid punishment by electric foot-shock. In the ambiguous-cue test, the lever-press responses to tones with frequencies intermediate to the trained tones were taken as indicators for the rats' expectation of a positive or negative event. A negative response bias because of decreased positive and increased negative responding was found in congenitally helpless rats, a genetic animal model of depression. Moreover, treatment with a combined noradrenergic-glucocorticoid challenge, mimicking stress-related changes in endogenous neuromodulation, biased rats away from positive responding. This response shift was accompanied by neuronal activation in dentate gyrus and amygdala. Thus, environmental and genetic risk factors for depression induce a response bias, which resembles the pessimistic bias of patients suffering from depression. The behavioral paradigm described constitutes a useful tool to study the neuronal basis of decision making under ambiguous conditions and may promote innovative pharmaco- and psychotherapy for depression.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-11-08},
	journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
	author = {Enkel, Thomas and Gholizadeh, Donya and von Bohlen und Halbach, Oliver and Sanchis-Segura, Carles and Hurlemann, Rene and Spanagel, Rainer and Gass, Peter and Vollmayr, Barbara},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1008--1015},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1518/Enkel et al. - 2010 - Ambiguous-Cue Interpretation is Biased Under Stres.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1519/npp2009204.html:text/html}
}

@article{papciakChronicPsychosocialStress2013,
	title = {Chronic psychosocial stress makes rats more ‘pessimistic’ in the ambiguous-cue interpretation paradigm},
	volume = {256},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432813005330},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.036},
	abstract = {Human decisions are often biased by emotions. Stressed and depressed individuals tend to make negative, pessimistic judgements while those in positive affective states are often more optimistic. Chronic psychosocial stress has previously been shown to induce a spectrum of behavioural and physiological changes in rats that are considered the correlates of depressive symptoms in humans. In this study, we investigate whether chronic social defeat makes animals more ‘pessimistic’. To measure the changes in cognitive judgement bias, we applied the ambiguous-cue interpretation paradigm. In the operant boxes, the rats were trained to press one lever in response to one tone to receive a reward and to press another lever in response to a different tone to avoid punishment. Cognitive bias was tested by measuring the pattern of animals’ responses to a tone of intermediate frequency (ambiguous-cue). To induce chronic psychosocial stress, we subjected the animals to daily social defeat in the resident–intruder paradigm for 3 weeks. We report that chronic psychosocial stress makes rats more pessimistic.},
	urldate = {2018-11-08},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Papciak, Justyna and Popik, Piotr and Fuchs, Eberhard and Rygula, Rafal},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Pessimism, Depression, Rat, Ambiguous cue, Social Defeat, Stress},
	pages = {305--310},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1521/Papciak et al. - 2013 - Chronic psychosocial stress makes rats more ‘pessi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1522/S0166432813005330.html:text/html}
}

@article{batesonAgitatedHoneybeesExhibit2011,
	title = {Agitated {Honeybees} {Exhibit} {Pessimistic} {Cognitive} {Biases}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211005446},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.017},
	abstract = {Summary
Whether animals experience human-like emotions is controversial and of immense societal concern [1, 2, 3]. Because animals cannot provide subjective reports of how they feel, emotional state can only be inferred using physiological, cognitive, and behavioral measures [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. In humans, negative feelings are reliably correlated with pessimistic cognitive biases, defined as the increased expectation of bad outcomes [9, 10, 11]. Recently, mammals [12, 13, 14, 15, 16] and birds [17, 18, 19, 20] with poor welfare have also been found to display pessimistic-like decision making, but cognitive biases have not thus far been explored in invertebrates. Here, we ask whether honeybees display a pessimistic cognitive bias when they are subjected to an anxiety-like state induced by vigorous shaking designed to simulate a predatory attack. We show for the first time that agitated bees are more likely to classify ambiguous stimuli as predicting punishment. Shaken bees also have lower levels of hemolymph dopamine, octopamine, and serotonin. In demonstrating state-dependent modulation of categorization in bees, and thereby a cognitive component of emotion, we show that the bees' response to a negatively valenced event has more in common with that of vertebrates than previously thought. This finding reinforces the use of cognitive bias as a measure of negative emotional states across species and suggests that honeybees could be regarded as exhibiting emotions.
Video Abstract},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2018-11-08},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Bateson, Melissa and Desire, Suzanne and Gartside, Sarah E. and Wright, Geraldine A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1070--1073},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1524/Bateson et al. - 2011 - Agitated Honeybees Exhibit Pessimistic Cognitive B.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1525/S0960982211005446.html:text/html}
}

@article{fangmeierComputerAnimationTechnology2018,
	title = {Computer {Animation} {Technology} in {Behavioral} {Sciences}: {A} {Sequential}, {Automatic}, and {High}-{Throughput} {Approach} to {Quantifying} {Personality} in {Zebrafish} ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1545-8547},
	shorttitle = {Computer {Animation} {Technology} in {Behavioral} {Sciences}},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/zeb.2017.1532},
	doi = {10.1089/zeb.2017.1532},
	abstract = {An emergent field of animal personality necessitates a method for repeated high-throughput quantification of behavioral traits across contexts. In this study, we have developed an automated video stimulus approach to sequentially present different contexts relevant to five “personality” traits (exploration, boldness, neophobia, aggression, and sociability), successfully quantifying repeatable trait measurements in multiple individuals simultaneously. Although our method is designed to quantify personality traits in zebrafish, our approach can accommodate the quantification of other behaviors, and could be customized for other species. All digital materials and detailed protocols are publicly available online for researchers to freely use and modify.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-11-11},
	journal = {Zebrafish},
	author = {Fangmeier, Melissa L. and Noble, Daniel W.A. and O'Dea, Rose E. and Usui, Takuji and Lagisz, Malgorzata and Hesselson, Daniel and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {206--210},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1527/Fangmeier et al. - 2018 - Computer Animation Technology in Behavioral Scienc.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1528/zeb.2017.html:text/html}
}

@article{usuiFrenchPressRepeatable2018,
	title = {The {French} press: a repeatable and high-throughput approach to exercising zebrafish ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2167-8359},
	shorttitle = {The {French} press},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5775754/},
	doi = {10.7717/peerj.4292},
	abstract = {Zebrafish are increasingly used as a vertebrate model organism for various traits including swimming performance, obesity and metabolism, necessitating high-throughput protocols to generate standardized phenotypic information. Here, we propose a novel and cost-effective method for exercising zebrafish, using a coffee plunger and magnetic stirrer. To demonstrate the use of this method, we conducted a pilot experiment to show that this simple system provides repeatable estimates of maximal swim performance (intra-class correlation [ICC] = 0.34–0.41) and observe that exercise training of zebrafish on this system significantly increases their maximum swimming speed. We propose this high-throughput and reproducible system as an alternative to traditional linear chamber systems for exercising zebrafish and similarly sized fishes.},
	urldate = {2018-11-11},
	journal = {PeerJ},
	author = {Usui, Takuji and Noble, Daniel W.A. and O’Dea, Rose E. and Fangmeier, Melissa L. and Lagisz, Malgorzata and Hesselson, Daniel and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pmcid = {PMC5775754},
	pmid = {29372124},
	note = {tex.ids: usuiFrenchPressRepeatable2018a
publisher: PeerJ Inc.},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7716/Usui et al. - 2018 - The French press a repeatable and high-throughput.pdf:application/pdf;PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1530/Usui et al. - 2018 - The French press a repeatable and high-throughput.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7717/4292.html:text/html}
}

@article{parkerSubspeciesStatusMethods2018,
	title = {Subspecies status and methods explain strength of response to local versus foreign song by oscine birds in meta-analysis},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000334721830174X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.05.023},
	abstract = {To understand the implications of geographical variation in vocal culture in songbirds, researchers have often compared territorial responses to playback of local songs versus responses to playback of songs from ‘foreign’ conspecifics. This body of work has the potential to help us move towards a general understanding of factors driving divergence in signal recognition. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 57 playback studies to explain variation in strength of response to local versus foreign songs. Studies with incomplete reporting of results had elevated effects due to selective reporting. Studies that used small numbers of stimuli as exemplars (pseudoreplication) had more variable effects than studies without severe pseudoreplication. Whether or not we controlled for pseudoreplication, we found greater response to playback of local song than to foreign song. In investigating potential biological drivers of the variation in strength of experimental effects, we found that the difference in territorial response to local versus foreign song was stronger if the foreign song was recorded from another subspecies than if the foreign song was recorded from the same subspecies as the focal individuals. Indexes of risk of accidental response to heterospecific song did not coherently explain response to foreign conspecific songs, nor did factors expected to influence individual experience with foreign conspecific songs. Thus, although oscine songbirds clearly react more aggressively to local song than to foreign song and variation in the strength of this effect is influenced by methodological choices and subspecies status, considerable variation in the strength of response to local versus foreign song playback remains to be explained.},
	urldate = {2018-11-12},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Parker, Timothy H. and Greig, Emma I. and Nakagawa, Shinichi and Parra, Marcelina and Dalisio, Anthony C.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {deceptive mimicry, meta-analysis, playback, pseudoreplication, selective reporting, signalling},
	pages = {1--17},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/1533/Parker et al. - 2018 - Subspecies status and methods explain strength of .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1534/S000334721830174X.html:text/html}
}

@article{gerlaiZebrafishAntipredatoryResponses2010,
	title = {Zebrafish antipredatory responses: {A} future for translational research?},
	volume = {207},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	shorttitle = {Zebrafish antipredatory responses},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203216/},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.008},
	abstract = {Human neuropsychiatric conditions associated with abnormally exaggerated or misdirected fear (anxiety disorders and phobias) still represent a large unmet medical need because the biological mechanisms underlying these diseases are not well understood. Animal models have been proposed to facilitate this research. Here I review the literature with a focus on zebrafish, an upcoming laboratory organism in behavioral brain research. I argue that abnormal human fear responses are likely the result of the malfunction of neurobiological mechanisms (brain areas, circuits and/or molecular mechanisms) that originally evolved to support avoidance of predators or other harm in nature. I also argue that the understanding of the normal as well as pathological functioning of such mechanisms may be best achieved if one utilizes naturalistic experimental approaches. In case of laboratory model organisms, this may entail presenting stimuli associated with predators and measuring species-specific antipredatory responses. Although zebrafish is a relatively new subject of such inquiry, I review the recently rapidly increasing number of zebrafish studies in this area, and conclude that zebrafish is a promising research tool for the analysis of the neurobiology and genetics of vertebrate fear responses.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-11-12},
	journal = {Behavioural brain research},
	author = {Gerlai, Robert},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19836422},
	pmcid = {PMC3203216},
	pages = {223--231},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/1536/Gerlai - 2010 - Zebrafish antipredatory responses A future for tr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gravesOriginFunctionMammalian1995,
	title = {The origin and function of the mammalian {Y} chromosome and the {Y}-borne genes- an evolving understanding},
	volume = {17},
	journal = {BioEssays},
	author = {Graves, J. A. M.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {genes, call, Y, mammalian Y chromosome,sex determinaiton,X and Y chromosomes, Y chromosome},
	pages = {311--321}
}

@article{wuGenesEmbryoDevelopment2011,
	title = {Genes for embryo development are packaged in blocks of multivalent chromatin in zebrafish sperm},
	volume = {21},
	abstract = {In mature human sperm, genes of importance for embryo development (i.e., transcription factors) lack DNA methylation and bear nucleosomes with distinctive histone modifications, suggesting the specialized packaging of these developmental genes in the germline. Here, we explored the tractable zebrafish model and found conceptual conservation as well as several new features. Biochemical and mass spectrometric approaches reveal the zebrafish sperm genome packaged in nucleosomes and histone variants (and not protamine), and we find linker histones high and H4K16ac absent, key factors that may contribute to genome condensation. We examined several activating (H3K4me2/3, H3K14ac, H2AFV) and repressing (H3K27me3, H3K36me3, H3K9me3, hypoacetylation) modifications/compositions genome-wide and find developmental genes packaged in large blocks of chromatin with coincident activating and repressing marks and DNA hypomethylation, revealing complex “multivalent” chromatin. Notably, genes that acquire DNA methylation in the soma (muscle) are enriched in transcription factors for alternative cell fates. Remarkably, whereas H3K36me3 is located in the 3′ coding region of heavily transcribed genes in somatic cells, H3K36me3 is present in the promoters of “silent” developmental regulators in sperm, suggesting different rules for H3K36me3 in the germline and soma. We also reveal the chromatin patterns of transposons, rDNA, and tDNAs. Finally, high levels of H3K4me3 and H3K14ac in sperm are correlated with genes activated in embryos prior to the mid-blastula transition (MBT), whereas multivalent genes are correlated with activation at or after MBT. Taken together, gene sets with particular functions in the embryo are packaged by distinctive types of complex and often atypical chromatin in sperm.},
	journal = {Genome Research},
	author = {Wu, S.F. and Zhang, H. and Cairns, B.R.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {578--589}
}

@article{poulinMateChoiceDecisions1994,
	title = {Mate choice decisions by parasitized female upland bullies, {Gobiomorphus} breviceps},
	volume = {256},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Poulin, R.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, heritability, call, preference, parasites},
	pages = {183--187}
}

@article{boudjemadiInfluenceConnectivityDemography1999,
	title = {Influence of connectivity on demography and dispersal in two contrasting habitats: an experimental approach},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000084218700011},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00363.x},
	abstract = {1. Habitat fragmentation is involved in the present extinction crisis and is known to influence many aspects of population dynamics, The level of connectivity between populations is one of its components. In an experimental study on the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin), we analysed in two contrasting habitats the influence of connection on dispersal patterns, on differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals, on population size, survival rates, and reproduction. 2. The experimental design consisted of eight two-patch units. Half of them were connected by dispersal. We performed this treatment in a grassland and a wood clearance, two habitats with different resource availability (respectively called 'rich' and 'poor' habitat). 3. We expected that the loss of connection would modify juvenile dispersal patterns, have a different effect on dispersing and philopatric individuals, negatively affect survival rates and fecundity by modifying social interactions and would have different consequences in 'rich' habitats compared to 'poor' ones. 4. Connection modified dispersal patterns. Two dispersal periods occurred in unconnected units, but only one occurred in connected ones, Moreover, dispersers of the second dispersal period were morphologically similar to philopatric individuals. The loss of connection probably caused the late dispersal of individuals which would have remained philopatric in a connected context. Dispersers of the second period seemed to have lower winter survival rates than philopatric individuals, as expected if these individuals had been 'forced' to disperse. 5. We found that connection modified demography through juvenile winter survival rates and female reproduction depending on habitat type. Connection led to higher juvenile survival rates in 'rich' habitats, whereas it was not the case in 'poor' habitats. The loss of connection decreased female reproductive rate whatever the type of habitat. 6. This study suggests that connection can directly modify demographic parameters depending on habitat quality and involving behavioural mechanisms. It confirms that conservation management, like installation of dispersal corridors, must take into account habitat characteristics and behavioural features.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Boudjemadi, K. and Lecomte, J. and Clobert, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1207--1224}
}

@article{swaddleBiologicalRelevanceTesting1997,
	title = {The biological relevance of testing for perfect symmetry},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Swaddle, J. P. and Cuthill, I. C.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, asymmetry,fluctuating asymmetry, symmetry},
	pages = {475--476}
}

@article{robertsCorrelationsHeterozygosityMeasures2006,
	title = {Correlations between heterozygosity and measures of genetic similarity: implications for understanding mate choice},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01003.x},
	abstract = {Abstract There is currently considerable interest in testing the effects of genetic compatibility and heterozygosity on animal mate preferences. Evidence for either effect is rapidly accumulating, although results are not always clear-cut. However, correlations between mating preferences and either genetic similarity or heterozygosity are usually tested independently, and the possibility that similarity and heterozygosity may be confounded has rarely been taken into account. Here we show that measures of genetic similarity (allele sharing, relatedness) may be correlated with heterozygosity, using data from 441 human individuals genotyped at major loci in the major histocompatibility complex, and 281 peafowl (Pavo cristatus) individuals genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci. We show that average levels of allele sharing and relatedness are each significantly associated with heterozygosity in both humans and peafowl, that these relationships are influenced by the level of polymorphism, and that these similarity measures may correlate with heterozygosity in qualitatively different ways. We discuss the implications of these inter-relationships for interpretation of mate choice studies. It has recently become apparent that mating preferences for 'good genes' and 'compatible genes' may introduce discordant choice amongst individuals, since the optimal mate for one trait may not be optimal for the other, and our results are consistent with this idea. The inter-relationship between these measures of genetic quality also carries implications for the way in which mate choice studies are designed and interpreted, and generates predictions that can be tested in future research},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Roberts, S. C. and Hale, M. L. and Petrie, M.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, genes, good genes, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, quality, mating, PREFERENCES, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, allele, COMPATIBILITY, COMPLEX, genetic compatibility, genetic quality, GENETIC SIMILARITY, heterozygosity, human, Humans, INDIVIDUALS, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, mating preference, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, Pavo cristatus, polymorphism, relatedness, similarity},
	pages = {558--569}
}

@article{ariyomoEffectVariationBoldness2012,
	title = {The effect of variation in boldness and aggressiveness on the reproductive success of zebrafish},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:000298149900007},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.10.004},
	abstract = {Boldness and aggressiveness are two behavioural traits that have received extensive attention in the field of animal behaviour. However, relatively little is known about how these traits are maintained in populations and the fitness of individuals that exhibit them. We tested the effect of boldness and aggressiveness on the reproductive success of zebrafish, Danio rerio. Using behavioural tests, we established groups of males that varied consistently in their boldness (bold, middling and shy) as well as groups of males that differed in their aggressiveness (aggressive, middling and nonaggressive) and paired them with randomly selected females. We found no difference in the total number of eggs laid by females mated to bold or aggressive males. However, the number of fertilized eggs differed, with the boldest and the most aggressive males fertilizing more eggs than the other groups. Furthermore, the proportion of fertilized eggs differed between groups. These results show that an individual's reproductive fitness can be associated with behavioural variations in boldness and aggressiveness. (C) 2011 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Ariyomo, T. O. and Watt, P. J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {41--46}
}

@article{pitnickSizedependentAlternativeMale2009,
	title = {Size-dependent alternative male mating tactics in the yellow dung fly, {Scathophaga} stercoraria},
	volume = {276},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000268798600003},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.0632},
	abstract = {Whenever males can monopolize females and/or resources used by females, the opportunity for sexual selection will be great. The greater the variation among males in reproductive success, the greater the intensity of selection on less competitive males to gain matings through alternative tactics. In the yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria, males aggressively compete for access to receptive, gravid females on fresh dung. Larger males are better able to acquire mates and to complete copulation successfully and guard the female throughout oviposition. Here we demonstrate that when an alternative resource is present where females aggregate (i.e. apple pomace, where both sexes come to feed), smaller males will redirect their searching for females from dung to the new substrate. In addition, we identify a class of particularly small males on the alternative substrate that appears never to be present searching for females on or around dung. Smaller males were found to have a mating 'advantage' on pomace, in striking contrast to the pattern observed on dung, providing further support for the existence of an alternative male reproductive tactic in this species.},
	number = {1671},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Pitnick, S. and Henn, K. R. H. and Maheux, S. D. and Higginson, D. M. and Hurtado-Gonzales, J. L. and Manier, M. K. and Berben, K. S. and Guptill, C. and Uy, J. A. C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, SPERM COMPETITION, body size, BODY-SIZE, flies, l diptera-scatophagidae, optimal copula duration, oviposition site, reproductive behaviour, reproductive strategy, Scathophaga stercoraria, SEASONAL-CHANGES, sperm displacement},
	pages = {3229--3237}
}

@article{birkheadSexualSelectionZebra1998,
	title = {Sexual selection in the zebra finch {Taeniopygia} guttata: condition, sex traits and immune capacity},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R. and Fletcher, F. and Pellatt, E. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, sex, beak colour,condition,immunology,sexual selection,song rate,sperm,zebra finch},
	pages = {179--191}
}

@article{collinsMaleDisplaysCause1994,
	title = {Male displays: cause or effect of female preference?},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Collins, S. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {zebra finch, female preference, preference, display, displays, male displays},
	pages = {371--375}
}

@article{gretherCarotenoidLimitationSexual1999,
	title = {Carotenoid limitation of sexual coloration along an environmental gradient in guppies},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Grether, G. F. and Hudon, J. and Millie, D. F.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, call, carotenoid availability,carotenoid limitation,coloration,geographic variation,Poecilia reticulata,secondary sexual characters},
	pages = {1317--1322}
}

@article{wolffPopulationRegulationMammals1997,
	title = {Population regulation in mammals: {An} evolutionary perspective},
	volume = {66},
	url = {ISI:A1997WG60000001},
	abstract = {1. I present a conceptual model that predicts the proximate and ultimate factors that determine whether a mammal species has the potential to be regulated by intrinsic (behavioural) or extrinsic factors. The model is based on three behavioural phenomena that purportedly regulate mammal populations: female territoriality, dispersal, and reproductive suppression. 2. The model predicts that intrinsic regulation can occur only in those species in which females are territorial, offspring-rearing space (or alpha status) is limited, and young females exhibit reproductive suppression. Female territoriality should occur in species that have altricial young and serve as a counter-strategy to infanticide from conspecific females. Female mammals that have precocial young or mobile altricial young that are not vulnerable to infanticide should not commit infanticide and should not be territorial. Thus, developmental state at birth would be an ultimate factor that determines whether offspring-rearing space potentially can be limited. 3. Dispersal should be density-independent in nonterritorial species and inversely density-dependent in territorial species and thus has limited potential to regulate population density in any species. 4. Behavioural reproductive suppression of young females is proposed as an adaptive mechanism to avoid inbreeding or to conserve reproductive effort in response to the threat of infanticide. 5. Intrinsic regulation should be most likely to occur in monogamous territorial species in which daughters grow up in the presence of male relatives (such as in canids and some primates). Polygynous species, in which females are territorial such as most rodents, have the potential for self-regulation; however, exposure to unrelated males and the fact that young females can breed on their mothers' territories usually preclude benavidural reproductive suppression. 6. Intrinsic regulation should not occur in species with precocial young, nonterritorial species, or in species in which daughters do not associate with male relatives, such as the ungulates, marine mammals, bats and marsupials. 7. The model predicts that female territoriality, the threat of infanticide, and the presence of male relatives in the natal home range are the proximate mechanisms for intrinsic population regulation in mammals. These factors apparently occur only under a limited set of conditions; therefore, most mammal populations are probably controlled by extrinsic factors. The model is presented with a series of a priori predictions from which hypotheses can be formulated and tested},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Wolff, J. O.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {reproductive effort, behaviour, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, population, response, selection, model, field, territoriality, natural selection, BEHAVIOR, COLUMBIAN GROUND-SQUIRRELS, condition, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, elephant, ELEPHANT SEALS, emigrate, extrinsic, HOME RANGE SIZE, HOME-RANGE, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, infanticide, intrinsic, JUVENILE DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, natal philopatry, NATURAL-SELECTION, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, population density, POPULATION REGULATION, POPULATIONS, PRIMATES, red deer, REPRODUCTIVE SUPPRESSION, RODENT, rodents, SMALL MAMMALS, social, SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION, SPACE, SUPPRESSION, territory, ungulate, ungulates, VOLES MICROTUS, WHITE-FOOTED MICE, WILD, wolf, WOLVES, X},
	pages = {1--13}
}

@article{charlesworthSexualSelectionPolymorphism1975,
	title = {Sexual selection and polymorphism},
	volume = {109},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Charlesworth, D. and Charlesworth, B.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, polymorphism, polymorphism,selection},
	pages = {465--470}
}

@article{boschPrecopulatoryBehaviourEvolutionary2003,
	title = {Precopulatory behaviour and the evolutionary relationships of {Discoglossidae}},
	volume = {41},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1439-0469.2003.00217.x},
	journal = {Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research},
	author = {Bosch, J. and Boyero, L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {advertisement-calls, discoglossidae, female recognition, phylogenetic relationships},
	pages = {145--151}
}

@article{schwartzTestParallelCoevolution2007,
	title = {A test for the parallel co-evolution of male colour and female preference in {Trinidadian} guppies ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1522-0613},
	url = {://WOS:000243979300005},
	abstract = {Question: Do male traits and female preferences co-evolve in response to divergent natural selection? Organisms: Six Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) populations adapted to high- or low-predation environments in three separate drainages. Methods: Measurement of colour patterns on wild-caught and lab-reared males. 'No-choice' mating experiments to quantify female preference functions for male traits. Comparisons of male colour and female preference functions between predation environments. Predictions: If divergent natural selection drives parallel co-evolution, both male traits and female preferences should be similar for populations in similar environments but different for populations in different environments. Conclusions: Male traits have broadly diverged in parallel between predation environments, leading to larger body size and increased colour in low-predation sites. Female preferences also appear to be diverging because females discriminate against colourful males in high-predation sites but not in low-predation sites. Despite this general pattern, deviations from parallel co-evolution were also present, suggesting a substantial role for other selective agents.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Schwartz, A. K. and Hendry, A. P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, guppy, MATE, mate-choice, mating preferences, NATURAL-SELECTION, adaptation, divergent selection, ecological speciation, MALE PREDATION RISK, population divergence, predation, preference function, premating isolation, reproductive isolation},
	pages = {71--90}
}

@article{poethkeEvolutionDensityandPatchsizedependent2002,
	title = {Evolution of density-and patch-size-dependent dispersal rates},
	volume = {269},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://000174837200013},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2001.1936},
	abstract = {Based on a marginal value approach, we derive a nonlinear expression for evolutionarily stable (ES) dispersal rates in a metapopulation with global dispersal. For the general case of density-dependent population growth, our analysis shows that individual dispersal rates should decrease with patch capacity and-beyond a certain threshold-increase with population density. We performed a number of spatially explicit, individual-based simulation experiments to test these predictions and to explore further the relevance of variation in the rate of population increase, density dependence, environmental fluctuations and dispersal mortality on the evolution of dispersal rates. They confirm the predictions of our analytical approach. In addition, they show that dispersal rates in metapopulations mostly depend on dispersal mortality and inter-patch variation in population density. The latter is dominantly driven by environmental fluctuations and the rate of population increase. These conclusions are not altered by the introduction of neighbourhood dispersal. With patch capacities in the order of 100 individuals, kin competition seems to be of negligible importance for ES dispersal rates except when overall dispersal rates are low.},
	number = {1491},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Poethke, H. J. and Hovestadt, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {population, DENSITY-DEPENDENT DISPERSAL, dispersal rate, DYNAMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATION, EQUILIBRIUM STABILITY, evolutionarily, extinction, HABITAT, individual based model, metapopulation, metapopulation models, migration, PATCH SIZE, SPATIAL STRUCTURE, stable strategy, STRATEGIES},
	pages = {637--645}
}

@article{immlerSpermVariationSingle2014,
	title = {Sperm variation within a single ejaculate affects offspring development in {Atlantic} salmon},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {://WOS:000332378300009},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2013.1040},
	abstract = {It is generally believed that variation in sperm phenotype within a single ejaculate has no consequences for offspring performance, because sperm phenotypes are thought not to reflect sperm genotypes. We show that variation in individual sperm function within an ejaculate affects the performance of the resulting offspring in the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. We experimentally manipulated the time between sperm activation and fertilization in order to select for sperm cohorts differing in longevity within single ejaculates of wild caught male salmon. We found that within-ejaculate variation in sperm longevity significantly affected offspring development and hence time until hatching. Whether these effects have a genetic or epigenetic basis needs to be further evaluated. However, our results provide experimental evidence for transgenerational effects of individual sperm function.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Immler, S. and Hotzy, C. and Alavioon, G. and Petersson, E. and Arnqvist, G.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, FEMALES, fish, MALES, quality, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, NUMBER, epigenetics, gamete selection, haploid selection, intramale variation, young}
}

@article{collingeInfluencesPatchShape2002,
	title = {The influences of patch shape and boundary contrast on insect response to fragmentation in {California} grasslands},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0921-2973},
	url = {://000179746400005},
	abstract = {Landscape ecologists typically identify boundaries to demarcate habitat patches. The boundary between two habitat types may be abrupt, such as the transition between a grassland and a parking lot, or more gradual, such as the shift between successional forest stages. Two key aspects of landscape boundaries, their shape and contrast, are predicted to influence movement of materials, plants, and animals. Ecological theory suggests that a patch's perimeter-to-area ratio should strongly influence animal emigration when patch boundaries are relatively permeable, but not when boundaries are more severe. We investigated the interactive effects of patch shape and boundary contrast on movement of ground-dwelling beetles (Carabidae and Tenebrionidae) in native grassland habitat at Jepson Prairie, Solano County, California, USA. We conducted a field experiment with two patch shape treatments, square and rectangle, that held patch area constant, and two boundary contrast treatments created by mowing grass surrounding each plot at two different heights. We monitored the number of beetles leaving each patch over a three-week period following treatment establishment. We observed a significant effect of boundary contrast on net movement of beetles, with low contrast boundaries exhibiting net immigration and high contrast boundaries experiencing net emigration. Moreover, the importance of patch shape appeared to be greater for low contrast versus high contrast boundaries, consistent with theoretical expectations. Our combined observations indicate that these ground-dwelling beetles were more likely to move into patches that were rectangular and surrounded by a low contrast matrix than patches that were square or surrounded by a high contrast matrix. We conclude that net movement of beetles across patch boundaries is strongly influenced by boundary contrast and may be affected by patch shape when boundary contrast is low.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	author = {Collinge, S. K. and Palmer, T. M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, size, DYNAMICS, beetles, boundaries, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, connectivity, CONSERVATION, DARKLING BEETLES, edge effects, fragmentation, grasslands, HABITAT FRAGMENTATION, landscape structure, MOVEMENT PATTERNS, patch shape, permeability},
	pages = {647--656}
}

@article{vandecasteeleSeasonalLifetimeReproductive2003,
	title = {Seasonal and lifetime reproductive consequences of inbreeding in the great tit {Parus} major},
	volume = {14},
	url = {ISI:000181661100003},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression hits been hypothesized to drive the evolution of mating systems and dispersal. Some studies have shown that inbreeding strongly affects survival and/or fecundity, but other studies suggest that fitness consequences of inbreeding are less detrimental or more complex. We studied consequences of mating with a relative in a population of great tits (Parus major) with a high local recruitment rate. Genotypic information from microsatellite markers was used to calculate coefficients of kinship, and fitness was measured as seasonal and lifetime reproductive success. We show that mating with a relative affects seasonal reproductive success, as was found in other studies of the same species. However, these effects do not result in a lifetime fitness reduction, suggesting that individuals may have scope for avoidance of inbreeding after inbreeding depression. Several explanations are proposed as compensatory mechanisms. Although individuals are more likely to divorce after experiencing inbreeding depression, we show that divorce alone cannot explain the compensation for inbreeding depression in subsequent breeding attempts in our study. We conclude that the costs of mating with a relative in the short term do not necessarily imply lifetime fitness consequences},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {van de Casteele, T. and Galbusera, P. and Schenck, T. and Matthysen, E.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, i, population, variation, fitness, survival, CONSEQUENCES, fecundity, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, theory, GENETIC SIMILARITY, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MECHANISM, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, BLUE TITS, BREEDING SUCCESS, DEPRESSION, divorce, EXTINCTION RISK, EXTRA-PAIR FERTILIZATIONS, genetics, great tits, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, kinship, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, mating system, mating systems, microsatellites, NATURAL-POPULATION, P-CAERULEUS, P2, Parus major, philopatry, SONG SPARROWS, SPARROWS MELOSPIZA-MELODIA},
	pages = {165--174}
}

@article{griswoldHypothesisTestingComparative2008,
	title = {Hypothesis testing in comparative and experimental studies of function-valued traits.},
	volume = {62},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00340.x},
	abstract = {Many traits of evolutionary interest, when placed in their developmental, physiological, or environmental contexts, are function-valued. For instance, gene expression during development is typically a function of the age of an organism and physiological processes are often a function of environment. In comparative and experimental studies, a fundamental question is whether the function-valued trait of one group is different from another. To address this question, evolutionary biologists have several statistical methods available. These methods can be classified into one of two types: multivariate and functional. Multivariate methods, including univariate repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), treat each trait as a finite list of data. Functional methods, such as repeated-measures regression, view the data as a sample of points drawn from an underlying function. A key difference between multivariate and functional methods is that functional methods retain information about the ordering and spacing of a set of data values, information that is discarded by multivariate methods. In this study, we evaluated the importance of that discarded information in statistical analyses of function-valued traits. Our results indicate that functional methods tend to have substantially greater statistical power than multivariate approaches to detect differences in a function-valued trait between groups.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {Griswold, Cortland K and Gomulkiewicz, Richard and Heckman, Nancy},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, Models, Statistical, Analysis of Variance, Biological Evolution, Models, Biological, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Statistics, Nonparametric},
	pages = {1229--42}
}

@article{anderssonSexualSelectionMate6,
	title = {Sexual selection and mate choice},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4JMM5HV-2/2/c860678aab8b59cdc5a2d1d1c0184620},
	abstract = {The past two decades have seen extensive growth of sexual selection research. Theoretical and empirical work has clarified many components of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection, such as aggressive competition, mate choice, sperm utilization and sexual conflict. Genetic mechanisms of mate choice evolution have been less amenable to empirical testing, but molecular genetic analyses can now be used for incisive experimentation. Here, we highlight some of the currently debated areas in pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection. We identify where new techniques can help estimate the relative roles of the various selection mechanisms that might work together in the evolution of mating preferences and attractive traits, and in sperm-egg interactions},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Andersson, Malte and Simmons, Leigh W.},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, sperm, TRAITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, PREFERENCES, GROWTH, mating preferences, preference, sexual conflict, mating preference, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, COMPONENTS, conflict, postcopulatory sexual selection, sperm-egg interaction},
	pages = {296--302}
}

@article{janzenLogisticRegressionAnalysis1998,
	title = {Logistic regression analysis of selection},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Janzen, F. J. and Stern, H.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {selection, Regression Analysis},
	pages = {1564--1571}
}

@article{robertsMHCheterozygosityHumanFacial5,
	title = {{MHC}-heterozygosity and human facial attractiveness},
	volume = {26},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6H-4G23KMY-1/2/b7b21dc60f06f28bf4c2d29e43726cd9},
	abstract = {Females gain direct or indirect fitness benefits by choosing between males with traits indicating "good genes," but we usually know very little about the nature of these genes. However, it has been suggested that genetic quality may often be defined as heterozygosity at certain loci. Here, we show that heterozygosity at three key loci in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is associated with facial attractiveness: Faces of men who are heterozygous at all three loci are judged more attractive by women than faces of men who are homozygous at one or more of these loci. MHC genes code for proteins involved in immune response. Consistent with this function, faces of MHC heterozygotes are also perceived to be healthier. In a separate test, in the absence of any other cues, patches of skin from the cheeks of heterozygotes are judged healthier than skin of homozygotes, and these ratings correlate with attractiveness judgements for the whole face. Because levels of MHC similarity can influence mate preferences in animals and humans, we conducted a second experiment with genotyped women raters, finding that preferences for heterozygosity are independent of the degree of MHC similarity between the men and the female raters. Our results are the first to directly link facial attractiveness and a measure of genetic quality and suggest a mechanism to help explain common consensus concerning individual attractiveness. In a relatively monogamous species like humans, evolutionary benefits from choosing heterozygous mates could include prolonged parental care and reduced risk of contracting disease for females and their offspring},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {Roberts, S. Craig and Little, Anthony C. and Gosling, L. Morris and Perrett, David I. and Carter, Vaughan and Jones, Benedict C. and Penton-Voak, Ian and Petrie, Marion},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, female, FEMALES, genes, MALES, MATE, offspring, quality, response, TRAITS, BENEFITS, fitness, parental care, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, experiment, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, MATES, COMPLEX, genetic quality, heterozygosity, human, Humans, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, similarity, MECHANISM, CARE, choosing, code, COMMON, consensus, heterozygotes, homozygotes, MHC, risk},
	pages = {213--226}
}

@article{croftSocialNetworksGuppy2004,
	title = {Social networks in the guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000226100600039},
	abstract = {Social network theory is used to elicit details of the social structure of a population of free-ranging guppies, Poecilia reticulata. They were found to have a complex and highly structured social network, which exhibited characteristics consistent with the 'small world' phenomenon. Stable partner associations between individuals were observed, a finding that fulfils the basic prerequisite for the evolution of reciprocal altruism. The findings are discussed in relation to the ecology and evolution of the wild population, highlighting the potential application of network theory to social associations in animals},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Croft, D. P. and Krause, J. and James, R.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {association, ECOLOGY, evolution, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, sex, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, ANIMALS, BIOLOGY, theory, COMPLEX, INDIVIDUALS, social, WILD, ALTRUISM, ASSOCIATIONS, information transmission,reciprocal altruism,group living,social organization,shoaling, social association, WILD POPULATION},
	pages = {S516--S519}
}

@article{kirkpatrickBiggerAlwaysBetter1989,
	title = {Is bigger always better?},
	volume = {337},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {call, mating preferences,sexual traits},
	pages = {116--117}
}

@article{sillerSexualSelectionMaintenance2001,
	title = {Sexual selection and the maintenance of sex},
	volume = {411},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Siller, S.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, sex},
	pages = {689--692}
}

@article{oconnorKinDiscriminationSocial3,
	title = {Kin discrimination in the social lizard {Egernia} saxatilis ({Scincidae})},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/2/206},
	abstract = {The ability to discriminate kin from nonkin is critical for the evolution of kin-based sociality. Black rock skinks, Egernia saxatilis, are viviparous lizards that typically live in "nuclear families" consisting of an adult male, adult female, and one or more cohorts of juveniles. Laboratory trials showed that juvenile lizards can discriminate between the scent of adults from their own social group versus that of unfamiliar adults. Experiments in which we translocated individuals among family groups revealed that this discriminatory ability was based on familiarity with other individuals rather than genetic relatedness. For example, neither "fostered" juveniles nor their mothers displayed any scent-based kin discrimination when brought together after 2 months' separation. Thus, unlike the closely related (and also social) Egernia striolata, black rock skinks base kin discrimination on familiarity rather than genotypic similarity},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {O'Connor, David E. and Shine, Richard},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {ABILITY, evolution, female, LIZARDS, experiment, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, similarity, social, ADULT MALE, discrimination, Egernia, FAMILIARITY, FAMILY, genetic relatedness, kin, kin discrimination, lizard, related, SCENT, scincidae, skinks, sociality},
	pages = {206--211}
}

@article{solovieffPleiotropyComplexTraits2013,
	title = {Pleiotropy in complex traits: challenges and strategies},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3461},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3461},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Solovieff, Nadia and Cotsapas, Chris and Lee, Phil H. and Purcell, Shaun M. and Smoller, Jordan W.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {483--495}
}

@article{majerusGeneticsEvolutionFemale1986,
	title = {The genetics and evolution of female choice},
	volume = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Majerus, M. E. N.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, evolution, mate choice, zebra finch, genetics, Euplectes progne, Fisher's fundamental theorem, genetic variation, two spot ladybird, widowbird},
	pages = {2--7}
}

@article{palmerGeneticRainbowPlastids1993,
	title = {A genetic rainbow of plastids},
	volume = {364},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Palmer, J. D.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {genes},
	pages = {762--763}
}

@article{wardEffectsSizeMating1983,
	title = {The effects of size on the mating behaviour of the dung fly  {Sepsis} cynipsea},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Ward, P. I.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {behaviour, size, mating, flies, animal size, dung fly, guarding, mate searching behaviour, mating behaviour, Sepsis cynipsea},
	pages = {75--80}
}

@article{kristensenInbreedingEnvironmentalInteractions2006,
	title = {Inbreeding by environmental interactions affect gene expression in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {173},
	url = {CCC:000239629400012},
	abstract = {Genomewide gene expression patterns were investigated in inbred and noninbred Drosophila melanogaster lines under benign and stressful (high temperature) environmental conditions in a highly replicated experiment using Affymetrix gene chips. We found that both heat-shock protein and metabolism genes are strongly affected by temperature stress and that genes involved in metabolism are differentially expressed in inbred compared with noninbred lines, and that this effect is accentuated after heat stress exposure. Furthermore we show that inbreeding and temperature stress cause increased between-line variance in gene expression patterns. We conclude that inbreeding and environmental stress both independently and synergistically affect gene expression patterns. Interactions between inbreeding and the environment are often observed at the phenotypic level and our results reveal some of the genes that are involved at the individual gene level. Our observation of several metabolism genes being differentially expressed in inbred lines and more so after exposure to temperature stress, together with lower fitness in the investigated inbred lines, supports the hypothesis that superiority of heterozygous individuals partly derives from increased metabolic efficiency},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Kristensen, T. N. and Sorensen, P. and Pedersen, K. S. and Kruhoffer, M. and Loeschcke, V.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Drosophila, EXPRESSION, genes, HYPOTHESIS, fitness, experiment, INDIVIDUALS, condition, inbreeding, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, ENVIRONMENT, environmental stress, MELANOGASTER, pattern, patterns, REVEAL, STRESS, VARIANCE},
	pages = {1329--1336}
}

@article{mollerPaternityMultipleSignalling1998,
	title = {Paternity and multiple signalling: effects of a secondary sexual character and song on paternity in the barn swallow},
	volume = {151},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Moller, A. P. and Saino, N. and Taramino, G. and Galeotti, P. and Ferrario, S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, signalling, attractiveness,handicaps,Hirundo rustica,mate choice,sexual selection,sperm competition, song, swallow},
	pages = {236--242}
}

@article{gomulkiewiczQuantitativeGeneticsEvolution1992,
	title = {Quantitative genetics and the evolution of reaction norms},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Gomulkiewicz, R. and Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {evolution, call, quantitative genetics, genetics, genetic constraints,heterogeneous environments,infinite-dimensional traits,optimization,quantitative traits,reaction norm},
	pages = {390--411}
}

@article{mclainHeritabilitySizeSexually1987,
	title = {Heritability of size, a sexually selected character, and the response to sexual selection in a natural population of the southern green stink bug, {Nezara} viridula ( {Hemiptera}: {Pentatomidae})},
	volume = {59},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {McLain, D. K.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {sexual selection, population, response, selection, size, heritability, call, half-sib analysis,sexually selected characters,sexual selection,stink bug},
	pages = {391--395}
}

@article{madsenCostMultipleMatings2011,
	title = {Cost of multiple matings in female adders ({Vipera} berus)},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000291270300025},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01291.x},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Madsen, Thomas},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1823--1825}
}

@article{wedekindSexualSelectionLifehistory2002,
	title = {Sexual selection and life-history decisions: {Implications} for supportive breeding and the management of captive populations},
	volume = {16},
	url = {ISI:000178183600007},
	abstract = {Natural breeding systems and various kinds of mate-choice or sperm-choice rules (e.g., as proposed in the "good genes" models of sexual selection) are expected to have important implications for the genetics of the next generation. Moreover, mate-choice decisions may be connected to life-history decisions about current and future parental effort. Considering these genetic and conditional aspects of free mating could improve the long-term success of breeding programs in conservation. In some cases, free mate choice might be more genetically advantageous than random mating because it may promote offspring health and enable host populations to react to coevolving pathogens. However, breeding systems are not evolved to avoid extinction. In small and endangered populations, some forms of natural breeding systems and mate preferences need to be carefully manipulated to avoid an extensive reduction of the effective population size (N-e). In general, supportive breeding should minimize the variance in reproductive success that is not linked to viability traits. However, minimizing reproductive skew might not be the best conservation strategy if potential mates differ in their heritable viability. If a reproductive skew can be positively linked to heritable viability or increased parental effort, there might be a way to optimize this skew with respect to the survival prospects of a population},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Wedekind, C.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, fish, Fisher, i, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, TRAITS, model, MODELS, size, survival, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, lande, life history, life-history, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, theory, form, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, POPULATIONS, DYNAMICS, extinction, CONSERVATION, genetics, MHC, VARIANCE, EFFECTIVE SIZE, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, heterozygote advantage, HLA, host, parental effort, pathogen, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, SCOTLAND, viability},
	pages = {1204--1211}
}

@article{weatherheadOffspringQualityPolygyny1979,
	title = {Offspring quality and the polygyny threshold: "{The} sexy son hypothesis"},
	volume = {113},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Weatherhead, P. J. and Robertson, R. J.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {offspring, quality, call, Orians-Verner model,polygynous mating systems,sexual selection,sexy sons, polygyny, sexy son, threshold},
	pages = {201--208}
}

@article{milinskiCostsInfluenceSequential1992,
	title = {Costs influence sequential mate choice in sticklebacks  {Gasterosteus} aculeatus},
	volume = {250},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Milinski, M. and Bakker, T. C. M.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, stickleback, sticklebacks, call, cost, costs, Gasterosteus aculeatus, mate choice,ornaments,stickleback},
	pages = {229--233}
}

@incollection{wiensDispersal2001,
	title = {Dispersal},
	shorttitle = {The landscape context of dispersal},
	booktitle = {The landscape context of dispersal},
	author = {Wiens, John A.},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {96--109}
}

@article{ryanSpeciesRecognitionSexual1993,
	title = {Species recognition and sexual selection as a unitary problem in animal communication},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Ryan, M. J. and Rand, A. S.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, animal communication, communication, female choice,mate recognition,mating preferences,Physaelaemus pustulosus,sexual selection,species recognition, species recognition},
	pages = {647--657}
}

@article{haskinsStabilisedHeterozygosisSupergenes1970,
	title = {Stabilised heterozygosis of supergenes mediating certain {Y}-linked colour patterns in populations of  {Lebistes} reticulatus},
	volume = {25},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Haskins, C. P. and Young, P. and Hewitt, R. E. and Haskins, E. F.},
	year = {1970},
	keywords = {population, call, colour, Lebistes, Y chromosome,lethal mutation,muller's ratchet},
	pages = {575--588}
}

@article{morellEcologyReturnsSpeciation1999,
	title = {Ecology returns to speciation studies},
	volume = {284},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Morell, V.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {mate choice, fruit fly, skinks, genetic mapping, speciation},
	pages = {2106--2108}
}

@article{kraakFemalePreferenceNests1994,
	title = {Female preference, for nests with eggs is based on the presence of the eggs themselves},
	volume = {131},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Kraak, S. B. M. and Groothuis, T. G. G.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {egg, call, female preference, preference},
	pages = {189--?}
}

@article{hurstCausesSexRatio1991,
	title = {Causes of sex ratio bias may account for unisexual sterility in hybrids: a new explanation of {Haldane}'s rule and related phenomena},
	volume = {128},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Hurst, L. D. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sex, sex ratio, asymmetry, Haldanes' rule, hybrid, hybrid sterility, meiotic drive genes, X and Y chromosomes},
	pages = {841--858}
}

@article{lampeSongStructureReflects1994,
	title = {Song structure reflects male quality in pied flycatchers,  {Ficedula} hypoleuca.},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Lampe, H. M. and Espmark, Y. O.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {good genes, quality, song, flycatcher, pied flycatcher},
	pages = {869--876}
}

@incollection{wiensScalingRelationsExperimental2001,
	series = {Understanding the problem of scale in experimental ecology},
	title = {Scaling {Relations} in {Experimental} {Ecology}},
	isbn = {0-231-11498-2},
	shorttitle = {Understanding the problem of scale in experimental ecology},
	url = {://000171391900002},
	booktitle = {Complexity in {Ecological} {Systems} {Series}},
	author = {Wiens, J. A.},
	editor = {Gardner, R. H. and Kemp, W. M. and Kennedy, V. S. and Petersen, J. E.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {DYNAMICS, HABITAT, ant, COMMUNITIES, DIFFERENT SPATIAL SCALES, ECOSYSTEMS, LANDSCAPE PATTERNS, MULTIPLE SCALES, PATCH STRUCTURE, PLANT-COMMUNITIES, RESPONSES},
	pages = {61--88}
}

@article{immlerPostmatingReproductiveBarriers2010,
	title = {Post-mating reproductive barriers in two unidirectionally hybridizing sunfish ({Centrarchidae}: {Lepomis})},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000285418500010},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02142.x},
	abstract = {The evolutionary sequence of events in the evolution of reproductive barriers between species is at the core of speciation biology. Where premating barriers fail, post-mating barriers, such as conspecific sperm precedence (CSP), gamete incompatibility (GI) and hybrid inviability (HI) may evolve to prevent the production of (often) costly hybrid offspring with reduced fitness. We tested the role of post-mating mechanisms for the reproductive isolation between two sunfish species [bluegill (BG) Lepomis macrochirus and pumpkinseed (PS) Lepomis gibbosus] and their first-generation hybrids. Performing in vitro sperm competition experiments, we observed asymmetric CSP as main post-mating isolation mechanism when BG and PS sperm were competing for PS eggs, whereas when sperm from both species were competing for BG eggs it was HI. Furthermore, hybrid sperm - although fertile in the absence of competition - were outcompeted by sperm of either parental species. This result may at least partly explain previous observations that natural hybridization in the study system is unidirectional.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Immler, S. and Hamilton, M. B. and Poslusny, N. J. and Birkhead, T. R. and Epifanio, J. M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {111--120}
}

@article{itonagaEvidencePlacentalTransfer2011,
	title = {Evidence for placental transfer of maternal corticosterone in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {160},
	issn = {1095-6433},
	url = {://WOS:000293936800011},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.028},
	abstract = {In mammals, there is experimental evidence that circulating maternal cortisol is transferred to the embryos across the placenta during gestation. Direct effects of this maternal cortisol may allow embryos to display phenotypic plasticity to cope with postnatal environments (i.e., pre-programming). The potential for maternal hormone induced-adaptation may be of considerable evolutionary significance in viviparous animals. However, to date, there is no such direct evidence that circulating maternal corticosterone passes through the placenta and into the embryos of viviparous reptiles. In this study, we assessed the transfer of (3)H-corticosterone injected into females of the lizard Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii into maternal blood, maternal liver, the embryo, the yolk and the amniotic fluid during mid-to-late gestation. We provide direct evidence that circulating maternal corticosterone passes through the placenta into the embryos in this species. Transfer of maternal corticosterone into the embryos significantly decreased at the end of embryonic development. We discuss these results in terms of the relationships between the degree of corticosterone transfer and embryonic stage. These results demonstrate the potential for direct effects of maternal corticosterone, including endocrine pre-programming, upon the developing embryos in viviparous lizards. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-Molecular \& Integrative Physiology},
	author = {Itonaga, Keisuke and Wapstra, Erik and Jones, Susan M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {184--189}
}

@article{kirkpatrickEffectsBottleneckInbreeding2000,
	title = {The effects of a bottleneck on inbreeding depression and the genetic load},
	volume = {155},
	url = {ISI:000086061700002},
	abstract = {We study the effects of a population bottleneck on the inbreeding depression and genetic load caused by deleterious mutations in an outcrossing population. The calculations assume that loci have multiplicative fitness effects and that linkage disequilibrium is negligible. Inbreeding depression decreases immediately after a sudden reduction of population size, but the drop is at most only several percentage points, even fur severe bottlenecks. Highly recessive mutations experience a purging process that causes inbreeding depression to decline for a number of additional generations. On the basis of available parameter estimates, the absolute fall in inbreeding depression may often be only a few percentage points for bottlenecks of 10 or more individuals. With a very high lethal mutation rate and a very slow population growth, however, the decline may be on the order of 25\%. We examine when purging might favor a switch From outbreeding to selfing and find it occurs only under very limited conditions unless population growth is very slow. In contrast to inbreeding depression, a bottleneck causes an immediate increase in the genetic load. Purging causes the load to decline and then overshoot its equilibrium value. The changes are typically modest: the absolute increase in the total genetic load will be at most a few percentage points for bottlenecks of size 10 or more unless the lethal mutation rate is very high and the population growth rate very slow},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M. and Jarne, P.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, Fisher, i, P1, population, selection, fitness, INCREASE, MODELS, size, ANIMALS, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, lande, NUMBER, INDIVIDUALS, loci, condition, inbreeding, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, BIODIVERSITY, bottleneck, bottlenecks, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, DISEQUILIBRIUM, EXPERIENCE, GENERATIONS, GENETIC LOAD, ISLAND, islands, linkage, linkage disequilibrium, load, mutation, mutation rate, MUTATIONS, outbreeding, outcrossing, PLANTS, population bottlenecks, purging, SELF-FERTILIZATION, selfing},
	pages = {154--167}
}

@article{caubetGeneticConflictChanges2000,
	title = {Genetic conflict and changes in heterogametic mechainsms of sex determination},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Caubet, Y. and Hatcher, M. J. and Mocquard, J. P. and Rigaud, T.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sex, conflict, heterogametic, meiotic drive, sex determination},
	pages = {766--777}
}

@article{parrishComplexityPatternEvolutionary1999,
	title = {Complexity, pattern, and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation},
	volume = {284},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Parrish, J. K. and Edelstein-Keshet, L.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {mate choice, call, aggregation, par, trade-off, trade-offs},
	pages = {99--101}
}

@article{wilsonBehaviouralActivityVertical1983,
	title = {The behavioural activity and vertical distribution of the cotton harlequin bug  {Tectocoris} diopthalmus  ({Thunberg}) ({Heteroptera}: {Scutelleridae}) on cotton plants in a glasshouse},
	volume = {22},
	journal = {J.Aust.ent.Soc.},
	author = {Wilson, L. T. and Booth, D. R. and Morton, R.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {cotton harlequin bug},
	pages = {311--317}
}

@article{mccombMateChoiceCopying1994,
	title = {Is mate choice copying or aggregation responsible for skewed distributions of females on leks?},
	volume = {255},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {McComb, K. and Clutton-Brock, T. H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, copying, lek, leks},
	pages = {13--19}
}

@article{gromkoGeneticConstraintEvolution1987,
	title = {Genetic constraint on the evolution of courtship behaviour in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Gromko, M. H.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, behaviour, evolution, call, attractiveness,courtship,covariation,Drosophila melanogaster,genetic correlation,genetic variation,fitness,heritability},
	pages = {435--441}
}

@article{lankGeneticPolymorphismAlternative1995,
	title = {Genetic polymorphism for alternative mating behaviour in lekking male ruff  philomachus pugnax},
	volume = {378},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Lank, D. B. and Smith, C. M. and Hanotte, O. and Burke, T. and Cooke, F.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {courtship, lekking, behaviour, mating, polymorphism, mating behaviour, lek, alternative male mating tactics, male mating success, sandpiper},
	pages = {59--62}
}

@article{wadeSexualSelectionHarem2004,
	title = {Sexual selection: {Harem} size and the variance in male reproductive success},
	volume = {164},
	url = {ISI:000224079900001},
	abstract = {Sexual selection is potentially stronger than natural selection when the variance in male reproductive fitness exceeds all other components of fitness variance combined. However, measuring the variance in male reproductive fitness is difficult when nonmating males are absent, inconspicuous, or otherwise difficult to find. Omitting the nonmating males inflates estimates of average male reproductive success and diminishes the variance, leading to underestimates of the potential strength of sexual selection. We show that, in theory, the proportion of the total variance in male fitness owing to sexual selection is approximately equal to H, the mean harem size, as long as H is large and females are randomly distributed across mating males (i.e., V-harem = H). In this case, mean harem size not only provides an easy way to estimate the potential strength of sexual selection but also equals the opportunity for sexual selection, I-mates. In nature, however, females may be overdispersed with V-harem {\textless}H or more aggregated than random with V-harem {\textgreater}H. We show that H+ (k-1) is a good measure of the opportunity for sexual selection, where k is the ratio V-harem/H. A review of mating system data reveals that in nature the median ratio for V-harem/H is 1.04, but as H increases, females tend to become more aggregated across mating males with V-harem two to three times larger than H},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Wade, M. J. and Shuster, S. M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, P1, population, selection, sex, fitness, INCREASE, size, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, Darwin, theory, Y, natural selection, sex ratio, human, NATURAL-SELECTION, CONSERVATION, mating system, mating systems, COMPONENTS, VARIANCE, polygyny, male mating success, BAT, dimorphism, harem size, INCREASES, RATIO, reproductive competition, REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS},
	pages = {E83--E89}
}

@article{lailvauxDishonestSignallingFighting2009,
	title = {Dishonest signalling of fighting ability and multiple performance traits in the fiddler crab {Uca} mjoebergi},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000264185500016},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01501.x},
	abstract = {1. Signals used during male combat are expected to be honest indicators of fighting ability. However, recent studies show that dishonesty in male signalling is more prevalent than previously believed. 2. Here we show that regenerated (leptochelous) claws in male Uca mjoebergi fiddler crabs are not only dishonest signals of two types of whole-organism performance capacities that are likely to be useful during fights (claw closing force and pull-resisting force), but they are also less effective as weapons in situations where males are unable to bluff. 3. Original (brachychelous) male claws are statistically significant predictors (independent of body size) of both closing force and the force required to pull a male out of a tunnel. By contrast, leptochelous claw size does not convey information on those performance capacities following control for body size. 4. Furthermore, claw size affects fighting ability such that leptochelous residents are at a significant competitive disadvantage to brachychelous residents, although claw type does not affect the ability of non-resident males to win fights. 5. This study is among the first to show that male armaments can dishonestly signal performance traits that are likely important for winning fights, and is the first to show evidence for dishonest signalling of multiple components of fighting ability.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Reaney, L. T. and Backwell, P. R. Y.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {359--366}
}

@article{mollerViabilityCostsMale1989,
	title = {Viability costs of male tail ornaments in a swallow},
	volume = {339},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {fitness, male sexual ornaments, ornament, ornaments, cost, costs, swallow, viability, mating success, tail length, tail ornaments},
	pages = {132--135}
}

@article{cardilloDeathSlowLane2002,
	title = {Death in the slow lane},
	volume = {419},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Cardillo, M. and Lister, A.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {440--441}
}

@article{zehNewSexualSelection2003,
	title = {Toward a new sexual selection paradigm: {Polyandry}, conflict and incompatibility ({Invited} article)},
	volume = {109},
	url = {ISI:000187006200001},
	abstract = {Darwin's recognition that male-male competition and female choice could favor the evolution of exaggerated male traits detrimental to survival set the stage for more than a century of theoretical and empirical work on sexual selection. While this Darwinian paradigm represents one of the most profound insights in biology, its preoccupation with sexual selection as a directional evolutionary force acting on males has diverted attention away from the selective processes acting on females. Our understanding of female reproduction has been further confounded by discreet female mating tactics that have perpetuated the illusion of the monogamous female and masked the potential for conflict between the sexes. With advances in molecular techniques leading to the discovery that polyandry is a pervasive mating strategy, recognition of these shortcomings has brought the study of sexual selection to its current state of flux. In this paper, we suggest that progress in two key areas is critical to formulation of a more inclusive, sexual selection paradigm that adequately incorporates selection from the female perspective. First, we need to develop a better understanding of male x female and maternal x paternal genome interactions and the role that polyandry plays in providing females with non-additive genetic benefits such as incompatibility avoidance. Consideration of these interaction effects influencing natural selection on females is important because they can complicate and even undermine directional sexual selection on males. Secondly, because antagonistic coevolution maintains a balance between opposing sides that obscures the conflict itself, many more experimental evolution studies and interventionist investigations (e.g. gene knockouts) are needed to tease apart male manipulative adaptations and female counter-adaptations. It seems evident that the divisiveness and controversy that has plagued sexual selection theory since Darwin first proposed the idea has often stalled progress in this important field of evolutionary biology. What is now needed is a more pluralistic and integrative approach that considers natural as well as sexual selection acting on females, incorporates multiple sexual selection mechanisms, and exploits advances in physiology and molecular biology to understand the mechanisms through which males and females achieve reproductive success},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Zeh, J. A. and Zeh, D. W.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, Fisher, genetic benefits, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, BENEFITS, survival, insect, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, Darwin, lande, reproduction, theory, Y, polyandry, male-male competition, phenotype, natural selection, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, NATURAL-SELECTION, social, wolf, WOLVES, X, adaptation, AVOIDANCE, genetics, conflict, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, communication, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, experimental evolution, EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, Genomic Imprinting, imprinting, mating strategies, mating strategy, MATING TACTICS, MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS, molecular techniques, MULTIPLE MATING-BEHAVIOR, RECOGNITION, SELFISH, STRATEGY, WATER STRIDERS},
	pages = {929--950}
}

@article{sheaEffectPatchSize2000,
	title = {Effect of patch size and plant density of {Paterson}'s curse ({Echium} plantagineum) on the oviposition of a specialist weevil, {Mogulones} larvatus},
	volume = {124},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://000089509700016},
	abstract = {This study examines the oviposition response of a specialist weevil (Mogulones larvatus) to patches of its host, the noxious weed Paterson's curse/salvation Jane (Echium plantagineum). We simultaneously examined the effect of patch size and plant density (and their interaction), on the recorded oviposition patterns. Our results show that oviposition first occurred on the largest patches with the highest number of plants. However, there was no significant effect of patch size or number of plants per patch at the end of the experiment. At this time the level of attack per plant was negatively correlated with plant density. This negative effect of density on the level of oviposition was not mediated by a reduction in plant size at higher densities. The pattern observed may indicate a risk-spreading strategy by females.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Shea, K. and Smyth, M. and Sheppard, A. and Morton, R. and Chalimbaud, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, HABITAT, patterns, RESPONSES, BEETLE, biological control, BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL, COLEOPTERA, habitat structure, HERBIVORE DENSITY, host choice, movement, oviposition choice, POPULATION-DENSITY, spatial heterogeneity},
	pages = {615--621}
}

@article{courtenayDiscriminationFamilyspecificOdours2001,
	title = {Discrimination of family-specific odours by juvenile coho salmon: roles of learning and odour concentration},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000166682600008},
	abstract = {Free-swimming coho salmon fry Oncorhynchus hus kisutch of some families showed preference (relative to the behaviour of naive sibs) for the odours of similarly aged non-sibs to whom they had been exposed during the post-hatch (alevin) stage and the early free-swimming (fry) stage, but not the embryo (egg) stage, indicating that odour-learning had occurred during the later developmental periods. Recognition (i.e. preference) of sib-specific odours was evident after a month, and in one case 5 months, of separation from those odours. Thus, young salmon incubating in their gravel nests in streams appear to have the capacity to learn the chemical characteristics of conspecifics and retain this memory for at least several months without reinforcement. However, in addition to the general attractiveness of sibs and familiar non-sibs over unfamiliar non-sibs, some non-sibs were consistently more attractive than others. Preference between two different non-sib odours could be reversed by changing their relative concentrations, indicating that relative attractiveness is a function of both familiarity and odour concentration. Therefore, although juvenile coho salmon learn, remember, and are subsequently attracted by sib-specific odours in early life, familiar odours are not always preferred over unfamiliar conspecific odours. Preference in dyadic assays is therefore an insensitive measure of recognition},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Courtenay, S. C. and Quinn, T. P. and Dupuis, H. M. C. and Groot, C. and Larkin, P. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {egg, Attractiveness, behaviour, evolution, fish, Fisher, fishes, i, P1, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, preference, social, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, FAMILY, kin, RECOGNITION, alevin, ARCTIC CHARR, Canada, COHO SALMON, CONSPECIFICS, fry, JUVENILE COHO SALMON, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, learning, memory, Oncorhynchus, ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, PACIFIC SALMON, POPULATION-SPECIFIC ODORS, RAINBOW-TROUT, REARING CONDITIONS, reinforcement, SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L, sibling recognition, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, STREAM, TOAD TADPOLES},
	pages = {107--125}
}

@article{husakHormonesSexualSignals2007,
	title = {Hormones, sexual signals, and performance of green anole lizards ({Anolis} carolinensis)},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0018-506X},
	url = {://WOS:000249637700010},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.05.014},
	abstract = {The evolutionary processes that result in reliable links between male signals and fighting capacity have received a great deal of attention, but the proximate mechanisms underlying such connections remain understudied. We studied a large sample of male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis) to determine whether testosterone or corticosterone predicted dewlap size and/or bite-force capacity, as dewlap size is known to be a reliable predictor of bite-force capacity in territorial males. We also examined whether these relationships were consistent between previously described body size classes ("lightweights" and "heavyweights"). Heavyweights had 50\% higher testosterone concentrations than lightweights during the breeding season, suggesting a mechanism for the disproportionately larger beads and dewlaps and higher bite-forces of heavyweights. Plasma testosterone concentrations were positively correlated with dewlap size and bite-force performance in lightweights (but not heavyweights) but only because of mutual intercorrelation of all three variables with body size. We suggest two possibilities for the relationship between testosterone levels and body size: (1) testosterone promotes growth in this species or (2) smaller sexually mature males are unable to compete with larger males such that the benefits of elevated testosterone do not outweigh the costs. Corticosterone levels did not differ between the male morphs, and lightweights, but not heavyweights, showed an inverse relationship between testosterone levels and corticosterone levels. Our results suggest that testosterone is important for traits related to dominance in adult male green anoles and may influence the ability to compete with rivals via fighting ability or through the use of signals. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
	author = {Husak, J. F. and Irschick, D. J. and Meyers, J. J. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Moore, I. T.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {360--367}
}

@article{loseyPolymorphismMaintainedOpposite1997,
	title = {A polymorphism maintained by opposite patterns of parasitism and predation},
	volume = {388},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Losey, J. E. and Ives, A. R. and Harmon, J. and Ballantyne, F. and Brown, C.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, polymorphism, predation, aphid,parasitisism,polymorphism,predation, parasitism},
	pages = {269--272}
}

@article{olssonFemaleChoiceMale1995,
	title = {Female choice on male quantitative traits in lizards - why it is so rare},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:A1995QT53200005},
	doi = {10.1007/bf00177794},
	abstract = {Female choice on the basis of male traits has been described in an array of taxa but has rarely been demonstrated in reptiles. In the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis), and possibly in other non-territorial reptiles, a male's contribution to a female's fitness is restricted to his genes. In order to choose males of high genetic quality, females have to trade the fitness gain against the costs of active choice. In a Swedish population of sand lizards, long-lived males sired offspring with higher embryonic survival compared to offspring sired by short-lived males. In spite of this female sand lizards did not mate selectively with older and/or larger males. There appeared to be no reliable cues to male longevity; age-specific male body size was highly variable. Furthermore, estimates of male nuptial coloration did not covary with ectoparasite load and, hence, females cannot use male coloration as a cue to heritable resistance to pathogenic parasite effects. When cues to male genetic quality are poor, or inaccurate, and males make no parental investment, we predict that female choice will be rare. Sand lizard females mating with many partners lay clutches with higher hatching success. Thus, females may obtain ''good genes'' for their young by multiple mating, thereby avoiding costs associated with mate choice.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Madsen, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {179--184}
}

@article{pilastroInseminationEfficiencyTwo1999,
	title = {Insemination efficiency of two alternative male mating tactics in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {266},
	url = {ISI:000082998500011},
	abstract = {In this study we compared the insemination efficiency of two alternative mating tactics (courtship and sneak mating) in the guppy Poecilia reticulata by quantifying the number of sperm delivered during a copulation. During a single copulation, guppies delivered between zero and 92\% of the sperm available, as determined by :mechanically stripping the males' sperm reserve at rest. The absolute number of sperm delivered after courtship was three times larger than that delivered through sneak mating; nonetheless, the variance was large with both tactics and the two distributions largely overlapped. The number of sperm available at rest increased with male size. With both tactics, the number of sperm delivered was positively correlated with the sperm available. Contrary to courtship copulations, in sneak copulations there was no correlation between the number of sperm delivered and male size. However, once the data were standardized for sperm reserve, small males delivered a larger proportion of their available sperm during sneak copulation. The rate of sexual acts (sigmoid and thrust rate) before copulation was not correlated with the number of sperm available. After the occurrence of a copulation in both the courtship and sneak copulation groups, the sexual activity of the male decreased in proportion to the amount of sperm he previously inseminated},
	number = {1431},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Pilastro, A. and Bisazza, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, INSEMINATION, MALES, MATE, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, predation risk, reticulata, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, size, CONSEQUENCES, MALE SIZE, mating, BIOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, VARIANCE, alternative male mating tactics, MATING TACTICS, alternative mating tactics, alternative tactics, BATTLE, COPULATIONS, DISTRIBUTIONS, SEXES, sneak-copulation, TRINIDAD},
	pages = {1887--1891}
}

@article{bertramInfluencePhotoperiodTemporal2002,
	title = {Influence of photoperiod on temporal mate signalling patterns in the {Texas} field cricket,  {Gryllus} texensis.},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behaviour},
	author = {Bertram, S. M. and Bellani, R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {cricket, signalling, daqbook},
	pages = {607--615}
}

@book{bowermanLinearStatisticalModels1994,
	title = {Linear {Statistical} {Models}: {An} {Applied} {Approach}},
	isbn = {0-534-38018-2},
	publisher = {Duxbury Press},
	author = {Bowerman, B. L. and O'Connell, R. T.},
	year = {1994}
}

@article{khibnikThreeMechanismsRed1997,
	title = {Three mechanisms of {Red} {Queen} dynamics},
	volume = {264},
	url = {ISI:A1997XP13100016},
	abstract = {Models describing systems of coevolving populations often have asymptotically non-equilibrium dynamics (Red Queen dynamics (RQD)). We claim that if evolution is much slower than ecological changes, RQD arises due to either fast ecological processes, slow genetical processes, or to their interaction. The three corresponding generic types of RQD can be studied using singular perturbation theory and have very different properties and biological implications. We present simple examples of ecological, genetical, and ecogenetical RQD and describe how they may be recognized in natural populations. In particular, ecogenetical RQD often involve alternations of long epochs with radically different dynamics},
	number = {1384},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Khibnik, A. I. and Kondrashov, A. S.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, fish, HOUSE, i, P1, population, model, MODELS, BIOLOGY, theory, Y, COMPLEX, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, DYNAMICS, genetics, NATURAL-POPULATION, host, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, coevolution, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, Red Queen},
	pages = {1049--1056}
}

@book{houdeSexColorMate1997,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	title = {Sex, {Color} and {Mate} {Choice} in {Guppies}},
	isbn = {0-691-02789-7},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {20}
}

@article{oppligerPhysiologicalBehaviourChanges1996,
	title = {Physiological and behaviour changes in common lizards parasitized by haemogregarines},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0031-1820},
	url = {://WOS:A1996VP35800002},
	abstract = {The effect of haemoparasites on the physiology and behaviour traits of their hosts was examined using Haemogregarina sp., a parasite of the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara, from the south of France. Infection with haemogregarines was associated with a reduced haemoglobin concentration and an increased number of immature red blood cells. Parasitized individuals also showed a reduced oxygen consumption at rest and a lower locomotor speed. We also found that the multiplication rate of the parasite depended on the temperature at which the lizard was maintained. Between 21 and 28 degrees C the multiplication rate of the parasite was significantly lower than between 29 and 35 degrees C. This suggests that the parasites map suffer reproductive costs when hosts reduce their body temperature.},
	journal = {Parasitology},
	author = {Oppliger, A. and Celerier, M. L. and Clobert, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {433--438}
}

@book{dugatkinModelSystemsBehavioural2001,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	series = {Monographs in {Behaviour} and {Ecology}},
	title = {Model {Systems} in {Behavioural} {Ecology}},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. A.},
	editor = {Krebs, J. R. and Clutton-Brock, T.},
	year = {2001}
}

@article{batesonTinbergenFourQuestions12,
	title = {Tinbergen's four questions: an appreciation and an update},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016953471300236X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.013},
	abstract = {This year is the 50th anniversary of Tinbergen's (1963) article ‘On aims and methods of ethology’, where he first outlined the four ‘major problems of biology’. The classification of the four problems, or questions, is one of Tinbergen's most enduring legacies, and it remains as valuable today as 50 years ago in highlighting the value of a comprehensive, multifaceted understanding of a characteristic, with answers to each question providing complementary insights. Nonetheless, much has changed in the intervening years, and new data call for a more nuanced application of Tinbergen's framework. The anniversary would seem a suitable opportunity to reflect on the four questions and evaluate the scientific work that they encourage.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Bateson, Patrick and Laland, Kevin N.},
	pages = {712--718}
}

@incollection{michodNaturalHistoryInbreeding1993,
	title = {The natural history of {Inbreeding} and outbreeding. {Theorectical} and empirical perspectives},
	shorttitle = {Inbreeding and the evolution of social behavior},
	abstract = {social structure: conditions conclusive for inbreeding, inbreeding depression, inbreeding avoidance via juvenile dispersal, kin recognition. Altruism: relatedness structure /social evolution. Inbreeding, F-statistics, as tool for analysing group structure. Hamiltons cost-benefit rule: c/b {\textless} r (relatedness). modified coeffients to include inbreeding (Michod 1980, Uyenoyama 1984), stuff on F-stats, evolution of altruism, tit-for-tat},
	booktitle = {Inbreeding and the evolution of social behavior},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Michod, R. E. and Thornhill, N. W.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, association, evolution, genes, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, population, quality, response, selection, TRAITS, fitness, INCREASE, INVESTMENT, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, Social Behavior, HISTORIES, HISTORY, theory, allele, COMPATIBILITY, heterozygosity, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, condition, cost, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, JUVENILE DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, social, DYNAMICS, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, mating system, COMMON, MHC, ALTRUISM, ASSOCIATIONS, kin, speciation, hybrid, bottleneck, bottlenecks, outbreeding, outcrossing, PLANTS, selfing, INCREASES, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, F statistics, f-statistics, inbreeding-avoidance, TIT-FOR-TAT, VARIABILITY, SMALL POPULATIONS, alleles, sex-biased dispersal, VERTEBRATES, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, INCOMPATIBILITY, FOUNDER, PROGENY, founder effect}
}

@article{zajitschekInbreedingDepressionMale2010,
	title = {Inbreeding depression in male traits and preference for outbred males in {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arq077},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Susanne R K and Brooks, Robert C},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {884--891.}
}

@article{sinervoTestosteroneEnduranceDarwinian2000,
	title = {Testosterone, endurance, and {Darwinian} fitness: natural and sexual selection on the physiological bases of alternative male behaviors in side-blotched lizards.},
	volume = {38},
	doi = {10.1006/hbeh.2000.1622},
	abstract = {The mechanistic bases of natural and sexual selection on physiological and behavioral traits were examined in male morphs of three colors of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana. Orange-throated males are aggressive and defend large territories with many females. Blue-throated males defend smaller territories with fewer females; however, blue-throated males assiduously mate guard females on their territory. Yellow-throated males do not defend a territory, but patrol a large home range. They obtain secretive copulations from females on the territories of dominant males. Males with bright orange throats had higher levels of plasma testosterone (T), endurance, activity, and home range size and concomitantly gained greater control over female home ranges than blue- or yellow-throated males. Experimentally elevating plasma T in yellow- and blue-throated males increased their endurance, activity, home range size, and control over female territories to levels that were seen in unmanipulated orange-throated males that had naturally high plasma T. However, the enhanced performance of orange-throated males is not without costs. Orange-throated males had low survival compared to the other morphs. Finally, some yellow-throated males transformed to a partial blue morphology late in the season and the endurance of these transforming yellow-throated males increased from early to late in the season. In addition, yellow-throated males that transformed to blue also had significantly higher plasma T late in the season compared to the plasma T earlier in the season. T appears to play an important role in the physiological changes that all three color morphs undergo during the process of maturation. In some yellow males, T plays an additional role in plastic changes in behavior and physiology late in the reproductive season. We discuss natural and sexual selection on physiological and behavioral traits that leads to the evolution of steroid regulation in the context of alternative male strategies.},
	journal = {Hormones and behavior},
	author = {Sinervo, B and Miles, D B and Frankino, W a and Klukowski, M and DeNardo, D F},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, female, testosterone, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Male, Skin Pigmentation, Skin Pigmentation: physiology, Sexual Behavior, Animal, territoriality, AGGRESSION, Aggression: physiology, Lizards: physiology, Physical Endurance, Physical Endurance: physiology, Seasons, Sexual Behavior, Animal: physiology, Social Dominance, Testosterone: blood},
	pages = {222--33}
}

@article{jennionsRepeatabilityMateChoice1995,
	title = {Repeatability of mate choice: the effect of size in the {African} painted reed frog,  {Hyperolius} marmoratus},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Backwell, P. R. Y. and Passmore, N. I.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, size, repeatability, African painted reed frog, frog, Hyperolius marmoratus},
	pages = {181--186}
}

@article{vellendConnectionsSpeciesDiversity2005,
	title = {Connections between species diversity and genetic diversity},
	url = {ISI:000229580300011},
	abstract = {Species diversity and genetic diversity remain the nearly exclusive domains of community ecology and population genetics, respectively, despite repeated recognition in the literature over the past 30 years of close parallels between these two levels of diversity. Species diversity within communities and genetic diversity within populations are hypothesized to co-vary in space or time because of locality characteristics that influence the two levels of diversity via parallel processes, or because of direct effects of one level of diversity on the other via several different mechanisms. Here, we draw on a wide range of studies in ecology and evolution to examine the theoretical underpinnings of these hypotheses, review relevant empirical literature, and outline an agenda for future research. The plausibility of species diversity-genetic diversity relationships is supported by a variety of theoretical and empirical studies, and several recent studies provide direct, though preliminary support. Focusing on potential connections between species diversity and genetic diversity complements other approaches to synthesis at the ecology-evolution interface, and should contribute to conceptual unification of biodiversity research at the levels of genes and species},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Vellend, M. and Geber, M. A.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, genes, population, Ecosystem, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, SPACE, genetics, BIODIVERSITY, RECOGNITION, biodiversity,coexistence,community ecology,drift,genetic diversity,migration,neutral model,population genetics,selection,species diversity, COEXISTENCE, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, interspecific competition, PERMANENT PASTURE, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, productivity, species diversity, TRIFOLIUM-REPENS},
	pages = {767--781}
}

@article{kennedyParasiteLoadPredicts1987,
	title = {Parasite load predicts mate choice in guppies},
	volume = {21},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kennedy, C. E. J. and Endler, J. A. and Poynton, S. L. and McMinn, H.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, Poecilia reticulata, call, parasites, load, 'good gene' models, indicator},
	pages = {291--295}
}

@article{findlayFundamentalTheoremNatural1991,
	title = {Fundamental theorem of natural selection under gene-culture transmission},
	volume = {88},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Findlay, C. S.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {selection, call, natural selection, cultural transmission,natural selection, transmission},
	pages = {4874--4876}
}

@article{gaborSequentialMateChoice1997,
	title = {Sequential mate choice by multiply mating smooth newts: females become more choosy},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Gabor, C. R. and Halliday, T. R.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, mate choice, mating, multiple mating, sequental mate choice, smooth newts},
	pages = {162--166}
}

@article{lailvauxEffectsDietaryRestriction2011,
	title = {Effects of dietary restriction on dewlap size and bite force development in {Anolis} carolinensis},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000288278100746},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. and Gilbert, R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {E75--E75}
}

@article{rausherMeasurementSelectionQuantitative1992,
	title = {The measurement of selection on quantitative traits: biases due to environmental covariances between traits and fitness},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rausher, M. D.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {selection, fitness, breeding value, covariance, environmental covariance, multivariate selection, selection gradients},
	pages = {616--626}
}

@article{berkovitchFemaleCooperationConsortship1995,
	title = {Female cooperation, consortship maintenance, and male mating success in savanna baboons},
	volume = {50},
	url = {ISI:A1995RM19000014},
	abstract = {The role of female choice as a potential mechanism influencing male reproductive success in non-human primates is unclear. Few systematic studies have explicitly evaluated how female reproductive tactics modify male mating success. A 19-month held study of savanna baboons, Papio cynocephalus, was undertaken in Kenya in order to document patterns of mate choice and mate competition. Neither size dimorphism nor female competition hindered the expression of female choice. Female mating preferences affected the identity of mating partner and the probability of an escalated confrontation over access to a female. Reproductive tactics that diminished consortship duration included hiding from a male and approaching other males, whereas maintaining proximity to a male partner when he was aggressively challenged prolonged consortship duration. Non-cooperation in the form of mount rejection had no negative repercussions on male ejaculatory success and did not increase the chances of male abandonment. Male mating success depended more upon male than female reproductive tactics, and female tactics seemed to be based upon a propensity to mate with multiple males. (C) 1995 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Berkovitch, F. B.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, EXPRESSION, female, female mating preferences, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, sex, INCREASE, mate selection, size, MAINTENANCE, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, PREFERENCES, mating preferences, preference, form, human, mating preference, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, PRIMATES, social, ADULT MALE, pattern, patterns, male mating success, dimorphism, mating success, AFRICAN, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, BABOONS, California, cooperation, dominance, female mating preference, mate competition, MONKEYS, nonhuman primates, OLIVE BABOONS, PAPIO-ANUBIS, PAPIO-CYNOCEPHALUS, PROBABILITY, PROPENSITY, reproductive tactics, RHESUS MACAQUES, SIZE DIMORPHISM, SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, sociobiology, TROOP},
	pages = {137--149}
}

@article{foersterFemalesIncreaseOffspring2003,
	title = {Females increase offspring heterozygosity and fitness through extra-pair matings},
	volume = {425},
	url = {ISI:000185924500041},
	abstract = {Females in a variety of species commonly mate with multiple males, and there is evidence that they benefit by producing offspring of higher genetic quality(1-3); however, the nature of these genetic benefits is debated(1-4). Enhanced offspring survival or quality can result from intrinsic effects of paternal genes- 'good genes'-or from interactions between the maternal and paternal genomes-'compatible genes'(1-5). Evidence for the latter process is accumulating(2,6): matings between relatives lead to decreased reproductive success, and the individual level of inbreeding-measured as average heterozygosity-is a strong fitness predictor(7-13). Females should thus benefit from mating with genetically dissimilar males(2,14). In many birds, social monogamy restricts mate choice, but females may circumvent this by pursuing extra-pair copulations(15,16). Here we show that female blue tits, Parus caeruleus, increase the heterozygosity of their progeny through extra-pair matings. Females thereby produce offspring of higher reproductive value, because less inbred individuals have increased survival chances, a more elaborate male secondary sexual trait (crown colour) and higher reproductive success. The cost of inbreeding may therefore be an important factor driving the evolution of female extra-pair mating},
	number = {6959},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Foerster, K. and Delhey, K. and Johnsen, A. and Lifjeld, J. T. and Kempenaers, B.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, genes, genetic benefits, mate choice, offspring, quality, BENEFITS, fitness, survival, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, colour, polyandry, GENETIC SIMILARITY, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, cost, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, social, bird, birds, genetics, microsatellites, genetic benefit, blue tit, extra-pair mating, monogamy, PARENTAGE, paternity, reproductive value, TIT PARUS-CAERULEUS},
	pages = {714--717}
}

@article{kristensenGenomeWideAnalysis6,
	title = {Genome wide analysis on inbreeding effects on gene expression in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	url = {http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/genetics.104.039610v1},
	abstract = {The deleterious consequences of inbreeding, especially in the form of inbreeding depression are well known. However, little is known about how inbreeding affects genome wide gene expression. Here, we show that inbreeding changes transcription levels for a number of genes. Gene expression profiles of Drosophila melanogaster lines inbred to F \{approx\} 0.67 at different rates changed relative to non-inbred lines, but the rate of inbreeding did not significantly affect gene expression patterns. Genes being differentially expressed with inbreeding are disproportionately involved in metabolism and stress responses suggesting that inbreeding acts like an environmental stress factor},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Kristensen, Torsten Nygaard and Sorensen, Peter and Kruhoffer, Mogens and Pedersen, Kamilla Sofie and Loeschcke, Volker},
	month = aug,
	keywords = {Drosophila, EXPRESSION, genes, response, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, form, NUMBER, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, environmental stress, MELANOGASTER, pattern, patterns, STRESS, RESPONSES, genome, RATES},
	pages = {genetics}
}

@article{bartonPleiotropicModelsQuantitative1990,
	title = {Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation},
	volume = {124},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Barton, N. H.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {variation, mutation,pleiotropic models,selection},
	pages = {773--782}
}

@article{candolinOpposingSelectionSexually2004,
	title = {Opposing selection on a sexually dimorphic trait through female choice and male competition in a water boatman},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000223583900021},
	abstract = {Female choice and male-male competition are traditionally considered to act in concert, with male competition facilitating female choice. This situation would enforce the strength of directional selection, which could reduce genetic variation and thus the benefits of choice. Here I show that in a water boatman, Sigara falleni, the direction of selection through female choice and male competition vary among traits under laboratory conditions. The two forces were mutually enforcive in acting on body size but exerted opposing selection on a sexually selected trait, male foreleg pala size. Female choice favored large palae, whereas male competition favored smaller palae, suggesting that large palae are costly in competition. This conflicting selection through female choice and male competition could be one of the forces that contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation in sexually selected traits},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Candolin, U.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, i, mate choice, selection, TRAITS, variation, BENEFITS, ornaments, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, insect, MAINTENANCE, PREFERENCES, FATHERS, lande, male-male competition, natural selection, sexual conflict, condition, NATURAL-SELECTION, genetics, genetic variation, Corixidae, DIRECTION, disruptive selection, DOMINANT MALES, GENETIC-VARIATION, LEK PARADOX, male competition, mating behavior, sexual dimorphism, sexually selected traits, Sigara falleni},
	pages = {1861--1864}
}

@article{kirkpatrickStrengthIndirectSelection1997,
	title = {The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences},
	volume = {94},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M. and Barton, N. H.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {indirect selection, selection, mating, call, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, female mating preference, direct selection,good genes,runaway process,sexual selection},
	pages = {1282--1286}
}

@article{milnerEstimatingVarianceComponents2000,
	title = {Estimating variance components and heritabilities in the wild: a case study using the 'animal model' approach},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Milner, J. M. and Pemberton, J. M. and Brotherstone, S. and Albon, S. D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {model, heritability, Animal model, maximum likelihood, REML},
	pages = {804--813}
}

@article{hillImmunologyHumanReproduction1995,
	title = {Immunology of {Human} {Reproduction}},
	author = {Hill, J. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {reproduction, human},
	pages = {401--424}
}

@article{zehCurrentIssuesPerspectives2003,
	title = {Current {Issues} – {Perspectives} and {Reviews}},
	volume = {950},
	journal = {Conflict},
	author = {Zeh, Jeanne A and Zeh, David W},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {929--950}
}

@article{walshEscapeFlatland2007,
	title = {Escape from flatland},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01218.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Walsh, B.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {36--38}
}

@article{branaSelectiveBasisIncreased2007,
	title = {The selective basis for increased egg retention: early incubation temperature determines hatchling phenotype in wall lizards ({Podarcis} muralis)},
	volume = {92},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00871.x},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Braña, Florentino and Ji, Xiang},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {441--447}
}

@article{robertsGeneticSimilarityQuality2003,
	title = {Genetic similarity and quality interact in mate choice decisions by female mice},
	volume = {35},
	url = {ISI:000185018500018},
	abstract = {Females express mate preferences for genetically dissimilar males(1), especially with respect to the major histocompatibility complex, MHC2,3, and for males whose sexually selected signals indicate high genetic quality(4,5). The balance of selection pressure on each trait will depend on how females weight these desirable qualities under different conditions(6), but this has not been tested empirically. Here we show in mice that although MHC dissimilarity and a 'good genes' indicator (investment in scent-marking) both have a role in determining female preference, their relative influence can vary depending on the degree of variability in each trait among available males. Such interactions between condition-dependent and disassortative mate choice criteria suggest a mechanism by which female choice can contribute to maintenance of additive genetic variance in both the MHC and condition-dependent traits, even under consistent directional selection},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Nature Genetics},
	author = {Roberts, S. C. and Gosling, L. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, good genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, quality, selection, TRAITS, signals, INVESTMENT, MAINTENANCE, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, female preference, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, COMPLEX, GENETIC SIMILARITY, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, similarity, MECHANISM, MHC, VARIANCE, indicator, LEK PARADOX, Additive genetic variance, CONDITION-DEPENDENT TRAITS, CRITERIA, FEMALE MICE, genetic variance, HOUSE MICE, mate choice criteria, MICE, MUS-DOMESTICUS, ODOR PREFERENCES, RESOLUTION, SIGNAL, VARIABILITY, WEIGHT},
	pages = {103--106}
}

@article{reinholdDissectingRepeatabilityFemale2002,
	title = {Dissecting the repeatability of female mate choice in the grasshopper  {Chorthippus} biguttulus.},
	volume = {64},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Reinhold, K. and Reinhold, K. and Jacoby, K. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, female mate choice, preference, choosiness, repeatability, preference function, grasshopper},
	pages = {245--250}
}

@article{haikolaHasInbreedingDepression2004,
	title = {Has inbreeding depression led to avoidance of sib mating in the {Glanville} fritillary butterfly ({Melitaea} cinxia)?},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:000220396900001},
	abstract = {Previous work on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) shows substantial inbreeding depression in both of our two study regions, Finland and southern France. The influence of inbreeding depression on population dynamics should depend on the strength of inbreeding avoidance. We conducted mate choice experiments to ascertain whether and to what extent butterflies avoid mating with their sibs. Experiments with similar design were done in the laboratory with Finnish butterflies and in the field with French butterflies. Each female was given a choice of mates with equal opportunity to mate with a sib or with a non-sib. In neither experiment was there a trend towards avoidance of sib mating. 95\% confidence intervals for the proportion of non-sib matings were 12 - 62\% in the laboratory experiment and 28 - 69\% in the field experiment. Any preference for non-sibs must be slight, and can provisionally be ignored in modelling the dynamics of M. cinxia populations},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Haikola, S. and Singer, M. C. and Pen, I.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, Drosophila, evolution, i, mate choice, population, butterfly, mating, SUCCESS, field, preference, relatedness, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, DYNAMICS, extinction, metapopulation, genetics, inbreeding depression, confidence, confidence interval, GENETIC RESCUE, Melitaea cinxia, peacock},
	pages = {113--120}
}

@article{hoffmannHeritabilityCourtshipMating1999,
	title = {Is the heritability for courtship and mating speed in  {Drosophila}  (fruit fly) low?},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Hoffmann, A. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, heritability, mating, call, flies, behaviour genetics, courtship,Drosophila,heritability,mating speed,repeatability},
	pages = {158--162}
}

@article{kodric-brownFemaleChoiceMultiple1993,
	title = {Female choice of multiple male criteria in guppies: interacting effects of dominance, coloration and courtship},
	volume = {32},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, courtship, guppies, guppy, call, dominance, courtship,dominance,male mating success,melanin pigments,polygynous breeding system},
	pages = {415--420}
}

@article{locatelloColourfulMaleGuppies2006,
	title = {Colourful male guppies produce faster and more viable sperm},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01117.x},
	abstract = {Abstract In guppies (Poecilia reticulata) precopulatory sexual selection (via female choice) and post-copulatory selection (via sperm competition) both favour males with relatively high levels of carotenoid (orange) pigmentation, suggesting that colourful males produce more competitive ejaculates. Here we test whether there is a positive association between male orange pigmentation and sperm quality. Our analysis of sperm quality focused on sperm swimming speeds (using CASA: computer-assisted sperm analysis to estimate three parameters of sperm velocity in vitro), sperm viability (proportion of live sperm per stripped ejaculate) and sperm lengths. We found that males with relatively large areas of orange pigmentation had significantly faster and more viable sperm than their less ornamented counterparts, suggesting a possible link between dietary carotenoid intake and sperm quality. By contrast, we found no relationship between sperm length (head length and total sperm length) and male phenotype. These findings, in conjunction with previous work showing that highly ornamented male guppies sire higher quality offspring, suggest that female preference for colourful males and sperm competition work in concert to favour intrinsically higher quality males},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Locatello, L. and Rasotto, M. B. and Evans, J. P. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, association, competition, female, guppies, guppy, MALE PHENOTYPE, MALES, offspring, orange, pigmentation, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, reticulata, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, SEXUAL-SELECTION, female preference, preference, ejaculate, phenotype, viability, carotenoid, LENGTH, MALE GUPPIES},
	pages = {1595--1602}
}

@article{gemmellMitochondrialMutationsMay2001,
	title = {Mitochondrial mutations may decrease population viability},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://000168453900002},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Gemmell, N. J. and Allendorf, F. W.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sperm, motility},
	pages = {115--117}
}

@article{evansPostcopulatorySexualSelection2008,
	title = {Postcopulatory sexual selection favours intrinsically good sperm competitors},
	volume = {62},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-008-0545-0},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Evans, Jonathan P. and Rutstein, Alison N.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Poecilia reticulata, SPERM COMPETITION, sexual ornaments, repeatability, Cryptic female choice, good sperm, sexy sperm},
	pages = {1167--1173}
}

@article{eastyDoesSexualSelection2011,
	title = {Does sexual selection evolve following introduction to new environments?},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:000296423200020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.08.001},
	abstract = {The rate of evolution of mating preferences and mate signalling traits can influence local adaptation and diversification under environmental change. However, the rate of evolution of female preferences has not been directly examined in natural populations. An opportunity to do so arose through the introduction of high-predation Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata, from the Yarra River into high-and low-predation environments in the Damier River. Nine years (13-26 guppy generations) after the introduction, we tested whether female preferences for key aspects of male colour differed between the rivers and between introduced high-and low-predation populations. Based on two independent laboratory experiments, we conclude that little divergence in female preferences has apparently occurred between any of the populations, or between predation regimes. In combination with previous work, these results suggest that the evolution of guppy colour and female preferences are influenced by factors in addition to just predation, and that female preferences may generally take longer to evolve than other types of traits, particularly in populations that experience weak or fluctuating sexual selection gradients. (C) 2011 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Easty, L. K. and Schwartz, A. K. and Gordon, S. P. and Hendry, A. P.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {sexual selection, guppy, MALE COLOR PATTERNS, mate choice, Poecilia reticulata, female mate choice, colour, life-history evolution, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, NATURAL-SELECTION, divergent selection, MALE PREDATION RISK, reproductive isolation, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, natural population, contemporary evolution, GUPPIES POECILIA-RETICULATA},
	pages = {1085--1095}
}

@article{wielgusEstimatingEffectsAdult2001,
	title = {Estimating effects of adult male mortality on grizzly bear population growth and persistence using matrix models},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {://WOS:000167608300005},
	doi = {10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00168-3},
	abstract = {We radio monitored a hunted, sexually segregated grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population and an unhunted, unsegregated population for demographics and constructed a stage- and age-classified matrix model to test for the effects of adult male mortality and resulting sexual segregation on population growth and persistence. Population parameters in the model were adult female survival, subadult female survival, offspring survival, probability of litter sizes, and probability of unsuccessful pregnancy. The last three parameters were affected by adult male mortality and segregation, the others were not. We compared population growth with and without effects of hunting by holding adult female and subadult female survival constant and by using hunted and unhunted values for offspring survival, litter size, and pregnancy. Population growth (Lambda) showed the greatest elasticity for adult survival, subadult survival, offspring survival, litter size, and unsuccessful pregnancy, in that order. This corresponds with observed anti-infanticide tactics (sexual segregation) by adult females to maximize their fitness. The hunted population decreased at a rate of 0.99 whereas the simulated, unhunted population increased at a rate of 1.05. The hunted population was much more susceptible to population extinction. Under demographic stochasticity mean time to extinction was 32 years in the hunted population and 110 years in the unhunted population. Under environmental stochasicity mean time to extinction was 21 years in the hunted population and 43 years in the unhunted population. We suggest that sexual segregation caused by hunting resident adult males can result in population decline and can even contribute to rapid population extinctions when numbers are small. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Wielgus, R. B. and Sarrazin, F. and Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {293--303}
}

@article{pavlidisAdaptiveChangesZebrafish0000Dec,
	title = {Adaptive changes in zebrafish brain in dominant-subordinate behavioral context},
	volume = {225},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	url = {://WOS:000295996800019},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.022},
	abstract = {Male zebrafish were held in dyadic social stress situation for a period of 5 days, to characterize stress coping styles and to investigate the role of the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms in establishing dominant-subordinate relationships. A strong consistent dominant-subordinate relationship was formed in ten out of the sixteen pairs of fish (62.5\%). Both dominant (DOM) and subordinate (SUB) individuals showed statistically significant higher trunk cortisol concentration than controls. Expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the functioning of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-interrenal axis (corticotropin releasing factor. CRF; glucocorticoid receptor, GR; mineralocorticoid receptor, MR); arginine vasotocin, AVT), in the biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamines (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH1 and TH2; DOPA decarboxylase, DDC), dopamine beta-hydroxylase, DBH; catechol-O-methyl transferase, COMT), in the biosynthesis of histamine (histidine decarboxylase., HDC) and in the general stress response (galanin, GAL; hypocretin/orexin, Hcrt) was examined. The MR/GR ratio was higher in dominant and subordinate fish than in controls (P = 0.016). The mRNA levels of TH2 and HDC were up-regulated in DOM, of AVT in SUB, while COMT mRNA levels were down-regulated in both DOM and SUB compared to control fish. In addition, mRNA levels of hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) were up-regulated in dominant compared to subordinate and control males. There was a statistically significant correlation between mRNA expression levels of TH2, HDC, Hcrt, GR, MR and CRF genes. The obtained results provide new evidences for the use of zebrafish as an animal model to study social stress and allostasis in vertebrates. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Pavlidis, M. and Sundvik, M. and Chen, Y. C. and Panula, P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {0000},
	keywords = {Zebrafish, STRESS, RAINBOW-TROUT, AGGRESSIVE-BEHAVIOR, CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS, CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING-FACTOR, Cortisol, DANIO-RERIO, Dominant, messenger-rna, PHYSIOLOGICAL, Social stress, Subordinate, trout oncorhynchus-mykiss, WHOLE-BODY},
	pages = {529--537}
}

@article{desrochersAgeForagingSuccess1992,
	title = {Age and foraging success in {European} blackbirds: variation between and within individuals},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Desrochers, A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {variation, ABVI, age, foraging},
	pages = {885--894}
}

@article{rankinSexDeathTragedy5,
	title = {Sex, death and tragedy},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4JHMF9F-2/2/3b2c20351bcc10cdbff0762fdc3d914e},
	abstract = {The population consequences of sexual conflict are relatively unexplored. In a recent paper, Le Galliard et al. now show that males of the common lizard Lacerta vivipara cause such damage to females that male-biased populations decrease in size, posing a real risk to the persistence of local lizard populations. Their study reveals surprising parallels between sexual conflict and the tragedy of the commons, where selfish competition over females destroys the very resource (i.e. the females) over which the males are fighting},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Rankin, Daniel J. and Kokko, Hanna},
	keywords = {competition, female, FEMALES, MALES, population, sex, size, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, sexual conflict, POPULATIONS, conflict, COMMON, risk, lizard, REVEAL, SELFISH, SEXES, common lizard, fighting, lacerta vivipara, LACERTA-VIVIPARA, PERSISTENCE, vivipara},
	pages = {225--226}
}

@article{greenwoodMatingSystemsPhilopatry1980,
	title = {Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals},
	volume = {28},
	url = {ISI:A1980KT55300018},
	number = {NOV},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Greenwood, P. J.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, Fisher, i, P1, population, selection, sex, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, field, ENGLAND, Y, natural selection, DISPERSAL, elephant, MAMMALS, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, PRIMATES, red deer, SMALL MAMMALS, social, ungulate, ungulates, bird, birds, genetics, mating system, mating systems, philopatry, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, SEXES, California, sociobiology, duck, MINNESOTA},
	pages = {1140--1162}
}

@article{drickamerFreeFemaleMate2000a,
	title = {Free female mate choice affects reproductive success and offspring viability and performance},
	volume = {59},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Drickamer, L. C. and Gowaty, P. A. and Holmes, C. M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, offspring, female mate choice, reproductive success, viability},
	pages = {371--378}
}

@article{nurnbergerDifferentialTemperatureAdaptation0000in,
	title = {Differential temperature adaptation in tadpoles of the hybridising toads {Bombina} bombina and {B}. variegata.},
	author = {Nurnberger, B. and Zajitschek, F. and Zajitschek, S.R.K and Mara, G.},
	year = {0000}
}

@article{sinervoSelfrecognitionColorSignals2006,
	title = {Self-recognition, color signals, and cycles of greenbeard mutualism and altruism},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {://WOS:000237589000033},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0510260103},
	abstract = {Altruism presents a challenge to evolutionary theory because selection should favor selfish over caring strategies. Greenbeard altruism resolves this paradox by allowing cooperators to identify individuals carrying similar alleles producing a form of genic selection. In side-blotched lizards, genetically similar but unrelated blue male morphs settle on adjacent territories and cooperate. Here we show that payoffs of cooperation depend on asymmetric costs of orange neighbors. One blue male experiences low fitness and buffers his unrelated partner from aggressive orange males despite the potential benefits of defection. We show that recognition behavior is highly heritable in nature, and we map genetic factors underlying color and self-recognition behavior of genetic similarity in both sexes. Recognition and cooperation arise from genome-wide factors based on our mapping study of the location of genes responsible for self-recognition behavior, recognition of blue color, and the color locus. Our results provide an example of greenbeard interactions in a vertebrate that are typified by cycles of greenbeard mutualism interspersed with phases of transient true altruism. Such cycles provide a mechanism encouraging the origin and stability of true altruism.},
	number = {19},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and Chaine, A. and Clobert, J. and Calsbeek, R. and Hazard, L. and Lancaster, L. and McAdam, A. G. and Alonzo, S. and Corrigan, G. and Hochberg, M. E.},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {7372--7377}
}

@article{rantalaPreferenceHumanMale2010,
	title = {Preference for human male body hair changes across the menstrual cycle and menopause},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arp206},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Rantala, M. J. and Polkki, M. and Rantala, L. M.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {419--423}
}

@article{draytonSoundsDifferentInbreeding2007,
	title = {Sounds different: inbreeding depression in sexually selected traits in the cricket {Teleogryllus} commodus},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://000245989600030},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Drayton, J. M. and Hunt, J. and Brooks, R. and Jennions, M. D.},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1138--1147}
}

@article{husakFasterLizardsSire2006,
	title = {Faster lizards sire more offspring: sexual selection on whole-animal performance},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01849.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01849.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Sexual selection operates by acting on variation in mating success. However, since selection acts on whole-organism manifestations (i.e., performance) of underlying morphological traits, tests for phenotypic effects of sexual selection should consider whole-animal performance as a substrate for sexual selection. Previous studies have revealed positive relationships between performance and survival, that is, natural selection, but none have explicitly tested whether performance may influence reproductive success (through more matings), that is, sexual selection. Performance predicts dominance in some species, implying the effects of sexual selection, but how it does so has not been established, nor is it certain whether performance might be a by-product of selection for something else, for example, elevated circulating testosterone levels. We investigated the potential for sexual selection on sprint speed performance in collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris), considering the potential mediating effects of circulating hormone levels. Among territorial, adult male collared lizards, only sprint speed significantly predicted territory area and number of offspring sired as determined by genetic paternity analysis. Body size, head size, and hind limb length had no effect. Neither plasma testosterone levels nor corticosterone levels correlated with sprint speed, territory area, or number of offspring sired. Thus, our results provide a direct link between whole-animal performance and reproductive success, suggesting that intrasexual selection can act directly on sprint speed performance and drive the evolution of underlying morphological traits.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Husak, Jerry F. and Fox, Stanley F. and Lovern, Matthew B. and Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {fitness, testosterone, territoriality, natural selection, SPRINT SPEED},
	pages = {2122--2130}
}

@article{fritzFoodWebPerspective2010,
	title = {A food web perspective on large herbivore community limitation},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0906-7590},
	url = {://WOS:000289150000002},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06537.x},
	abstract = {The exceptional diversity of large mammals in African savannas provides an ideal opportunity to explore the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up controls of large terrestrial herbivore communities. Recent work has emphasized the role of herbivore and carnivore body size in shaping these trophic relationships. However, the lack of across-ecosystem comparisons using a common methodology prohibits general conclusions. Here we used published data on primary production, herbivore and carnivore densities and diets to estimate the consumption fluxes between three trophic levels in four African savanna ecosystems. Our food web approach suggests that the body size distribution within and across trophic levels has a strong influence on the strength of top-down control of herbivores by carnivores and on consumption fluxes within ecosystems, as predicted by theoretical food web models. We generalize findings from the Serengeti ecosystem that suggest herbivore species below 150 kg are more likely to be limited by predation. We also emphasize the key functional role played by the largest species at each trophic level. The abundance of the largest herbivore species largely governs the consumption of primary production in resident communities. Similarly, predator guilds in which the largest carnivore species represent a larger share of carnivore biomass are likely to exert a stronger top-down impact on herbivores. Our study shows how a food web approach allows integrating current knowledge and offers a powerful framework to better understand the functioning of ecosystems.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecography},
	author = {Fritz, H. and Loreau, M. and Chamaille-Jammes, S. and Valeix, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {196--202}
}

@article{dugatkinPreyApproachingPredators1992,
	title = {Prey approaching predators: a cost-benefit perspective},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Ann.Zool.Fennici},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. A. and Godin, J. J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {call, approach behaviour,predator,prey},
	pages = {233--252}
}

@article{bakkerConditionrelatedMateChoice1999,
	title = {Condition-related mate choice in sticklebacks},
	volume = {401},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bakker, T. C. M. and Knzler, R. and Mazzi, D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {mate choice, sticklebacks, female preference, mate preference},
	pages = {234--234}
}

@article{dawkinsDesignIntentionSignal1994,
	title = {Design of an intention signal in the bluehead wrasse ( {Thalassoma} bifasciatum )},
	volume = {257},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Dawkins, M. S. and Guilford, T.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, bluehead wrasse,display},
	pages = {123--128}
}

@article{schwartzComplexSelectionAssociated2011,
	title = {Complex selection associated with {Hox} genes in a natural population of lizards},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000297325600020},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02368.x},
	abstract = {Hox genes are recognized for their explanatory power of bilateral development. However, relatively little is known about natural variation in, and the evolutionary dynamics of, Hox genes within wild populations. Utilizing a natural population of sand lizards (Lacerta agilis), we screened HoxA13 for genetic variation and an association with incidence of offspring malformations. We found significant effects of parental genetic similarity and offspring sex, and their interaction, on risk of hatching malformed as an offspring. We also found within population genetic variation in HoxA13, and identified a significant effect of a three-way interaction among Hox genotype, parental genetic similarity, and offspring sex on the risk of hatching malformation. Since malformed offspring in this population do not survive to maturity, this study reveals complex and ongoing selection associated with Hox genes in a wild reptile population. Importantly, this demonstrates the utility of natural populations in unveiling microevolutionary processes shaping variation in highly conserved genes.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Schwartz, T. S. and Perrin, C. and Wapstra, E. and Uller, T. and Olsson, M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2520--2524}
}

@article{molina-borjaSexPopulationVariation2006,
	title = {Sex and population variation in ultraviolet reflectance of colour patches in {Gallotia} galloti ({Fam}. {Lacertidae}) from {Tenerife} ({Canary} {Islands})},
	volume = {268},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00008.x},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Molina-Borja, M. and Font, E. and Mesa Avila, G.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {colour patches, dichromatism, gallotia, lacertids, SEXUAL, ultraviolet reflectance},
	pages = {193--206}
}

@article{evansDoesGeneticRelatedness2008,
	title = {Does genetic relatedness of mates influence competitive fertilization success in guppies?},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://000260348100017},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00496.x},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Brooks, R. C. and Zajitschek, S. R. K. and Griffith, S. C.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female choice, competition, POECILIA-RETICULATA, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, genetic compatibility, GENETIC SIMILARITY, inbreeding avoidance, postcopulatory sexual selection, KIN RECOGNITION, Cryptic female choice, DOMESTIC-FOWL, FIELD CRICKET, PATERNITY SUCCESS},
	pages = {2929--2935}
}

@article{solbergFluctuatingAsymmetryAntlers1993,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry in the antlers of moose ( {Alces} alces ) : does it signal male quality?},
	volume = {254},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Solberg, E. J. and S‘ther, B. E.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {quality, age, signalling, asymmetry, antlers, fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {251--255}
}

@article{kokkoEvolutionFemalePreference1996,
	title = {Evolution of female preference for old mates},
	volume = {263},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kokko, H. and Lindstr”m, J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, evolution, good genes, call, female preference, preference, age, mutation, Red Queen, old males as mates},
	pages = {1533--1538}
}

@article{dixonPaternalInvestmentInversely1994,
	title = {Paternal investment inversely related to degree of extra-pair paternity in the reed bunting},
	volume = {371},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Dixon, A. and Ross, D. and O'Malley, S. L. C. and Burke, T.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, Emberiza schoeniclus, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, reed buntings},
	pages = {698--699}
}

@article{goldschmidtSelectiveCopyingMate1993,
	title = {Selective copying in mate choice of female sticklebacks},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Goldschmidt, T. and Bakker, T. C. M. and Feuth-De Bruijn, E.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, stickleback, sticklebacks, call, copying, stickleback,female mate choice,copying},
	pages = {541--547}
}

@article{williLimitsAdaptivePotential2006,
	title = {Limits to the {Adaptive} {Potential} of {Small} {Populations}},
	volume = {37},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110145},
	abstract = {Small populations are predicted to have reduced capacity to adapt to environmental change for two reasons. First, population genetic models indicate that genetic variation and potential response to selection should be positively correlated with population size. The empirical support for this prediction is mixed: DNA markers usually reveal low heterozygosity in small populations, whereas quantitative traits show reduced heritability only in the smallest and most inbred populations. Quantitative variation can even increase in bottlenecked populations although this effect seems unlikely to increase the adaptive potential of populations. Second, individuals in small populations have lower fitness owing to environmental stress and genetic problems such as inbreeding, which can substantially increase the extinction probability of populations in changing environments. This second reason has not been included in assessments of critical population size assuring evolvability and makes it likely that many small threatened populations have a decreased potential for adaptation},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Willi, Yvonne and Van Buskirk, Josh and Hoffmann, Ary A.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {population, response, selection, TRAITS, variation, fitness, INCREASE, model, MODELS, size, heritability, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, adaptation, extinction, genetic variation, ENVIRONMENT, environmental stress, REVEAL, STRESS, PROBABILITY, GENETIC-VARIATION, BOTTLENECKED POPULATIONS, DNA, extinction probability, INBRED POPULATIONS, LIMIT, MARKERS, QUANTITATIVE TRAITS, SMALL POPULATIONS},
	pages = {433--458}
}

@book{fisherAnatomyLove1992,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Anatomy of {Love}},
	isbn = {0-449-90897-6},
	publisher = {Fawcett Columbine},
	author = {Fisher, H.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {70}
}

@article{sambrookGenomewideSurveyMajor2005,
	title = {A genome-wide survey of {Major} {Histocompatibility} {Complex} ({MHC}) genes and their paralogues in zebrafish},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1471-2164},
	url = {://000233893200001},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2164-6-152},
	abstract = {Background: The genomic organisation of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) varies greatly between different vertebrates. In mammals, the classical MHC consists of a large number of linked genes (e. g. greater than 200 in humans) with predominantly immune function. In some birds, it consists of only a small number of linked MHC core genes (e. g. smaller than 20 in chickens) forming a minimal essential MHC and, in fish, the MHC consists of a so far unknown number of genes including non- linked MHC core genes. Here we report a survey of MHC genes and their paralogues in the zebrafish genome. Results: Using sequence similarity searches against the zebrafish draft genome assembly (Zv4, September 2004), 149 putative MHC gene loci and their paralogues have been identified. Of these, 41 map to chromosome 19 while the remaining loci are spread across essentially all chromosomes. Despite the fragmentation, a set of MHC core genes involved in peptide transport, loading and presentation are still found in a single linkage group. Conclusion: The results extend the linkage information of MHC core genes on zebrafish chromosome 19 and show the distribution of the remaining MHC genes and their paralogues to be genome- wide. Although based on a draft genome assembly, this survey demonstrates an essentially fragmented MHC in zebrafish.},
	journal = {Bmc Genomics},
	author = {Sambrook, J. G. and Figueroa, F. and Beck, S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {evolution, BRACHYDANIO-RERIO, linkage, RAINBOW-TROUT, DANIO-RERIO, CLASS-I REGION, CLASS-III REGION, FACTOR-B, MOLECULAR-CLONING, sequence},
	pages = {10}
}

@article{roweIntraspecificCompetitionDisadvantages1,
	title = {Intraspecific competition disadvantages inbred natterjack toad ({Bufo} calamita) genotypes over outbred ones in a shared pond environment},
	volume = {74},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2004.00898.x/abs},
	abstract = {Summary 1. We carried out a replicated pond experiment to compare the viabilities of natterjack toad Bufo calamita embryos and larvae from inbred and outbred populations. Surviving genotypes were identified at the end of the experiment using fixed diagnostic alleles at a microsatellite locus. 2. Inbred larvae grew more slowly than outbred larvae and in mixed populations the survival of outbred larvae was three- to 10-fold higher than that of inbred larvae. 3. Larval mortality correlated with the abundance of dytiscid water beetles, and was therefore probably caused mainly by predation. The relatively higher rate of mortality of inbred larvae was in turn due probably to lower growth rates delaying achievement of a size refuge. 4. Intraspecific competition may help to purge inbred individuals in populations with mixed levels of inbreeding. The significance of inbreeding with relatively cryptic effects, such as reduction in amphibian larval growth rate, is discussed with respect to population viability},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Rowe, G. R. A. H. and Beebee, T. J. C.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {competition, population, size, survival, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, allele, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, predation, ENVIRONMENT, viability, alleles, Bufo, intraspecific competition, larvae, locus, mortality, population viability, toad},
	pages = {71--76}
}

@article{droge-youngCovariancePrematingPostcopulatory2012,
	title = {Covariance among premating, post-copulatory and viability fitness components in {Drosophila} melanogaster and their influence on paternity measurement},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000306402800010},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02540.x},
	abstract = {In polyandrous mating systems, male fitness depends on success in premating, post-copulatory and offspring viability episodes of selection. We tracked male success across all of these episodes simultaneously, using transgenic Drosophila melanogaster with ubiquitously expressed green fluorescent protein (i.e. GFP) in a series of competitive and noncompetitive matings. This approach permitted us to track paternity-specific viability over all life stages and to distinguish true competitive fertilization success from differential early offspring viability. Relationships between episodes of selection were generally not present when paternity was measured in eggs; however, positive correlations between sperm competitive success and offspring viability became significant when paternity was measured in adult offspring. Additionally, we found a significant male x female interaction on hatching success and a lack of repeatability of offspring viability across a focal males matings, which may underlay the limited number of correlations found between episodes of selection.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Droge-Young, E. M. and Manier, M. K. and Lupold, S. and Belote, J. M. and Pitnick, S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Attractiveness, evolution, guppies, MALES, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATION, CONSEQUENCES, SUCCESS, genetic quality, female mating status, post-copulatory sexual selection, reproductive traits, viability selection},
	pages = {1555--1563},
	file = {Full Text:files/6984/Droge-Young et al. - 2012 - Covariance among premating, post-copulatory and vi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6985/j.1420-9101.2012.02540.html:text/html}
}

@article{davidConditiondependentSignallingGenetic2000,
	title = {Condition-dependent signalling of genetic variation in stalk-eyed flies},
	volume = {406},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {David, P. and Bjorksten, T. and Fowler, K. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {good genes, variation, flies, stalk-eyed flies, signalling, condition, genetic variation, condition dependence, condition-dependence},
	pages = {186--188}
}

@article{evansSpermTransferForced2003,
	title = {Sperm transfer through forced matings and its evolutionary implications in natural guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata) populations},
	volume = {78},
	url = {ISI:000182544500012},
	abstract = {In species in which individuals alternate between mating strategies, males may respond to elevated predation risk by switching from conspicuous courtship displays to less risky or more profitable sneaky mating attempts. As a consequence, in such species female choice is likely to be undermined more frequently in relatively dangerous localities. We tested this prediction using the guppy, a species of fish in which individual males alternate between courtship (solicited) and forced (unsolicited) copulations according to prevailing levels of predation. We collected females at late stages of gestation from four high- and four low-predation populations in Trinidad and examined them for the presence of sperm in their gonoducts. Due to the patterns of sperm storage in guppies, sperm found in the gonoducts of such late-cycle females can only arise from unsolicited copulations. We anticipated that because female guppies are subject to greater sexual harassment in the form of forced mating attempts in high-risk localities, a higher proportion of females in these populations would contain sperm in their gonoducts arising from recent unsolicited copulations. Contrary to this prediction, only one of the four paired comparisons (from the Quare River) revealed a significant difference in the proportion of females recently inseminated through forced copulations. The paired comparisons for the remaining three rivers revealed no significant differences in the proportion of females with recoverable sperm in their gonoducts. However, overall, we found that 44.5\% ( +/- 4.3 SE) of females had sperm in their gonoduct arising from sneaky mating, a figure three times higher than previously reported for this species. We discuss these findings in relation to recent predictions concerning the strength of sexual selection in natural populations. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Pilastro, A. and Ramnarine, I. W.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, mate choice, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, predation risk, reticulata, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, CONSEQUENCES, mating, BIOLOGY, COLOR PATTERNS, female preference, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, form, transfer, sexual conflict, INDIVIDUALS, display, displays, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, predation, STRATEGIES, NATURAL-POPULATION, risk, pattern, patterns, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, alternative mating tactics, COPULATIONS, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, courtship display, forced copulation, forced copulations, harassment, SPERM TRANSFER},
	pages = {605--612}
}

@article{frankhamStressAdaptationConservation2005,
	title = {Stress and adaptation in conservation genetics},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:000230047800003},
	abstract = {Stress, adaptation and evolution are major concerns in conservation biology. Stresses from pollution, climatic changes, disease etc. may affect population persistence. Further, stress typically occurs when species are placed in captivity. Threatened species are usually managed to conserve their ability to adapt to environmental changes, whilst species in captivity undergo adaptations that are deleterious upon reintroduction into the wild. In model studies using Drosophila melanogaster, we have found that; (a) inbreeding and loss of genetic variation reduced resistance to the stress of disease, (b) extinction rates under inbreeding are elevated by stress, (c) adaptive evolutionary potential in an increasingly stressful environment is reduced in small population, (d) rates of inbreeding are elevated under stressful conditions, (e) genetic adaptation to captivity reduces fitness when populations are reintroduced into the 'wild', and (f) the deleterious effects of adaptation on reintroduction success can be reduced by population fragmentation},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Frankham, R.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Drosophila, ABILITY, AUSTRALIA, evolution, population, variation, fitness, model, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, condition, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, WILD, adaptation, extinction, CONSERVATION, genetics, genetic variation, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, ENVIRONMENT, MELANOGASTER, STRESS, VARIANCE, RATES, GENETIC-VARIATION, PERSISTENCE, adaptation,conservation,disease,Drosophila,effective population size,evolutionary potential,extinction,reintroduction,stress, ADAPTATIONS, CAPTIVE DROSOPHILA POPULATIONS, conservation biology, CONSERVATION GENETICS, EQUALIZATION, FAMILY SIZES, genetic adaptation, MODELING PROBLEMS, population persistence, RESISTANCE, selection intensity},
	pages = {750--755}
}

@article{lemelEvolutionDispersalTwopatch1997,
	title = {The evolution of dispersal in a two-patch system: {Some} consequences of differences between migrants and residents},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0269-7653},
	url = {://WOS:A1997XW03500010},
	doi = {10.1007/s10682-997-1516-z},
	abstract = {We investigate how age-structure and differences in certain demographic traits between residents and immigrants of a single species act to determine the evolutionarily stable dispersal strategy in a two-patch environment that is heterogeneous in space but constant in time. These two factors have been neglected in previous models of the evolution of dispersal, which generally consider organisms with very simple life-cycles and assume that, whatever their origin, individuals in a given habitat have the same bio-demographic characteristics. However, there is increasing empirical evidence that dispersing individuals have different demographic properties from phylopatric ones. We develop a matrix model in which recruitment depends on local population densities. We assume that dispersal entails a proportional cost to immigrant fecundity. which can be compensated by differences in survival rates between immigrants and residents. The evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) for dispersal are identified using a combination of analytical expressions and numerical simulations. Our results show that philopatry is selected (1) when dispersal rates do not vary in space, (2) when the metapopulation is a source-sink system and (3) when dispersal rates vary in space (asymmetric dispersal) and immigrants do not compensate for their reduced fecundity. We observe that non-zero asymmetric dispersal rates may be evolutionarily stable when (1) immigrants and residents are demographically alike and (2) immigrants compensate totally for their reduced fecundity through an increase in adult survival. Under these conditions, we find that the ESS occurs when the fitnesses at equilibrium in the two habitats, measured in our model by the realized reproductive rates, are each equal to unity. A comparison with previous studies suggests a unifying rule for the evolution of dispersal: the dispersal rates which permit the spatial homogenization of fitnesses are ESSs. This condition provides new insight into the evolutionary stability of source-sink systems. It also supports the hypothesis that immigrants have adapted demographic strategies, rather than the hypothesis that dispersal is costly and immigrants are at a disavantage compared with residents.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Lemel, J. Y. and Belichon, S. and Clobert, J. and Hochberg, M. E.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {613--629}
}

@article{merilCrypticEvolutionWild2001,
	title = {Cryptic evolution in a wild bird population},
	volume = {412},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Meril„, J. and Kruuk, L. E. B. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, population, bird, cryptic evolution, microevolution},
	pages = {76--79}
}

@article{schluterHonestyPerceptionPopulation1993,
	title = {Honesty, perception and population divergence in sexually selected traits},
	volume = {253},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Schluter, D. and Price, T.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {population, call, sexually selected traits, divergence, honesty, important for multiple ornaments and amplifier/ signal theory},
	pages = {117--122}
}

@article{parkerSPERMCOMPETITIONGAMES1990,
	title = {{SPERM} {COMPETITION} {GAMES} {SNEAKS} {AND} {EXTRA}-{PAIR} {COPULATIONS}},
	volume = {242},
	issn = {0080-4649},
	url = {://BIOSIS:PREV199191056027},
	abstract = {This paper examines ejaculation strategies for cases when an opportunist male 'steals' a mating with the female of a paired male. This is an evolutionary game of competitive ejaculation in which two (or more) males mate with the same female. Prospective evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) models are analysed which seek ESS sperm numbers. Sperm competition is assumed to obey the 'raffle principle' (i.e. fertilization probability increases with the proportion of a given male's sperm in the female tract). The models assume a trade-off between sperm expenditure and other aspects of reproductive success. Sperm costs my be unequal for the two males (paired male; opportunist male), especially if given phenotypes tend to adopt one or other pattern. In the 'sneaks and guarders' (SG) game, certain males (guarders) are paired permanently to particular females, and other (sneaks) obtain matings opportunistically. Roles are therefore constant. Guarders are assumed to have no information whether a sneak mating has occurred (their strategy is tuned to the average risk of sperm competition) and the sperm costs are assumed to be unequal for sneaks and guarders. If sneak matings are rare, guarding males should spend less effort on ejaculates than sneaks. But if sneak matings are frequent, and if the marginal cost of sperm is very low for sneaks, the guarder may expend the greater effort on sperm. If sperm are relatively very cheap for guarders, then in cases of double mating, the paternity prospects of guarders should be higher than for sneaks; otherwise sneaks should win. However, if a guarder detects a sneak mating, he should increase his sperm dose in the female tract and achieve higher fertilization prospects (paternity) than the sneak. A second model concerns cases of extra pair copulations (EPCS) where all males are paired to females, but all will mate with another male's female if the opportunity should arise. Thus roles are assigned randomly with fixed probability. In this game, sperm costs relate to reduced paternal care (or to other losses with the 'primary' female) and are assumed to be equal to all males. Predictions are very similar to the sneaks-guarders game: when performing an EPC a male should expend more effort on sperm (and hence gain higher paternity) than when mating as a paired males, unless the EPG is detected, in which case a paired male should greatly increase his sperm dose in the female (and hence should predominate at fertilization).},
	language = {English},
	number = {1304},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences},
	author = {Parker, G. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR, (Computational Biology), 01500, Evolution, 02506, Cytology - Animal, 04500, Mathematical biology, 07003, Behavioral biology - Animal behavior, 10515, Biophysics - Biocybernetics, 16504, Reproductive system -, and statistical methods, Cell Biology, Evolution and Adaptation, Mathematical Biology, Physiology and biochemistry, Reproductive System (Reproduction)},
	pages = {127--133}
}

@article{parkerIsolationCharacterizationMicrosatellite1998,
	title = {Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the {Gila} {Topminnow} ( {Poeciliopsis} o. occidentalis )},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Parker, K. and Hughes, K. A. and Kim, T. J. and Hedrick, P. W.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {guppy, loci, microsatellite, topminnow},
	pages = {361--363}
}

@article{partridgeSexConflict1998,
	title = {Sex and conflict},
	volume = {281},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Partridge, L. and Hurst, L. D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sex, conflict, intersexula conflict},
	pages = {2003--2008}
}

@article{nowakPhageliftGameTheory1999,
	title = {Phage-lift for game theory},
	volume = {398},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Nowak, M. A. and Sigmund, K.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, theory, game theory, phage},
	pages = {367--368}
}

@article{massotObservatoiresRechercheEnvironnement2006,
	title = {‘ {Observatoires} de {Recherche} en {Environnement} ’ sur le fonctionnement des populations},
	author = {Massot, M and Clobert, J and Galliard, J Le and Meylan, S and Richard, M and Laloi, D and Fitze, P and Aragon, P and Fraipont, M De and Lepetz, V and Ferrière, P Federici R},
	year = {2006}
}

@article{bryantComparativeStudiesSenescence2004,
	title = {Comparative studies of senescence in natural populations of guppies},
	volume = {163},
	url = {ISI:000188954900006},
	abstract = {Investigators have rarely sought evidence for senescence in natural populations because it is assumed that relatively few individuals will survive long enough in the wild to exhibit the intrinsic increase in mortality with age expected from senescent individuals. Nevertheless, senescence has been documented in some natural populations, mostly in birds and mammals. Here we report on a comparative study of senescence in two natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We document senescence as an age-specific increase in mortality rate, with use of mark-recapture studies and implementation of program MARK for analysis of such observations. Extrinsic mortality was controlled for by choosing populations that experience low rates of predation because they coexist with only a single piscine predator (Rivulus hartii). These populations differ in their evolutionary history because one was native to such a site whereas the other was introduced to a site that previously contained no guppies. The source of the introduced guppies was a high-predation population downstream below a barrier waterfall. Theory predicts that the guppies derived from a high-predation locality should experience senescence at an earlier age than the native low-predation population; however, the historical differences among these populations are also confounded with everything else that differs among the two localities. We found that females from a natural low-predation population have delayed senescence compared with the recently established population and hence that the differences among localities in senescence conform to theoretical predictions. The males from natural low-predation environments also had lower overall mortality rates, but contrary to predictions, the pattern of senescence for males did not differ between populations. The difference between the sexes is potentially attributable to two factors that lower the statistical power for distinguishing differences in the age-specific acceleration of mortality in males. One factor is that males have higher mortality rates, so fewer survive to advanced ages. A second is that we had a greater ability to discriminate among older age classes in females. We also found that the introduced population sustained a higher rate of disease than the native low-predation population. Such disease may represent a confounding factor in our comparison, but it may also reflect one of the trade-offs inherent in the life-history differences of these populations},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Bryant, M. J. and Reznick, D.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, MALES, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, sex, INCREASE, survival, GROWTH, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, life-history evolution, theory, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, age, ageing, INDIVIDUALS, extrinsic, intrinsic, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, WILD, predation, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, NATURAL-POPULATION, choosing, ENVIRONMENT, pattern, BIODIVERSITY, EXPERIENCE, trade-off, trade-offs, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, mortality, CAPTURE-RECAPTURE DATA, evolution of senescence, FINCH, FINCHES, GENETIC-BASIS, introduced, mark-recapture, MARKED ANIMALS, mortality rate estimation, senescence, statistical power},
	pages = {55--68}
}

@article{maanFitnessCorrelatesMale9,
	title = {Fitness correlates of male coloration in a {Lake} {Victoria} cichlid fish},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/5/691},
	abstract = {Sexual selection by female choice has contributed to the rapid evolution of phenotypic diversity in the cichlid fish species flocks of East Africa. Yet, very little is known about the ecological mechanisms that drive the evolution of female mating preferences. We studied fitness correlates of male nuptial coloration in a member of a diverse Lake Victoria cichlid lineage, Pundamilia nyererei. In this species, male red coloration is subject to intraspecific sexual selection by female mate choice. Male nuptial coloration plays a critical role also in reproductive isolation between this species and the closely related sympatric species P. pundamilia. Here, we show that P. nyererei male coloration is carotenoid based, illustrating the potential for honest signaling of individual quality. In a wild population, we found that variation in male coloration was not associated with variation in a set of strongly intercorrelated indicators of male dominance: male size, territory size, and territory location. Instead, the 2 male characters that predominantly determine female choice, territory size and red coloration, may be independent predictors of male quality: males with bright red coloration and large territories had lower parasite infestation rates. As a result, female preferences tended to select against heavily parasitized males. Consistent with parasite-mediated sexual selection, males had higher and more variable parasite loads than females},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Maan, Martine E. and van der Spoel, Michael and Jimenez, Paloma Quesada and van Alphen, Jacques J. M. and Seehausen, Ole},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, evolution, female, female mating preferences, FEMALES, fish, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, quality, selection, variation, CHARACTERS, female mate choice, fitness, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, MALE SIZE, mating, PREFERENCES, female preference, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, territory, WILD, reproductive isolation, WILD POPULATION, related, load, DIVERSITY, indicator, dominance, female mating preference, RATES, carotenoid, cichlid, CICHLID FISH, COLORATION, Lake Victoria, LINEAGE, parasite load, parasite-mediated sexual selection, PARASITIZED MALES, rapid evolution, SET, territory size},
	pages = {691--699}
}

@incollection{parkerSpermCompetitionSexual1998,
	address = {London},
	title = {Sperm {Competition} and {Sexual} {Selection}},
	shorttitle = {Sperm competition and the evolution of ejaculates: towards a theory base},
	booktitle = {Sperm competition and the evolution of ejaculates: towards a theory base},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Parker, G. A.},
	editor = {Birkhead, T. and Møller, A. P.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {3--54}
}

@article{wittzellDirectionalSelectionMorphology1991,
	title = {Directional selection on morphology in the pheasant,  {Phasianus} colchicus},
	volume = {61},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Wittzell, H.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {selection, call},
	pages = {394--400}
}

@article{turnerEpigeneticResponsesEnvironmental2009,
	title = {Epigenetic responses to environmental change and their evolutionary implications},
	volume = {364},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	url = {://WOS:000270800800009},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2009.0125},
	abstract = {Chromatin is a complex of DNA, RNA, histones and non-histone proteins and provides the platform on which the transcriptional machinery operates in eukaryotes. The structure and configuration of chromatin are manipulated by families of enzymes, some catalysing the dynamic addition and removal of chemical ligands to selected protein amino acids and some directly altering or displacing the basic structural units. The activities of many of these enzymes are sensitive to environmental and metabolic agents and can thereby serve as sensors through which environmental agents can alter gene expression. Such changes can, in turn, precipitate either local or cell-wide changes as the initial effect spreads through multiple interactive networks. This review discusses the increasingly well-understood mechanisms through which these enzymes alter chromatin function. In some cases at least, it seems that the effects on gene expression may persist even after the removal of the inducing agent, and can be passed on, through mitosis, to subsequent cell generations, constituting a heritable, epigenetic change. If such changes occur in germ cells or their precursors, then they may be passed on to subsequent generations. Mechanisms are now known to exist through which an epigenetic change might give rise to a localized change in DNA sequence exerting the same functional effect, thereby converting an epigenetic to a genetic change. If the induced genetic change has phenotypic effects on which selection can act, then this hypothetical chain of events constitutes a potential route through which the environment might directly influence evolution.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1534},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Turner, B. M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {evolution, epigenetics, ENVIRONMENT, c-myc, chromatin, dependent sex determination, DNA methylation, encoded nucleosome organization, functional-significance, gene expression, gene-expression, histone deacetylase inhibitors, human-sperm chromatin, neurospora-crassa, transcriptional regulation},
	pages = {3403--3418}
}

@article{gowatyPrinciplesFemalesPerspectives1997,
	title = {Principles of females' perspectives in avian behavioral ecology},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, females' perspectives,avian behavioral ecology},
	pages = {95--102}
}

@article{pennMHCdisassortativeMatingPreferences1998,
	title = {{MHC}-disassortative mating preferences reversed by cross-fostering},
	volume = {265},
	url = {ISI:000074967800005},
	abstract = {House mice (Mus musculus domesticus) avoid mating with individuals that are genetically similar at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Mice are able recognize MHC-similar individuals through specific odour cues. However, to mate disassortatively for MHC genes, individuals must have a referent, either themselves (self-inspection) or close kin (familial imprinting), with which to compare the MHC identity of potential mates. Although studies on MHC-dependent mating preferences often assume that individuals use self-inspection, laboratory experiments with male mice indicate that they use familial imprinting, i.e. males learn the MHC identity of their family and then avoid mating with females carrying 'familial' MHC alleles. To determine if female mice use familial imprinting, we cross-fostered wild-derived female mouse pups into MHC-dissimilar families, and then tested if this procedure reversed their mating preferences compared with in-fostered controls. Our observations of the female's mating behaviour in seminatural social conditions and the genetic typing of their progeny both indicated that females avoided mating with males carrying MHC genes of their foster family, supporting the familial imprinting hypothesis. We show that MHC-dependent familial imprinting potentially provides a more effective mechanism for avoiding kin matings and reducing inbreeding than self-inspection},
	number = {1403},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Penn, D. and Potts, W.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, female, FEMALES, genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, signals, mating, PREFERENCES, mating preferences, preference, pheromone, Rats, allele, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, condition, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, social, wolf, WOLVES, MHC, FAMILY, mating behaviour, patterns, imprinting, KIN RECOGNITION, genetic diversity, HOUSE MICE, MICE, alleles, attraction, chemosensory imprinting, COPULATORY-BEHAVIOR, cross-fostering, IN-HOUSE MICE, MICE MUS-MUSCULUS, MUS-MUSCULUS, odors, PHEROMONES},
	pages = {1299--1306}
}

@article{bergerComputationalSolutionsOmics2013,
	title = {Computational solutions for omics data},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3433},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3433},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Berger, Bonnie and Peng, Jian and Singh, Mona},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {333--346}
}

@article{palumbiAllMalesAre1999,
	title = {All males are not created equal: {Fertility} differences depend on gamete recognition polymorphisms in sea urchins},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Palumbi, S. R.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, polymorphism, fitness,polymorphisms,sperm selection},
	pages = {12632--12637}
}

@article{kavumpurathMasculinizationPoeciliaReticulata1993,
	title = {Masculinization of  {Poecilia} reticulata  by dietary administration of synthetic or natural androgen to gravid females},
	volume = {116},
	journal = {Aquaculture},
	author = {Kavumpurath, S. and Pandian, T. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, testosterone, androgen, masculinization, sex-change},
	pages = {83--89}
}

@article{hineMultivariateQuantitativeGenetics2004,
	title = {Multivariate quantitative genetics and the lek paradox: {Genetic} variance in male sexually selected traits of {Drosophila} serrata under field conditions},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000226157300014},
	abstract = {Single male sexually selected traits have been found to exhibit substantial genetic variance, even though natural and sexual selection are predicted to deplete genetic variance in these traits. We tested whether genetic variance in multiple male display traits of Drosophila serrata was maintained under field conditions. A breeding design involving 300 field-reared males and their laboratory-reared offspring allowed the estimation of the genetic variance-covariance matrix for six male cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) under field conditions. Despite individual CHCs displaying substantial genetic variance under field conditions, the vast majority of genetic variance in CHCs was not closely associated with the direction of sexual selection measured on field phenotypes. Relative concentrations of three CHCs correlated positively with body size in the field, but not under laboratory conditions, suggesting condition-dependent expression of CHCs under field conditions. Therefore condition dependence may not maintain genetic variance in preferred combinations of male CHCs under field conditions, suggesting that the large mutational target supplied by the evolution of condition dependence may not provide a solution to the lek paradox in this species. Sustained sexual selection may be adequate to deplete genetic variance in the direction of selection, perhaps as a consequence of the low rate of favorable mutations expected in multiple trait systems},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hine, E. and Chenoweth, S. F. and Blows, M. W.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, AUSTRALIA, ECOLOGY, evolution, EXPRESSION, Fisher, MALES, offspring, selection, TRAITS, fitness, model, MODELS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, CONSEQUENCE, heritability, insect, field, flies, BIOLOGY, lande, theory, phenotype, natural selection, quantitative genetics, display, condition, NATURAL-SELECTION, adaptation, genetics, VARIANCE, mutation, MUTATIONS, lek, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, DIRECTION, LEK PARADOX, sexually selected traits, CONDITION-DEPENDENT TRAITS, genetic variance, RESOLUTION, SIGNAL, condition dependence, condition-dependence, cuticular hydrocarbon, genetic variance-covariance matrix, genic capture, hydrocarbons, lipid, mate recognition, multivariate, paradox, phenotypes},
	pages = {2754--2762}
}

@article{hackettDNAProgrammingInheritance2013,
	title = {Beyond {DNA}: {Programming} and {Inheritance} of {Parental} {Methylomes}},
	volume = {153},
	issn = {0092-8674},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867413005205},
	abstract = {Epigenetic reprogramming of parental genomes following fertilization is important to ensure compatibility for totipotency and development thereafter. New studies by Jiang et al. and Potok et al. now demonstrate how the parental DNA methylomes are reset in zebrafish and reveal striking differences from events in mammals.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Cell},
	author = {Hackett, Jamie A and Surani, M.  Azim},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {737--739}
}

@article{doerrDispersalRangeAnalysis2005,
	title = {Dispersal range analysis: quantifying individual variation in dispersal behaviour},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://000225472100001},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-004-1707-z},
	abstract = {A complete understanding of animal dispersal requires knowledge not only of its consequences at population and community levels, but also of the behavioural decisions made by dispersing individuals. Recent theoretical work has emphasised the importance of this dispersal process, particularly the phase in which individuals search the landscape for breeding opportunities. However, empirical advances are currently hampered by a lack of tools for quantifying these dispersal search tactics. Here, we review existing methods for quantifying movement that are appropriate for the dispersal search process, describe several new techniques that we developed for characterising movement and behaviour through an individual's dispersal range, and illustrate their use with data from Australasian treecreepers (Climacteridae). We also describe how the quantitative parameters we discuss are calculated in a freely available computer software package that we designed. Specifically, we present methods for calculating the area searched during dispersal, search rate, thoroughness, intensity, philopatry of search, timing of exploration, and surreptitiousness. When we applied this approach to the study of dispersal in treecreepers, we found that search area, philopatry and timing of exploration showed the greatest individual variation. Furthermore, search area, search rate, thoroughness and philopatry of search were all correlated, suggesting they may be useful parameters for further research on the causes and consequences of different dispersal search tactics. Finally, we make recommendations for modifying radiotracking protocols to facilitate more accurate assessment of individual variation in the dispersal process, and suggest future directions for this type of empirical work at the interface of population and behavioural ecology.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Doerr, E. D. and Doerr, V. A. J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {MODELS, HOME-RANGE, HABITAT, philopatry, ANIMAL MOVEMENT, CORRELATED RANDOM-WALK, HABITAT SELECTION, INSECT MOVEMENT, LANDSCAPES, LEVEL PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES, radiotelemetry, search behaviour, TERRITORY ACQUISITION, treecreeper},
	pages = {1--10}
}

@article{magrathMaternalEffectsContribute5,
	title = {Maternal {Effects} {Contribute} to the {Superior} {Performance} of {Extra}-{Pair} {Offspring}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209009750},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.068},
	abstract = {Summary The explanation for extra-pair mating in female birds remains poorly understood and contentious [1–7]. Several leading hypotheses propose that females benefit indirectly by enhancing the genetic quality of their offspring, through good genes or genetic compatibility effects [1, 8, 9]. Supporting this idea, recent studies have identified a range of fitness-related traits for which extra-pair offspring (EPO) are superior to their within-pair (WP) half-siblings [10–21]. However, such performance differences may result from nongenetic maternal effects if EPO are positioned earlier in the laying order and benefit from the advantages of earlier hatching [22, 23]. Here we show that EPO are larger, heavier, and more likely to fledge than their WP half-siblings in a population of blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus. However, extra-pair paternity declined markedly with laying order, resulting in EPO generally hatching earlier. After correcting for variation in hatch time, none of the observed disparities between EPO and their WP half-siblings remained significant. These findings indicate that phenotypic comparisons between maternal half-siblings must consider potential hatching-order effects and suggest that the evidence for genetic benefits from extra-pair copulation may be less compelling than currently accepted. Moreover, the overrepresentation of EPO early in the laying order may help explain female extra-pair mating.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Magrath, Michael J. L. and Vedder, Oscar and van der Velde, Marco and Komdeur, Jan},
	month = dec,
	keywords = {EVOL\_ECOL},
	pages = {792--797}
}

@article{pitcherFemaleChoiceRelatedness2008,
	title = {Female choice and the relatedness of mates in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {134},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10709-008-9246-x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Pitcher, Trevor and Rodd, F. and Rowe, Locke},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {137--146}
}

@article{lessellsMolecularSignalsLoi2001,
	title = {Molecular signals or the  {Loi} de {Balancement}?},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Lessells, C. M. and Colegrave, N.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {signals, life-history evolution, trade-off, c.elegans},
	pages = {284--285}
}

@incollection{dunbarMateChoice1983,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Mate {Choice}},
	shorttitle = {Life history tactics and alternative strategies of reproduction},
	booktitle = {Life history tactics and alternative strategies of reproduction},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Dunbar, R. I. M. and Bateson, P.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, quality, mate quality, mating, life history, reproduction, mate competition, alternative strategies, mating decision},
	pages = {423--433}
}

@article{wagnerConditiondependentControlPaternity1996,
	title = {Condition-dependent control of paternity by female purple martins: implications for coloniality},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Wagner, R. H. and Schug, M. D. and Morton, E. S.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {379--389}
}

@article{krzanowskiBetweengroupsComparisonPrincipal1979,
	title = {Between-groups comparison of principal components},
	number = {74},
	journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
	author = {Krzanowski, W.J.},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {703--707}
}

@article{waageConfusionResidencyEscalation1988,
	title = {Confusion over residency and the escalation of damselfly territorial disputes},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Waage, J. K.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {game theory, damselflies, damselfly, territorial contests},
	pages = {586--595}
}

@article{whileRepeatableIntraindividualVariation2010,
	title = {Repeatable intra-individual variation in plasma testosterone concentration and its sex-specific link to aggression in a social lizard},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0018-506X},
	url = {://WOS:000278981500003},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.016},
	abstract = {Individual hormone profiles can be important generators of phenotypic variation. Despite this, work on the consequences of hormone profiles has traditionally ignored the large inter-individual variation within natural populations. However, recent research has advocated the need to explicitly consider this variation and address its consequences for selection. One of the key steps in this process is examining repeatability in hormone profiles and their links to behavioral traits under selection. In this study we show that individuals within a free-ranging population of the Australian lizard Egemia whitii exhibit temporal repeatability in their circulating baseline testosterone concentrations as well as their aggressive response towards conspecific intruders. Furthermore, we show significant, sex-specific links between testosterone and aggression. Specifically, testosterone and aggression is negatively linked in males, while there is no relationship in females. As conspecific aggression has significant consequences for fitness-related traits (parental care, mating strategies) in this species, inter-individual variation in testosterone concentrations, through their effects on aggression, could have important implications for individual fitness. We discuss the potential causes and consequences of hormonal repeatability as well as provide explanations for its sex-specific links with aggression. Specifically, we suggest that these patterns are the result of alternative hormonal pathways governing aggression within Egemia and may indicate a decoupling of aggression and testosterone across the sexes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Isaksson, Caroline and McEvoy, Jo and Sinn, David L. and Komdeur, Jan and Wapstra, Erik and Groothuis, Ton G. G.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {208--213}
}

@article{ritchieCharacterizationFemalePreference2001,
	title = {Characterization of female preference functions for the  {Drosophila} montana  courtship song and a test of the temperature coupling hypothesis},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Ritchie, M. G. and Saarikettu, M. and Livingstone, S. and Hoikkala, A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, female preference, preference, preference function, song, courtship song, cubic spline, spline},
	pages = {721--727}
}

@article{barnesCostingReproduction2003,
	title = {Costing reproduction},
	volume = {66},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Barnes, A. I. and Partridge, L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {life-history evolution, reproduction, allocation, cost, trade-off, c.elegans},
	pages = {199--204}
}

@article{aeschlimannFemaleSticklebacksGasterosteus2003,
	title = {Female sticklebacks {Gasterosteus} aculeatus use self-reference to optimize {MHC} allele number during mate selection},
	volume = {54},
	url = {ISI:000184537900005},
	abstract = {Theoretical and empirical studies suggest that an optimal resistance to pathogens and parasites requires an optimal number of MHC alleles per individual. Here we argue that three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) achieve this goal by applying a strategy that involves a self-referential process. According to this model, females complement their own set of alleles with a more or less diverse set of male alleles such that the combined diversity reaches an optimum. In previous experiments, we have identified allele counting as a major mate-choice strategy in large populations. The self-referential allele-counting hypothesis predicts that MHC-based mate choice favors dissimilar MHC alleles in small populations facing the risk of inbreeding. Therefore, we conducted an experiment that simulated a small effective population size with low MHC class-II diversity. Our experiments are based on the analysis of MHC class-IIB alleles that explain a major part of the overall MHC diversity in sticklebacks, as determined by mathematical modeling. The results show that females preferred males with dissimilar alleles. Our present and the previous studies (which we reanalyzed with respect to our new predictions) show that irrespective of high or low population diversity faced by female sticklebacks for their mate choice, they use information about their own and their potential mate's MHC polymorphism for optimal complementation of their own set of alleles. From combining the data of the previous and the present experiment we found that female sticklebacks try to achieve an optimum number of MHC class-IIB alleles for their offspring through mate choice. The chosen MHC diversity is close to the most frequent diversity found naturally in individual fish, which in addition have the lowest parasite burden},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Aeschlimann, P. B. and Haberli, M. A. and Reusch, T. B. H. and Boehm, T. and Milinski, M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, genes, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, population, selection, mate selection, model, size, stickleback, sticklebacks, mating preferences, parasites, allele, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, polymorphism, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, genetics, MHC, risk, pathogen, Gasterosteus aculeatus, STRATEGY, natural population, DIVERSITY, MICE, SMALL POPULATIONS, alleles, RESISTANCE, effective population size, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, immunogenetics, MHC class II, MHC diversity, MHC POLYMORPHISM, NO EVIDENCE, odor, optimization, T-CELL REPERTOIRE, three-spined sticklebacks, threespine stickleback},
	pages = {119--126}
}

@article{meylanAdaptiveSignificanceMaternal2007,
	title = {Adaptive significance of maternal induction of density-dependent phenotypes},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15432.x},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Meylan, Sandrine and Clobert, Jean and Sinervo, Barry},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {650--661}
}

@article{whileAreThereBenefits2008,
	title = {Are there benefits to being born asynchronously: an experimental test in a social lizard},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000252305000028},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arm124},
	abstract = {Hatching asynchrony, or processes analogous to hatching asynchrony (i.e., birthing asynchrony), has now been identified in a number of nonavian taxa. These systems are of importance because, unlike birds, they allow us to decouple hatching asynchrony hypotheses related to adaptive hatching patterns, which suggest that it confers a fitness benefit to either the parent or offspring, from those that focus on the onset of parental incubation. However, to date research on these systems has remained descriptive, solely documenting the extent of asynchronous hatching/birthing. Here we provide the first experimental test of the potential adaptive nature of hatching/birthing asynchrony outside avian systems. Using the birth hormone arginine vasotocin, we manipulated the birthing ( a) synchrony of females in a population of the lizard Egernia whitii and examined the effect on offspring growth and survival. We show offspring from asynchronous treatments suffered increased mortality but benefited from increased mass at 6 weeks compared with offspring in synchronous treatments. Differences in mortality and size between treatments were driven by offspring mass at birth, and the development of a greater mass hierarchy within asynchronous compared with synchronous litters. This resulted in the smaller offspring suffering both an increased risk of mortality and decreased growth. Despite this, the mechanism by which these patterns are produced remains unclear, as we found no link between birth order and mortality, size, or any factors that affected either of these. Key words: Egernia whitii, hatching asynchrony, maternal effects, sibling rivalry, sociality.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {208--216}
}

@article{waserCrossingDistanceEffects1993,
	title = {Crossing distance effects on prezygotic performance in plants - an argument for female choice},
	volume = {68},
	url = {ISI:A1993MJ66600014},
	abstract = {Seed set in the perennial larkspur Delphinium nelsonii is greater in crosses between plants growing an intermediate distance apart than in shorter and longer crosses. Since crossing distance is an attribute of a specific combination of parents, its effect on seed set represents an interaction of these parents, and since genetic similarity declines with physical distance in D. nelsonii populations, the interaction reflects parental genetic similarity. Understanding processes responsible for the effect is simplified if seed set differences result from prezygotic events, because in this case no inbreeding or outbreeding depression are involved. In 1990 we observed pollen tubes after performing crosses between plants separated by 1 m, 10 m, or 100 m, and found that the intermediate, 10 m crosses delivered the most tubes to the ovary. A combined analysis of the 1990 experiment and three earlier experiments showed that this prezygotic difference in performance is significant and of the same magnitude as seed set differences. Disproportionate failure of pollen tubes in 1 and 100 m crosses seems likely to reflect a trait of the maternal parent rather than of pollen, because the kinship of haploid pollen to a zygote it has fertilized always exceeds maternal kinship to that zygote. Thus the conditions for ''pollen suicide'' to evolve by natural selection are more restrictive than those for ''female choice'' to evolve, and the latter is more likely to control the outcome of the parental interaction},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Waser, N. M. and Price, M. V.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, Fisher, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring quality, PERFORMANCE, population, selection, variation, theory, natural selection, GENETIC SIMILARITY, similarity, condition, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, kinship, outbreeding, PLANTS, SET, ABORTION, CAMPSIS-RADICANS, DELPHINIUM-NELSONII, DISTANCE, geographic variation, haploid, MATURATION, outbreeding depression, POLLEN DISPERSAL, pollination, seed set},
	pages = {303--308}
}

@article{blowsExploringComplexFitness2003,
	title = {Exploring complex fitness surfaces: multiple ornamentation and polymorphism in male guppies},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Blows, M. W. and Brooks, R. and Kraft, P. G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {ornamentation, guppies, guppy, fitness, polymorphism, canonical rotation, fitness surface},
	pages = {1622--1630}
}

@article{sheridanFemaleChoiceSpot1997,
	title = {Female choice for spot asymmetry in the {Trinidadian} guppy},
	volume = {54},
	url = {ISI:000071356400018},
	abstract = {The effect of spot asymmetry on female mate choice was investigated in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Spot asymmetry arises because whole pattern elements are missing from one side or are located in a different position on: either side. Pairs of males were selected that differed in melanic spot asymmetry. In other respects the pair of males were matched for body size, display rate and other aspects of colour pattern. Two experiments were carried out, one in which asymmetry was caused by missing spot elements, the other in which asymmetry was caused by misaligned spots. The latter experiment does not confound differences of pigment area with differences in asymmetry. In both cases females strongly preferred the symmetric male. This was not sensitivity to fluctuating asymmetry (small differences in the size of spot areas) but to asymmetry at the gross level of spot pattern. (C) 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Sheridan, L. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, PAIR, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, female mate choice, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, COLOR PATTERNS, colour, preference, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, display, BEHAVIOR, pattern, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, colour pattern, display rate, PISCES, ZEBRA FINCHES},
	pages = {1523--1530}
}

@article{shermanConsistentMalemalePaternity2009,
	title = {Consistent male-male paternity differences across female genotypes},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {://WOS:000264371900027},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2008.0796},
	abstract = {In a recent paper, we demonstrated that male female genetic relatedness determines male probability of paternity in experimental sperm competition in the Peron's tree frog (Litoria peronii), with a more closely related male out-competing his rival. Here, we test the hypothesis that a male-male difference in siring success with one female significantly predicts the corresponding difference in siring success with another female. With male sperm concentration held constant, and the proportion of viable sperm controlled statistically, the male-male difference in siring success with one female strongly predicted the corresponding difference in siring success with another female, and alone explained more than 62 per cent of the variance in male-male siring differences. This study demonstrates that male siring success is primarily dictated by among-male differences in innate siring success with less influence of male female relatedness.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Sherman, Craig D. H. and Wapstra, Erik and Olsson, Mats},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {232--234}
}

@article{kodricbrownRepeatabilityFemaleChoice1997,
	title = {Repeatability of female choice in the guppy: {Response} to live and videotaped males},
	volume = {54},
	url = {ISI:A1997XR96800016},
	abstract = {The degree to which females are consistent in their mate preferences has implications for studies of sexual selection. Because choice of females for particular males may be affected by temporal changes in male characteristics, consistency of mate preferences of individual females of Poecilia rericulata was studied by presenting them with the same male pairs in consecutive trials under three experimental procedures: live males behind clear glass, live males behind one-way glass and images of males on videotape. Although females did not habituate to males in any of the experiments, they spent significantly more time in proximity to males behind clear glass than in the video and one-way glass presentations. Females preferred the bright male over the pale one in the video and the clear glass presentations, but not in the one-way glass experiment. Repeatability of preferences by individual females for a male was high in the video and one-way glass presentations but low in the clear-glass experiment. Behavioural interactions with the male in the clear-glass experiment affected both the time that females spent viewing males as well as female visual preferences. Results indicate that the video playback is not only useful for detecting differences between female preferences for morphological traits of male guppies, but is also much more effective in detecting preferences than the other two techniques, because it eliminates temporal variation in male behaviour. (C) 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {KodricBrown, A. and Nicoletto, P. F.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, association, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, MALE COLOR PATTERNS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, P1, PAIR, Poecilia, POECILIA-RETICULATA, response, selection, TRAITS, variation, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, experiment, female preference, lande, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, repeatability, BEHAVIOR, behavioural interactions, JUMPING SPIDER, TEMPORAL CHANGES, video, VIDEO PLAYBACK},
	pages = {369--376}
}

@article{wattFemaleChoiceGood2001,
	title = {Female choice for good genes and sex-biased broods in guppies},
	volume = {59},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Watt, P. J. and Shohet, A. J. and Renshaw, K.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, genes, good genes, guppies, guppy, sex ratio},
	pages = {843--850}
}

@article{telemecoNestingLizardsBassiana2009,
	title = {Nesting lizards ({Bassiana} duperreyi) compensate partly, but not completely, for climate change},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000263318700004},
	doi = {10.1890/08-1452.1},
	abstract = {Species in which ambient temperatures directly determine offspring sex may be at particular risk as global climates change. Whether or not climate change affects sex ratio depends upon the effectiveness of buffering mechanisms that link ambient regimes to actual nest temperatures. For example, females may simply lay nests earlier in the season, or in more shaded areas, such that incubation thermal regimes are unchanged despite massive ambient fluctuation. Based on eight years of monitoring nests over a 10-year period in the field at an alpine site in southeastern Australia, we show that, even though lizards (Bassiana duperreyi, Scincidae) have adjusted both nest depth and seasonal timing of oviposition in response to rising ambient temperatures, they have been unable to compensate entirely for climate change. That inability stems from the fact that the seasonal progression of soil temperatures, and thus, the degree to which thermal regimes at the time of laying predict subsequent conditions during incubation, also has shifted with climate change. As a result, mean incubation temperatures in natural nests now have crossed the thermal threshold at which incubation temperature directly affects offspring sex in this population.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Telemeco, R. S. and Elphick, M. J. and Shine, R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {17--22}
}

@article{hanssonNoEvidenceInbreeding1,
	title = {No evidence for inbreeding avoidance in a great reed warbler population},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/157},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression may drive the evolution of inbreeding avoidance through dispersal and mate choice. In birds, many species show female-biased dispersal, which is an effective inbreeding avoidance mechanism. In contrast, there is scarce evidence in birds for kin discriminative mate choice, which may, at least partly, reflect difficulties detecting it. First, kin discrimination may be realized as dispersal, and this is difficult to distinguish from other causes of dispersal. Second, even within small, isolated populations, it is often difficult to determine the potential candidates available to a female when choosing a mate. We sought evidence for inbreeding avoidance via kin discrimination in a breeding population of great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) studied over 17 years. Inbreeding depression is strong in the population, suggesting that it would be adaptive to avoid relatives as mates. Detailed data on timing of settlement and mate search movements made it possible to identify candidate mates for each female, and long-term pedigrees and resolved parentage enabled us to estimate relatedness between females and their candidate mates. We found no evidence for kin discrimination: mate choice was random with respect to relatedness when all mate-choice events were considered, and, after correction for multiple tests, also in all breeding years. We suggest that dispersal is a sufficient inbreeding avoidance mechanism in most situations, although the lack of kin discriminative mate choice has negative consequences for some females, because they end up mating with closely related males that lowers their fitness},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Hansson, Bengt and Jack, Lucy and Christians, Julian K. and Pemberton, Josephine M. and Akesson, Mikael and Westerdahl, Helena and Bensch, Staffan and Hasselquist, Dennis},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, fitness, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, MATES, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, choosing, discrimination, kin, kin discrimination, related, movement, inbreeding-avoidance, PARENTAGE, NO EVIDENCE, Acrocephalus, ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS, ACROCEPHALUS-ARUNDINACEUS, ARUNDINACEUS, FEMALE-BIASED DISPERSAL, GREAT REED WARBLER, GREAT REED WARBLERS, ISOLATED POPULATION, long-term, MOVEMENTS, pedigree, SEARCH, settlement, TESTS},
	pages = {157--164}
}

@article{gtmarkBrightMalePlumage1995,
	title = {Bright male plumage and predation risk in passerine birds: are males easier to detect than females?},
	volume = {74},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {G”tmark, F. and Hohlf„lt, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, predation risk, predation, bird, birds, risk, pied flycatcher, bright plumage, chaffinch, colouration, crypsis},
	pages = {475--484}
}

@article{belichonAreThereDifferences1996,
	title = {Are there differences in fitness components between philopatric and dispersing individuals?},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1146-609X},
	url = {://WOS:A1996WZ96600006},
	abstract = {Estimates of fitness associated with dispersal and philopatry are needed if we are to evaluate their evolution and their demographic consequences. We examine previous theory, the main types of study design and review available data on the relative fitnesses of dispersing and philopatric individuals. Transience and settlement are usually costly for dispersers, but after settlement, dispersers have both advantages and disadvantages when compared to philopatric individuals. Moreover, we observed compensation between components of fitness. Intraspecific variability associated with sex was frequent, but variability over time, space or dispersal type were rarely studied. Finally, we found that potential effects were commonly confounded. Transience has been studied in mammals, and for natal dispersal only. The consequences of breeding dispersal have been documented only in birds. After natal dispersal, fecundity has been the subject of most comparisons in birds. Finally we propose an experimental design which may help in separating the effect of dispersal type from an area effect.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Belichon, S. and Clobert, J. and Massot, M.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {503--517}
}

@article{emlenEcologySexualSelection1977,
	title = {Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems},
	volume = {197},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Emlen, S. T. and Oring, L. W.},
	year = {1977},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, selection, mating, call, mating system, fitness,mating systems,sexual selection},
	pages = {215--223}
}

@article{birkheadSpermMobilityDetermines1999,
	title = {Sperm mobility determines the outcome of sperm competition in the domestic fowl},
	volume = {266},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://000082866800007},
	number = {1430},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R. and Martinez, J. G. and Burke, T. and Froman, D. P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1759--1764}
}

@article{olssonSpermCompetitionSand1994,
	title = {Sperm competition in the sand lizard, {Lacerta} agilis},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:A1994NY23500021},
	doi = {10.1006/anbe.1994.1226},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Gullberg, A. and Tegelstrom, H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {evolution, INSEMINATION, DNA, ADDER, COPULATORY PLUGS, garter snake, multiple paternity, REMOVAL, THAMNOPHIS-SIRTALIS, VIPERA-BERUS},
	pages = {193--200}
}

@article{blowsEvolutionGeneticCovariance1999,
	title = {Evolution of the genetic covariance between male and female components of mate recognition: an experimental test},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Blows, M. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {indirect selection, evolution, Fisher, lande, covariance, mate recognition, genetic correlation, genetic covariance},
	pages = {2169--2174}
}

@article{stampdawkinsCorruptionHonestSignalling1991,
	title = {The corruption of honest signalling},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Stamp Dawkins, M. and Guilford, T.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {call, signalling, honest signalling, honest signalling,signal},
	pages = {865--873}
}

@article{lorchSelectionMultipleMating2003,
	title = {Selection for multiple mating in females due to mates that reduce female fitness},
	volume = {14},
	url = {ISI:000185596600012},
	abstract = {If females are unable to discriminate among males before mating, remating by females that store sperm may have evolved as a hedge against having only "costly" mates (less preferred males that reduce her fitness). However, the benefit of remating is not guaranteed because she can also mate by chance with another costly male. We devised a model to explain the evolution of female remating by representing female fitness as a function of the proportion of costly mates. We examined the effect of a linear, a concave-up, and a concave-down fitness function and found that only the latter favors the evolution of female remating. With a concave-down function, females mating with 50\% costly mates have nearly the same fitness as do females with none. A biological interpretation for a concave-down function is that sperm from good males are better at competing with sperm from costly males or are more preferred by females. A concave-up function implies the reverse, whereas a linear function will occur when sperm are equally competitive. We review specific situations in nature that might produce a concave-down function and find evidence that sterility and intragenomic conflict are two phenomena capable of driving the evolution of female remating by our model},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Lorch, P. D. and Chao, L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, fitness, model, insect, mating, stalk-eyed flies, Y, multiple mating, genetics, conflict, meiotic drive, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, SPERM TRANSFER, bet hedging, DROSOPHILA-PSEUDOOBSCURA, female remating, fitness function, intragenomic conflict, polyandrous females, segregation distorter, SEX-RATIO TRAIT, sperm choice, VIRILITY DEFICIENCY},
	pages = {679--686}
}

@article{franklinNoteFrequencyGenetics1999,
	title = {A note on the frequency and genetics of head colour morphs in the {Gouldian} {Finch} {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {A note on the frequency and genetics of head colour morphs in the {Gouldian} {Finch} {T2}  -?},
	author = {Franklin, D. C. and Dostine, P. L.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {colour, polymorphism, genetics, Erythrura gouldiae, gouldian finch, morphs, sex-linked gene}
}

@article{kellerMaternalSexMate2006,
	title = {Maternal sex and mate relatedness affect offspring quality in the gynodioecious {Silene} acaulis},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01101.x},
	abstract = {Abstract In gynodioecious species, females sacrifice fitness by not producing pollen, and hence must have a fitness advantage over hermaphrodites. Because females are obligately outcrossed, they may derive a fitness advantage by avoiding selfing and inbreeding depression. However, both sexes are capable of biparental inbreeding, and there are currently few estimates of the independent effects of maternal sex and multiple levels of inbreeding on female advantage. To test these hypotheses, females and hermaphrodites from six Alaskan populations of Silene acaulis were crossed with pollen from self (hermaphrodites only), a sibling, a random plant within the same population, and a plant from a different population. Germination, survivorship and early growth revealed inbreeding depression for selfs and higher germination but reduced growth in sib-crosses, relative to outcrosses. Independent of mate relatedness, females germinated more seeds that grew faster than offspring from hermaphrodites. This indicates that inbreeding depression as well as maternal sex can influence breeding system evolution. The effect of maternal sex may be explained by higher performance of female genotypes and a greater abundance of female genotypes among the offspring of female mothers},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Keller, S. R. and Schwaegerle, K. E.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, MATE, offspring, offspring quality, PERFORMANCE, population, quality, sex, fitness, GROWTH, relatedness, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, selfing, SYSTEM, SEXES, ADVANTAGE, BREEDING SYSTEM, hermaphrodite},
	pages = {1128--1138}
}

@article{folstadParasitesBrightMales1992,
	title = {Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap},
	volume = {139},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Folstad, I. and Karter, A. J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {call, parasites, female choice,female preference,immunocompetence-handicap hypothesis,ornamentation,parasites,sexual selection, handicap, immunocompetence, immunocompetence handicap},
	pages = {603--622}
}

@article{riceDegenerationNonrecombiningChromosome1994,
	title = {Degeneration of a nonrecombining chromosome},
	volume = {263},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, Y chromosome,recombination,sex determination,muller's ratchet},
	pages = {230--232}
}

@article{howardSexualSelectionAmerican1994,
	title = {Sexual selection in {American} toads: a test of a good-genes hypothesis},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Howard, R. D. and Whiteman, H. H. and Schueller, T. I.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, good genes, selection, call, amphibians,animal reproduction,fitness,life history,quantitative genetics,sexual selection},
	pages = {1286--1300}
}

@article{lecomteConnectivityHomogenisationPopulation2004,
	title = {Connectivity and homogenisation of population sizes: an experimental approach in {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {73},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2004.00796.x},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Lecomte, Jane and Boudjemadi, Katia and Sarrazin, François and Cally, Karine and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, 179, 189, 2004, 73, density dependence, ENVIRONMENTAL STOCHASTICITY, habitat frag-, journal of animal ecology, mentation, two-patch system},
	pages = {179--189}
}

@article{collinsEffectRecentExperience1995,
	title = {The effect of recent experience on female choice in zebra finches},
	volume = {49},
	abstract = {In zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, females prefer males that display at a high rate. In these experiments the effect of a female's experience on this preference was tested. Females were presented with a pair of males before and after being exposed to one of three treatments: (1) males with a low display rate, (2) males with a high display rate, or (3) no new males. Female preference for the male of the initial pair that displayed more was affected by the above treatments. Females increased their relative preference for this male if they had been exposed to males with a low display rate, decreased their preference if exposed to males with a high display rate, and did not change their preference if exposed to no new males. To test whether the changes in preference were sexual, the experiment was repeated with female pairs before and after the intervening treatments. There was no effect of the treatments on female preference for female pairs. The implications of these results for models of sexual selection and mate-choice strategies are discussed.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Collins, S. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, zebra finch, display rate},
	pages = {479--486}
}

@article{hallInteractionsPerformanceCapacities2009,
	title = {Interactions among performance capacities predict male combat outcomes in the field cricket},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000273455500018},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01611.x},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}1. There is a growing appreciation that male fighting ability is influenced by multiple traits. In particular, studies of male combat have identified a variety of performance capacities that predict victory in conflicts between conspecifics in several animal species. However, while multiple aspects of male fighting ability are often examined with a single study, the interactions among traits are rarely considered. 2. We conducted fight trials between size-matched males in the black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, with the aim of testing how two whole-organism performance traits, jumping ability and bite force, together with weight at eclosion, interact to determine combat outcomes. We then examined the relationships between these traits and the outcome of a fight using: a univariate framework, where we examined the difference between winners and losers for each trait separately; and, a multivariate framework known as response surface analysis, where we examined how the interactions among traits predict the outcome of a fight. 3. We show that males that won fights tended to exert significantly more force when biting, but were neither better jumpers nor heavier at eclosion than their rivals. However, when we examined the effects of these three traits while statistically controlling for one another in a multiple regression, we showed that overall fighting ability depends not only on contributions of individual traits to contest resolution but also on the interactions among traits and their relationship to the capabilities of rival males. We found that the probability of winning was highest for a male with the greatest positive difference from his rival in the combination of bite force, jump power and weight at eclosion. 4. These findings highlight how studying multiple performance capabilities in isolation from each other may obscure the importance of some variables. Our multivariate analyses revealed that the interactions between multiple dimensions of performance are important in male combat. We discuss the broader implications of these findings, including the potential role of whole-organism performance in determining male quality.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Hall, M. D. and McLaren, L. and Brooks, R. C. and Lailvaux, S. P.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {159--164}
}

@article{bijlsmaEnvironmentalStressAdaptation2005,
	title = {Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution: an overview},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:000230047800002},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bijlsma, R. and Loeschcke, V.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, POPULATIONS, adaptation, inbreeding depression, environmental stress, STRESS, PERSPECTIVE},
	pages = {744--749}
}

@article{thiollayCOMPARATIVEFORAGINGADAPTATIONS1990,
	title = {{COMPARATIVE} {FORAGING} {ADAPTATIONS} {OF} {SMALL} {RAPTORS} {IN} {A} {DENSE} {AFRICAN} {SAVANNA}},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {0019-1019},
	url = {://WOS:A1990CL29000006},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb01015.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ibis},
	author = {Thiollay, J. M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {42--57}
}

@book{anderssonSexualSelection1994,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	title = {Sexual {Selection}},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Andersson, M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, 40}
}

@article{hooglandLevelsInbreedingPrairie1992,
	title = {Levels of inbreeding among prairie dogs},
	volume = {139},
	url = {ISI:A1992HL87300008},
	abstract = {Because inbreeding and outbreeding both involve distinct benefits, some optimal level of inbreeding-outbreeding should result under natural conditions. Testing this hypothesis has been difficult, mainly because the detailed pedigrees necessary for defining levels of inbreeding have been unavailable for animals other than humans. A 14-yr study of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) has shown that individuals avoid extreme inbreeding with close kin such as parents, offspring, and full and half siblings, but they regularly inbreed with more distant kin such as full and half first cousins, full and half first cousins once removed, full and half second cousins, and so on. Previous research with other wild animals has not documented such a high frequency of moderate inbreeding. An examination of five measures of reproductive success failed to reveal inbreeding depression},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Hoogland, J. L.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, ECOLOGY, evolution, Fisher, HYPOTHESIS, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, population, sex, BENEFITS, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, theory, human, Humans, INDIVIDUALS, condition, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, WILD, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, philopatry, kin, pattern, REVEAL, BIODIVERSITY, outbreeding, KIN RECOGNITION, SEXES, pedigree, Cynomys, CYNOMYS-LUDOVICIANUS, DOBZHANSKY, DOGS, endangered, FLORIDA, FREQUENCIES, GENETIC-EVIDENCE, GREAT TIT, HIGH-FREQUENCY, jay, nepotism, PRAIRIE DOGS, SCIURIDAE, siblings},
	pages = {591--602}
}

@article{uherIndividualBehavioralPhenotypes2011,
	title = {Individual {Behavioral} {Phenotypes}: {An} {Integrative} {Meta}-{Theoretical} {Framework}. {Why} "{Behavioral} {Syndromes}" {Are} {Not} {Analogs} of "{Personality}"},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0012-1630},
	url = {://WOS:000294177400003},
	doi = {10.1002/dev.20544},
	abstract = {Animal researchers are increasingly interested in individual differences in behavior. Their interpretation as meaningful differences in behavioral strategies stable over time and across contexts, adaptive, heritable, and acted upon by natural selection has triggered new theoretical developments. However, the analytical approaches used to explore behavioral data still address population-level phenomena, and statistical methods suitable to analyze individual behavior are rarely applied. I discuss fundamental investigative principles and analytical approaches to explore whether, in what ways, and under which conditions individual behavioral differences are actually meaningful. I elaborate the meta-theoretical ideas underlying common theoretical concepts and integrate them into an overarching meta-theoretical and methodological framework. This unravels commonalities and differences, and shows that assumptions of analogy to concepts of human personality are not always warranted and that some theoretical developments may be based on methodological artifacts. Yet, my results also highlight possible directions for new theoretical developments in animal behavior research. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53: 521-548, 2011.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Developmental Psychobiology},
	author = {Uher, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {CHARACTERS, animal personalities, great tits, GENETIC-VARIATION, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, behavioral, behavioral profiles, behavioral style, behavioral types, CONSTRUCT-VALIDITY, correlated traits, CROSS-SITUATIONAL CONSISTENCY, differences, EXPLORATORY-BEHAVIOR, individual, individuality, MACAQUES, parus-major, PERSONALITY, Personality traits, RESPONSE PATTERNS, RHESUS, syndromes, temperament},
	pages = {521--548}
}

@article{barlowSexualselectionModelsExaggerated1998,
	title = {Sexual-selection models for exaggerated traits are useful but constraining},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Barlow, G. W.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Amphilophus citrinellum,cichlid},
	pages = {59--69}
}

@article{maynardsmithMustReliableSignals1994,
	title = {Must reliable signals always be costly?},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Maynard Smith, J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {reliable signals, signals, call},
	pages = {1115--1120}
}

@article{greeffCausesConsequencesIncest2000,
	title = {Causes and consequences of incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding mole-rat, {Cryptomys} darlingi ({Bathyergidae})},
	volume = {3},
	url = {ISI:000088697800010},
	abstract = {A number of social mole-rat species maintain a strong reproductive skew (only one breeding pair in the group) solely through incest avoidance. Incest avoidance probably evolved for one of two reasons, namely for actually maintaining a reproductive skew or, alternatively, to avoid high inbreeding depression. In the latter case a strong reproductive skew would result as a fortuitous by-product of the combination of a cloistral family life style of mole-rats and incest avoidance. We undertook breeding experiments in which the fertility of pairs of unrelated individuals were compared with that of pairs of double first cousins. Inbreeding depression was remarkably high and an accompanying model suggests that it may be sufficient to support the idea that strong incest avoidance evolved primarily to eliminate the costs of inbreeding and subsequently facilitated the evolution of reproductive skew},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Greeff, J. M. and Bennett, N. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, PAIR, model, CONSEQUENCES, INDIVIDUALS, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, REPRODUCTIVE SUPPRESSION, social, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, AFRICAN, BATHYERGIDAE, COLONIES, cooperative breeding, DAMARENSIS, eusociality, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, MOLE-RATS, RODENTIA, SOCIALLY INDUCED INFERTILITY},
	pages = {318--328}
}

@article{petrieExperimentalNaturalChanges1994,
	title = {Experimental and natural changes in the peacock's ( {Pavo} cristatus ) train can affect mating success},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Petrie, M. and Halliday, T.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {female choice, mating, Pavo cristatus, mating success, peacock, experimental manipulation, male morphology},
	pages = {213--217}
}

@article{blouinInbreedingAvoidanceBehaviors1988,
	title = {Inbreeding avoidance behaviors},
	volume = {3},
	url = {ISI:A1988P630500006},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Blouin, S. F. and Blouin, M.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, AVOIDANCE, genetics, inbreeding-avoidance, FLORIDA},
	pages = {230--233}
}

@article{bennettSexualSelectionMismeasure2010,
	title = {Sexual {Selection} and the {Mismeasure} of {Color}},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Bennett, Author A T D and Cuthill, I C and Norris, K J},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {848--860}
}

@article{mcnamaraQuantifyingMaleAttractiveness2003,
	title = {Quantifying male attractiveness},
	volume = {270},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {McNamara, J. M. and Houston, A. I. and Marques dos Santos, M. and Kokko, H. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Attractiveness, Fisher, male attractiveness, sexy son, ESS, evolutionary stable strageties, phenotypic modles, sexual behaviour},
	pages = {1925--1932}
}

@article{wapstraGeographicAnnualVariation1999,
	title = {Geographic and annual variation in reproductive cycles in the {Tasmanian} spotted snow skink, {Niveoscincus} ocellatus ({Squamata} : {Scincidae})},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0004-959X},
	url = {://WOS:000084069800001},
	doi = {10.1071/zo99038},
	abstract = {We studied the reproductive cycle of two populations of the spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, over a three-year period. This species is widespread in Tasmania and its distribution overlaps those of other species in the genus that show two distinct reproductive strategies: annual reproduction that is completed within one season, and biennial reproduction in which females carry advanced embryos throughout winter hibernation. We chose populations representative of the climatic extremes of the species' distribution, within these areas of overlap. Niveoscincus ocellatus maintains the same basic reproductive strategy in both populations: summer gestation, primary autumn mating with obligate sperm storage by females, secondary mating in spring, and predominantly spring vitellogenesis and ovulation. In both populations all females reproduce annually, suggesting that reproductive frequency is not constrained by availability of energy. However, we found distinct differences in the timing of ovulation and parturition. Females from our subalpine site ovulated approximately one month later than those from our warmer, lowland site; parturition was delayed by the same period so gestation length was unchanged. The delay in ovulation results in gestation proceeding over the warmest months at the cold site. The annual reproductive cycle of this species appears to constrain its distribution to the lower altitudinal/climatic range of alpine Niveoscincus species. There were minor annual differences in the timing of reproductive events at each site, which we attribute to variation in thermal conditions and the amount of precipitation.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and Swain, R. and Jones, S. M. and O'Reilly, J.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {539--550}
}

@article{stockleySexualConflictResulting1997,
	title = {Sexual conflict resulting from adaptations to sperm competition},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://A1997WN30300009},
	abstract = {Recent research on diverse animal taxa has revealed that male adaptations to sperm competition often lead to a conflict with female interests. That is, male attempts to increase their own fertilization success can result in a reduction of female fitness. This sexual conflict has led to selection for a variety of female adaptations that apparently reduce male-imposed costs. Understanding the causes and consequences of sexual conflict arising from adaptations to sperm competition offers much potential for new insight into the coevolution of male and female sexual strategies.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Stockley, P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {FEMALES, INSECTS, cost, SYSTEM, SEXES, FREQUENCY, male mate choice, Orthoptera, SQUIRRELS, TETTIGONIIDAE},
	pages = {154--159}
}

@article{papeReviewSpermCompetition1998,
	title = {Review {Sperm} competition and sexual selection : a meta-analysis of paternity studies of birds},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Pape, Anders and Ninni, Paola},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {8, a, á meta-analysis á birds, á p, cnrs ura 258, ecologie, extra-pair paternity á sexual, laboratoire d, mùller, ninni, p, population density á synchrony, selection á},
	pages = {345--358}
}

@article{russellIntrinsicReproductiveIsolation2006,
	title = {Intrinsic reproductive isolation between {Trinidadian} populations of the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01069.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Although Trinidadian populations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, show considerable adaptive genetic differentiation, they have been assumed to show little or no reproductive isolation. We tested this assumption by crossing Caroni (Tacarigua River) and Oropuche (Oropuche R.) drainage populations from Trinidad's Northern Range, and by examining multiple aspects of reproductive compatibility in the F1, F2 and BC1 generations. In open-aquarium experiments, F1 males performed fewer numbers of mating behaviours relative to parental population controls. This is the first documentation of hybrid behavioural sterility within a species, and it suggests that such sterility may feasibly be involved in causing speciation. The crosses also uncovered hybrid breakdown for embryo viability, brood size and sperm counts. In contrast, no reductions in female fertility were detected, indicating that guppies obey Haldane's rule for sterility. Intrinsic isolation currently presents a much stronger obstacle to gene flow than behavioural isolation, and our results indicate that Trinidadian populations constitute a useful model for investigating incipient speciation},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Russell, S. T. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {behaviour, female, guppies, guppy, MALES, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, sperm, model, size, mating, experiment, NUMBER, COMPATIBILITY, intrinsic, POPULATIONS, reproductive isolation, mating behaviour, viability, speciation, hybrid, GENERATIONS, TRINIDAD, brood size, differentiation, FERTILITY, FLOW, gene flow, GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION, HYBRID BREAKDOWN, INCIPIENT SPECIATION, STERILITY},
	pages = {1294--1303}
}

@article{qvarnstromEvolutionaryGeneticsEvolution2006,
	title = {Evolutionary genetics: {Evolution} of mate choice in the wild ({Reply})},
	volume = {444},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05502},
	number = {7121},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Qvarnstrom, Anna and Brommer, Jon E. and Gustafsson, Lars},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, WILD, genetics, EVOLUTIONARY, EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS},
	pages = {E16--E17}
}

@article{jiangSpermNotOocyte2013,
	title = {Sperm, but {Not} {Oocyte}, {DNA} {Methylome} {Is} {Inherited} by {Zebrafish} {Early} {Embryos}},
	volume = {153},
	issn = {0092-8674},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867413005175},
	abstract = {5-methylcytosine is a major epigenetic modification that is sometimes called  the fifth nucleotide.  However, our knowledge of how offspring inherit the DNA methylome from parents is limited. We generated nine single-base resolution DNA methylomes, including zebrafish gametes and early embryos. The oocyte methylome is significantly hypomethylated compared to sperm. Strikingly, the paternal DNA methylation pattern is maintained throughout early embryogenesis. The maternal DNA methylation pattern is maintained until the 16-cell stage. Then, the oocyte methylome is gradually discarded through cell division and is progressively reprogrammed to a pattern similar to that of the sperm methylome. The passive demethylation rate and the de novo methylation rate are similar in the maternal DNA. By the midblastula stage, the embryo s methylome is virtually identical to the sperm methylome. Moreover, inheritance of the sperm methylome facilitates the epigenetic regulation of embryogenesis. Therefore, besides DNA sequences, sperm DNA methylome is also inherited in zebrafish early embryos. "Paternal DNA methylome remains stable until midblastula stage"Maternal methylome resets to a pattern similar to sperm by midblastula stage"Maternal DNA undergoes passive DNA demethylation and de novo methylation"Inheritance of the sperm DNA methylome facilitates embryogenesis After fertilization, the zebrafish sperm DNA methylation pattern remains stable, whereas the oocyte pattern is progressively modified via demethylation and de novo methylation to match the sperm pattern by the midblastula stage.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Cell},
	author = {Jiang, Lan and Zhang, Jing and Wang, Jing-Jing and Wang, Lu and Zhang, Li and Li, Guoqiang and Yang, Xiaodan and Ma, Xin and Sun, Xin and Cai, Jun and Zhang, Jun and Huang, Xingxu and Yu, Miao and Wang, Xuegeng and Liu, Feng and Wu, Chung- I. and He, Chuan and Zhang, Bo and Ci, Weimin and Liu, Jiang},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {773--784}
}

@article{griffithEnvironmentalDeterminationSexually1999,
	title = {Environmental determination of a sexually selected trait},
	volume = {400},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Griffith, S. C. and Owens, I. P. F. and Burke, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, sexual characters, heritability, cross-fostering, badge size, genotype by environment interaction, house sparrow},
	pages = {358--360}
}

@article{gowatyFalseCriticismsSociobiology1995,
	title = {False criticisms of sociobiology and behavioral ecology: genetic determinism, untestability, and inappropriate comparisons {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {False criticisms of sociobiology and behavioral ecology: genetic determinism, untestability, and inappropriate comparisons},
	journal = {Politics and the Life Sciences},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {call, genetic determinism,sociobiology},
	pages = {12--18}
}

@article{dukasLearningAffectsMate7,
	title = {Learning affects mate choice in female fruit flies},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/800},
	abstract = {Learning in the context of mate choice can influence sexual selection and speciation. Relatively little work, however, has been conducted on the role of learning in the context of mate choice, and this topic has been mostly ignored in insects even though insects have served as a prime model system in research on sexual selection and incipient speciation. Extending recent work indicating apparently adaptive learning in the context of sexual behavior by male fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), I tested for the effect of learning on mate choice by female fruit flies. Compared to young virgin females that experienced courtship by large males, young virgin females that experienced courtship by small males were more likely to mate with small and large males in a test conducted a day after the experience phase. These results, which are the first clear empirical demonstration of learning in the context of mate choice by female insects, lay the foundation for research on the role of learning in insect sexual selection and speciation},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Dukas, Reuven},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, courtship, Drosophila, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, model, SEXUAL-SELECTION, insect, INSECTS, flies, fruit fly, BEHAVIOR, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, speciation, EXPERIENCE, SYSTEM, learning, INCIPIENT SPECIATION, context, sexual behavior, SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR},
	pages = {800--804}
}

@article{priceSexualSelectionBody1984,
	title = {Sexual selection on body size, territory and plumage variables in a population of {Darwin}'s finches},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Price, T. D.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {sexual selection, population, selection, size, body size, call, territory, FINCH, Darwin's finches, finches,sexual selection},
	pages = {327--341}
}

@article{lealHistologicalStereologicalEvaluation2009,
	title = {Histological and stereological evaluation of zebrafish ({Danio} rerio) spermatogenesis with an emphasis on spermatogonial generations},
	volume = {81},
	url = {http://www.biolreprod.org/content/81/1/177.abstract},
	doi = {10.1095/biolreprod.109.076299},
	abstract = {The zebrafish has become an important vertebrate model for basic and biomedical research, including the research field of the biology of reproduction. However, very few morphological and stereological data are available regarding zebrafish testis structure and spermatogenesis. In this careful histomorphometric evaluation of the testis, we studied spermatogonial cells using molecular markers, determined the combined duration of meiotic and spermiogenic phases, and examined the formation of the Sertoli cell barrier (tight junctions). We found at least nine spermatogonial generations and propose a morphology-based nomenclature for spermatogonial generations that is compatible with the one used in higher vertebrates. The number of germ cells per cyst increased dramatically (1 to ∼1360 cells) from undifferentiated spermatogonia type A to early spermatids. The combined duration of meiotic and spermiogenic phases is approximately 6 days, one of the shorter periods among the teleost fish investigated to date. The number of Sertoli cells per cyst increased 9-fold during the maturational cycle of spermatogenic cysts and stabilized in the meiotic phase at a ratio of approximately 100 early spermatids per Sertoli cell (Sertoli cell efficiency). Similarly to mammals, Sertoli cell proliferation ceased in the meiotic phase, coinciding with the formation of tight junctions between Sertoli cells. Hence, the events taking place during puberty in the germinal epithelium of mammals seem to recapitulate the “life history” of each individual spermatogenic cyst in zebrafish.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biology of Reproduction},
	author = {Leal, Marcelo C. and Cardoso, Edson R. and Nóbrega, Rafael H. and Batlouni, Sergio R. and Bogerd, Jan and França, Luiz R. and Schulz, Rüdiger W.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {177--187}
}

@article{lailvauxSexbasedDifferencesSimilarities2003,
	title = {Sex-based differences and similarities in locomotor performance, thermal preferences, and escape behaviour in the lizard {Platysaurus} intermedius wilhelmi},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {1522-2152},
	url = {://WOS:000185623600008},
	doi = {10.1086/376423},
	abstract = {Differences between sexes in physiological performance have received little attention in animals. We tested for sex differences in maximum sprint speed and maximal exertion over a range of temperatures in a population of Platysaurus intermedius wilhelmi lizards. We also examined sex-based differences in selected temperature range, mean field body temperatures (T-b), and thermal activity limits. Finally, we conducted field studies to quantify male and female responses to a potential predator, which may be affected by their respective performance capabilities. Males were faster than females at all temperatures, and body size had no significant effect on sprint speeds. Males and females also selected similar T-b's when placed in a thermal gradient, but in the field, male lizards' T-b's were different from those of the females. However, predicted sprint speeds for males and females at their field T-b's are similar. No significant differences were found between males and females with regard to maximal exertion. When approached in the field, adult male lizards took refuge significantly earlier than did adult females and also fled over shorter distances, suggesting that females rely on crypsis as an escape strategy.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Physiological and Biochemical Zoology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Alexander, G. J. and Whiting, M. J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {511--521}
}

@article{lupoldSpermMorphologySperm2009,
	title = {Sperm morphology and sperm velocity in passerine birds},
	volume = {276},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000263148000025},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.1645},
	abstract = {Sperm velocity is one of the main determinants of the outcome of sperm competition. Since sperm vary considerably in their morphology between and within species, it seems likely that sperm morphology is associated with sperm velocity. Theory predicts that spermvelocity may be increased by enlarged midpiece (energetic component) or flagellum length (kinetic component), or by particular ratios between sperm components, such as between flagellum length and head size. However, such associations have rarely been found in empirical studies. In a comparative framework in passerine birds, we tested these theoretical predictions both across a wide range of species and within a single family, the New World blackbirds (Icteridae). In both study groups, sperm velocity was influenced by sperm morphology in the predicted direction. Consistent with theoretical models, these results show that selection on sperm morphology and velocity are likely to be concomitant evolutionary forces.},
	number = {1659},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Lupold, S. and Calhim, S. and Immler, S. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1175--1181}
}

@article{zumpeSocialFactorsModulate1996,
	title = {Social factors modulate the effects of hormones on the sexual and aggressive behavior of macaques},
	volume = {38},
	url = {ISI:A1996TV92800004},
	abstract = {We previously reviewed the effects of gonadal hormones on the sexual and aggressive behavior of macaques as observed in field, outdoor colony, and laboratory studies. There were consistent similarities between findings from different observational settings, but there were also noteworthy differences which suggested the importance of social and environmental factors in modulating the effects of hormones. We now examine the role of these factors further and consider the extent to which partner preferences, familiarity between individuals, and also dominance rank can affect the behavior of male-female pairs and thereby modify the influences of hormones. The evidence suggests that all these factors are important. Hormone-dependent short-term partner preferences appear to be critical for the formation of consort bonds and to facilitate mating between unfamiliar partners. Socially based partner preferences tend to dampen hormonal influences and may lead to long-term familiarity. Long-term familiarity decreases sexual interactions and may be a proximate mechanism underlying incest avoidance and periodic male troop transfers. Both males and females exhibit mate competition under certain conditions, and their dominance rank can modify sexual and aggressive behavior by either optimizing or reducing hormone-dependent changes. These interaction effects between social and hormonal variables also have relevance for the design and interpretation of laboratory experiments. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
	author = {Zumpe, D. and Michael, R. P.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, P1, PAIR, sex, mating, reproductive success, field, PREFERENCES, preference, Y, transfer, human, INDIVIDUALS, similarity, BEHAVIOR, condition, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, PRIMATES, social, wolf, WOLVES, AVOIDANCE, FAMILIARITY, STRESS, communication, dominance, mate competition, MONKEYS, TROOP, MACAQUES, COLONIES, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, sexual behavior, aggressive behavior, ARTIFICIAL MENSTRUAL CYCLES, CERCOPITHECUS-AETHIOPS-SABAEUS, COLONY, dominance rank, FEMALE JAPANESE MACAQUES, LONG-TAILED MACAQUES, MALE MACACA-FASCICULARIS, MALE RHESUS-MONKEYS, MARRIAGE, SOCIAL-FACTORS, VERVET MONKEYS, Westermarck},
	pages = {233--261}
}

@article{rivieroAcousticSignallingWolfspider2000,
	title = {Acoustic signalling in a wolfspider: can signal characteristics predict male quality?},
	volume = {60},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Riviero, A. and Alatalo, R. V. and Kotiaho, J. and Mappes, J. and Parri, S.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {quality, signalling, acoustic signalling},
	pages = {187--194}
}

@article{sullivanMatingSystemCorrelates1993,
	title = {Mating system correlates of tarsal spurs in the {Phasianidae}},
	volume = {231},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Sullivan, M. S.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mating, mating system, tarsal spurs},
	pages = {203--214}
}

@article{levriEffectTimingPollination1998,
	title = {The effect of timing of pollination on the mating system and fitness of {Kalmia} latifolia ({Ericaceae})},
	volume = {85},
	url = {ISI:000077169200014},
	abstract = {Plant mating systems are known to vary within species and some immediate ecological factors have been found to be associated with the geographic distribution of selfing. The environmental condition of the maternal plant may influence the production of selfed seed relative to outcrossed seed. This study investigated the effect of late pollination on the mating system of Kalmia latifolia, a long-lived perennial shrub. A 2 x 2 experimental design was used to determine whether reproductive success declines over the course of the flowering season and whether there was an interaction between pollination time (early vs. late in the season) and pollen type (self-fertilized vs. outcrossed). An interaction of this sort would indicate context-dependent fitness of selfed seeds compared to outcrossed seeds and, thus, show an ecological influence over a plant's mating system. Relative fitness was assessed in terms of female reproductive success. Timing of pollination did not affect abortion of outcrossed seeds; however, delay in pollination increased abortion of selfed seeds by 34.7\%. Thus, it appears that plants selectively aborted selfed seeds rather than outcrossed seeds and this selection was more intense at the end of the season. An ecological factor such as time of pollination may affect the mating system of K. latifolia},
	number = {11},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	author = {Levri, M. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, female, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, selection, fitness, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, condition, X, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating system, mating systems, PLANTS, SELF-FERTILIZATION, selfing, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, pollination, seed set, AVENA-BARBATA, Ericaceae, facultative response, FRUIT ABORTION, fruit set, Kalmia latifolia, plant mating systems, reproductive assurance, resource provisioning, SEED PRODUCTION, selfing rate, TRISTYLOUS EICHHORNIA-PANICULATA, WILD RADISH},
	pages = {1626--1630}
}

@article{wangAbundanceXlinkedGenes2001,
	title = {An abundance of {X}-linked genes expressed in spermatogonia},
	volume = {27},
	journal = {Nature Genetics},
	author = {Wang, P. J. and McCarrey, J. R. and Yang, F. and Page, D. C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {genes, X-linked, X-linked genes},
	pages = {422--426}
}

@article{bennetSexualSelectionMismeasure1994,
	title = {Sexual selection and the mismeasure of colour},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Bennet, A. T. D. and Cuthill, I. C. and Norris, K. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, sexual selection,colour,measuring color,spectra},
	pages = {848--860}
}

@article{tencateSexualImprintingPreference1988,
	title = {Sexual imprinting and a preference for 'supernormal' partners in {Japanese} quail},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {ten Cate, C. and Bateson, P.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {preference, imprinting, Japanese quail, sexual imprinting},
	pages = {356--358}
}

@article{grantFrequencydependentMateSelction1974,
	title = {Frequency-dependent mate selction in  {Mormoniella} vitripennis},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Grant, B. and Snyder, G. A. and Glessner, S. F.},
	year = {1974},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, host, Mormoniella vitripennis, wasp},
	pages = {259--264}
}

@article{riceAccumulationSexuallyAntagonistic1987,
	title = {The accumulation of sexually antagonistic genes as a selective agent promoting the evolution of reduced recombination between primitive sex chromosomes},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {evolution, genes, sex, allele, antagonistic genes, chromosomes, recombination, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, sexually antagonistic, sexually antagonistic genes},
	pages = {911--914}
}

@article{hastingsOntogenySexualDimorphism1991,
	title = {Ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the angel blenny,  {Coralliozetus} angelica  ({Blennioidei}: {Chaenopsidae})},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Hastings, P. A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {call, dimorphism, sexual dimorphism, blenny,sexual dimorphism, ontogenies, ontogeny},
	pages = {969--978}
}

@article{cunninghamFemaleMatePreferences2003,
	title = {Female mate preferences and subsequent resistance to copulation in the mallard},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Cunningham, E. J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {mate preference, mate preferences, preference, inter-sexual conflict},
	pages = {326--333}
}

@article{legalliardPhysicalPerformanceDarwinian2004,
	title = {Physical performance and darwinian fitness in lizards},
	volume = {432},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:000225322100046},
	doi = {10.1038/nature03057},
	abstract = {Strong evidence for a genetic basis of variation in physical performance has accumulated(1,2). Considering one of the basic tenets of evolutionary physiology-that physical performance and darwinian fitness are tightly linked(3)-one may expect phenotypes with exceptional physiological capacities to be promoted by natural selection. Why then does physical performance remain considerably variable in human and other animal populations(1,2,4)? Our analysis of locomotor performance in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) demonstrates that initial endurance (running time to exhaustion measured at birth) is indeed highly heritable, but natural selection in favour of this trait can be unexpectedly weak. A manipulation of dietary conditions unravels a proximate mechanism explaining this pattern. Fully fed individuals experience a marked reversal of performance within only one month after birth: juveniles with low endurance catch up, whereas individuals with high endurance lose their advantage. In contrast, dietary restriction allows highly endurant neonates to retain their locomotor superiority as they age. Thus, the expression of a genetic predisposition to high physical performance strongly depends on the environment experienced early in life.},
	number = {7016},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Clobert, J. and Ferriere, R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {502--505}
}

@article{pomiankowskiDrivingSexualPreference1999,
	title = {Driving sexual preference},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A. and Hurst, L. D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, preference, female preference,female mate choice,good genes,sexual selection,Y chromosome, sexual preference},
	pages = {425--426}
}

@article{allenLarvalCompetitionAdult2001,
	title = {Larval competition, adult fitness, and reproductive strategies in the acoustically orienting {Ormiine}  {Homotrixa} alleni  ({Diptera}: {Tachinidae})},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behaviour},
	author = {Allen, G. R. and Hunt, J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {competition, fitness, acoustic signalling, acoustic communication},
	pages = {283--297}
}

@phdthesis{zajitschekBedeutungUnterschiedlicherTemperatureinnischung2003,
	address = {Munich},
	type = {Research},
	title = {Bedeutung unterschiedlicher {Temperatureinnischung} in der {Bombina}-{Hybridzone} in {Rumänien}.({Differential} temperature adaptation amongst populations in the {Bombina} hybrid zone in {Romania}).},
	school = {Ludwig-Maximilians-University},
	author = {Zajitschek, F.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003}
}

@article{blomqvistGeneticSimilarityMates2002,
	title = {Genetic similarity between mates and extra-pair parentage in three species of shorebirds},
	volume = {419},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Blomqvist, D. and Andersson, M. B. and Kpper, C. and Cuthill, I. C. and Kis, J. and Lanctot, R. B. and Sandercock, B. K. and Szeleky, T. and Wallander, J. and Kempenaers, B.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {inbreeding, homozygotes, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS},
	pages = {613--615}
}

@article{jonesFisherianFliesBenefits1998,
	title = {Fisherian flies: benefits of female choice in a lekking sandfly},
	volume = {265},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Jones, T. M. and Quinnell, R. J. and Balmford, A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, lekking, call, flies, female choice,Fisherian benefits,good genes,direct benefits,lekking,lek paradox},
	pages = {1651--1657}
}

@article{beanPatternsParentalRelatedness2004,
	title = {Patterns of parental relatedness and pup survival in the grey seal ({Halichoerus} grypus)},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:000222521300022},
	abstract = {Levels of parental relatedness can affect offspring survival and susceptibility to disease. We investigated parental relatedness of live and dead Halichoerus grypus pups between and within island populations and between possible causes of mortality. Nine microsatellites were used to calculate internal relatedness (IR) and standardized mean d(2). We find that pups with higher than average levels of IR have significantly lower survival and that this varied between island populations and that certain loci contributed to the effect more than others. Although, there were no significant differences between causes of mortality, peritonitis, infection and stillborn had the highest levels of IR. These results provide evidence that parental relatedness is an important determinant of pre-weaning pup survival in the grey seal and that this may vary with cause of mortality given a larger sample size},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Bean, K. and Amos, W. and Pomeroy, P. P. and Twiss, S. D. and Coulson, T. N. and Boyd, I. L.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, offspring, population, fitness, size, survival, CONSEQUENCES, field, loci, microsatellite, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, genetics, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, SCOTLAND, male mating success, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, mortality, grey seal, NORTH-RONA, parental relatedness, SITE FIDELITY},
	pages = {2365--2370}
}

@article{fehrHumanAltruismEconomic2004,
	title = {Human altruism: economic, neural, and evolutionary perspectives},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0959-4388},
	url = {://WOS:000225988600019},
	doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.007},
	abstract = {Human cooperation represents a spectacular outlier in the animal world. Unlike other creatures, humans frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. Experimental evidence and evolutionary models suggest that strong reciprocity, the behavioral propensity for altruistic punishment and altruistic rewarding, is of key importance for human cooperation. Here, we review both evidence documenting altruistic punishment and altruistic cooperation and recent brain imaging studies that combine the powerful tools of behavioral game theory with neuroilmaging techniques. These studies show that mutual cooperation and the punishment of defectors activate reward related neural circuits, suggesting that evolution has endowed humans with proximate mechanisms that render altruistic behavior psychologically rewarding.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Neurobiology},
	author = {Fehr, E. and Rockenbach, B.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {BEHAVIOR, HUMAN COOPERATION, PUNISHMENT, SOCIAL NORMS, STRONG RECIPROCITY, ULTIMATUM GAME},
	pages = {784--790}
}

@article{campbellAnalyzingPollinatormediatedSelection1997,
	title = {Analyzing pollinator-mediated selection in a plant hybrid zone: hummingbird visitation patterns on three spatial scales},
	volume = {149},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Campbell, D. R. and Waser, N. M. and Melendez-Ackerman, E. J.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {selection, hybrid, disruptive selection, nonlinear selection, stabilising selection},
	pages = {295--315}
}

@article{lailvauxPerformanceCapacityFighting2004,
	title = {Performance capacity, fighting tactics and the evolution of life-stage male morphs in the green anole lizard ({Anolis} carolinensis)},
	volume = {271},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000225973200013},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2004.2891},
	abstract = {The evolution of alternative male phenotypes is probably driven by male-male competition for access to reproductive females, but few studies have examined whether whole-organism performance capacities differ between male morphs, and if so whether any such differences affect fighting ability. We show how ontogenetic changes in performance and morphology have given rise to two distinct life-stage male morphs exhibiting different fighting tactics within the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Field studies show a bimodal distribution of adult males within a single population: larger 'heavyweight' males have relatively large heads and high bite forces for their size, whereas smaller 'lightweight' males have smaller heads and lower bite forces. In staged fights between size-matched heavyweight males, males with greater biting ability won more frequently, whereas in lightweight fights, males with greater jumping velocity and acceleration won more often. Because growth in reptiles is indeterminate, and the anole males examined are sexually mature, we propose that the heavyweight morph arose through selection against males with small heads and poor bite forces at the lightweight-heavyweight size transition. Our findings imply that one may not be able to predict male fighting success (and hence potential mating success) by examining aspects of male 'quality' at only one life stage.},
	number = {1556},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Herrel, A. and VanHooydonck, B. and Meyers, J. J. and Irschick, D. J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {2501--2508}
}

@article{pizzariSexuallyselectedSpermHypothesis2002,
	title = {The sexually-selected sperm hypothesis: sex-biased inheritance and sexual antagonism},
	volume = {77},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Pizzari, T. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, antagonistic coevolution},
	pages = {183--209}
}

@article{petriePeacockTrainsAdvertise1993,
	title = {Do peacock's trains advertise age?},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Petrie, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {female choice, call, age, female mating preference, peacock, age indicator mechanism, male age, male ornaments, peacock trains},
	pages = {443--448}
}

@article{piperMothersonPairFormation2001,
	title = {Mother-son pair formation in common loons},
	volume = {113},
	url = {ISI:000176696700013},
	abstract = {Reproduction among close relatives is rare in birds. Here we report two cases of pair for mation between mothers and sons in a marked population of Common Loons (Gavia immer) in northern Wisconsin, one of which resulted in the fledging of a chick. Short distance natal dispersal by males coupled with short distance breeding dispersal by adults after territorial displacement sets the stage for occasional mother-son pairings in this species, although data from multilocus DNA fingerprints indicate that Such pairings are infrequent},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
	author = {Piper, W. H. and Tischler, K. B. and Dolsen, A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {behaviour, orange, population, reproduction, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, DNA, DISTANCE},
	pages = {438--441}
}

@article{ullerLonglastingFitnessConsequences2004,
	title = {Long-lasting fitness consequences of prenatal sex ratio in a viviparous lizard.},
	volume = {58},
	abstract = {Maternal effects and early environmental conditions are important in shaping offspring developmental trajectories. For example, in laboratory mammals, the sex ratio during gestation has been shown to influence fitness-related traits via hormonal interaction between fetuses. Such effects have the potential to shape, or constrain, many important aspects of the organism's life, but their generality and importance in natural populations remain unknown. Using long-term data in a viviparous lizard, Lacerta vivipara, we investigated the relationship between prenatal sex ratio and offspring growth, survival, and reproductive traits as adults. Our results show that females from male-biased clutches grow faster, mature earlier, but have lower fecundity than females from female-biased clutches. Furthermore, male reproduction was also affected by the sex ratio during embryonic development, with males from male-biased clutches being more likely to successfully reproduce at age one than males from female-biased clutches. Thus, the sex ratio experienced during gestation can have profound and long-lasting effects on fitness in natural populations of viviparous animals, with important implications for life-history evolution and sex allocation.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {Uller, Tobias and Massot, Manuel and Richard, Murielle and Lecomte, Jane and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Lizards: genetics, Lizards: growth \& development, Male, Selection, Genetic, Sex Factors, reproduction, sex ratio, Analysis of Variance, ENVIRONMENT, Lizards: physiology, FERTILITY, Fertility: physiology, France, Reproduction: physiology},
	pages = {2511--6}
}

@article{castillaThermalBiologyMicrohabitat1991,
	title = {Thermal biology, microhabitat selection, and conservation of the insular lizard {Podarcis} hispanica atrata},
	volume = {85},
	abstract = {We studied aspects of the thermal biology and microhabitat selection of the endangered lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata during autumn in the field and laboratory. Body temperatures (Tb) of active lizards were within a narrow range, were largely independent of ambient temperatures, and exhibited little diel variation. Activity Tbs largely coincided with the selected temperatures maintained in a laboratory thermogradient and with Tbs that maximize running performance. Alternation of basking with other activities and shuttling between sun and shade were obvious aspects of thermoregulatory behaviour. Lizards shifted microhabitat use throughout the day. During early morning and late afternoon, basking lizards were restricted to rocky sites surrounded by shrubs. Near midday lizards used a wider array of microhabitats, and many moved in open grassy sites. Juveniles maintained lower activity Tbs, had lower selected temperatures, and basked less frequently than the adults. Juveniles occupied open grassy patches more often than the adults. We discuss the relevance of our results for the conservation of this extremely rare lizard and the management of its habitats.},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Castilla, Aurora M. and Bauwens, Dirk},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {Biomedical and Life Sciences},
	pages = {366--374}
}

@book{puseyFreshwaterFishesNortheastern2004,
	address = {Melbourne},
	title = {Freshwater fishes of north-eastern {Australia}.},
	publisher = {CSIRO Publishing},
	author = {Pusey, B and Kennard, M and Arthington, A},
	year = {2004}
}

@article{mcintyreHowDoesHabitat1999,
	title = {How does habitat patch size affect animal movement? {An} experiment with darkling beetles},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://000083009400011},
	abstract = {We used an experimental model system consisting of darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, Eleodes obsoleta Say) in a microlandscape to assess the effects of habitat patch size on the movement patterns of animals. The ratio of habitat area to nonhabitat in a 25-m(2) "microlandscape" was held constant while the grain of patchiness (patch size) was varied in four treatments. Beetle movement pathways were electronically surveyed, and seven pathway metrics were used to quantify movement characteristics. ANOVA and Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference post hoc comparisons revealed that both the presence and the grain of spatial heterogeneity influenced how animals moved through landscapes. Intermediate patch sizes elicited the strongest behavioral responses, whereas movements were similar between finely patchy landscapes with small habitat patches and coarsely patchy landscapes with larger habitat patches. These results indicate that organisms may use landscapes that possess different configurations of habitat in similar ways. Predicting how organisms respond to spatial heterogeneity therefore requires an assessment of how organisms use landscapes, in addition to an assessment of the structural characteristics of landscapes, such as grain size.},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {McIntyre, N. E. and Wiens, J. A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, DISPERSAL, PATCH SIZE, DARKLING BEETLES, fragmentation, COLEOPTERA, spatial heterogeneity, ANIMAL MOVEMENT, Eleodes obsoleta, ENVIRONMENTS, landscape ecology, microlandscape, NEUTRAL LANDSCAPE MODELS, POPULATION-SIZE, scale, SHORTGRASS PRAIRIE, TENEBRIONID BEETLES},
	pages = {2261--2270}
}

@article{kavumpurathProductionYYFemale1993,
	title = {Production of a {YY} female guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata,  by endocrine sex reversal and progeny testing},
	volume = {118},
	journal = {Aquaculture},
	author = {Kavumpurath, S. and Pandian, T. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, sex, feminization},
	pages = {183--189}
}

@article{HybridDysfunctionFireBellied2010,
	title = {Hybrid {Dysfunction} in {Fire}-{Bellied} {Toads} ( {Bombina} ) {Author} ( s ): {Loeske} {E} . {B} . {Kruuk} , {Jason} {S} . {Gilchrist} , {Nick} {H} . {Barton} {Published} by : {Society} for the {Study} of {Evolution} {Stable} {URL} : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640907},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Society},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1611--1616}
}

@article{CriteriaDemonstratingPostcopulatory2009,
	title = {Criteria for {Demonstrating} {Postcopulatory} {Female} {Choice} {Author} ( s ): {William} {G} . {Eberhard} {Published} by : {Society} for the {Study} of {Evolution} {Stable} {URL} : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640597},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Society},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1047--1050}
}

@article{kingsolverStrengthPhenotypicSelection2001,
	title = {The strength of phenotypic selection in natural populations},
	volume = {157},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Kingsolver, J. G. and Hoekstra, H. E. and Hoekstra, J. M. and Berrigan, D. and Vignieri, S. N. and Hill, C. E. and Hoang, A. and Gibert, P. and Beerli, P.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {population, selection, nonlinear selection, intensity, quadratic selection, selection analysis},
	pages = {245--261}
}

@article{oppligerReducedTailRegeneration1997,
	title = {Reduced tail regeneration in the {Common} {Lizard}, {Lacerta} vivipara, parasitized by blood parasites},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:A1997YD80800015},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2435.1997.00134.x},
	abstract = {1. Many lizards will lose their tail through autotomy as an antipredator device even though there must be significant costs during tail regeneration. 2. Parasites are energetically costly to the host, and may reduce the rate of cell regeneration. The relation between the presence of haemogregarines (phylum Sporozoa) and the rate of tail regeneration in the Common Lizard Lacerta vivipara (Jacquin) was examined. 3. Experimentally induced autotomy in parasitized lizards resulted in a significantly reduced rate of tail regeneration compared with non-parasitized lizards. On the ether hand, tail loss was not associated with an abnormal increase of parasite load, suggesting that the physiological stress (induced by tail loss) did not cause a decrease in parasite defence.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Oppliger, A. and Clobert, J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {652--655}
}

@article{pennEvolutionMatingPreferences1999,
	title = {The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes},
	volume = {153},
	url = {ISI:000079055000001},
	abstract = {House mice prefer mates genetically dissimilar at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The highly polymorphic MHC genes control immunological self/nonself recognition; therefore. this mating preference may function to provide "good genes for an individual's offspring. However, the evidence for MHC-dependent mating preferences is controversial, and its function remains unclear. Here we provide a critical review of the studies on MHC-dependent mating preferences in mice, sheep, and humans and the possible functions of this behavior. There are three adaptive hypotheses for MHC-dependent mating preferences. First, MHC-disassortative mating preferences produce MHC-heterozygous offspring that may have enhanced immunocompetence. Although this hypothesis is not supported by tests of single parasites, MHC heterozygotes may be resistant to multiple parasites. Second, we propose that MHC-dependent mating preferences enable hosts to provide a "moving target" against rapidly evolving parasites that escape immune recognition (the Red Queen hypothesis). Such parasites are suspected to drive MHC diversity through rare-allele advantage. Thus, the two forms of parasite-mediated selection thought to drive MHC diversity, heterozygote and rare-allele advantage, will also favor MHC-dependent mating preferences. Finally, MHC-dependent mating preferences may also function to avoid inbreeding; a hypothesis consistent with other evidence that MHC genes play a role in kin recognition},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Penn, D. J. and Potts, W. K.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, genes, mate choice, offspring, selection, mating, mating preferences, preference, form, parasites, human, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, NATURAL-SELECTION, heterozygotes, MHC, heterozygote advantage, host, KIN RECOGNITION, Red Queen, HOUSE MICE, MHC POLYMORPHISM, immunocompetence, CLASS-I MOLECULES, host-parasite coevolution, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, POSITIVE SELECTION, SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY, T-CELL RECEPTOR},
	pages = {145--164}
}

@article{lalandEvolutionaryConsequencesSexual1994,
	title = {On the evolutionary consequences of sexual imprinting},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Laland, K. N.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, imprinting, sexual imprinting, mating preference,sexual imprinting},
	pages = {477--489}
}

@article{evansMaleMatingBehaviour2003,
	title = {Male mating behaviour and ejaculate expenditure under sperm competition risk in the eastern mosquitofish},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Pierotti, M. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, mating, risk, mating behaviour, male mating behaviour},
	pages = {268--273}
}

@article{egidMajorHistocompatibilityComplex1989,
	title = {The major histocompatibility complex and female mating preferences in mice},
	volume = {38},
	url = {ISI:A1989AN84200023},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Egid, K. and Brown, J. L.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sexual selection, female, female mating preferences, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, mating preferences, preference, COMPLEX, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, mating preference, female mating preference, MICE, immunogenetics},
	pages = {548--550}
}

@article{palmerMateChoiceFace2000,
	title = {Mate choice in the face of both inbreeding and outbreeding depression in the intertidal copepod {Tigriopus} californicus},
	volume = {136},
	url = {ISI:000087524100010},
	abstract = {In species vulnerable to both inbreeding and outbreeding depression, individuals might be expected to choose mates at intermediate levels of genetic relatedness. Previous work on the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus has repeatedly shown that crosses between populations result in either no effect or hybrid vigor in the first generation, and hybrid breakdown in the second generation. Previous work also shows that mating between full siblings results in inbreeding depression. The present study again found inbreeding depression, with full sibling mating causing significant fitness declines in two of the three populations assayed. In the mate choice assays, a single female was combined with two males. Despite the costs of both inbreeding and outbreeding, mate choice showed clear inbreeding avoidance but no clear pattern of outbreeding avoidance. This lack of outbreeding avoidance may be attributed either to the temporary increase in fitness in the F-1 generation or to the absence of selection for premating isolation in wholly allopatric populations with infrequent migration. If this inability to avoid unwise matings is common to other taxa, it may contribute to the problem of outbreeding depression when allopatric populations are mixed together},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Marine Biology},
	author = {Palmer, C. A. and Edmands, S.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, Drosophila, behaviour, evolution, female, fish, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, selection, fitness, INCREASE, mating, Darwin, INDIVIDUALS, polymorphism, relatedness, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, premating isolation, migration, STRATEGIES, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, COMMON, genetic relatedness, patterns, hybrid, outbreeding, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, California, outbreeding depression, siblings, differentiation, HYBRID BREAKDOWN, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, HARPACTICOID COPEPOD, POPULATION-STRUCTURE},
	pages = {693--698}
}

@article{marrHeterosisOutbreedingDepression2002,
	title = {Heterosis and outbreeding depression in descendants of natural immigrants to an inbred population of song sparrows ({Melospiza} melodia)},
	volume = {56},
	url = {ISI:000174248200012},
	abstract = {We studied heterosis and outbreeding depression among immigrants and their descendants in a population of song sparrows on Mandarte Island. Canada. Using data spanning 19 generations, we compared survival. seasonal reproductive success. and lifetime reproductive success of immigrants. natives (birds with resident-hatched parents and grandparents), and their offspring F(1)s, birds with an immigrant and a native parent. and F(2)s. birds with an immigrant grandparent and resident-hatched grandparent in each of their maternal and paternal lines). Lifetime reproductive success of immigrants was no worse than that of natives. but other measures of performance differed in several ways. Immigrant females laid later and showed a tendency to lay fewer clutches, but had relatively high success raising offspring per egg produced. The few immigrant males survived well but were less likely to breed than native males of the same age that were alive in the same year. Female F(1)s laid earlier than expected based on the average for immigrant and native females, and adult male F(1)s were more likely to breed than expected based on the average for immigrant and native males. The performance differences between immigrant and native females and between F(1)s and the average of immigrants and natives are consistent with the hypothesis that immigrant,,, were disadvantaged by a lack of site experience and that immigrant offspring benefited from heterosis, However, we could not exclude the possibility that immigrants had a different strategy for optimizing reproductive success or that they experienced ecological compensation for life-history parameters. For example, the offspring of immigrants may have survived well because immigrants laid later and produced fewer clutches, thereby raising offspring during a period of milder climatic conditions. Although sample sizes were small, we found large performance differences between F(1)s and F(2)s, which suggested that either heterosis was associated with epistasis in F(1)s. that F(2)s experienced outbreeding depression, or that both phenomena occurred. These findings indicate that the performance of dispersers may be affected more by fine-scale genetic differentiation than previously assumed in this and comparable systems},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Marr, A. B. and Keller, L. F. and Arcese, P.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {egg, behaviour, evolution, female, fish, i, offspring, PERFORMANCE, population, variation, survival, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, ANIMALS, Darwin, life history, life-history, age, natal dispersal, condition, DISPERSAL, adaptation, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, SONG SPARROWS, song, speciation, GENERATIONS, outbreeding, geographic variation, outbreeding depression, pedigree, differentiation, gene flow, HYBRID BREAKDOWN, collared flycatcher, COPEPOD TIGRIOPUS-CALIFORNICUS, epistasis, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, heterosis, immigration, ISLAND POPULATION, morphological variation, PLYMOUTH ROCK CHICKENS},
	pages = {131--142}
}

@article{pagelDesignAnimalSignals1993,
	title = {The design of animal signals},
	volume = {361},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Pagel, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {signals, call, animal signals,female preference,honest signalling},
	pages = {18--20}
}

@article{bullKinAssociationsNest2000,
	title = {Kin associations during nest founding in an allodapine bee {Exoneura} robusta: do females distinguish between relatives and familiar nestmates?},
	volume = {106},
	url = {ISI:000085559600002},
	abstract = {True recognition of kin can have important fitness consequences in terms of directing altruistic behaviours toward close relatives (nepotism) and avoiding inbreeding. However, recent evidence suggests that some social insect species cannot or do not distinguish their closest relatives from among nestmates in important fitness-based contexts. Such findings are relevant to kin selection theories where individuals are expected to preferentially rear close relatives in order to gain inclusive fitness benefits. Here, allozyme markers are used to examine whether female Exoneura robusta individuals preferentially nest with their closest kin when given a choice of familiar previous nestmates. The results suggest these bees do not prefer kin over non-kin nestmates. Kin associations during nest founding in this species are probably due to philopatry and/or association with previously familiar nestmates},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Bull, N. J. and Adams, M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, evolution, female, selection, BENEFITS, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, insect, theory, natural selection, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, NATURAL-SELECTION, social, philopatry, ASSOCIATIONS, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, MARKERS, nepotism, context, ANIMAL SOCIETIES, ANT SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA, APIS-MELLIFERA, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, kin selection, MULTIPLE-QUEEN COLONIES, POLISTES-FUSCATUS HYMENOPTERA, SEX-RATIOS, SOCIAL INSECTS},
	pages = {117--129}
}

@article{fiskeCorrelatesMaleMalting1994,
	title = {Correlates of male malting success in the lekking great snipe ( {Gallinago} media ): results from a four-year study},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Fiske, P. and K†l†s, J. A. and S‘ther, S. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, lekking, mate choice, lek, male mating success, Gallinago media, great snipe},
	pages = {210--218}
}

@article{ullerAltitudinalDivergenceMaternal2011,
	title = {Altitudinal divergence in maternal thermoregulatory behaviour may be driven by differences in selection on offspring survival in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000293182700014},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01303.x},
	abstract = {Plastic responses to temperature during embryonic development are common in ectotherms, but their evolutionary relevance is poorly understood. Using a combination of field and laboratory approaches, we demonstrate altitudinal divergence in the strength of effects of maternal thermal opportunity on offspring birth date and body mass in a live-bearing lizard (Niveoscincus ocellatus). Poor thermal opportunity decreased birth weight at low altitudes where selection on body mass was negligible. In contrast, there was no effect of maternal thermal opportunity on body mass at high altitudes where natural selection favored heavy offspring. The weaker effect of poor maternal thermal opportunity on offspring development at high altitude was accompanied by a more active thermoregulation and higher body temperature in highland females. This may suggest that passive effects of temperature on embryonic development have resulted in evolution of adaptive behavioral compensation for poor thermal opportunity at high altitudes, but that direct effects of maternal thermal environment are maintained at low altitudes because they are not selected against. More generally, we suggest that phenotypic effects of maternal thermal opportunity or incubation temperature in reptiles will most commonly reflect weak selection for canalization or selection on maternal strategies rather than adaptive plasticity to match postnatal environments.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Uller, Tobias and While, Geoffrey M. and Cadby, Chloe D. and Harts, Anna and O'Connor, Katherine and Pen, Ido and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2313--2324}
}

@article{castranovaEffectStockingDensities0000Sep,
	title = {The {Effect} of {Stocking} {Densities} on {Reproductive} {Performance} in {Laboratory} {Zebrafish} ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1545-8547},
	url = {://WOS:000295031900006},
	doi = {10.1089/zeb.2011.0688},
	abstract = {Despite the growing popularity of the zebrafish model system, the optimal husbandry conditions for this animal are not well defined. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of stocking density on reproductive performance in zebrafish. In this study, undertaken by eight different zebrafish facilities, clutches of at least 200 wild-type zebrafish embryos from a single pairwise mating were produced at each participating institution and subsequently reared according to "in-house protocols'' until they were 14 weeks old. Fish were then randomly assigned into treatment groups with balanced sex ratios and densities of 3, 6, or 12 fish/L. After a 1-month acclimation period, fish were spawned in pair crosses every 2 weeks for 3 months, for a total of six spawning dates. The number of viable and nonviable embryos produced in each clutch were counted at 1 day post-fertilization. Although there was a great deal of variability in clutch size and percent spawning success among laboratories, there were no significant differences in average clutch size, spawning success, or percent viable among the treatment densities. These data suggest that using stocking densities as high as 12 fish/L does not have a negative impact on performance, when measured by reproductive performance.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Zebrafish},
	author = {Castranova, D. and Lawton, A. and Lawrence, C. and Baumann, D. P. and Best, J. and Coscolla, J. and Doherty, A. and Ramos, J. and Hakkesteeg, J. and Wang, C. M. and Wilson, C. and Malley, J. and Weinstein, B. M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {0000},
	keywords = {GROWTH, ARCTIC CHARR, CROWDING STRESS, JUVENILES, SALVELINUS-ALPINUS},
	pages = {141--146}
}

@article{alonsoProximateUltimateCauses1998,
	title = {Proximate and ultimate causes of natal dispersal in the great bustard {Otis} tarda},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:000074092300006},
	abstract = {Between 1991 and 1997 we studied the offspring independence and juvenile dispersal in a wild population of great bustards (Otis tarda). Young males were independent and began their juvenile dispersal at an earlier age (6-11 months) than young females (8-15 months). The juvenile dispersal period was longer and the distances reached farther in males than in females. Natal dispersal distances were also longer in males, all of which dispersed from their natal areas and established as adults at 5-65 km from their natal nests. In contrast, most females were strongly philopatric, settling at 0.5-5 km from their natal nests. These marked sex differences in offspring independence and dispersal may have evolved originally to maintain genetic diversity and are probably reinforced through male competition for mates. Young males that had fed at higher rates and received more feedings from their mothers during the early maternal dependence period became independent and tended to disperse earlier They also integrated earlier into adult male flocks and settled earlier at their definitive leks, which were closer to their natal sites, in areas of higher adult male density. None of these correlations was found among young females. These results suggest that enhanced food intake and maternal care of male offspring are vitally important in increasing their competitive ability during the immature period and probably also in their fitness as breeding adults. These results are in accordance with the selective value of large size in males and suggest how this species might have reached such a marked sexual dimorphism in size},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Alonso, J. C. and Martin, E. and Alonso, J. A. and Morales, M. B.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {ABILITY, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, offspring, population, sex, fitness, size, age, natal dispersal, COLUMBIAN GROUND-SQUIRRELS, DISPERSAL, inbreeding avoidance, JUVENILE DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, red deer, SMALL MAMMALS, WILD, bird, birds, philopatry, WILD POPULATION, lek, leks, dimorphism, genetic diversity, male competition, sexual dimorphism, DISTANCE, dispersal distances, food, PARUS-PALUSTRIS, sex-biased dispersal, Spain, SQUIRRELS SPERMOPHILUS-BELDINGI},
	pages = {243--252}
}

@article{ebertSelectiveAdvantageImmigrant2002,
	title = {A selective advantage to immigrant genes in a {Daphnia} metapopulation},
	volume = {295},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://000173350700047},
	language = {English},
	number = {5554},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Ebert, D. and Haag, C. and Kirkpatrick, M. and Riek, M. and Hottinger, J. W. and Pajunen, V. I.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {CONSEQUENCES, extinction, inbreeding depression, ENVIRONMENT, deleterious mutations, load, DIVERSITY, CYCLICAL PARTHENOGEN, ROCK POOLS, SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS},
	pages = {485--488}
}

@article{walterWestermarckEffectEarly2003,
	title = {The {Westermarck} {Effect} and early childhood co-socialization: {Sex} differences in inbreeding-avoidance},
	volume = {21},
	url = {ISI:000185456700004},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine whether there are sex differences in regard to the effect of early childhood co-socialization on inbreeding-avoidance at sexual maturity. Multiple logistic regression methodology was used to model the relationship between cousin relationship and social proximity in childhood and its effect on mate choice beyond adolescence for a sample of Moroccan participants. Females showed a synergistic interaction effect for cousin marriage and childhood co-socialization and an additional interaction effect for co-socialization during the first seven years of childhood. Male participants showed no significant effect for early childhood co-socialization. The Westermarck Effect hypothesis that early childhood co-socialization leads to a lack of sexual interest at maturity is thus supported for female participants but not for male participants. These results are consistent with expectations from parental investment theory that females should show greater inbreeding-avoidance than males do because of the greater costs females suffer as a consequence of inbreeding depression},
	journal = {British Journal of Developmental Psychology},
	author = {Walter, A. and Buyske, S.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, sex, mate selection, model, theory, human, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, social, wolf, WOLVES, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, kinship, attraction, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, MARRIAGE, Westermarck, aim, MATURITY, parental investment, Westermarck effect},
	pages = {353--365}
}

@article{richardsonInbreedingSeychellesWarbler2004,
	title = {Inbreeding in the seychelles warbler: {Environment}-dependent maternal effects},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000224339500013},
	abstract = {The deleterious effects of inbreeding can be substantial in wild populations and mechanisms to avoid such matings have evolved in many organisms. In situations where social mate choice is restricted, extrapair paternity may be a strategy used by females to avoid inbreeding and increase offspring heterozygosity. In the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler, Acrocephalus sechellensis, neither social nor extrapair mate choice was used to avoid inbreeding facultatively, and close inbreeding occurred in approximately 5\% of matings. However, a higher frequency of extra-group paternity may be selected for in female subordinates because this did reduce the frequency of mating between close relatives. Inbreeding resulted in reduced individual heterozygosity, which, against expectation, had an almost significant (P = 0.052). positive effect on survival. Conversely, low heterozygosity in the genetic mother was linked to reduced offspring survival, and the magnitude of this intergenerational inbreeding depression effect was environment-dependent. Because we controlled for genetic effects and most environmental effects (through the experimental cross-fostering of nestlings), we conclude that the reduced survival was a result of maternal effects. Our results show that inbreeding can have complicated effects even within a genetic bottlenecked population where the "purging'' of recessive alleles is expected to reduce the effects of inbreeding depression},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Richardson, D. S. and Komdeur, J. and Burke, T.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Maternal effects, offspring, P1, population, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, INCREASE, survival, mating, lande, allele, GENETIC SIMILARITY, heterozygosity, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, red deer, social, WILD, wolf, WOLVES, STRATEGIES, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, SONG SPARROWS, SPARROWS MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, WILD POPULATION, kin, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, RECOGNITION, STRATEGY, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, paternity, alleles, conservation biology, cross-fostering, Acrocephalus, GREAT REED WARBLER, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, ACROCEPHALUS-SECHELLENSIS, environmental variation, extra-group paternity, extrapair paternity, SEYCHELLES WARBLER, WILD POPULATIONS},
	pages = {2037--2048}
}

@article{gustafssonLifetimeReproductiveSuccess1986,
	title = {Lifetime reproductive success and heritability: empirical support for {Fisher}'s fundamental theorem},
	volume = {128},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Gustafsson, L.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Fisher, heritability, reproductive success, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, Fisher's fundamental theorem, collared flycatcher},
	pages = {761--764}
}

@article{sgr*DelayedWaveDeath1999,
	title = {A delayed wave of death from reproduction in  {Drosophila}},
	volume = {286},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Sgr•, C. M. and Partridge, L.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Drosophila, life-history evolution, reproduction, trade-off},
	pages = {2521--2525}
}

@article{grantHybridizationSexualImprinting1997,
	title = {Hybridization, sexual imprinting, amd mate choice},
	volume = {149},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Grant, P. R. and Grant, B. R.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, call, imprinting, sexual imprinting, Darwin's finches -Geospiza,hybridization,mate availability,sex ratio},
	pages = {1--28}
}

@article{puurtinenGoodGenesCompatibleGenesBenefits2009,
	title = {The {Good}-{Genes} and {Compatible}-{Genes} {Benefits} of {Mate} {Choice}},
	volume = {174},
	doi = {10.1086/606024},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Puurtinen, Mikael and Ketola, Tarmo and Kotiaho, J S},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {female choice, indirect benefits, genetic compatibility, sex-}
}

@article{smithWildFemaleBaboons2003,
	title = {Wild female baboons bias their social behaviour towards paternal half-sisters},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000181488500008},
	abstract = {Adult female cercopithecines have long been known to bias their social behaviour towards close maternal kin. However, much less is understood about the behaviour of paternal kin, especially in wild populations. Here, we show that wild adult female baboons bias their affiliative behaviour towards their adult paternal half-sisters in the same manner and to the same extent that they bias their behaviour towards adult maternal half-sisters. Females appear to rely heavily on social familiarity as a means of biasing their behaviour towards paternal half-sisters, but may use phenotype matching as well},
	number = {1514},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Smith, K. and Alberts, S. C. and Altmann, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {behaviour, female, i, population, survival, SUCCESS, mating preferences, phenotype, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, relatedness, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, social, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, HLA, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, TOAD TADPOLES, dominance, PAPIO-CYNOCEPHALUS, foraging, attraction, MACAQUES, kin biasing, paternal half-sisters, paternal relatedness},
	pages = {503--510}
}

@article{zschokkeInbreedingOutbreedingInfant2002,
	title = {Inbreeding, outbreeding, infant growth, and size dimorphism in captive {Indian} rhinoceros ({Rhinoceros} unicornis)},
	volume = {80},
	url = {ISI:000180573800018},
	abstract = {Effects of inbreeding and outbreeding on gestation period, birth mass, infant mortality, and growth, as well as the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism, were analyzed in captive Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis L., 1758) using studbook data. Neither gestation period nor birth mass were affected by inbreeding. However, inbred calves grew slower and had a lower mortality rate than non-inbred ones. It is suggested that the severe bottleneck experienced in the early twentieth century by the Kaziranga population, from which most captive-born Indian rhinoceroses descend, resulted in strong inbreeding with consequent purging of recessive lethal alleles. Outbred individuals (offspring of matings between individuals from the Kaziranga and the Chitwan populations) had a higher infant mortality rate, suggesting that the two populations are genetically partially incompatible. Among captive individuals, adult males were found to be heavier (2300 kg) and larger (shoulder height = 172 cm) than females (1800 kg, 160 cm). There were, however, no sex differences in gestation period, birth mass, or infant growth. This suggests that sexual dimorphism in adults is the result of a longer growth period in males rather than a difference in growth rate between the sexes},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Zschokke, S. and Baur, B.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, i, offspring, population, selection, sex, model, MODELS, size, mating, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, allele, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, bottleneck, purging, dimorphism, AFRICAN, GENETIC-VARIATION, sexual dimorphism, WEIGHT, SMALL POPULATIONS, alleles, mortality, ontogenies, ontogeny, JUVENILE MORTALITY, ONE-HORNED RHINOCEROS, Oryx, sexual size dimorphism},
	pages = {2014--2023}
}

@article{cooneyInbreedingAvoidanceReproductive2000,
	title = {Inbreeding avoidance and reproductive skew in a cooperative mammal},
	volume = {267},
	url = {ISI:000086850600010},
	abstract = {In animal social groups, socially subordinate individuals frequently show low reproductive success or completely fail to breed. This suppression of subordinate reproduction is currently typically attributed to control by dominant individuals. However, subordinates in cooperative groups often lack access to unrelated mates, and an alternative possibility is that their reproduction is limited by inbreeding avoidance. Using the eusocial Damaraland mole-rat Cryptomys damarensis, this paper provides the first experimental evidence! to our knowledge, for this explanation. Subordinate, non-breeding female mole-rats were given access to unrelated mates while remaining in the presence of dominant females, and many became reproductively active soon after unrelated males were introduced. Inbreeding avoidance and the availability of unrelated mates provides a plausible and untested explanation for variation in reproductive skew across animal societies},
	number = {1445},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Cooney, R. and Bennett, N. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, MALES, MATE, variation, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, reproduction, GENETIC SIMILARITY, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, social, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, ASSOCIATIONS, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, SMALL POPULATIONS, introduced, cooperative breeding, DAMARENSIS, INCEST AVOIDANCE, MOLE-RATS, COLONY, ANIMAL SOCIETIES, JUVENILE MORTALITY, CRYPTOMYS DAMARENSIS, CRYPTOMYS-DAMARENSIS, DAMARALAND MOLE-RAT},
	pages = {801--806}
}

@book{hedrickGeneticsPopulations2000,
	address = {Sudbury, Mass.},
	title = {Genetics of {Populations}},
	publisher = {Jones and Bartlett},
	author = {Hedrick, P. W.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {genetics}
}

@article{strierMatePreferencesWild1997,
	title = {Mate preferences of wild muriqui monkeys ({Brachyteles} arachnoides): {Reproductive} and social correlates},
	volume = {68},
	url = {ISI:A1997XZ66400002},
	abstract = {Muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) are unusual among polygamous primates in the nonaggressive, egalitarian relationships that exist among group members, Yet, despite their relative freedom to express strong preferences In their choice of mates, 18 sexually active females and 10 sexually active males routinely copulated with multiple partners during a 60-month period from July 1990 to June 1995 at the Estacao Biological de Caratinga on Fazenda Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Females with different reproductive and social histories differed in the ways they expressed their promiscuity. The number of different partners was positively related to copulation frequencies for long-term female residents, but not for recent female immigrants or mature or young males, Mother-son matings and matings between recent female immigrants and males from their natal group were rare, Preferential mating occurred between recent female immigrants and young males, while experienced long-term female residents tended to copulate more frequently with mature males, Prior reproductive experience appears to be a less important determinant of muriqui mating patterns than the constraints imposed by avoiding close inbreeding and the preferences exhibited by close social associates},
	number = {3-5},
	journal = {Folia Primatologica},
	author = {Strier, K. B.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, behaviour, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, P1, sex, mating, PREFERENCES, life histories, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, inbreeding, PRIMATES, social, WILD, related, patterns, AGGRESSION, MONKEYS, paternity, MACAQUES, constraints, demography, female dispersal, INSIGHTS, mating patterns, NONHUMAN-PRIMATES, promiscuity, reproductive experience, social bonds},
	pages = {120--133}
}

@article{realeMalePersonalityLifehistory2009,
	title = {Male personality, life-history strategies and reproductive success in a promiscuous mammal},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01781.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01781.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Recent theoretical work suggests that personality is a component of life history, but links between personality and either age-dependent reproductive success or life-history strategy are yet to be established. Using quantitative genetic analyses on a long-term pedigree we estimated indices of boldness and docility for 105 bighorn sheep rams (Ovis canadensis), born between 1983 and 1999, and compared these indices to their reproductive history from 2 years of age until death. Docility and boldness were highly heritable and negatively genetically correlated. Docile and bold rams survived longer than indocile and shy rams. Docility and boldness had a weak negative effect on reproductive success early in life, but a strong positive effect on older rams. Our findings highlight an important role of personality on reproductive success and suggest that personality could be an important component of life-history strategy.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Réale, D. and Martin, J. and Coltman, D. W. and Poissant, J. and Festa-Bianchet, M.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {heritability, longevity, temperament, BIGHORN SHEEP, Boldness, docility, Ovis canadensis, predicted breeding values},
	pages = {1599--1607}
}

@article{whitingRunHideAgedependent2003,
	title = {To run or hide? {Age}-dependent escape behaviour in the common flat lizard ({Platysaurus} intermedius wilhelmi)},
	volume = {260},
	issn = {0952-8369},
	url = {://WOS:000183813400005},
	doi = {10.1017/s0952836903003455},
	abstract = {Flat lizards Platysaurus intermedius wilhelmi occur on small discrete rock outcrops in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. These rock outcrops are structurally simple and this, combined with the lizard's behaviour (ambush foraging in the open), make them ideal for field studies of anti-predatory behaviour. Lizards were approached in the field and how escape behaviour was influenced by habitat and age-sex class was recorded. Juveniles (c. 4 months of age) responded quite differently to an approaching human 'predator' compared with adult males and females (which responded similarly). Compared to adults, juveniles allowed a closer approach by the investigator; took longer to find a refuge and therefore fled further; were more likely to remain visible in the open and maintain visual contact with the investigator; and more likely to flee into vegetation when given the opportunity to take refuge in a crevice. We suggest that because a greater suite of predators (including arthropods living in rock crevices) feed on small juvenile lizards, this may affect their choice of refuge and result in the avoidance of crevices when chased. Finally, because juveniles were frequently found on small rock outcrops, the influence of rock outcrop area on anti-predatory behaviour was tested. Escape behaviour (time to refuge) was independent of rock outcrop area.},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Whiting, M. J. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Reaney, L. T. and Wymann, M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {123--128}
}

@article{mackayEpistasisQuantitativeTraits2014,
	title = {Epistasis and quantitative traits: using model organisms to study gene-gene interactions},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3627},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3627},
	abstract = {The role of epistasis in the genetic architecture of quantitative traits is controversial, despite the biological plausibility that nonlinear molecular interactions underpin the genotype-phenotype map. This controversy arises because most genetic variation for quantitative traits is additive. However, additive variance is consistent with pervasive epistasis. In this Review, I discuss experimental designs to detect the contribution of epistasis to quantitative trait phenotypes in model organisms. These studies indicate that epistasis is common, and that additivity can be an emergent property of underlying genetic interaction networks. Epistasis causes hidden quantitative genetic variation in natural populations and could be responsible for the small additive effects, missing heritability and the lack of replication that are typically observed for human complex traits.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Mackay, Trudy F. C.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {22--33}
}

@article{zitzmannEffectsAgeMale2013,
	title = {Effects of age on male fertility},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1521-690X},
	url = {://WOS:000325387200011},
	doi = {10.1016/j.beem.2013.07.004},
	abstract = {Later parenting is considered by many to have advantages, parents-to-be may feel themselves more stable to rear children. In addition, many men start a second family later in life. Thus, paternal age becomes an emerging issue. Aging affects male fertility by a scope of factors, which are not fully understood to date. Generally, the amount of produced sperm cells as well as their motility decreases with age, as testicular histological architecture deteriorates. Decreased fecundity and an increased risk for disturbed pregnancies occur with advancing paternal age. Some rare autosomal dominant pathologies are clearly related to paternal age. Altered patterns of epigenetics/gene expression in aging sperm seem to affect a range of neurocognitive disorders and also metabolic dyshomeostasis across generations. Such effects refer to men older than 40 years and may have impact on socioeconomic issues. Nevertheless, councelling of older men seeking paternity should be patient-oriented and weigh statistical probabilities against the right for individual life-planning. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Best Practice \& Research Clinical Endocrinology \& Metabolism},
	author = {Zitzmann, M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {advanced paternal age, aging and sperm, aging fathers, assisted reproduction, epigenetics and fertility, erectile dysfunction, male fertility, methyl methanesulfonate, parental age, paternal age, population-based cohort, quality-of-life, sperm dna-damage, spontaneous mutation, telomere length},
	pages = {617--628}
}

@article{coteMotheroffspringCompetitionPromotes2007,
	title = {Mother-offspring competition promotes colonization success.},
	volume = {104},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0703601104},
	abstract = {Colonization is the crucial process underlying range expansions, biological invasions, and metapopulation dynamics. Which individuals leave their natal population to colonize empty habitats is a crucial question and is presently unresolved. Dispersal is the first step in colonization. However, not all dispersing individuals are necessarily good colonizers. Indeed, in some species, the phenotype of dispersers differs depending on the selective pressures that induce dispersal. In particular, kin-based interactions, a factor driving social evolution, should induce different social response profiles in nondispersing and dispersing individuals. Kin competition (defined here as between the mother and offspring) has been proven to produce dispersers with a particular phenotype that may enhance their colonizing ability. By using the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), we conducted a multipopulation experiment to study the effect of kin competition on dispersal and colonization success. We manipulated mother-offspring interactions, which are the most important component of kin competition in the studied species, at the family and population levels and measured the consequences on colonization success. We demonstrate that mother-offspring competition at the population level significantly influences colonization success. Increased competition at the population level enhanced the colonization rate of the largest juveniles as well as the growth and survival of the colonizers. Based on these results, we calculated that kin-induced colonization halves the extinction probability of a newly initiated population. Because interactions between relatives are likely to affect the ability of a species to track habitat modifications, kin-based dispersal should be considered in the study of invasion dynamics and metapopulation functioning.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Cote, J and Clobert, J and Fitze, P S},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, Ecosystem, LIZARDS, Social Behavior, Models, Biological, Lizards: physiology, France, Body Weights and Measures, Competitive Behavior, Competitive Behavior: physiology, Maternal Behavior, Maternal Behavior: physiology, population dynamics, Spatial Behavior, Spatial Behavior: physiology},
	pages = {9703--8}
}

@article{sundbergOldColourfulMale1996,
	title = {Old, colourful male yellowhammers,  {Emberiza} citrinella,  benefit from extra-pair copulations},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Sundberg, J. and Dixon, A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {age, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, age indicator mechanism},
	pages = {113--122}
}

@article{houleGeneticCovarianceFitness1991,
	title = {Genetic covariance of fitness correlates: what genetic correlations are made of and why it matters},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Houle, D.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {fitness, call, covariance, genetic correlation, genetic covariance, genetic correlations, genetic variation,genetic correlation,covariance},
	pages = {630--648}
}

@article{gowatyUltimateCausationAggressive1998,
	title = {Ultimate causation of aggressive and forced copulation in birds: female resistance, the {CODE} hypothesis and social monogamy},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A. and Buschhaus, N.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, social, bird, birds, monogamy, female resistance,fitness,forced copulation,sexual dialectics},
	pages = {207--225}
}

@article{lahnFunctionalCoherenceHuman1997,
	title = {Functional coherence of the human {Y} chromosome},
	volume = {278},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Lahn, B. T. and Page, D. C.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Y, Y chromosome, human, human Y chromosome},
	pages = {675--679}
}

@article{tsujiIntracolonialSexRatio1996,
	title = {Intracolonial sex ratio variation with and without local mate competition in an ant},
	volume = {148},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Tsuji, K. and Yamauchi, K.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {competition, sex, variation, call, sex ratio, ant, ant,sex allocation},
	pages = {588--596}
}

@article{stampsEffectsConspecificsHabitat1991,
	title = {The effects of conspecifics on habitat selection in territorial species},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:A1991ET87000005},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Stamps, J. A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {competition, GROWTH, BEHAVIOR, song, BEAU-GESTE HYPOTHESIS, DEFENSE, JUVENILE LIZARDS, LIZARDS ANOLIS-AENEUS, REPERTOIRES},
	pages = {29--36}
}

@book{grantEcologyEvolutionDarwin1986,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	title = {Ecology and {Evolution} of {Darwin}'s {Finches}},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Grant, P. R.},
	year = {1986}
}

@article{sheridanJammingSex1993,
	title = {Jamming for sex},
	volume = {3},
	url = {ISI:A1993MT30600017},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Sheridan, L. and Brookes, M. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sex},
	pages = {896--897}
}

@article{fensterEffectMalePollen1991,
	title = {Effect of male pollen donor and female seed parent on allocation of resources to developing seeds and fruit in  {Chamaecrista} fasciculata  ({Leguminosae})},
	volume = {78},
	url = {ISI:A1991EW16700002},
	abstract = {In Chamaecrista fasciculata, fruit abortion levels are high and seed mass is highly variable, necessary preconditions for differential resource allocation of the female to seed and fruit sired by different males. This study investigated the relative role of pollen donor and seed parent on the allocation of resouces to developing seed and fruit, and assessed the role of genetic relatedness in contributing to any observed paternal effect in C. fasciculata. In addition, pollen donor effects were contrasted to within-seed parent sources of variation in resource allocation due to pollination date and ovule position in the pod. Plants collected from the field were brought to a greenhouse where single-donor crosses were conducted controlling for pollen donor source and interplant distance, a measure of genetic relatedness. Seed mass, number of seed/fruit, fruit maturation time, and fruit abortion rate were measured as indicators of resource allocation to developing seed and fruit. Variation in resource allocation was largely determined by the seed parent. Pollen donor effects were limited to differences between self vs. non-self pollinations, suggesting that inbreeding depression following mating events between related individuals is the source of any variation among pollen donors on differential resource allocation to developing seed and fruit. Once the effect of inbreeding was removed, however, pollination date and ovule position played larger roles than pollen source. Since there was no detectable variation among male pollen donors in their ability to accrue resources from the female seed parent apart from inbreeding effects, it is concluded that the opportunity for postzygotic mate choice is limited in C. fasciculata},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	author = {Fenster, C. B.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, sex, variation, fitness, resources, mating, field, lande, theory, allocation, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, P2, genetic relatedness, related, patterns, PLANTS, indicator, SET, ABORTION, DISTANCE, MATURATION, pollination, FRUIT ABORTION, CASSIA-FASCICULATA, CRYPTANTHA-FLAVA, embryo abortion, PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS},
	pages = {13--23}
}

@article{issartelHighAnoxiaTolerance2009,
	title = {High anoxia tolerance in the subterranean salamander {Proteus} anguinus without oxidative stress nor activation of antioxidant defenses during reoxygenation},
	volume = {179},
	issn = {0174-1578},
	url = {://WOS:000265383800015},
	doi = {10.1007/s00360-008-0338-9},
	abstract = {The present study describes a high anoxia tolerance in an amphibian at high temperature. Indeed, the subterranean salamander Proteus anguinus survived 12 h under anoxia at 12A degrees C. Surprisingly, such experimental conditions did not affect P. anguinus oxidative status while muscles and liver antioxidant enzymes activities decreased under 8 h anoxia and only return to basal level during reoxygenation. To test if such adaptation is common in Urodels, equivalent experimentations have been conducted on another newt: the stream-dwelling Calotriton asper. This latter species exhibited only 1.5 h survival under anoxia in spite of higher antioxidant enzymes activities than P. anguinus. Furthermore, aerobic recovery after 1 h anoxia induced a 30\% increase of oxidative damage partly explained by SOD and CAT activities that did not return to control values during reoxygenation, demonstrating a lower capacity to counteract ROS overproduction than P. anguinus. In addition, uncoupling protein (UCP) transcript was for the first time detected, partly sequenced and quantified in amphibian muscles and liver. UCP may be considered as a ROS production attenuator by mediating a discharge of the proton gradient generated by the respiratory chain. The putative role of UCP in post-anoxic oxidative status of both species is discussed.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology},
	author = {Issartel, J. and Hervant, F. and de Fraipont, M. and Clobert, J. and Voituron, Y.},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {543--551}
}

@article{parkerReproductiveBehaviourSepsis1971,
	title = {Reproductive behaviour of {Sepsis} cynipsea ({L}.) ({Diptera}: {Sepsidae}) {II}. {The} significance of the precopulatory passive phase and emigration {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {Reproductive behaviour of {Sepsis} cynipsea ({L}.) ({Diptera}: {Sepsidae}) {II}. {The} significance of the precopulatory passive phase and emigration {T2}  -?},
	author = {Parker, G. A.},
	year = {1971},
	keywords = {behaviour, reproductive behaviour, Sepsis cynipsea},
	pages = {242--250}
}

@article{mcelligottAgespecificSurvivalReproiductive2002,
	title = {Age-specific survival and reproiductive probabilities: evidence for senscence in male fallow deer ( {Dama} dama )},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {McElligott, A. G. and Altwegg, R. and Hayden, T. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {survival, fallow deer},
	pages = {1129--1137}
}

@article{aspiInbreedingOutbreedingDepression2000,
	title = {Inbreeding and outbreeding depression in male courtship song characters in {Drosophila} montana},
	volume = {84},
	url = {ISI:000086316300001},
	abstract = {In Drosophila montana, male courtship song frequency is closely associated with male courtship success and offspring survival. Other pulse characters (pulse length and cycle number) may also affect female mate choice, whereas pulse train characters (interpulse interval, pulse number and pulse train length) are not associated with these male fitness components. Inbreeding depression in these song characters was investigated by comparing the songs of inbred and outbred fly strains. The average change in most song characters as a result of inbreeding was only a few percent. However, in male song frequency the average inbreeding depression was about 14\%, suggesting that this song character is associated with fitness. Outbreeding depression and the genetic architecture of song characters were investigated with interpopulation crosses and joint scaling tests. For pulse train characters the generation means show only evidence of additivity, and the existence of dominance or epistasis in these characters was strongly rejected in each case. In pulse characters the means of the F-1 males were lower than the average of the parental generations. In pulse length and cycle number this difference was attributable to dominance alone. In frequency there was outbreeding depression also in the F-2 generation, suggesting a break-up of favourable epistatic gene combinations. The outbreeding depression in this character in the F-1 generation was caused by dominance, and in the F-2 also by duplicate epistasis between dominant decreasers. The possible role of outbreeding depression and epistasis in speciation is discussed},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Aspi, J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, courtship, Drosophila, evolution, female, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, CHARACTERS, female mate choice, fitness, survival, insect, SUCCESS, flies, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, COMPONENTS, MELANOGASTER, song, speciation, GENERATIONS, outbreeding, population bottlenecks, dominance, courtship song, outbreeding depression, TESTS, epistasis, cycle, DIPTERA, DROSOPHILA-MONTANA, fitness components, interpopulation hybrids, LITTORALIS, male song, shifting balance theory, SHIFTING-BALANCE THEORY},
	pages = {273--282}
}

@article{realeIntegratingAnimalTemperament2007,
	title = {Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution.},
	volume = {82},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00010.x},
	abstract = {Temperament describes the idea that individual behavioural differences are repeatable over time and across situations. This common phenomenon covers numerous traits, such as aggressiveness, avoidance of novelty, willingness to take risks, exploration, and sociality. The study of temperament is central to animal psychology, behavioural genetics, pharmacology, and animal husbandry, but relatively few studies have examined the ecology and evolution of temperament traits. This situation is surprising, given that temperament is likely to exert an important influence on many aspects of animal ecology and evolution, and that individual variation in temperament appears to be pervasive amongst animal species. Possible explanations for this neglect of temperament include a perceived irrelevance, an insufficient understanding of the link between temperament traits and fitness, and a lack of coherence in terminology with similar traits often given different names, or different traits given the same name. We propose that temperament can and should be studied within an evolutionary ecology framework and provide a terminology that could be used as a working tool for ecological studies of temperament. Our terminology includes five major temperament trait categories: shyness-boldness, exploration-avoidance, activity, sociability and aggressiveness. This terminology does not make inferences regarding underlying dispositions or psychological processes, which may have restrained ecologists and evolutionary biologists from working on these traits. We present extensive literature reviews that demonstrate that temperament traits are heritable, and linked to fitness and to several other traits of importance to ecology and evolution. Furthermore, we describe ecologically relevant measurement methods and point to several ecological and evolutionary topics that would benefit from considering temperament, such as phenotypic plasticity, conservation biology, population sampling, and invasion biology.},
	journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Réale, Denis and Reader, Simon M and Sol, Daniel and McDougall, Peter T and Dingemanse, Niels J},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, female, ANIMALS, Male, Behavior, Animal, genetic variation, temperament, Behavior, Animal: physiology, Species Specificity, Temperament: physiology},
	pages = {291--318}
}

@article{hassonMaleInfertilityFemale2009,
	title = {Male infertility, female fertility and extrapair copulations},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1464-7931},
	url = {://000265222900003},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00068.x},
	abstract = {Females that are socially bonded to a single male, either in a social monogamy or in a social polygyny, are often sexually polyandrous. Extrapair copulations (EPC) have often been suggested or rejected, on both empirical and theoretical grounds, as an important mechanism that enables females to avoid fertility risks in case their socially bonded male is infertile. Here, we explore this possibility in two steps. First, we present a mathematical model that assumes that females have no precopulatory information about male fertility, and shows that a female EPC strategy increases female reproductive success only if certain specific conditions are upheld in the nature of male infertility. In particular, these conditions require both (i) that fertile sperm precedence (FSP) is absent or incomplete within ejaculates of the same male (i.e. that an infertile male is, at least partly, truly infertile), and (ii) the existence of FSP among ejaculates of different males (such that infertile spermatozoa of the infertile male are at a disadvantage when competing against spermatozoa of a fertile male). Second, to evaluate their potential role in the evolution of female EPC, we review the abundance and FSP patterns of the different male infertility types. The conclusion is drawn that some common infertility types, such as poor sperm count or motility, contribute to the evolution of female EPC, whereas other common infertility types, such as sperm depletion or allocation in a social monogamy (but not in a social polygyny), and in particular male driven polyspermy, do not. Also, a deeper look at the arms race between sperm fertilization efficiency and female barriers to sperm may answer the non-trivial question: "why are some types of infertility so common?".},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Hasson, O. and Stone, L.},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {indirect selection, FERTILIZATION, polyandry, SEXUAL, house sparrow, arms race, direct benefits, extra-pair copulations (EPC), fertile sperm precedence (FSP), in-vitro, infertility, INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, oligospermia, PAIR COPULATIONS, POLYSPERMIC FERTILIZATION, polyspermy, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT, SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS PASSERINES, SPERM COMPETITION GAMES},
	pages = {225--244}
}

@article{ritchieFemalePreferenceSong1991,
	title = {Female preference for "song races" of  {Ephippigger} ephippiger  ({Orthoptera}: {Tettigoniidae})},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Ritchie, M. G.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {variation, female preference, preference, genetic variation, geographic variation},
	pages = {518--520}
}

@article{nonidezInternalPhenomenaReproduction1920,
	title = {The internal phenomena of reproduction in {Drosophila}},
	volume = {39},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Bulletin},
	author = {Nonidez, J.F.},
	year = {1920},
	pages = {207--229}
}

@article{vincentFemaleMorphologyWeb2006,
	title = {Female morphology, web design, and the potential for multiple mating in {Nephila} clavipes: do fat-bottomed girls make the spider world go round?},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {0024-4066},
	url = {://WOS:000235281200008},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00553.x},
	abstract = {In animal species where females mate with multiple males, female mating success might be expected to covary with aspects of female morphology, such as size or shape. Spiders are especially interesting in this regard, as the females of several spider groups weave intricate webs that often accommodate multiple male spiders, all of whom are potential mates. Because web design is likely to be dependent on female size/shape, we use multivariate methods to assess the relationships among female morphology, web design, and reproductive ecology over a range of body sizes in the orb-weaving spider Nephila clavipes. Of the measured variables, only abdomen size explained a significant amount of the variation in number of males on a web, and this relationship holds even after statistically accounting for body size. Because abdomen size is an indicator of body condition in spiders, we suggest that condition is likely to be an important factor relating to potential mating success in female spiders. We found no evidence for an association between web design and number of males on a web, although our data indicate that larger females build webs that are both larger and further from the ground than those of smaller females. (c) 2006 The Linnean Society of London.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Vincent, S. E. and Lailvaux, S. P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {95--102}
}

@article{kirkpatrickSymmetryFear1994,
	title = {Symmetry without fear},
	volume = {372},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M. and Rosenthal, G. G.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, symmetry},
	pages = {134--135}
}

@article{forstmeierPolygynyDuskyWarbler2001,
	title = {Polygyny in the dusky warbler,  {Pylloscopus} fuscatus: the importance fo female qualities.},
	volume = {62},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Forstmeier, W. and Kuijper, D. P. J. and Leisler, B.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {quality, condition, polygyny, female condition},
	pages = {1097--1108}
}

@article{barracloughRevealingFactorsThat1998,
	title = {Revealing the factors that promote speciation},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Barraclough, T. G. and Vogler, A. P. and Harvey, P. H.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, speciation, species diversity, diversification, phylogeny, sister group, species richness},
	pages = {241--249}
}

@article{parmesanGloballyCoherentFingerprint2003,
	title = {A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems},
	volume = {421},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01286 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6918/suppinfo/nature01286_S1.html},
	number = {6918},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Parmesan, Camille and Yohe, Gary},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {37--42}
}

@article{snookSexualSelectionConflict2001,
	title = {Sexual selection: {Conflict}, kindness and chicanery},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:000168746900005},
	abstract = {Multiple mating by females can result in fitness costs for both sexes, and to reduce these costs each sex may attempt to manipulate the other. Substantial insights into the nature of this sexual antagonism have recently come from studies of two different fly species},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Snook, R. R.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, P1, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, fitness, size, insect, mating, flies, multiple mating, cost, costs, genetics, conflict, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, Cryptic female choice, ACCESSORY-GLAND PRODUCTS, DISPLACEMENT, female control, manipulate, SCATHOPHAGA-STERCORARIA L., SCATOPHAGA-STERCORARIA, sexual antagonism, YELLOW DUNG FLY},
	pages = {R337--R341}
}

@article{coteEnvironmentallyInducedChanges2008,
	title = {Environmentally induced changes in carotenoid-based coloration of female lizards: a comment on {Vercken} et al.},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01534.x},
	abstract = {Colouration may either reflect a discrete polymorphism potentially related to life-history strategies, a continuous signal related to individual quality or a combination of both. Recently, Vercken et al. [J. Evol. Biol. (2007) 221] proposed three discrete ventral colour morphs in female common lizards, Lacerta vivipara, and suggested that they reflect alternative reproductive strategies. Here, we provide a quantitative assessment of the phenotypic distribution and determinants of the proposed colour polymorphism. Based on reflectance spectra, we found no evidence for three distinct visual colour classes, but observed continuous variation in colour from pale yellow to orange. Based on a 2-year experiment, we also provide evidence for reversible colour plasticity in response to a manipulation of the adult population sex ratio; yet, a significant portion of the colour variation was invariant throughout an adult female's life. Our results are thus in agreement with continuous colour variation in adults determined by environmental factors and potentially also by genetic factors.},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	author = {Cote, J and Le Galliard, J-F and Rossi, J-M and Fitze, P S},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Lizards: metabolism, Male, ENVIRONMENT, Aging, Aging: physiology, carotenoids, Carotenoids: metabolism, Color, Lizards: anatomy \& histology},
	pages = {1165--72; discussion 1160--4}
}

@article{emlenNichesGenesFurther1975,
	title = {Niches and genes: {Some} further thoughts},
	volume = {109},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Emlen, J. M.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {genes, Niches},
	pages = {472--476}
}

@article{gerlachKinRecognitionInbreeding6,
	title = {Kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance in zebrafish,  {Danio} rerio , is based on phenotype matching},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4JTRTBM-3/2/18aa10bd718bb4d85da6efe5781bea20},
	abstract = {Differentiating kin from nonkin enables organisms of many species to allocate resources or altruistic behaviour towards related conspecifics and to avoid mating with close relatives. Kin recognition mechanisms can vary among species and may reflect the social environment. Learned familiarity with nest or shoalmates may serve as a good indication that individuals are related, as long as the social system is sufficiently stable to avoid intermingling of unrelated individuals with siblings. Phenotype matching allows for recognition of even unfamiliar kin because individuals establish an olfactory, visual or acoustic template for their kin during early development and compare this template to cues from unfamiliar individuals later in life. We tested which kin recognition mechanism is used by zebrafish and we found that the preference for kin changes with sexual maturity. The olfactory preference of laboratory-bred juveniles and reproductively active adults were tested in an odour choice flume. Juveniles of mixed-sex groups spent more time on the side of unfamiliar kin than unfamiliar nonkin, indicating that kin recognition and preference are based on a phenotype matching mechanism. They also preferred familiar kin to unfamiliar kin, showing that familiarity with individuals enhances kin preference. Preference changed with sexual maturity. Adult females preferred the odour of unfamiliar, unrelated males to unfamiliar brothers, indicating inbreeding avoidance. Adult male zebrafish showed no preference for the odour of related or unrelated females. To our knowledge, this is the first study testing different kin recognition mechanisms and switching of kin preference in the same species of fish},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gerlach, Gabriele and Lysiak, Nadine},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, female, FEMALES, fish, MALES, resources, mating, preference, phenotype, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, social, AVOIDANCE, ADULT MALE, FAMILIARITY, kin, related, ENVIRONMENT, SYSTEM, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, inbreeding-avoidance, siblings, MATURITY, ORGANISM, phenotype matching, social system, SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENT},
	pages = {1371--1377}
}

@article{mansonMatingPatternsMate1994,
	title = {Mating patterns, mate choice, and birth season heterosexual relationships in free-ranging rhesus macaques},
	volume = {35},
	url = {ISI:A1994PR10000004},
	abstract = {Birth season adult heterosexual nonkin relationships of 50 free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two social groups at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were examined using focal follow (289 hr) and ad lib data. Eighty-eight percent of subjects had at least one relationship characterized by particularly high frequencies of spatial proximity, grooming, or both. These were designated ''friendships.'' Males intervened in aggressive interactions more frequently on behalf of Friends than non-Friends. Female aggressive support of males was extremely ran. Higher-ranking males experienced more friendships than lower-ranking males. High-ranking females had higher-ranking Friends than low-ranking females. Older females had higher-ranking Friends than younger females. Females groomed high-ranking Friends more than they were groomed by them, whereas they groomed low-ranking Friends less than they were groomed by them. In one social group, high-ranking females were more likely than low-ranking females to groom their Friends more than they were groomed by them. Males were more responsible than females for spatial proximity maintenance in 9 of 14 Friend dyads for which sufficient data were available. Neither male nor female dominance rank affected responsibility for proximity maintenance in Friend dyads. Eight of 24 females had friendships with males with whom they had completed copulations during their conception peri-ovulatory period of the preceding mating season. Two of 19 females completed peri-ovulatory copulations with Friends during the following mating season. Friendship was not correlated with either of two demonstrated female mate choice indicators: (1) proximity maintenance during estrus; or (2) cooperation with male ''hip-grasp'' courtship attempts. Males directed ''muzzle-up'' courtship signals at lower rates toward Friends than toward non-Friends. These and other investigators' results indicate that (1) protection from aggression is the primary benefit to female rhesus macaques of birth season heterosexual relationships; (2) the most effective protectors are in greatest demand as Friends; and (3) friendship has no effect or an inhibitory effect on mate choice in this species. Benefits to males of friendships were not apparent from this study but may include coalitional support against lower-ranking males},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Primates},
	author = {Manson, J. H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, courtship, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, sex, BENEFITS, female mate choice, signals, MAINTENANCE, mating, reproductive success, theory, Y, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding avoidance, PRIMATES, social, ADULT MALE, pattern, patterns, communication, COPULATIONS, AGGRESSION, indicator, cooperation, dominance, MONKEYS, RHESUS MACAQUES, paternity, HIGH-FREQUENCY, MACAQUES, dominance rank, mating patterns, Aggressive interactions, Cayo Santiago, HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANT RELATIONS, MACACA, MACACA MULATTA, RANK},
	pages = {417--433}
}

@article{liebermanDoesMoralityHave2003,
	title = {Does morality have a biological basis? {An} empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000182400300007},
	abstract = {Kin-recognition systems have been hypothesized to exist in humans, and adaptively to regulate altruism and incest avoidance among close genetic kin. This latter function allows the architecture of the kin recognition system to be mapped by quantitatively matching individual variation in opposition to incest to individual variation in developmental parameters, such as family structure and co-residence patterns. Methodological difficulties that appear when subjects are asked to disclose incestuous inclinations can be circumvented by measuring their opposition to incest in third parties, i.e. morality. This method allows a direct test of Westermarck's original hypothesis that childhood co-residence with an opposite-sex individual predicts the strength of moral sentiments regarding third-party sibling incest. Results support Westermarck's hypothesis and the model of kin recognition that it implies. Co-residence duration objectively predicts genetic relatedness, making it a reliable cue to kinship. Co-residence duration predicts the strength of opposition to incest, even after controlling for relatedness and even when co-residing individuals are genetically unrelated. This undercuts kin-recognition models requiring matching to self (through, for example, major histocompatibility complex or phenotypic markers). Subjects' beliefs about relatedness had no effect after controlling for co-residence, indicating that systems regulating kin-relevant behaviours are non-conscious, and calibrated by co-residence, not belief},
	number = {1517},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Lieberman, D. and Tooby, J. and Cosmides, L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, i, sex, variation, model, MODELS, Darwin, mating preferences, theory, human, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, relatedness, inbreeding, adaptation, AVOIDANCE, kinship, ALTRUISM, SELFISH, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, foraging, attraction, incest, Westermarck, kin selection, Freud, spectra, WESTERMARCK THEORY},
	pages = {819--826}
}

@article{bijlsmaEnvironmentalDependenceInbreeding1999,
	title = {Environmental dependence of inbreeding depression and purging in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {12},
	url = {ISI:000083843600023},
	abstract = {Elimination or reduction of inbreeding depression by natural selection at the contributing loci (purging) has been hypothesized to effectively mitigate the negative effects of inbreeding in small isolated populations. This may, however, only be valid when the environmental conditions are relatively constant. We tested this assumption using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. By means of chromosome balancers, chromosomes were sampled from a wild population and their viability was estimated in both homozygous and heterozygous conditions in a favourable environment. Around 50\% of the chromosomes were found to carry a lethal or sublethal mutation, which upon inbreeding would cause a considerable amount of inbreeding depression. These detrimentals were artificially purged by selecting only chromosomes that in homozygous condition had a viability comparable to that of the heterozygotes (quasi-normals), thereby removing most deleterious recessive alleles. Next, these quasi-normals were tested both for egg-to-adult viability and for total fitness under different environmental stress conditions: high-temperature stress, DDT stress, ethanol stress, and crowding. Under these altered stressful conditions, particularly for high temperature and DDT, novel recessive deleterious effects were expressed that were not apparent under control conditions. Some of these chromosomes were even found to carry lethal or near-lethal mutations under stress. Compared with heterozygotes, homozygotes showed on average 25\% additional reduction in total fitness. Our results show that, except for mutations that affect fitness under all environmental conditions, inbreeding depression may be due to different loci in different environments. Hence purging of deleterious recessive alleles can be effective only for the particular environment in which the purging occurred, because additional load will become expressed under changing environmental conditions. These results not only indicate that inbreeding depression is environment dependent, but also that inbreeding depression may become more severe under changing stressful conditions. These observations have significant consequences for conservation biology},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bijlsma, R. and Bundgaard, J. and Van Putten, W. F.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, i, population, selection, variation, fitness, model, CONSEQUENCES, ANIMALS, Darwin, lande, natural selection, allele, loci, condition, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, WILD, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, SONG SPARROWS, heterozygotes, homozygotes, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, ENVIRONMENT, environmental stress, MELANOGASTER, STRESS, viability, GENETIC LOAD, load, mutation, purging, alleles, conservation biology, CONSERVATION GENETICS, RESISTANCE, ISOLATED POPULATION, chromosomes, CHROMOSOME, conditional lethals and detrimentals, DIRECTIONS, ELIMINATION, genotype-environment interaction, HEAT-SHOCK TOLERANCE, recessive deleterious mutations},
	pages = {1125--1137}
}

@article{farrRolePredationEvolution1975,
	title = {The role of predation in the evolution of social behaviour of natural populations of the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata  ({Pisces}: {Poeciliidae})},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Farr, J. A.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, social, predation},
	pages = {151--158}
}

@article{whitlockFixationNewAlleles2000,
	title = {Fixation of new alleles and the extinction of small populations: drift load, beneficial alleles, and sexual selection},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Whitlock, M. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, population, selection, allele, extinction, load, alleles},
	pages = {1855--1861}
}

@article{foxMaleBodySize1995,
	title = {Male body size affects female lifetime reproductive success in a seed beetle},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Fox, C. W. and McLennan, L. A. and Mousseau, T. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {size, body size, reproductive success, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS},
	pages = {281--284}
}

@article{gilburnGeneticCorrelationFemale1993,
	title = {Genetic correlation between a female mating preference and the preferred male character in seaweed flies ( {Coloepa} frigida )},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Gilburn, A. S. and Foster, S. P. and Day, T. H.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {mating, flies, preference, mating preference, genetic correlation, seaweed flies,mate choice,genetic correaltion,Fisher,runaway,sexual selection},
	pages = {1788--1795}
}

@article{kendrickMothersDetermineSexual1998,
	title = {Mothers determine sexual preferences},
	volume = {395},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kendrick, K. M. and Hinton, M. R. and Atkins, K. and Haupt, M. A. and Skinner, M. A. and Skinner, J. D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, preference, maternal influences},
	pages = {229--230}
}

@article{keaneNoEvidenceInbreeding1996,
	title = {No evidence of inbreeding avoidance or inbreeding depression in a social carnivore},
	volume = {7},
	url = {ISI:A1996VW03800014},
	abstract = {Dispersal by young mammals away from their natal site is generally thought to reduce inbreeding, with its attendant negative fitness consequences. Genetic data from the dwarf mongoose, a pack-living carnivore common in African savannas, indicate that there are exceptions to this generalization. In dwarf mongoose populations in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, breeding pairs are commonly related, and close inbreeding has no measurable effect on offspring production or adult survival. Inbreeding occurs because average relatedness among potential mates within a pack is high, because mating patterns within the pack are random with respect to the relatedness of mates, and because dispersal does little to decrease the relatedness among mates. Young females are more likely to leave a pack when the dominant male is a close relative but are relatively infrequent dispersers. Young males emigrate at random with respect to the relatedness of the dominant female and tend to disperse to packs that contain genetically similar individuals},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Keane, B. and Creel, S. R. and Waser, P. M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, PAIR, population, fitness, survival, CONSEQUENCES, mating, reproduction, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, similarity, DISPERSAL, emigrate, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, social, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, philopatry, COMMON, related, patterns, AFRICAN, DNA, NO EVIDENCE, mating patterns, carnivores, DNA fingerprinting, dwarf mongoose, DWARF MONGOOSES, GENETIC CONSEQUENCES},
	pages = {480--489}
}

@article{gretherSexualSelectionSurvival1996,
	title = {Sexual selection and survival selection on wing coloration and body size in the rubyspot damselfly  {Hetaerina} americana},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Grether, G. F.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, size, survival, body size, call, field experiment,natural selection,Odonata,ontogeny,phenotype manipulation,selection differential,selection gradient},
	pages = {1939--1948}
}

@article{boakeRepeatabilityItsRole1989,
	title = {Repeatability: its role in evolutionary studies of mating behaviour},
	volume = {3},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Boake, C. R. B.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {behaviour, mating, call, repeatability,sexual selection,mating behaviour,evolution,communication,female preferences},
	pages = {173--182}
}

@article{bowlerCausesConsequencesAnimal2005,
	title = {Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {1464-7931},
	url = {://000229279300002},
	doi = {10.1017/s1464793104006645},
	abstract = {Knowledge of the ecological and evolutionary causes of dispersal can be crucial in understanding the behaviour of spatially structured populations, and predicting how species respond to environmental change. Despite the focus of much theoretical research, simplistic assumptions regarding the dispersal process are still made. Dispersal is usually regarded as an unconditional process although in many cases fitness gains of dispersal are dependent on environmental factors and individual state. Condition-dependent dispersal strategies will often be superior to unconditional, fixed strategies. In addition, dispersal is often collapsed into a single parameter, despite it being a process composed of three interdependent stages: emigration, inter-patch movement and immigration, each of which may display different condition dependencies. Empirical studies have investigated correlates of these stages, emigration in particular, providing evidence for the prevalence of conditional dispersal strategies. Ill-defined use of the term 'dispersal', for movement across many different spatial scales, further hinders making general conclusions and relating movement correlates to consequences at the population level. Logistical difficulties preclude a detailed study of dispersal for many species, however incorporating unrealistic dispersal assumptions in spatial population models may yield inaccurate and costly predictions. Further studies are necessary to explore the importance of incorporating specific condition-dependent dispersal strategies for evolutionary and population dynamic predictions.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Bowler, D. E. and Benton, T. G.},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {phenotypic plasticity, natal dispersal, DENSITY-DEPENDENT DISPERSAL, DYNAMICS, population dynamics, BREEDING HABITAT SELECTION, BUTTERFLY MELITAEA-CINXIA, CONDITION-DEPENDENT DISPERSAL, EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS, FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES, LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL, METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS, model assumptions, RED MILKWEED BEETLE, SOURCE-SINK, spatial scale},
	pages = {205--225}
}

@article{paxtonMicrosatelliteDNAAnalysis2000,
	title = {Microsatellite {DNA} analysis reveals low diploid male production in a communal bee with inbreeding},
	volume = {69},
	url = {ISI:000086604800003},
	abstract = {The mechanism of sex determination assumed widespread in parthenogenetically arrhenotokous Hymenoptera is that of single locus complementary sex determination (CSD). Functionally sterile diploid males are produced under CSD and generate a genetic load, the cost of which increases with inbreeding. We quantify diploid male production (DMP, proportion of diploid individuals that are male) using a morphological criterion (adult fresh weight) and genetical (microsatellite DNA) markers in a communal, sexually size-dimorphic bee, Andrena scotica, which inbreeds. Male genotypes suggested a DMP of 0.003. The inbreeding coefficient, f; was significantly positive (+0.165), equivalent to 44\% of matings being among full sibs (predicted DMP of 0.11). We hypothesize three non-mutually exclusive explanations to account for the large difference between the low observed (in males) and high expected (derived from f for females) DMP: (i) multilocus CSD, (ii) 'sex allele signalling' tied to mate selection, and (iii) sperm selection within mated Females. The costs of inbreeding through DMP are apparently low in A. scotica. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Paxton, R. J. and Thoren, P. A. and Gyllenstrand, N. and Tengo, J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, female, i, MALES, MATE, population, selection, sex, sperm, mate selection, FULL-SIB, insect, mating, theory, signalling, allele, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, cost, costs, inbreeding, MECHANISM, social, genetics, GENETIC LOAD, load, sex determination, INCREASES, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, SIZE DIMORPHISM, WEIGHT, DNA, MARKERS, locus, APIS-MELLIFERA, Andrena scotica, Andrenidae, BOMBUS-TERRESTRIS, complementary sex determination, DIMORPHIC MALES, HAPLO-DIPLOIDY, Hymenoptera, INVESTMENT RATIOS, MATING-BEHAVIOR, microsatellite DNA, morphology, NULL ALLELE, sex locus, SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA, sperm selection},
	pages = {483--502}
}

@article{luttbegComparingAlternativeModels2004,
	title = {Comparing alternative models to empirical data: {Cognitive} models of western scrub-jay foraging behavior},
	volume = {163},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://000220378700008},
	abstract = {Animals often select one item from a set of candidates, as when choosing a foraging site or mate, and are expected to possess accurate and efficient rules for acquiring information and making decisions. Little is known, however, about the decision rules animals use. We compare patterns of information sampling by western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) when choosing a nut with three decision rules: best of n (BN), flexible threshold (FT), and comparative Bayes (CB). First, we use a null hypothesis testing approach and find that the CB decision rule, in which individuals use past experiences to make nonrandom assessment and choice decisions, produces patterns of behavior that more closely correspond to observed patterns of nut sampling in scrub-jays than the other two rules. This approach does not allow us to quantify how much better CB is at predicting scrub-jay behavior than the other decision rules. second, we use a model selection approach that uses Akaike information Criteria to quantify how well alternative models approximate observed data. We find that the CB rule is much more likely to produce the observed patterns of scrub-jay behavior than the other rules. This result provides some of the best empirical evidence of the use of Bayesian information updating by a nonhuman animal.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Luttbeg, B. and Langen, T. A.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {mate choice, STRATEGIES, SEARCH, DECISION, decision rules, diet selection, FEMALE PIED FLYCATCHERS, GROUSE, INFORMATION, likelihood statistics, model selection, RULES, SAMPLING BEHAVIOR, TACTICS},
	pages = {263--276}
}

@article{plautCriticalSwimmingSpeed2001,
	title = {Critical swimming speed: its ecological relevance},
	volume = {131},
	issn = {1095-6433},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643301004627},
	abstract = {Critical swimming speed (Ucrit) is a standard measurement to assess swimming capabilities of fishes. To conduct this measurement a fish is introduced into a water tunnel in which the current velocity can be controlled by the investigator. At the beginning of the measurement water velocity is low, approximately 1 body length (BL) sâˆ’1, and is then incrementally increased at prescribed intervals. Fishes tend to maintain their position in the water tunnel against the current until fatigue sets in. The time and velocity at which the fish fatigue are used to calculate the critical swimming speed. This procedure is widely used to assess the effects of environmental conditions and pollutants on fish performance. Since the procedure is conducted in conditions that are far from representing most natural environment experienced by fishes, doubts have been raised about its ecological and ecophysiological relevance. Few studies examined correlations between critical swimming speed and traits that seem to be more ecologically relevant. Positive correlations were found between Ucrit and routine activity, metabolic rates and body size of open water, planktivorous fishes, metabolic rates and body size. These data indirectly suggest ecological relevancy of Ucrit, but direct measurements relating Ucrit to reproductive success or survival are required to assess such relevancy.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular \& Integrative Physiology},
	author = {Plaut, I.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {fish, CRITICAL SWIMMING SPEED, LOCOMOTION},
	pages = {41--50}
}

@article{crothersWarningSignalBrightness2013,
	title = {Warning {Signal} {Brightness} {Variation}: {Sexual} {Selection} {May} {Work} under the {Radar} of {Natural} {Selection} in {Populations} of a {Polytypic} {Poison} {Frog}},
	volume = {181},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000317748100002},
	doi = {10.1086/670010},
	abstract = {Though theory predicts consistency of warning signals in aposematic species to facilitate predator learning, variation in these signals often occurs in nature. The strawberry poison frog Dendrobates pumilio is an exceptionally polytypic (populations are phenotypically distinct) aposematic frog exhibiting variation in warning color and brightness. In the Solarte population, males and females both respond differentially to male brightness variation. Here, we demonstrate through spectrophotometry and visual modeling that aposematic brightness variation within this population is likely visible to two putative predators (crabs, snakes) and conspecifics but not to the presumed major predator (birds). This study thus suggests that signal brightness within D. pumilio populations can be shaped by sexual selection, with limited opportunity for natural selection to influence this trait due to predator sensory constraints. Because signal brightness changes can ultimately lead to changes in hue, our findings at the within-population level can provide insights into understanding this polytypism at across-population scales.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Crothers, L. R. and Cummings, M. E.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {predation risk, variation, predation, SYSTEM, aposematic signals, aposematism, background color, brightness, conspicuousness, dendrobates-pumilio, honest signals, noise, oil droplets, receptor, spectral sensitivity, visual ecology, visual model},
	pages = {E116--E124}
}

@article{ellisWarSexChromosomes1998,
	title = {The war of the sex chromosomes},
	volume = {20},
	journal = {Nature Genetics},
	author = {Ellis, N. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sex, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, Mullers ratchet, X and Y chromosome},
	pages = {9--10}
}

@article{evansQuantitativeGeneticEvidence2010,
	title = {Quantitative genetic evidence that males trade attractiveness for ejaculate quality in guppies},
	number = {277},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Evans, J P},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {3195--3201}
}

@article{beathInfantGrowthModelling2007,
	title = {Infant growth modelling using a shape invariant model with random effects},
	doi = {10.1002/sim},
	journal = {Growth (Lakeland)},
	author = {Beath, Ken J},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {growth curve, nonlinear mixed effects, shape invariant model, time-dependent covariates},
	pages = {2547--2564}
}

@article{keoghActivityPredictsMale2012,
	title = {Activity {Predicts} {Male} {Reproductive} {Success} in a {Polygynous} {Lizard}},
	volume = {7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038856},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Activity patterns and social interactions play a key role in determining reproductive success, although this is poorly understood for species that lack overt social behaviour. We used genetic paternity analysis to quantify both multiple paternity and the relative roles of activity and social behaviour in determining reproductive success in a nondescript Australian lizard. During the breeding season we intensively followed and recorded the behaviour of a group of seven males and 13 females in a naturalistic outdoor enclosure to examine the relative roles of body size, activity and social interactions in determining male fertilization success. We found multiple paternity in 42\% of clutches. No single behaviour was a significant predictor of male fertilization success in isolation, but male-female association, interactions and courtship explained 41\% of the variation in male fertilization success. Males with the highest number of offspring sired invested heavily in interacting with females but spent very little time in interactions with males. These same males also sired offspring from more clutches. When taken collectively, an index of overall male activity, including locomotion and all social interactions, significantly explained 81\% of the variation in the total number of offspring sired and 90\% of the variation in the number of clutches in which males sired offspring. We suggest that the most successful male strategy is a form of endurance rivalry in which active mate searching and interactions with females have the greatest fitness benefits.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Keogh, J. Scott and Noble, Daniel W. A. and Wilson, Eleanor E. and Whiting, Martin J.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {e38856}
}

@article{conscanciaPlacentalspecificIGFIIMajor2002,
	title = {Placental-specific {IGF}-{II} is a major modulator of placental and fetal growth},
	volume = {417},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Conscancia, M. and Hemberger, M. and Hughes, J. and Dean, W. and Ferguson-Smith, A. and Fundele, R. and Stewart, F. and Kelsey, G. and Fowden, A. and Sibley, C. and Reik, W.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {intragenomic conflict, genetic conflict, genetic imprinting},
	pages = {945--948}
}

@article{weeksLevelsInbreedingDepression2004,
	title = {Levels of inbreeding depression over seven generations of selfing in the androdioecious clam shrimp, {Eulimnadia} texana},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:000221197900001},
	abstract = {Androdioecy (mixtures of males and hermaphrodites) is a rare mating system in both plants and animals. Theory suggests that high levels of inbreeding depression can maintain males in androdioecious populations if hermaphrodites commonly self-fertilize. However, if inbreeding depression (delta) can be 'purged' from selfing populations, maintaining males is more difficult. In the androdioecious clam shrimp, Eulimnadia texana, delta is estimated to be as high as 0.7. Previous work suggests that this high level is maintained in the face of high levels of inbreeding due to an associative overdominance of fitness-related loci with the sex-determining locus. Such associative overdominance would make purging of inbreeding depression difficult to impossible. The current experiment was designed to determine if delta can be purged in these shrimp by tracking fitness across seven generations in selfing and outcrossing treatments. Evidence of purging was found in one of four populations, but the remaining populations demonstrated a consistent pattern of delta across generations. Although the experimental design allowed ample opportunity for purging, the majority of populations were unable to purge their genetic load. Therefore, delta in this species is likely due to associative overdominance caused by deleterious recessive alleles linked to the sex determining locus},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Weeks, S. C.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, i, MALES, population, sex, fitness, MAINTENANCE, mating, ANIMALS, BIOLOGY, lande, theory, allele, loci, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating system, pattern, GENERATIONS, GENETIC LOAD, load, MUTATIONS, outcrossing, PLANTS, purging, selfing, sex determination, SYSTEM, alleles, locus, hermaphrodite, Androdioecy, branchiopod crustaceans, evolution of mating systems, FRESH-WATER SHRIMP, GYNODIOECY, MIMULUS-GUTTATUS, OVERDOMINANCE, partial dominance model},
	pages = {475--484}
}

@article{okudaSexRolesAre1999,
	title = {Sex roles are not always reversed when the potential reproductive rate is higher in females},
	volume = {153},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Okuda, N.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sex, call, Apogonidae,operational sex ratio,parental investment,paternal mouthbrooding,sex-role reversal},
	pages = {540--548}
}

@article{todrankOdorgenesCovarianceGenetic2003,
	title = {Odor-genes covariance and genetic relatedness assessments: {Rethinking} odor-based "recognition" mechanisms in rodents},
	volume = {32},
	url = {ISI:000183014400002},
	journal = {ad},
	author = {Todrank, J. and Heth, G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, mate choice, signals, theory, phenotype, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, relatedness, MECHANISM, RODENT, rodents, genetics, speciation, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, covariance, GOLDEN-HAMSTERS, individual recognition, MESOCRICETUS-AURATUS, MICE ACOMYS-CAHIRINUS, MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER, SPINY MICE, SUBTERRANEAN MOLE-RATS},
	pages = {77--130}
}

@article{shermanWithinpopulationVariationEjaculate2008,
	title = {Within-population variation in ejaculate characteristics in a prolonged breeder, {Peron}'s tree frog, {Litoria} peronii},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0028-1042},
	url = {://WOS:000259997400006},
	doi = {10.1007/s00114-008-0423-7},
	abstract = {Sperm number is often a good predictor of success in sperm competition; however, it has become increasingly clear that, for some species, variation in probability of paternity cannot be explained by sperm number alone. Intraspecific variation in ejaculate characteristics, such as the number of viable sperm and sperm longevity, may play an equally important role in determining fertilization success. Here, we assess variation among ejaculates in three factors that may contribute to fertilization success (number of sperm per ejaculate, viability, and longevity), in a population of Peron's tree frog (Litoria peronii). We detected large variation among males in the number of sperm per ejaculate and the proportion of viable sperm within ejaculates, which could not be explained by variation in either male size or body condition. However, the proportion of viable sperm released by males increased over the season. Finally, we assessed sperm longevity (proportion viable sperm determined using a dual-fluorochrome vital dye) at two different temperatures. At 23 degrees C, on average, 75\% of sperm remained viable after 2 h, but there were significant differences amongst males with the percentage of viable sperm ranging from 43\% to 95\%. For sperm incubated at 4 degrees C, ejaculates varied fivefold in sperm longevity with some males having 50\% viable sperm after 5 days. Our data suggest that ejaculate characteristics (sperm number, viability, and longevity) vary widely in Peron's tree frog and may therefore play an important role in determining siring success both in the presence and absence of sperm competition. We discuss the results in relation to selection on ejaculate traits via natural and sexual selection in this and other amphibians.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	author = {Sherman, Craig D. H. and Uller, Tobias and Wapstra, Erik and Olsson, Mats},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1055--1061}
}

@article{amosInfluenceParentalRelatedness2001,
	title = {The influence of parental relatedness on reproductive success},
	volume = {268},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Amos, W. and Worthington Wilmer, J. and Fullard, K. and Burg, T. M. and Croxall, J. P. and Block, D. and Coulson, T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {HOUSE, MATE, population, quality, selection, fitness, fecundity, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, reproduction, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, similarity, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, red deer, WILD, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, SONG SPARROWS, related, REVEAL, ISLAND, male mating success, inbreeding-avoidance, NO EVIDENCE, grey seal, parental relatedness, sperm selection, albatross, dissimilar mating, GRAY SEAL, HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS, inbreeding depression,outbreeding,mate choice,pilot whale,grey seal,albatross, pilot whale, VERTEBRATES},
	pages = {2021--2027}
}

@article{kotiahoStabilityGeneticVariancecovariance2007,
	title = {The stability of genetic variance-covariance matrix in the presence of selection},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01229.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Kotiaho, J. S.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {selection, genetic variance-covariance matrix, STABILITY},
	pages = {28--29}
}

@article{pfennigDifferentialSelectionAvoid2002,
	title = {Differential selection to avoid hybridization in two toad species},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000178668500013},
	abstract = {The fitness consequences of hybridization critically affect the speciation process. When hybridization is costly, selection favors the evolution of prezygotic isolating mechanisms (e.g., mating behaviors) that reduce heterospecific matings and, consequently, enhance reproductive isolation between species (a process termed reinforcement). If, however, selection to avoid hybridization differs between species, reinforcement may be impeded. Here, we examined both the frequency and fitness effects of hybridization between plains spadefoot toads (Spea bombifrons) and New Mexico spadefoot toads (S. multiplicata). Hybridization was most frequent in smaller breeding ponds that tend to be ephemeral, and heterospecific pairs consisted almost entirely of S. bombifrons females and S. multiplicata males. Moreover, in controlled experimental crosses, hybrid offspring from crosses in which S. multiplicata was maternal had significantly lower survival and longer development time than pure S. multiplicata offspring. By contrast, hybrid offspring from crosses in which S. bombifrons was maternal outperformed pure S. bombifrons offspring by reaching metamorphosis faster. These data suggest that, although S. multiplicata females are under selection to avoid hybridization, selection might favor those S. bombifrons females that hybridize with S. multiplicata if their breeding pond is highly ephemeral. Generally, the strength of selection to avoid hybridization may differ for hybridizing species, possibly impeding reinforcement.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pfennig, K. S. and Simovich, M. A.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1840--1848}
}

@article{schadParasiteBurdenConstitution2005,
	title = {Parasite burden and constitution of major histocompatibility complex in the malagasy mouse lemur, {Microcebus} murinus},
	volume = {59},
	url = {ISI:000227468700017},
	abstract = {We investigated the importance of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) constitution on the parasite burden of free-ranging mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) in four littoral forest fragments in southeastern Madagascar. Fourteen different MHC class II DRB-exon 2 alleles were found in 228 individuals with high levels of sequence divergence between alleles. More nonsynonymous than synonymous substitutions in the functional important antigen recognition and binding sites indicated selection processes maintaining MHC polymorphism. Animals from the four forest fragments differed in their infection status (being infected or not), in the number of different nematode morphotypes per individual (NNI) as well as in the fecal egg counts (FEC) values. Heterozygosity in general was uncorrelated with any of these measures of infection. However, a positive relationship was found between specific alleles and parasite load. Whereas the common allele Mimu-DRB*1 was more frequently found in infected individuals and in individuals with high NNI and FEC values (high parasite load), the rare alleles Mimu-DRB*6 and 10 were more prevalent in uninfected individuals and in individuals with low NNI and FEC values (low parasite load). These three alleles associated with parasite load had unique amino acid motifs in the antigen binding sites. This distinguished them from the remaining 11 Mimu-DRB alleles. Our results support the hypothesis that MHC polymorphism in M. murinus is maintained through pathogen-driven selection acting by frequency-dependent selection. This is the first study of the association of MHC variation and parasite burden in a free-ranging primate},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Schad, J. and Ganzhorn, J. U. and Sommer, S.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, egg, association, evolution, HYPOTHESIS, selection, variation, ANIMALS, BIOLOGY, NUMBER, allele, COMPLEX, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, polymorphism, NATURAL-SELECTION, COMMON, MHC, heterozygote advantage, load, RECOGNITION, alleles, divergence, parasite load, MHC class II, MHC POLYMORPHISM, species richness, ANTIGEN-BINDING, CLASS-II POLYMORPHISM, FOREST, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, HEPATITIS-B VIRUS, INFECTION, madagascar, MHC VARIATION, mouse, OSTERTAGIA-CIRCUMCINCTA, SITES, SOUTHEASTERN MADAGASCAR, UNGULATE POPULATION},
	pages = {439--450}
}

@article{dayVirulenceEvolutionTiming2003,
	title = {Virulence evolution and the timing of disease life-history events},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Day, T.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, life history, pathogen, transmission, virulence},
	pages = {113--118}
}

@article{bussSlimeMoldsAscidiians1999,
	title = {Slime molds, ascidiians, and the utility of evolutionary theory},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Buss, L. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, theory, cheaters,slime mold},
	pages = {8801--8803}
}

@article{dixsonSexualBehaviorReproductive2004,
	title = {Sexual behavior, reproductive physiology and sperm competition in male mammals.},
	volume = {83},
	doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.022},
	abstract = {Sperm competition involves competition between the gametes of two or more males of a species for fertilization of a given set of ova. Sperm competition is widespread among mammals, as in many other groups of vertebrates. Effects of sexual selection, via sperm competition, upon the evolution of reproductive physiology and behavior are much better understood in invertebrates (and especially in insects) than is the case for mammals. However, if the reproductive organs of male mammals are viewed as an integrated system for production and delivery of spermatozoa (and accessory glandular secretions) to females, then it is logical to assume that sperm competition might influence the evolution of all parts of the system, as well as associated physiological mechanisms (e.g., testicular endocrinology) and behavior (e.g., copulatory patterns). Here we analyze and review relationships between mating systems, relative testes sizes and sperm morphology, phallic morphology, circulating testosterone levels and sexual behavior in male mammals.},
	journal = {Physiology \& behavior},
	author = {Dixson, Alan F and Anderson, Matthew J},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {FERTILIZATION, testosterone, ANIMALS, Male, Selection, Genetic, reproduction, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Humans, MAMMALS, Sexual Behavior, Animal: physiology, Reproduction: physiology, Competitive Behavior, Mammals: physiology, sperm motility, Sperm-Ovum Interactions, Sperm-Ovum Interactions: physiology, spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: physiology, Testis, Testis: anatomy \& histology, Testis: physiology, Testosterone: physiology},
	pages = {361--71}
}

@article{boakeGeneticToolsStudying2002,
	title = {Genetic tools for studying adaptation and the evolution of behaviour},
	volume = {s143},
	journal = {160},
	author = {Boake, C. R. B. and Arnold, S. J. and Breden, F. and Meffert, L. M. and Ritchie, M. G. and Taylor, B. J. and Wolf, J. B. and Moore, A. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, adaptation},
	pages = {s159}
}

@article{luttbegComparativeBayesTactic1996,
	title = {A {Comparative} {Bayes} tactic for mate assessment and choice},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Luttbeg, B.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, call, assessment,Comparative Bayes model,mate choice,value of information},
	pages = {451--460}
}

@article{batesonComparativeEvaluationIts12,
	title = {Comparative evaluation and its implications for mate choice},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4H2G8TW-2/2/5bcf3abc9ff0c1c19e0a0a51b22aaef5},
	abstract = {Experiments on decision making by humans show that the choices that we make can be very labile. The magnitude of our preferences, and even our rank ordering of options, can vary according to the number and type of alternatives available for comparison. This apparent irrationality has been argued to result from our use of decision heuristics that have evolved to enable us to choose quickly and efficiently between options differing in multiple attributes. Here, we argue that, because there is also selective pressure for animals to make mating decisions quickly, and because potential mates also differ in multiple attributes, similar decision heuristics might have evolved for mate choice. Following this reasoning, the attractiveness of a given mate will depend on the others with whom he or she is being compared, rather than being an absolute function of his or her underlying quality. We describe some of the ramifications of such comparative evaluation, and argue that it could offer new insights into some of the biggest outstanding problems in mate choice and sexual selection},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Bateson, Melissa and Healy, Susan D.},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Attractiveness, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, quality, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, experiment, preference, MATES, NUMBER, human, Humans, mating decision, INSIGHTS, RANK, mating decisions},
	pages = {659--664}
}

@article{kokkoEvolutionMateChoice2003,
	title = {The evolution of mate choice and mating biases},
	volume = {270},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kokko, H. and Brooks, R. and Jennions, M. D. and Morley, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, mate choice, mating},
	pages = {653--664}
}

@article{manierGeographicVariationLongnosed2004,
	title = {Geographic variation in the long-nosed snake, {Rhinocheilus} lecontei ({Colubridae}): beyond the subspecies debate},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0024-4066},
	url = {://WOS:000224032600005},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00373.x},
	abstract = {Scalation, colour pattern, linear and geometric morphometrics were used to quantify geographical differentiation in the long-nosed snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei, and to test the hypothesis that all four subspecies are morphologically distinct. Also investigated were potential associations between morphological (scalation, colour pattern, linear measurements) and environmental variables (climate, vegetation, soil). Sexual dimorphism was weakest for geometric and strongest for linear morphometric variables. Morphological variables differed widely in their ability to differentiate subspecies. Linear morphometric variables achieved the most statistically significant pairwise Mahalanobis distances between subspecies, while geometric morphometrics largely failed to differentiate them. Colour pattern showed the strongest and linear morphometrics the weakest correlation with environment. Several characters varied continuously along latitudinal or longitudinal gradients, such that, in some cases, the clines for closely related traits were discordant. No one subspecies was consistently. divergent in all analyses, leading to the conclusion that the three mainland subspecies are not sufficiently distinct to warrant separate subspecies status. The island subspecies, though not always statistically distinct, is geographically separate from other populations and differs in characters related to size. Given the small number of specimens available, a decision regarding its taxonomic status (i.e. elevation to species level) is best deferred until additional specimens can be examined and data on molecular variation can be analysed. (C) 2004 The Linnean Society of London.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Manier, M. K.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {dimorphism, covariance, SEXUAL, divergence, colour pattern, garter snake, sexual size dimorphism, classification, food-habits, geometric morphometrics, linear morphometrics, male combat, morphometric-analysis, partial-warp scores, scalation, thamnophis-elegans, thin-plate splines},
	pages = {65--85}
}

@article{thornhillFluctuatingAsymmetryMating1992,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry and the mating system of the {Japanese} scorpionfly,  {Panorpa} joponica},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {mating, mating system, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, Panorpa japonica, scorpionfly},
	pages = {867--879}
}

@article{enserinkThanksParasiteAsexual1997,
	title = {Thanks to a parasite, asexual reproduction catches on},
	volume = {275},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Enserink, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, reproduction, asexual reproduction, asexual reproduction,Wolbachia},
	pages = {1743}
}

@article{anderssonFemalePreferenceLong1992,
	title = {Female preference for long tails in lekking {Jackson}'s widowbirds: experimental evidence},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Andersson, S.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {ornamentation, lekking, female mate choice, female preference, preference, display, lek, male mating success, tail length, Jackson's widowbird},
	pages = {379--388}
}

@article{reimchenLossNuptialColor1989,
	title = {Loss of nuptial color in threespine sticklebacks ( {Gasterosteus} aculeatus )},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Reimchen, T. E.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {stickleback, sticklebacks, call, Gasterosteus aculeatus, threespine stickleback, nuptial colouration,threespine sticklebacks,(Gasterosteus aculeatus)},
	pages = {450--460}
}

@article{tomkinsOntogenyAsymmetryEarwig1999,
	title = {The ontogeny of asymmetry in earwig forcepts},
	volume = {53},
	number = {157-163},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Tomkins, J. L.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {asymmetry, ontogenies, ontogeny, earwig, FA, fluctuating assymetry, forceps}
}

@article{garciaCorrelationalEvidenceSexuallyselected1994,
	title = {Correlational evidence of a sexually-selected handicap},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Garcia, C. M. and Jimenez, G. and Contreras, B.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, handicap, handicap,predation risk,sexual selection,viviparous fish},
	pages = {253--259}
}

@article{nicholsSexualPreferenceGenetic1992,
	title = {Sexual preference and genetic correlations},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Nichols, R. A. and Butlin, R. K.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {call, preference, genetic correlation, sexual preference, genetic correlations},
	pages = {29--30}
}

@article{arnqvistSpatialVariationSelective1992,
	title = {Spatial variation in selective regimes: sexual selection in the water strider,  {Gerris} odontogaster},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Arnqvist, G.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, variation},
	pages = {914--929}
}

@article{hughesGeneticEnvironmentalEffects12,
	title = {Genetic and environmental effects on secondary sex traits in guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00806.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract Male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exhibit extreme phenotypic and genetic variability for several traits that are important to male fitness, and several lines of evidence suggest that resource level affects phenotypic expression of these traits in nature. We tested the hypothesis that genetic variation for male secondary sex traits could be maintained by genotype-specific effects of variable resource levels (genotype-environment interaction). To do this, we measured genetic variation and covariation under two environmental conditions - relatively low and relatively high food availability. We found high levels of genetic variation for most traits, but we only found a significant G x E interaction across food levels for one trait (body size) for one population. The across-environment correlations for size were large and positive, indicating that the reaction norms for size did not cross. We also found that male colour pattern elements had nearly an order of magnitude more genetic variation than did male size. Heritability estimates indicated that Y-linked genes are responsible for some of the genetic variation in male size and colour traits. We discuss implications of these results for theories of the maintenance of genetic variation in male secondary sexual traits in guppies},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hughes, K. A. and Rodd, F. H. and Reznick, D. N.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {EXPRESSION, genes, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, sex, TRAITS, variation, fitness, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, heritability, MAINTENANCE, MALE SIZE, colour, theory, condition, X, genetic variation, pattern, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, colour pattern, food, genotype-environment interaction, g x e, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, reaction norm},
	pages = {35--45}
}

@article{payneInferringOriginsStatedependent2000,
	title = {Inferring the origins of state-dependent courtship traits},
	volume = {157},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Payne, R. J. H. and Pagel, M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {indirect selection, courtship, sensory drive},
	pages = {42--50}
}

@article{schwenkTonguesNosesChemoreception1995,
	title = {Of tongues and noses - chemoreception in lizards and snakes},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://WOS:A1995QB76300005},
	doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(00)88953-3},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Schwenk, K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {RESPONSES, THAMNOPHIS-SIRTALIS, CHALCIDES-OCELLATUS, CHEMICAL, cues, DIPSOSAURUS-DORSALIS, GARTER SNAKES, PREY, RATTLESNAKES CROTALUS-VIRIDIS, VOMEROLFACTION, VOMERONASAL ORGANS},
	pages = {7--12}
}

@article{grobsteinOptimumGonopodialMorphogenesis1948,
	title = {Optimum gonopodial morphogenesis in  {Platypoecilius} maculatus  with constant dosage of methyl testosterone},
	volume = {109},
	journal = {J.Exp.Zool.},
	author = {Grobstein, C.},
	year = {1948},
	keywords = {testosterone, masculinization, gonopodium},
	pages = {215--233}
}

@article{danchinDNAIntegratingInclusive//,
	title = {Beyond {DNA}: {Integrating} inclusive inheritance into an extended theory of evolution},
	volume = {12},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79959439333&partnerID=40&md5=63c9f1b535fbe129f535c48a2c50d3ff},
	abstract = {Many biologists are calling for an 'extended evolutionary synthesis' that would 'modernize the modern synthesis' of evolution. Biological information is typically considered as being transmitted across generations by the DNA sequence alone, but accumulating evidence indicates that both genetic and non-genetic inheritance, and the interactions between them, have important effects on evolutionary outcomes. We review the evidence for such effects of epigenetic, ecological and cultural inheritance and parental effects, and outline methods that quantify the relative contributions of genetic and non-genetic heritability to the transmission of phenotypic variation across generations. These issues have implications for diverse areas, from the question of missing heritability in human complex-trait genetics to the basis of major evolutionary transitions. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Genetics},
	author = {Danchin, E. and Charmantier, A. and Champagne, F. A. and Mesoudi, A. and Pujol, B. and Blanchet, S.},
	pages = {475--486}
}

@article{wadeFemaleCopyingIncreases1990,
	title = {Female copying increases the variance in male mating success},
	volume = {87},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Wade, M. J. and Pruett-Jones, S. G.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {mating, call, copying, male mating success, mating success, copying behaviour,female choice,mating success,sexual selection, female copying},
	pages = {5749--5753}
}

@article{batesonKinRecognition1984,
	title = {Kin recognition},
	volume = {224},
	url = {ISI:A1984SN80200001},
	number = {4648},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Bateson, P.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {kin, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION},
	pages = {446--446}
}

@article{svenssonContemporaryEvolutionSecondary2007,
	title = {Contemporary evolution of secondary sexual traits in the wild},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://000246708200004},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Svensson, E. I. and Gosden, T. P.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {422--433}
}

@article{mooreInheritanceSocialDominance1990,
	title = {The inheritance of social dominance, mating behaviour and attractiveness to mates in male  {Nauphoeta} cinerea},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Moore, A. J.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, behaviour, heritability, mating, quantitative genetics, social, mating behaviour, dominance},
	pages = {388--397}
}

@article{kokkoGoodGenesOld1998,
	title = {Good genes, old age and life-history trade-offs},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Kokko, H.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, genes, good genes, mate choice, call, life history, age, trade-off, trade-offs, age indicator mechanism, life-history trade-offs},
	pages = {739--750}
}

@article{swaddleAnalysisFluctuatingAsymmetry1994,
	title = {The analysis of fluctuating asymmetry},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Swaddle, J. P. and Witter, M. S. and Cuthill, I. C.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {986--989}
}

@article{vaneldikPossibleNegativeEffects2006,
	title = {Possible negative effects of inbreeding on semen quality in {Shetland} pony stallions},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0093-691X},
	url = {://000236159100013},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Theriogenology},
	author = {van Eldik, P. and van der Waaij, E. H. and Ducro, B. and Kooper, A. W. and Stout, T. A. E. and Colenbrander, B.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sperm, heritability, heterozygosity, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, fluctuating asymmetry, FERTILITY, ejaculate quality, horse, PARAMETERS, REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE, SEASON, sperm quality},
	pages = {1159--1170}
}

@article{wolfenbargerSexlinkedExpressionSexually2001,
	title = {Sex-linked expression of a sexually selected trait in the stalk-eyed fly,  {Cyrtodiopsis} dalmanni},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wolfenbarger, L. L. and Wilkinson, G. S.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {flies, stalk-eyed flies, X, sex-linkage},
	pages = {103--110}
}

@article{hughesGeneticAnalysisSenescence1994,
	title = {A genetic analysis of senescence in {Drosophila}},
	volume = {367},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hughes, K. A. and Charlesworth, B.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Drosophila, natural selection, senescence},
	pages = {64--66}
}

@article{danielsInbreedingDepressionIts2000,
	title = {Inbreeding depression and its effects on natal dispersal in {Red}-cockaded {Woodpeckers}},
	volume = {102},
	url = {ISI:000088716300002},
	abstract = {Natal dispersal is a key life-history component that may be influenced by the fitness consequences of inbreeding. We studied natal dispersal and inbreeding within a large population of cooperatively breeding, endangered Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis). We assessed the costs of close inbreeding, the spatial distribution of related males and its relationship to dispersal distance of females, and the change in dispersal behavior of females in the presence of closely related males. Close inbreeding resulted in a significant loss of fitness, through two separate effects: closely related pairs (kinship coefficient greater than or equal to 0.125) exhibited lowered hatching rates and lowered survival and recruitment of fledglings relative to unrelated pairs. Despite a highly predictable spatial clustering of closely related males near the female's natal territory, natal dispersal distance of females was not sufficient to avoid these males as mates. Females changed dispersal behavior in the presence of closely related males on the natal territory: female fledglings were significantly more likely to disperse from natal territories if there were closely related males breeding there in the following year. Females did not change dispersal behavior in the presence of related males that were not on the natal territory. We suggest that dispersal behavior is a trade-off between benefits of shea-distance dispersal, e.g., an advantage in competing for scarce breeding vacancies, and the substantial cost of close inbreeding},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Condor},
	author = {Daniels, S. J. and Walters, J. R.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, female, i, MALES, MATE, PAIR, population, BENEFITS, fitness, survival, CONSEQUENCES, life history, life-history, natal dispersal, GENETIC SIMILARITY, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, territory, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, kinship, NATURAL-POPULATION, SONG SPARROWS, SPARROWS MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, related, trade-off, DISTANCE, BREEDING SYSTEM, cooperative breeding, ISLAND POPULATION, ACORN WOODPECKER, fledglings, GREAT-TIT, Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker},
	pages = {482--491}
}

@article{marshallBenefitsPolyandryFreespawning5,
	title = {The benefits of polyandry in the free-spawning polychaete {Galeolaria} caespitosa},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00873.x/abs},
	abstract = {In many species, females are thought to benefit from polyandry due to the reduced risks of fertilization by genetically incompatible sperm. However, few studies that have reported such benefits have directly attributed variation in female reproductive success to the interacting effects of males and females at fertilization. In this paper, we determine whether male x female interactions influence fertilization in vitro in the free-spawning, sessile polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa. Furthermore, we determined whether polyandry results in direct fertilization benefits for females by experimentally manipulating the number of males contributing towards staged spawning events. To test for male x female interaction effects we performed an initial experiment that crossed seven males with six females (in all 42 combinations), enabling us to assess fertilization rates for each specific male-female pairing and attribute variation in fertilization success to males, females and their interaction. This initial experiment revealed a strong interaction between males and females at fertilization, confirming that certain male-female combinations were more compatible than others. A second experiment tested the hypothesis that polyandry enhances female reproductive success by exposing each female's eggs to either a single male's sperm (monandry) or the sperm from three males simultaneously (polyandry). We performed this second experiment at two ecologically relevant sperm concentrations. This latter experiment revealed a strong fertilization benefit of polyandry, independent of the effects of sperm concentration (which were also significant). We suggest that these direct fertilization gains arising from polyandry will constitute an important source of selection on females to mate multiply in nature.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Marshall, D. J. and Evans, J. P.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {BENEFITS, polyandry, polychaete},
	pages = {735--741}
}

@article{mateoKinRecognitionGround2003,
	title = {Kin recognition in ground squirrels and other rodents},
	volume = {84},
	url = {ISI:000186916800003},
	abstract = {Significant advances have been made in understanding kin recognition as it pertains to nepotism (preferential treatment of kin) and mate choice (optimization of inbreeding and outbreeding). Yet complementary knowledge about how animals discriminate conspecifics on the basis of genetic relatedness remains unclear for most species. Because of the diversity of their scent sources and highly developed olfactory systems, rodents present a unique opportunity for examining chemical communication and kin recognition as a function of sociality. I review general processes of kin recognition and summarize mechanisms of recognition used by rodents. As a case study, I also examine recognition systems of ground squirrels, relating odor production and perception to differences in patterns of nepotism. Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) produce greater than or equal to2 odors (from oral and dorsal glands) that correlate with relatedness (kin labels), and they are able to use these odors to make precise discriminations among their unfamiliar relatives. Thus, S. beldingi can recognize their distant female kin and male kin, even though these kin are not treated nepotistically (e.g., through cooperative territory defense or alarm call production). Furthermore, S. beldingi use these kin labels and recognition abilities to interact differentially with conspecifics as a function of relatedness. In ground squirrels and in other rodents, components of the kin recognition process (production of recognition cues, discrimination of these cues, and differential treatment of conspecifics) have evolved differentially among even closely related species. Kin recognition abilities in the absence of nepotism might reflect selection for inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, in addition to sex-biased natal dispersal. Together, data and the review demonstrate that recognition abilities cannot be predicted on the basis of sociality alone and suggest that comparative analyses, by multiple assays of discrimination, might be necessary to understand variation in the function of kin recognition within and across species},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Mateo, J. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, i, mate choice, selection, variation, signals, call, natal dispersal, human, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, RODENT, rodents, social, territory, X, AVOIDANCE, philopatry, discrimination, kin discrimination, related, sociality, communication, SELFISH, KIN RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, odors, nepotism, SQUIRRELS, MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER, FEMALE PRAIRIE VOLES, GRAY-TAILED VOLE, ground squirrels, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, NAKED MOLE-RAT, olfactory behavior, social interactions, Spermophilus, SPERMOPHILUS-RICHARDSONII, VOLE POPULATION-CYCLES, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE},
	pages = {1163--1181}
}

@article{thornhillRapePanorpaScorpionflies1980,
	title = {Rape in  {Panorpa}  scorpionflies and a general rape hypothesis},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {call, scorpionfly, female choice,Panorpa scorpionflies,rape},
	pages = {52--59}
}

@article{rybergOffspringdrivenLocalDispersal2004,
	title = {Offspring-driven local dispersal in female sand lizards ({Lacerta} agilis)},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000224646800011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420.9101.2004.00798.x},
	abstract = {We report on a field study in which determinants of female breeding dispersal (i.e. the shift in the mean home range coordinates between successive breeding events) was investigated. Offspring were released in full sib groups (or half sib ones if there was within-clutch multiple paternity) at a separation distance from the females that varied between 'families'. This allowed for analysis of 'offspring nearness' effects on maternal dispersal. When a female's offspring were released more closely to her, she responded with greater dispersal. Furthermore, when the data set was truncated at 100 m maternal-offspring separation distance at offspring release (because perception at longer distances is likely to be unrealistic), maternal dispersal resulted in greater separation distance between female and offspring in the following year. A corresponding analysis for juveniles revealed no effect of maternal nearness on offspring dispersal but identified a significant effect of clutch size, to our surprise with dispersal declining with increasing clutch size. We discuss this result in a context of the 'public information hypothesis' (reinterpreted for juveniles in a nonsocial foraging species), suggesting that conspecific abundance perhaps acts as an indicator of local habitat quality. Thus, our analysis suggests a microgeographic structuring of the adult female population driven by genetic factors, either through inbreeding avoidance, or from simply avoiding individuals with a similar genotype regardless of their pedigree relatedness, while a nongenetic factor seems more important in their offspring.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Ryberg, K. and Olsson, M. and Wapstra, E. and Madsen, T. and Anderholm, S. and Ujvari, B.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1215--1220}
}

@article{klumpUseNonarbitraryAcoustic1987,
	title = {Use of non-arbitrary acoustic criteria in mate choice by female gray tree frogs},
	volume = {326},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Klump, G. M. and Gerhardt, H. C.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, call, frog, condition dependence},
	pages = {286--288}
}

@article{farrSocialBehaviorPatterns1980,
	title = {Social behavior patterns as determinants of reproductive success in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata  {Peters} ({Pisces}: {Poeciliidae}) {An} experimental study of the effects of intermale competition, female choice, and sexual selection},
	volume = {74},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Farr, J. A.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, selection, reproductive success, call, social, colour pattern,male agression,Poecilia reticulata,selection},
	pages = {38--91}
}

@article{banburaMateChoiceFemales1992,
	title = {Mate choice by females of the swallow  {Hirundo} rustica : {Is} it repeatable?},
	volume = {133},
	journal = {J.Orn.},
	author = {Banbura, J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, mate choice, swallow, ornamental tails},
	pages = {125--132}
}

@article{komersAgeFirstReproduction1997,
	title = {Age at first reproduction in males fallow deer: age-specific versus dominanace-specific behaviors},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Komers, P. E. and Pelabon, C. and Stenstrom, D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {reproduction, age, fallow deer},
	pages = {456--462}
}

@article{daleMateSamplingBehaviour1990,
	title = {Mate sampling behaviour of female pied flycatchers: evidence for active mate choice},
	volume = {27},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Dale, S. and Amundsen, T. and Lifjeld, J. T. and Slagsvold, T.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, behaviour, mate choice, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, mate sampling, sampling behaviour},
	pages = {87--91}
}

@article{kotrschalArtificialSelectionRelative//,
	title = {Artificial selection on relative brain size in the guppy reveals costs and benefits of evolving a larger brain},
	volume = {23},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84872676648&partnerID=40&md5=54ded30f503cdff09e1f202d76d4b666},
	abstract = {The large variation in brain size that exists in the animal kingdom has been suggested to have evolved through the balance between selective advantages of greater cognitive ability and the prohibitively high energy demands of a larger brain (the "expensive-tissue hypothesis" [1]). Despite over a century of research on the evolution of brain size, empirical support for the trade-off between cognitive ability and energetic costs is based exclusively on correlative evidence [2], and the theory remains controversial [3, 4]. Here we provide experimental evidence for costs and benefits of increased brain size. We used artificial selection for large and small brain size relative to body size in a live-bearing fish, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), and found that relative brain size evolved rapidly in response to divergent selection in both sexes. Large-brained females outperformed small-brained females in a numerical learning assay designed to test cognitive ability. Moreover, large-brained lines, especially males, developed smaller guts, as predicted by the expensive-tissue hypothesis [1], and produced fewer offspring. We propose that the evolution of brain size is mediated by a functional trade-off between increased cognitive ability and reproductive performance and discuss the implications of these findings for vertebrate brain evolution. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Kotrschal, A. and Rogell, B. and Bundsen, A. and Svensson, B. and Zajitschek, S. and Brännström, I. and Immler, S. and Maklakov, A. A. and Kolm, N.},
	pages = {168--171}
}

@article{olsenSiblingRecognitionJuvenile1989,
	title = {Sibling recognition in juvenile arctic charr, salvelinus-alpinus (l)},
	volume = {34},
	url = {ISI:A1989U327700007},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Olsen, K. H.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, fish, i, P1, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, RECOGNITION, ARCTIC CHARR, sibling recognition, JUVENILE ARCTIC CHARR},
	pages = {571--581}
}

@article{figueroaUsePrehensileTails2010,
	title = {Use of prehensile tails in cantilevering and prey capture in treeboas, {Corallus} hortulanus},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000280297000212},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Figueroa, A. and Lailvaux, S.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {E53--E53}
}

@article{mcevoyKnowThyEnemy2008,
	title = {Know thy enemy: {Behavioural} response of a native mammal ({Rattus} lutreolus velutinus) to predators of different coexistence histories},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1442-9985},
	url = {://WOS:000260466000011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01863.x},
	abstract = {Predation is recognized as a major selective pressure influencing population dynamics and evolutionary processes. Prey species have developed a variety of predator avoidance strategies, not least of which is olfactory recognition. However, within Australia, European settlement has brought with it a number of introduced predators, perhaps most notably the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and domestic cat (Felis catus), which native prey species may be unable to recognize and thus avoid due to a lack of coexistence history. This study examined the response of native Tasmanian swamp rats (Rattus lutreolus velutinus) to predators of different coexistence history (native predator-spotted-tail quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), domestic cats and the recently introduced red fox). We used an aggregate behavioural response of R. L velutinus to predator integumental odour in order to assess an overall behavioural response to predation risk. Rattus lutreolus velutinus recognized the integumental odour of the native quoll (compared with control odours) but did not respond to either cat or fox scent (compared with control odur). In contrast, analyses of singular behaviours resulted in the conclusion that rats did not respond differentially to either native or introduced predators, as other studies have concluded. Therefore, measuring risk assessment behaviours at the level of overall aggregate response may be more beneficial in understanding and analysing complex behavioural patterns such as predator detection and recognition. These results suggest that fox and cat introductions (and their interactive effects) may have detrimental impacts upon small native Tasmanian mammals due to lack of recognition and thus appropriate responses.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Austral Ecology},
	author = {McEvoy, Joanne and Sinn, David L. and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {922--931}
}

@article{grantNonrandomFitnessVariation2000,
	title = {Non-random fitness variation in two populations of {Darwin}'s finches},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Grant, P. R. and Grant, B. R.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {population, variation, fitness, heritability, longevity, Darwin's finches, fledglings, Galapagos, recruits},
	pages = {131--138}
}

@article{whileOffspringPerformanceAdaptive2009,
	title = {Offspring performance and the adaptive benefits of prolonged pregnancy: experimental tests in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000267539000018},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01544.x},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}Offspring locomotor performance has been shown to influence fitness related traits in a wide range of taxa. One potential mechanism by which viviparous animals can increase the performance (e.g. sprint speed) of their offspring is by prolonging pregnancy (beyond that required for complete development). However, to date studies examining this potentially important maternal effect have been largely descriptive. The skink Egernia whitii is an ideal candidate species to examine the consequences of delayed parturition on the performance of offspring as it routinely gives birth asynchronously despite synchronous offspring development. Using correlative data from a natural population and experimental manipulations of birthing asynchrony, we tested the prediction that, within litters, last born offspring have a better locomotor performance than first born offspring. We show that prolonged pregnancy does significantly influence average offspring locomotor performance; however, contrary to predictions, the direction of this effect is dependent on gestation length and thus offspring date of birth. Last born offspring had significantly poorer performance than first born offspring in litters early in the season with this pattern reversed late in the season. These results do not support the hypothesis that prolonged retention of fully formed offspring consistently increases offspring performance; however, they may help us understand the asymmetries in offspring competitive ability generated by birthing asynchrony.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Uller, Tobias and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {818--825}
}

@article{sorciPhenotypicPlasticityGrowth1996,
	title = {Phenotypic plasticity of growth and survival in the common lizard {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:A1996VY33100010},
	doi = {10.2307/5676},
	abstract = {1. In this study we investigated sources of variation in growth rate and survival in the common lizard Lacerta vivipara. 2. We conducted two experiments to identify factors that explain the pattern of geographic variation of life-history traits in this species. In the first experiment, we raised hatchlings from two French populations of L. vivipara, located at low (150 m) and high (1400 m) altitudes, under identical laboratory conditions. The hatchlings grew at the same rate when experiencing the same environmental conditions irrespective of their origin. This finding suggests that the observed differences in growth rate between these two populations of L. vivipara are driven by environmental factors (e.g. thermal environment) rather than genetic divergence. Although we did not find any genetic difference between populations, we found some evidence of within-population variation in growth rate. 3. In a second experiment, we raised hatchlings from the high altitude population in outdoor enclosures located at low and high altitudes. The site where hatchlings were raised had a large impact on both growth and survival. Lizards located in the low altitude site grew faster and had a higher mortality rate than lizards located in the high altitude site. These findings are consistent with the observed differences in growth and survival between the natural populations inhabiting the two localities, 4. In spite of the low statistical power of the models used to detect the family x environment interactions, we found a marginally significant interaction for survival (P = 0.054), which suggests that phenotypic plasticity of this trait may have some degree of genetic variance. 5. Finally, we did not find any evidence for a genetic correlation between growth and survival in the high altitude population. This suggests that the observed phenotypic trade-off between the two traits may arise from environmental constraints (e.g. more active lizards have higher growth rates but also have higher risks of predation). 6. Overall, our findings emphasize that environmental factors may play a major role in shaping patterns of life-history association in L. vivipara, and in explaining geographic variation of life histories.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Sorci, G. and Clobert, J. and Belichon, S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {781--790}
}

@article{ullerEvaluationOffspringSizenumber2009,
	title = {Evaluation of offspring size-number invariants in 12 species of lizard},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000261837300014},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01629.x},
	abstract = {The optimal division of resources into offspring size vs. number is one of the classic problems in life-history evolution. Importantly, models that take into account the discrete nature of resource division at low clutch sizes suggest that the variance in offspring size should decline with increasing clutch size according to an invariant relationship. We tested this prediction in 12 species of lizard with small clutch sizes. Contrary to expectations, not all species showed a negative relationship between variance in offspring size and clutch size, and the pattern significantly deviated from quantitative predictions in five of the 12 species. We suggest that the main limitation of current size-number models for small clutch sizes is that they rely on assumptions of hierarchical allocation strategies with independence between allocation decisions. Indeed, selection may favour alternative mechanisms of reproductive allocation that avoid suboptimal allocation imposed by the indivisible fraction at low clutch sizes.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Uller, T. and While, G. M. and Wapstra, E. and Warner, D. A. and Goodman, B. A. and Schwarzkopf, L. and Langkilde, T. and Doughty, P. and Radder, R. S. and Rohr, D. H. and Bull, C. M. and Shine, R. and Olsson, M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {143--151}
}

@article{kotrschalBenefitEvolvingLarger2013,
	title = {The benefit of evolving a larger brain: big-brained guppies perform better in a cognitive task},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347213003333},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.07.011},
	number = {0},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kotrschal, Alexander and Rogell, Björn and Bundsen, Andreas and Svensson, Beatrice and Zajitschek, Susanne and Brännström, Ioana and Immler, Simone and Maklakov, Alexei A. and Kolm, Niclas},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {guppy, Poecilia reticulata, artificial selection, learning, brain size, Cognition},
	pages = {e4--e6}
}

@article{delbarco-trilloMaleMammalsRespond2004,
	title = {Male mammals respond to a risk of sperm competition conveyed by odours of conspecific males},
	volume = {431},
	url = {ISI:000224000500039},
	abstract = {Sperm competition occurs when a female copulates with two or more males and the sperm of those males compete within the female's reproductive tract to fertilize her eggs(1,2). The frequent occurrence of sperm competition has forced males of many species to develop different strategies to overcome the sperm of competing males(1,3). A prevalent strategy is for males to increase their sperm investment ( total number of sperm allocated by a male to a particular female) after detecting a risk of sperm competition(1,3,4). It has been shown that the proportion of sperm that one male contributes to the sperm pool of a female is correlated with the proportion of offspring sired by that male(5,6). Therefore, by increasing his sperm investment a male may bias a potential spermcompetition in his favour(5,7,8). Here we show that male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, increase their sperm investment when they mate in the presence of another male's odours. Such an increase in sperm investment does not occur by augmenting the frequency of ejaculations, but by increasing the amount of sperm in a similar number of ejaculations},
	number = {7007},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {delBarco-Trillo, J. and Ferkin, M. H.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {competition, female, MALES, MATE, offspring, P1, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, INCREASE, ejaculate, pheromone, human, MAMMALS, social, STRATEGIES, risk, SCENT, STRATEGY, COPULATORY-BEHAVIOR, PHEROMONES, intensity, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT, GAMES, MEADOW VOLE, MEADOW VOLES, MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS, PENNSYLVANICUS, spermcompetition, voles},
	pages = {446--449}
}

@article{clarkSignalEfficiencyEvolution1993,
	title = {Signal efficiency and the evolution of male dimorphism in the jumping spider,  {Maevia} inclemens},
	volume = {90},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Clark, D. L. and Uetz, G. W.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {evolution, dimorphism, amplifier, visual signal},
	pages = {11954--11957}
}

@article{corleyHighlyVariableSperm2006,
	title = {Highly variable sperm precedence in the stalk-eyed fly, {Teleopsis} dalmanni.},
	volume = {6},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-6-53},
	abstract = {When females mate with different males, competition for fertilizations occurs after insemination. Such sperm competition is usually summarized at the level of the population or species by the parameter, P2, defined as the proportion of offspring sired by the second male in double mating trials. However, considerable variation in P2 may occur within populations, and such variation limits the utility of population-wide or species P2 estimates as descriptors of sperm usage. To fully understand the causes and consequences of sperm competition requires estimates of not only mean P2, but also intra-specific variation in P2. Here we investigate within-population quantitative variation in P2 using a controlled mating experiment and microsatellite profiling of progeny in the multiply mating stalk-eyed fly, Teleopsis dalmanni.},
	journal = {BMC evolutionary biology},
	author = {Corley, Laura S and Cotton, Samuel and McConnell, Ellen and Chapman, Tracey and Fowler, Kevin and Pomiankowski, Andrew},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {female, INSEMINATION, FERTILIZATION, ANIMALS, Genotype, Male, Sexual Behavior, Animal, DIPTERA, spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: physiology, Diptera: genetics, Diptera: physiology, Microsatellite Repeats, Microsatellite Repeats: genetics},
	pages = {53}
}

@article{morrowEvolutionInfertilityDoes2002,
	title = {The evolution of infertility: does hatching rate in birds coevolve with female polyandry?},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000177589000003},
	abstract = {Natural levels of infertility in many taxa are often remarkably high, amounting to a considerable fitness cost which one expects to be minimized by natural selection. Several mechanisms have been proposed as potential causes of infertility, including inbreeding depression, genetic incompatibilities and selfish genetic elements. Infertility may also be an inherent result of conflict over fertilization between the sexes in polyandrous species, either because too many sperm enter the egg or because of over-efficient barriers to such polyspermic fertilizations. We generated phylogenetic independent contrasts to examine the variation in hatching success for a maximum of 58 species of birds in relation to two measures of female polyandry. Hatching success varied enormously across species (range: 61-100\%), with a mean of 12\% of eggs failing to hatch, but was not related to either the rate of extrapair paternity or to relative testes size. Thus, the causes of this significant fitness cost remains unclear and merits further examination by evolutionary biologists},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Morrow, E. H. and Arnqvist, G. and Pitcher, T. E.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, egg, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, fishes, P1, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, FERTILIZATION, FERTILIZATIONS, fitness, size, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, lande, polyandry, natural selection, sexual conflict, cost, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, NATURAL-SELECTION, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, conflict, related, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, SELFISH, paternity, GREAT REED WARBLER, house sparrow, extrapair paternity, cycle, infertility, polyspermy, phylogeny, female control, EGG HATCHABILITY, hatching success, INCOMPATIBILITY, INDEPENDENT CONTRASTS, PHYLOGENIES, testes, TESTIS SIZE},
	pages = {702--709}
}

@article{woodLessSinisterStatistics1988,
	title = {Less sinister statistics from baseball records},
	volume = {335},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Wood, E. K.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {212}
}

@article{lorenzonEffectWaterConstraint1999,
	title = {Effect of water constraint on growth rate, activity and body temperature of yearling common lizard ( {Lacerta} vivipara )},
	volume = {118},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420050744},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Lorenzon, Pauline and Clobert, Jean and Oppliger, Anne and John-Alder, Henry},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {plasticity, á, adaptation á behavioural response, environmental constraints á phenotypic},
	pages = {423--430}
}

@article{brydenEvaluatingEmpiricalSupport1994,
	title = {Evaluating the empirical support for the {Geschwind}-{Behan}-{Galaburda} model of cerebral lateralization},
	volume = {26},
	journal = {Brain and Cognition},
	author = {Bryden, M. P. and McManus, I. C. and Bulman-Fleming, M. B.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {model},
	pages = {103--167}
}

@article{dreissDivergingCaveRiverDwelling2009,
	title = {Diverging {Cave}- and {River}-{Dwelling} {Newts} {Exert} the {Same} {Mate} {Preference} in their {Native} {Light} {Conditions}},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0179-1613},
	url = {://WOS:000270734700004},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01693.x},
	abstract = {When colonizing a new habitat, populations must adapt their sexual behaviour to new ecological constraints. Because caves display drastically different conditions from surface habitats and cave animals are deprived from visual information, hypogean populations are expected to have modified their mate preference and signalling behaviour after cave colonization. Here, we experimentally examined the female preference and the sexual behaviour of brook newts Calotriton asper from different cave and river populations, either in light or in darkness. Our results suggest that females prefer large individuals in both hypogean and epigean populations, but that this preference is only expressed in the light conditions of their native habitat. Hence, some mate choice criteria would be maintained across genetically divergent populations and throughout dissimilar habitats. However, this sexual behaviour is likely to be expressed via a different sensory pathway in the different habitats, suggesting that a sensory shift has occurred in cave populations, enabling animals to communicate through a non-visual channel.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Dreiss, A. N. and Guillaume, O. and Clobert, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1036--1045}
}

@article{aragonSociallyAcquiredInformation2006,
	title = {Socially acquired information from chemical cues in the common lizard, {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {72},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.11.023},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Aragon, P and Massot, M and Gasparini, J and Clobert, J},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {965--974}
}

@article{brettRespiratoryMetabolismSwimming1964,
	title = {The respiratory metabolism and swimming performance of young sockeye salmon},
	volume = {21},
	journal = {J Fish Res Board Can.},
	author = {Brett, J. R.},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {1183--1226}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalezPaternalIndirectGenetic2007,
	title = {Paternal {Indirect} {Genetic} {Effects} on {Offspring} {Viability} and the {Benefits} of {Polyandry}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982206024298},
	abstract = {Summary Although females are expected to maximize their reproductive success with only one or a few matings [1], the females of many species mate with multiple partners [2]. Experimental studies have found evidence for an increase in egg or embryo viability when females mate polyandrously [3]. These studies have been interpreted in the context of genetic-benefit models that propose that multiple mating increases offspring viability because it allows females to select male genotypes that influence viability directly or because it allows females to avoid genetic incompatibility [2, 4â€“8]. However, no studies have examined directly the precise mechanisms by which parents influence embryo viability. Using a morphological marker that enabled us to determine paternity and survival of embryos sired by individual male crickets in both sperm-competitive and -noncompetitive situations, we show that males inducing high embryo viability enhance the viability of embryos sired by inferior males. These results indicate that paternal effects and interacting phenotypes determine embryo viability. They show that a male's reproductive success is modified by the interaction between indirect genetic effects of sperm competitors. Importantly, our findings show that the benefits accruing to offspring of multiply mated females need not be transmitted genetically.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Garcia-Gonzalez, F. and Simmons, Leigh W.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {EVO\_ECOL},
	pages = {32--36}
}

@article{tatarAgespecificPatternsGenetic1996,
	title = {Age-specific patterns of genetic variance in  {Drosophila} melanogaster.  {II}. {Fecundity} and its genetic covariance with age-specific mortality},
	volume = {143},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Tatar, M. and Promislow, D. E. L. and Khazaeli, A. A. and Curtsinger, J. W.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Drosophila, fecundity, life history, covariance, genetic variance, mortality, genetic covariance},
	pages = {849--858}
}

@article{cullumSexualDimorphismPhysiological2010,
	title = {Sexual dimorphism in physiological performance of whiptail lizards (genus {Cnemidophorus}).},
	volume = {71},
	abstract = {Numerous studies have examined sexual dimorphism in the morphology and behavior of vertebrates; very few, however, have explicitly investigated the possibility of gender differences in physiological performance, despite the observations of such differences in humans. In this study, I investigated physiological sexual dimorphism in the lizard genus Cnemidophorus by measuring five whole-animal traits, all of which are likely to influence fitness in these species: burst speed, endurance, maximal exertion capacity, standard metabolic rate, and evaporative water loss rate. Because at least some of these traits are known to be strongly influenced by body size, I tested for dimorphism using both absolute and size-corrected trait values. An examination of six Cnemidophorus species and subspecies revealed a strong trend toward higher absolute trait values in males for all variables except endurance. Most of the dimorphism in standard metabolic rate and evaporative water loss rate could be explained by differences in body mass between males and females; for the locomotor traits, however, body size explained only a small fraction of the overall sexual dimorphism. The portion of trait differences not explained by body size was likely due to gender differences in physiology, such as differences in relative muscularity and fat content.},
	journal = {Physiological zoology},
	author = {Cullum, a J},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Sex Characteristics, Lizards: physiology, LOCOMOTION, Body Constitution, Body Constitution: physiology, Energy Metabolism, Energy Metabolism: physiology, Locomotion: physiology, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Water-Electrolyte Balance},
	pages = {541--52}
}

@article{stevensQuantifyingFunctionalConnectivity2006,
	title = {Quantifying functional connectivity: experimental assessment of boundary permeability for the natterjack toad ({Bufo} calamita)},
	volume = {150},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://WOS:000241552400017},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-006-0500-6},
	abstract = {Like other pond-breeding amphibians, the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) typically presents a patchy distribution. Because the species experiences high probabilities of local population extinction, its persistence within landscapes relies on both local and landscape-scale processes [dispersal allowing the (re)colonization of habitat patches]. However, the structure and composition of the matrix surrounding local populations can alter the dispersal rates between populations. As shown previously (Landscape Ecol 19:829-842, 2004), the locomotor performances of individuals at the dispersal stage depend on the nature of the component crossed: some landscape components offer high resistance to movement (high resistance or high viscosity components) whereas others allow high efficiency of movement (low resistance components). We now examine the ability of individuals to discriminate between landscape components and select low-resistance components. Our experimental study investigates the ways in which young natterjack toads choose from among landscape components common to southern Belgium. Toadlets (the dispersal stage) were experimentally confronted with boundaries between surrogates of sandy soils, roads, forests, agricultural fields and intensive pastures. Our results show: 1 the ability of toadlets to react to boundaries between landscape components, 2 differences in permeability among boundaries, and 3 our inability to predict correctly the permeability of the boundaries from the patch-specific resistance assessed previously. Toadlets showed a preference for bare environments and forests, whereas they avoided the use of agricultural environments. This pattern could not be explained in terms of patch-specific resistance only, and is discussed in terms of mortality risks and resource availability in the various landscape components, with particular attention to repercussions on conservation strategies.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {OECOLOGIA},
	author = {Stevens, V. M. and Leboulenge, E. and Wesselingh, R. A. and Baguette, M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, extinction, HABITAT, metapopulation, migration, fragmentation, landscape structure, RESPONSES, FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES, METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS, AMPHIBIANS, ANIMAL MOVEMENTS, dispersal behaviour, functional connectivity, landscape, POPULATION-DYNAMICS},
	pages = {161--171}
}

@article{marlerOriginMaintenanceFemale1997,
	title = {Origin and maintenance of a female mating preference},
	volume = {51},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Marler, C. A. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {mating, call, preference, mating preference, female mating preference, fecundity,gynogenesis,mating preference,Poecilia formosa,sexual selection},
	pages = {1244--1248}
}

@article{yezerinacExtrapairMatingMale1997,
	title = {Extra-pair mating, male plumage coloration and sexual selection in yellow warblers ( {Dendroica} petechia )},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Yezerinac, S. M. and Weatherhead, P. J.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, mating, extra-pair mating, sexual dimorphism, DNA fingerprinting, yellow warbler},
	pages = {527--532}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalezSpermViabilityMatters2005,
	title = {Sperm viability matters in insect sperm competition},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {://000227027700028},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Garcia-Gonzalez, F. and Simmons, L. W.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {FERTILIZATION, SUCCESS, stalk-eyed flies, MECHANISMS, DOMESTIC-FOWL, ATLANTIC SALMON, DRIVE, GALLUS-DOMESTICUS, INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION, MEIOTIC, MOBILITY, RISK-ASSESSMENT},
	pages = {271--275}
}

@article{maklakovSexDifferencesNutrientdependent2009,
	title = {Sex differences in nutrient-dependent reproductive ageing},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1474-9718},
	url = {://WOS:000266417700011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00479.x},
	abstract = {Evolutionary theories of aging predict that fitness-related traits, including reproductive performance, will senesce because the strength of selection declines with age. Sexual selection theory predicts, however, that male reproductive performance (especially sexual advertisement) will increase with age. In both bodies of theory, diet should mediate age-dependent changes in reproductive performance. In this study, we show that the sexes exhibit dramatic, qualitative differences in age-dependent reproductive performance trajectories and patterns of reproductive ageing in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus. In females, fecundity peaked early in adulthood and then declined. In contrast, male sexual advertisement increased across the natural lifespan and only declined well beyond the maximum field lifespan. These sex differences were robust to deviations from sex-specific dietary requirements. Our results demonstrate that sexual selection can be at least as important as sex-dependent mortality in shaping the signal of reproductive ageing.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Aging Cell},
	author = {Maklakov, A. A. and Hall, M. D. and Simpson, S. J. and Dessmann, J. and Clissold, F. J. and Zajitschek, F. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Raubenheimer, D. and Bonduriansky, R. and Brooks, R. C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {324--330}
}

@article{pfennigFemaleSpadefootToads2000,
	title = {Female spadefoot toads compromise on mate quality to ensure conspecific matings},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Pfennig, Karin S},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {220--227}
}

@article{massotIntegrativeStudyAgeing2011,
	title = {An integrative study of ageing in a wild population of common lizards},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000292330000014},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01837.x},
	abstract = {1. Integrative studies on ageing patterns in multiple traits of organisms are challenging and rare in free-living populations. However, developing integrative approaches could prove useful to understanding ageing patterns as causes of age variations are diverse, with conflicting or related actions. Accordingly, we investigated age variation of multiple aspects in the common lizard Lacerta (Zootoca) vivipara. 2. In a wild population of common lizards, we studied five fitness components, three physiological traits (cell-mediated immunity, corticosterone level, resting metabolic rate), and controlled for individual and environmental heterogeneities. To quantify ageing patterns in fitness, we used individual-based data collected over 14 years (18 684 captures, 892 reproductive events). 3. Ageing patterns were found in multiple aspects. They provided evidence for female maturation early in adulthood (access to reproduction, litter size), followed by senescence in female reproduction (litter success) and survival. In parallel to senescence, a pattern of terminal investment enhanced offspring quality (offspring body size, offspring corpulence, litter success). Ageing patterns involved physiology with higher metabolic rate and T cell-mediated immune response in old females. 4. Several ageing patterns were dependent on environmental and individual characteristics (habitat, year, sex, body size). Interestingly, senescence occurred only in females with a high reproductive effort early in life. Rarely showed, this trade-off between early and late-life performances is expected under the antagonistic pleiotropy and disposable soma theories of senescence. 5. Overall, this study emphasizes the interest of integrative studies to investigate the multifaceted process of ageing.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Massot, M. and Clobert, J. and Montes-Poloni, L. and Haussy, C. and Cubo, J. and Meylan, S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {848--858}
}

@article{ridleyFemaleSticklebacksPrefer1980,
	title = {Female sticklebacks prefer to spawn with males whose nests contain eggs {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {Female sticklebacks prefer to spawn with males whose nests contain eggs {T2}  -???},
	author = {Ridley, M. and Rechten, C.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {egg, stickleback, sticklebacks, call, displacement fanning,egg,kidnapping,female choice,female refusal,presence/absence of eggs,stickleback},
	pages = {152--161}
}

@article{nelsonFemaleChoiceNonmelanistic1993,
	title = {Female choice of nonmelanistic males in laboratory populations of the mosquitofish,  {Gambusia} holbrooki},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Nelson, C. M. and Planes, K.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, population, call, female choice,Gambusia holbrooki,melanin, Gambusia},
	pages = {1143--1148}
}

@article{balmfordMateChoiceLeks1991,
	title = {Mate choice on leks},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Balmford, A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {mate choice, lek, leks, female choice,good genes,lek,mate choice,sexual selection},
	pages = {87--91}
}

@article{bozynskiEffectFemalePresence2003,
	title = {The effect of female presence on spermiation, and of male sexual activity on 'ready' sperm in the male guppy},
	volume = {65},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bozynski, C. C. and Liley, N. R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, sperm},
	pages = {53--58}
}

@article{birkheadGeneticEffectsSperm2005,
	title = {Genetic effects on sperm design in the zebra finch},
	volume = {434},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03374},
	number = {7031},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R. and Pellatt, E. J. and Brekke, P. and Yeates, R. and Castillo-Juarez, H.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {383--387}
}

@article{olson-manningAdaptiveEvolutionEvaluating2012,
	title = {Adaptive evolution: evaluating empirical support for theoretical predictions},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3322},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3322},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Olson-Manning, Carrie F. and Wagner, Maggie R. and Mitchell-Olds, Thomas},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {867--877}
}

@article{rosenqvistFemaleSexualBehaviour1992,
	title = {Is female sexual behaviour a neglected topic?},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Rosenqvist, G. and Berglund, A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {behaviour, call, sexual behaviour, copying,female competition,female sexual behaviour,female choice,good genes,mate competition,mating patterns},
	pages = {174--176}
}

@article{meagherMalemaleCompetitionMagnifies2000,
	title = {Male-male competition magnifies inbreeding depression in wild house mice},
	volume = {97},
	url = {ISI:000086195200067},
	abstract = {The detrimental effects of inbreeding on vertebrates are well documented for early stages of the life cycle in the laboratory. However, the consequences of inbreeding on long-term survival and reproductive success (Darwinian fitness) are uncertain for vertebrates in the wild. Here, we report direct experimental evidence for vertebrates that competition increases the harmful effects of inbreeding on offspring survival and reproduction. We compared the fitness of inbred (from furl-sib matings) and outbred wild house mice (Mus domesticus) in large, seminatural enclosures. Inbred males sired only one-fifth as many surviving offspring as outbred mates because of their poor competitive ability and survivorship. In laboratory conditions, inbreeding had relatively minor effects on male reproductive success and no effect on survivorship. Seminatural conditions did not increase inbreeding depression for females, probably because females were not competing for any critical resources. The overall reduction in fitness from inbreeding was 57\%, which is 4.5 times as great as previous estimates from the laboratory. These results have important implications for medicine, conservation, evolutionary biology, and functional genomics},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Meagher, S. and Penn, D. J. and Potts, W. K.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, evolution, female, i, MALES, MATE, offspring, fitness, resources, survival, CONSEQUENCES, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, reproduction, male-male competition, GENETIC SIMILARITY, condition, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, WILD, adaptation, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, SONG SPARROWS, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, ENVIRONMENT, GENETIC LOAD, load, INCREASES, HOUSE MICE, MICE, MUS-DOMESTICUS, cycle, MATING-BEHAVIOR, LIFE-CYCLE, WILD HOUSE MICE},
	pages = {3324--3329}
}

@article{brownPatternsFemaleChoice1981,
	title = {Patterns of female choice in mottled sculpins ( {Cottidae}, teleostei )},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Brown, L.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, call, courtship,female choice,male size},
	pages = {375--382}
}

@article{arnqvistEvolutionPolyandryMultiple2000,
	title = {The evolution of polyandry: multiple mating and female fitness in insects},
	volume = {60},
	abstract = {Theory suggests that male fitness generally increases steadily with mating rate, while one or a few matings are sufficient for females to maximize their reproductive success. Contrary to these predictions, however, females of the majority of insects mate multiply. We performed a meta-analysis of 122 experimental studies addressing the direct effects of multiple mating on female fitness in insects. Our results clearly show that females gain directly from multiple matings in terms of increased lifetime offspring production. Despite a negative effect of remating on female longevity in species without nuptial feeding, the positive effects (increased egg production rate and fertility) more than outweigh this negative effect for moderate mating rates. The average direct net fitness gain of multiple mating was as high as 30-70\%. Therefore, the evolutionary maintenance of polyandry in insects can be understood solely in terms of direct effects. However, our results also strongly support the existence of an intermediate optimal female mating rate, beyond which a further elevated mating rate is deleterious. The existence of such optima implies that sexual conflict over the mating rate should be very common in insects, and that sexually antagonistic coevolution plays a key role in the evolution of mating systems and of many reproductive traits. We discuss the origin and maintenance of nuptial feeing in the light of our findings, and suggest that elaborate and nutritional ejaculates may be the result of sexually antagonistic coevolution. Future research should aim at gaining a quantitative understanding of the evolution of female mating rates.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Arnqvist, G. and Nilsson, T.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {egg, evolution, female, FEMALES, good genes, MATE, offspring, TRAITS, fitness, INCREASE, insect, INSECTS, longevity, MAINTENANCE, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, theory, ejaculate, multiple mating, polyandry, EGG-PRODUCTION, sexual conflict, mating system, mating systems, conflict, COMMON, INCREASES, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, FERTILITY, sexually antagonistic, aim, evolution of mating systems, light, META-analysis, sexually antagonistic coevolution},
	pages = {145--164}
}

@article{armbrusterEquivalentInbreedingDepression2000,
	title = {Equivalent inbreeding depression under laboratory and field conditions in a tree-hole-breeding mosquito},
	volume = {267},
	url = {ISI:000089721600003},
	abstract = {Understanding the consequences of inbreeding has important implications for a wide variety of topics in population biology. However, most studies quantifying the effects of inbreeding are performed under artificial farm, greenhouse, laboratory or zoo conditions. Although several authors have argued that the deleterious effects of inbreeding (inbreeding depression) are likely to be more severe under natural field conditions than in artificial experimental environments, these arguments are usually speculative or based on indirect comparisons. We quantified the effects of inbreeding on fitness traits in a tree-hole-breeding mosquito (Aedes geniculatus) under near-optimal laboratory conditions and in three natural tree holes. Our index. of fitness (R-o) was lower in the field than in the laboratory and declined due to inbreeding in both environments. However, we found no significant interactions between inbreeding depression and environmental conditions. In both the field and laboratory a 10\% increase in the inbreeding coefficient (F) led to a 12-15\% decline in fitness (R-o). These results suggest that inbreeding depression will not necessarily be more extreme under natural field conditions than in the laboratory},
	number = {1456},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Armbruster, P. and Hutchinson, R. A. and Linvell, T.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, population, TRAITS, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, field, Darwin, age, BEHAVIOR, condition, inbreeding, HABITAT, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, ENVIRONMENT, STRESS, CONSERVATION GENETICS, DIPTERA, Aedes, AEDES-TRISERIATUS, CULICIDAE, DROSOPHILA-BUZZATII, genotype x environment interaction, IMPATIENS-CAPENSIS, mosquitoes, OUTCROSSED PROGENY},
	pages = {1939--1945}
}

@article{fowlerCostMatingFemale1989,
	title = {A cost of mating in female fruitflies},
	volume = {338},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Fowler, K. and Partridge, L.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {mating, call, cost, costs of reproduction,antagonistic coevolution,costs},
	pages = {760--761}
}

@article{zengEffectTemperatureSwimming2009,
	title = {Effect of temperature on swimming performance in juvenile southern catfish ({Silurus} meridionalis).},
	volume = {153},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.01.013},
	abstract = {The critical swimming speed (U(crit), aerobic swimming performance) and endurance (anaerobic swimming performance) of juvenile southern catfish Silurus meridionalis Chen (9.8+/-0.1 cm body length and 8.09+/-0.17 g body mass, n=226) were investigated at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C. Both absolute U(crit) (cm s(-1)) and relative critical swimming speed (U(r), BL s(-1)) of juvenile southern catfish increased in the temperature zone from 10 to 25 degrees C (p{\textless}0.05) and plateaued between 25 and 30 degrees C. However, the relationship between endurance time (tested at 1.23, 1.59 and 1.79 U(r-max)) and temperature followed an approximate bell-shape curve as temperature rose (p{\textless}0.05). The optimum temperatures of maximal U(crit) (3.40 BL s(-1)) of juvenile southern catfish was 28.4 degrees C. But that of experimental fish's endurance which was tested at velocity of 1.59 and 1.79 U(r-max) was 23.2 degrees C. These results show that temperature has a significant effect on swimming performance in juvenile southern catfish.},
	journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular \& integrative physiology},
	author = {Zeng, Ling-Qing and Cao, Zhen-Dong and Fu, Shi-Jian and Peng, Jiang-Lan and Wang, Yu-Xiang},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, Energy Metabolism, Energy Metabolism: physiology, Catfishes, Catfishes: physiology, Swimming, Swimming: physiology, temperature},
	pages = {125--30}
}

@book{lynchGeneticsAnalysisQuantitative1998,
	address = {Sunderland},
	title = {Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits},
	publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
	author = {Lynch, Michael and Walsh, Bruce},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {50}
}

@article{saifiApparentExcessSex1999,
	title = {An apparent excess of sex- and reproduction-related genes on the human {X} chromosome},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Saifi, G. M. and Chandra, H. S.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {genes, sex, human, X, X-linked, sex-chromosomes, sexually antagonistic genes},
	pages = {203--209}
}

@article{houleHowShouldWe1900,
	title = {How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits? {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits? {T2}  -?},
	author = {Houle, D.},
	year = {1900},
	keywords = {variation, call, canalization,genetic variance,mutation,selection}
}

@article{bergmanSimpleMethodMeasuring2008,
	title = {A simple method for measuring colour in wild animals: validation and use on chest patch colour in geladas ({Theropithecus} gelada)},
	volume = {94},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00981.x},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Bergman, Thore J. and Beehner, Jacinta C.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {231--240}
}

@article{mansonInbreedingAvoidanceRhesus1993,
	title = {Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques - whose choice},
	volume = {90},
	url = {ISI:A1993KN60900006},
	abstract = {Whether nonhuman primates avoid copulating with close kin living in their social group is controversial. If sexual aversion to relatives occurs, it should be stronger in females than in males because of females' greater investment in each offspring and hence greater costs resulting from less viable offspring. Data presented here show that adult male rhesus macaques breeding in their natal groups at Cayo Santiago experienced high copulatory success, but copulated less with females of their own matrilineages than with females of other matrilineages. Adult females were never observed to copulate with males of their own matrilineage during their fertile periods. Although natal males sometimes courted their relatives, examination of two measures of female mate choice showed that females chose unrelated natal males over male kin. Female aversion to male kin was specific to the sexual context; during the birth season, females did not discriminate against their male relatives in distributing grooming. Evolved inbreeding avoidance mechanisms probably produce different outcomes at Cayo Santiago than in wild rhesus macaque populations. Gender differences in sexual aversion to relatives may be partly responsible for differences between studies in reported frequency of copulations by related pairs},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
	author = {Manson, J. H. and Perry, S. E.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, PAIR, population, selection, female mate choice, SUCCESS, Y, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, PRIMATES, social, WILD, AVOIDANCE, ADULT MALE, related, patterns, communication, COPULATIONS, inbreeding-avoidance, MONKEYS, nonhuman primates, RHESUS MACAQUES, MACAQUES, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, context, NONHUMAN-PRIMATES, Cayo Santiago, CHIMPANZEES, MALE MIGRATION},
	pages = {335--344}
}

@misc{LanguageEnvironmentStatistical2012,
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	title = {R: {A} language and environment for statistical computing. {R} {Foundation} for {Statistical} {Computing}},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{stonerPhenotypicDifferentiationFemale1988,
	title = {Phenotypic differentiation in female preference related to geographic variation in male predation risk in the {Trinidad} guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {22},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Stoner, G. and Breden, F.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, predation risk, reticulata, variation, call, female preference, preference, predation, risk, geographic variation, differentiation, courtship,female preference,Poecilia reticulata,Trinidad guppy},
	pages = {285--291}
}

@article{iyengarPaternalInheritanceFemale2002,
	title = {Paternal inheritance of a female moth's mating preference: consequences for sexual selection},
	volume = {419},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Iyengar, V. K. and Reeve, H. K. and Eisner, T.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, mating, preference, mating preference, sex-linkage, moth, Z chromosome, ZZ},
	pages = {8}
}

@article{klemmeWhyFemaleBank2007,
	title = {Why do female bank voles, {Clethrionomys} glareolus, mate multiply?},
	volume = {73},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4N7Y8C7-3/2/f542a00d2a1777c5ae4f616255fda977},
	abstract = {Females of many species actively engage in multiple mating, with either a single male or several males, but the adaptive function of this behaviour is often unclear. We conducted a laboratory experiment on a small mammal species, the bank vole, testing the possible benefits of multiple mating on a female's short-term reproductive success (pregnancy rate, litter size and early postnatal survival). Such benefits may affect a female's fitness either directly or indirectly (genetic benefit). We assigned females to three treatments: a single mating treatment in which females mated once with a single male and two multiple mating treatments in which females mated either twice with a single male or twice with two different males. We found a significant reduction in pregnancy rate of females that mated only once compared to females that mated twice. This direct benefit is most likely explained by an increased stimulus gained from multiple mating. However, we found no difference in reproductive success of females mated twice with the same male or once with each of two males. Our study supports the importance of direct benefits of multiple mating. Although our study cannot rule out effects of genetic benefits on future survival and reproductive success of offspring, we found no fitness benefits of polyandry for the traits studied here.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Klemme, Ines and Eccard, Jana Anja and Ylonen, Hannu},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {genetic benefits, reproductive success, multiple mating, direct benefits, bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, induced ovulation, repeated mating},
	pages = {623--628}
}

@article{mollerHowImportantAre2001,
	title = {How important are direct fitness benefits of sexual selection?},
	volume = {88},
	url = {ISI:000171976400001},
	abstract = {Females may choose mates based on the expression of secondary sexual characters that signal direct, material fitness benefits or indirect, genetic fitness benefits. Genetic benefits are acquired in the generation subsequent to that in which mate choice is performed, and the maintenance of genetic variation in viability has been considered a theoretical problem. Consequently, the magnitude of indirect benefits has traditionally been considered to be small. Direct fitness benefits can be maintained without consideration of mechanisms sustaining genetic variability, and they have thus been equated with the default benefits acquired by choosy females. There is, however, still debate as to whether or not males should honestly advertise direct benefits such as their willingness to invest in parental care. We use meta-analysis to estimate the magnitude of direct fitness benefits in terms of fertility, fecundity and two measures of paternal care (feeding rate in birds, hatching rate in male guarding ectotherms) based on an extensive literature survey. The mean coefficients of determination weighted by sample size were 6.3\%, 2.3\%, 1.3\% and 23.6\%, respectively. This compares to a mean weighted coefficient of determination of 1.5\% for genetic viability benefits in studies of sexual selection. Thus, for several fitness components, direct benefits are only slightly more important than indirect ones arising from female choice. Hatching rate in mate guarding ectotherms was by far the most important direct fitness component, explaining almost a quarter of the variance. Our analysis also shows that mate sexual advertisements do not always reliably signal direct fitness benefits},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	author = {Moller, A. P. and Jennions, M. D.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, EXPRESSION, female, FEMALES, Fisher, genetic benefits, indirect benefits, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, variation, BENEFITS, CHARACTERS, female mate choice, fitness, parental care, sexual characters, size, fecundity, insect, MAINTENANCE, reproductive success, Darwin, theory, MATES, male body-size, male-male competition, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, bird, birds, COMPONENTS, genetic variation, guarding, VARIANCE, viability, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, BAT, genetic benefit, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, FERTILITY, fitness components, direct benefits, female control, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, light, META-analysis, choosy females, COEFFICIENTS, DIFFERENTIAL-ALLOCATION HYPOTHESIS, ECTOTHERMS, female mate choice male parental care swallow hiru, GAIN DIRECT BENEFITS, MALE PARENTAL CARE, mate guarding, NEZARA-VIRIDULA HEMIPTERA, paternal care, PINE ENGRAVER BEETLES, secondary sexual character, secondary sexual characters, SWALLOW HIRUNDO-RUSTICA},
	pages = {401--415}
}

@article{farji-brenerEnvironmentalRugosityBody2004,
	title = {Environmental rugosity, body size and access to food: a test of the size-grain hypothesis in tropical litter ants},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://000187962200018},
	abstract = {In terrestrial walking organisms, long legs help to decrease the cost of running, allowing animals to step over environmental interstices rather than walking through them. However, long legs can complicate the infiltration of these interstices, which may contain food sources and refugia. Since the number of environmental interstices perceived by an organism (rugosity) increases as it body size decreases (size-grain hypothesis, SGH), natural selection should favor proportionally smaller legs with decreasing body size. Recent work demonstrated that ants fit this hypothesis. We experimentally tested the assumption of the SGH that small ants, which have proportionally smaller legs than larger ants, are more successful in exploring environmental interstices because they can easily penetrate them. We examined the ability of tropical litter ant species with different body sizes to access food baits in 'landscapes' (=plots) with different levels of rugosity and food exposure. In the first experiment, three levels of landscape rugosity were defined by manipulating the density of leaf litter placed on the ground plots: a) plain landscape: no litter fall, b) intermediate rugosity (similar to0.5 kg of litter fall) and c) high rugosity (similar to1 kg). In a second experiment, food baits were in plain landscapes, exposed or covered by leaf litter. The body lengths of ants that first accessed food baits ranged from 1.5 to 12 mm. Ants that first reached food baits in the most rugose landscapes were similar to40\% smaller than ants that first found baits in plain landscapes. Smaller ants were also the first to access covered food. The application of a phylogenetic comparative method suggested the same patterns. We conclude that these results support the size grain hypothesis. Environmental rugosity might have operated as a selective force to shape the morphological characteristics of litter ant species.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Farji-Brener, A. G. and Barrantes, G. and Ruggiero, A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, polymorphism, PATCH SIZE, pattern, movement, scale, FOREST, PHYLOGENIES, FORMICIDAE, WORKER SIZE},
	pages = {165--171}
}

@article{pulidoPhenotypicChangesSpring2007,
	title = {Phenotypic changes in spring arrival: evolution, phenotypic plasticity, effects of weather and condition},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0936-577X},
	url = {://WOS:000252630400002},
	doi = {10.3354/cr00711},
	abstract = {Global climate change is having a major impact on the viability of species. Whether a particular population will survive or go extinct will depend on its potential to adapt to new environmental conditions. In migratory birds, the timing of spring migration is one of the major determinants of the timing of reproduction, and, as spring temperatures increase, we expect birds to return earlier to their breeding grounds. In accord with this expectation, the timing of spring arrival has advanced in many bird populations within the last 30 yr. Yet, despite the presence of genetic variation in the timing of migration and fitness advantages in birds arriving early, we still lack conclusive evidence for evolutionary change. One reason for this may be that weather conditions en route, particularly the direction and speed of winds, have an important influence on individual migration speed. Moreover, there is strong evidence that physical condition may modify the timing of departure from the wintering grounds, migration speed and ultimately the timing of arrival and breeding. We also expect nestling condition and maternal effects to influence spring migration timing. Long-term population studies monitoring individual arrival in combination with experimental approaches will be needed to tease apart genetic and different environmental effects on the traits determining migration timing. This knowledge will be crucial for predicting adaptive responses of the timing of spring arrival in the future.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Climate Research},
	author = {Pulido, F.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, variation, phenotypic plasticity, adaptation, bird migration, climate change, CLIMATE-CHANGE, genetic, global, long-distance migrant, male pied flycatchers, MIGRATORY BIRD, north-atlantic oscillation, physical condition, storks ciconia-ciconia, term satellite tracking, warbler sylvia-borin, WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS, wild bird population},
	pages = {5--23}
}

@article{claridgeGeographicalVariationAcoustic1993,
	title = {Geographical variation in acoustic signals of the planthopper, {Nilaparvata} bakeri ({Muir}), in {Asia}: species recognition and sexual selection.},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Claridge, M.F. and Morgan, J.C.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, variation, signals, species recognition, geographical variation},
	pages = {267--281}
}

@article{huntHighqualityMaleField2004,
	title = {High-quality male field crickets invest heavily in sexual display but die young},
	volume = {432},
	url = {ISI:000225887000041},
	abstract = {Only high-quality males can bear the costs of an extreme sexual display(1-4). As a consequence, such males are not only more attractive, but they often live longer than average(5). Recent theory predicts, however, that high-quality males should sometimes invest so heavily in sexual displays that they die sooner than lower quality males(2,6-9). We manipulated the phenotypic quality of field crickets, Teleogryllus commodus, by altering the protein content of their diet. Here we show that nymphs and adult females reared on a high-protein diet lived longer than those on a low-protein diet. In contrast, adult males reared on a high-protein diet died sooner than those on low-protein diets because they invested more energy in calling during early adulthood. Our findings uphold the theoretical prediction that the relationship between longevity and sexual advertisement may be dynamic(2,3,6-8) (that is, either positive or negative), depending on local conditions(3,6) such as resource availability. Moreover, they caution the use of longevity as a proxy for fitness in sexual selection studies, and suggest avenues for future research on the relationship between sexual attractiveness and ageing},
	number = {7020},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Brooks, R. and Jennions, M. D. and Smith, M. J. and Bentsen, C. L. and Bussiere, L. F.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Attractiveness, AUSTRALIA, female, FEMALES, good genes, MALES, quality, selection, TRAITS, fitness, longevity, cricket, field, theory, phenotypic plasticity, ageing, display, displays, cost, costs, ADULT MALE, trade-offs, LEK PARADOX, FIELD CRICKET, handicap, diet, LIFE-SPAN, OLD-AGE, phenotypic quality, RESTRICTION, sexual displays, TELEOGRYLLUS-COMMODUS},
	pages = {1024--1027}
}

@article{goudetCorrelationInbreedingFitness2002,
	title = {The correlation between inbreeding and fitness: does allele size matter?},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:000175024300002},
	abstract = {The availability of highly polymorphic genetic markers, in particular microsatellites, has made it possible to test the effect of inbreeding on fitness in the field and in the absence of pedigree information. It has been suggested that the squared difference in allele size at a locus (d(2)) might be a better indicator of the level of inbreeding than is heterozygosity. Using an elegant new analytical model, Tsitrone et al. now put this idea to the test, and to rest},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Goudet, J. and Keller, L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, fitness, model, size, field, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, allele, heterozygosity, microsatellite, inbreeding, genetics, microsatellites, mutation, indicator, MARKERS, locus, pedigree, INFORMATION, GENETIC-MARKERS},
	pages = {201--202}
}

@article{schaferSequentialMateEncounters2005,
	title = {Sequential mate encounters: female but not male body size influences female remating behavior},
	volume = {16},
	url = {ISI:000227126700020},
	abstract = {Whether and how individuals choose sequentially among mates is an important but largely neglected aspect in sexual selection studies. Here, we explore female remating behavior in the cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides. We focus on body size as one of the most important traits involved in mate choice. Large and small females (n = 216) were double mated with large or small males in all eight possible combinations. All females copulated when virgin, but only 82\% accepted a second male. The chance of a female remating was not significantly predicted by the body size of the second or first male or by the size difference between the two. In contrast, a previous study demonstrated a male size effect in that larger males monopolized females until egg laying when two males of different sizes were present. We suggest that sequential encounters are more common under natural conditions than male monopolization of females because estimates of concurrent multiple paternity together with observations in a natural population do not favor mate guarding as the predominant mating strategy in this species. It follows from our study that the intensity of sexual selection on male size may be greatly overestimated when using a competitive laboratory setting for a species in which females generally encounter mates in a sequential fashion. Female remating probability was significantly predicted by female size, with large females remating with higher probability than small females. Thus, when mating with large females, males may gain higher fertilization success through increased female fecundity but also face a higher sperm competition risk},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Schafer, M. A. and Uhl, G.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, egg, competition, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, FERTILIZATION, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, fecundity, MALE SIZE, mating, SUCCESS, MATES, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, condition, STRATEGIES, NATURAL-POPULATION, COMMON, risk, guarding, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, WATER STRIDERS, natural population, PROBABILITY, paternity, multiple paternity, female remating, intensity, MATING-BEHAVIOR, mate guarding, Araneae,body size,fecundity,mate choice,mate rejection,sexual selection, CELLAR SPIDER, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, PHOLCUS PHALANGIOIDES, PIED FLYCATCHERS, SEARCH THEORY, spider},
	pages = {461--466}
}

@article{ronceNatalDispersalSenescence1998,
	title = {Natal dispersal and senescence.},
	volume = {95},
	abstract = {The potential existence of natal dispersal strategies depending on parental age has been suggested by Hamilton and May [Hamilton, W. D. \& May, R. M. (1977) Nature 269, 578-581] for organisms whose survival rates decline with age. When competition between parent and offspring is strong, any individual should disperse a smaller fraction of its offspring when it ages. Here, we verify their verbal prediction. First, we determine the evolutionarily stable dispersal strategy conditional on parental age, associated with a particular senescence curve. We show that such a conditional dispersal strategy should evolve independently from the genotype controlling the offspring dispersal behavior. Second, studying a population of common lizards, we provide empirical evidence of a relation between dispersal of female offspring and maternal senescence, in agreement with our theoretical predictions.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Ronce, O and Clobert, J and Massot, M},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Male, Genetics, Population, Humans, Models, Biological, Aging, Models, Theoretical},
	pages = {600--5}
}

@article{amoRefugeUseConflict2007,
	title = {Refuge use: {A} conflict between avoiding predation and losing mass in lizards},
	volume = {90},
	abstract = {Prey often respond to predation risk by increasing refuge use, but this strategy may entail a loss of body condition. Factors responsible for this loss of body condition remain unclear. Also how prey deal with refuge use to cope with predation risk without incurring costs of body condition, and how initial body condition affects refuge use remain barely known. We analyzed in the field whether adult Iberolacerta cyreni lizards modify their escape strategies and refuge use in areas with different levels of habitat deterioration and ecotourism pressure, which represent different levels of predation risk, and the consequences of changes in antipredator behavior to body condition. Lizards inhabiting deteriorated areas, where risk is higher, remained closer to refuges, but decreased time spent hidden in refuges after attacks, probably to maintain similar body condition than lizards inhabiting natural areas. We performed two laboratory experiments to isolate potential costs of refuge use that might affect the body condition of male lizards: a) a decrease of the efficiency of digestion due to low temperatures inside refuges and/or b) a reduction in food intake. Results suggest that refuge use is costly in terms of body condition due to reduced food intake, but the loss of efficiency of digestion seems unimportant. Lizards modified refuge use in relation to their body condition, with lizards with worse condition decreasing time hidden after predatory attacks. We concluded that lizards compensated for increased predation risk with flexible antipredatory strategies, coping with risk without incurring costs for body condition.},
	journal = {Physiology Behavior},
	author = {Amo, Luisa and López, Pilar and Martín, José},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {parasites, immunocompetence, antipredatory behavior, health state, refuge use},
	pages = {334--343}
}

@article{hubbellUnifiedTheoryBiogeography1997,
	title = {A unified theory of biogeography and relative species abundance and its application to tropical rain forests and coral reefs},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Coral Reefs},
	author = {Hubbell, S. P.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {theory, biogeography, coral reefs, equilibrium theory of island biogeography, tropical rain forests},
	pages = {S9--S21}
}

@article{wilsonGeographicVariationThermal2001,
	title = {Geographic variation in thermal sensitivity of jumping performance in the frog {Limnodynastes} peronii.},
	volume = {204},
	abstract = {I compared the thermal sensitivity of jumping performance of five populations of the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) over a wide geographic range extending from the cool-temperate south to the tropical north of Australia. Maximum jumping performance of adult L. peronii was assessed for each population at eight temperatures between 5 degrees C and 32 degrees C using a custom-designed force platform. From force recordings for each individual jump, maximum jumping force (F(max)) and acceleration (A(max)) and maximum power output (P(max)), take-off velocity (U(max)), jump distance (D(J)) and contact time on the platform (T(C)) were calculated. The body mass of adult L. peronii varied over their geographic range, from approximately 5 g for the lowland tropical population to more than 22 g for the cool-temperate populations. The thermal sensitivity of jumping performance varied over their geographic range, with the populations from the cooler climates generally performing better than those from the warmer climate populations at the cooler temperatures, and vice versa at the higher temperatures. However, not all parameters of jumping performance underwent parallel changes in thermal sensitivity amongst the populations of L. peronii. Only minor differences in the shape of the thermal sensitivity curves for F(max) and A(max) were detected amongst the populations, while the thermal sensitivities of U(max), D(J) and P(max) all displayed considerable variation amongst the populations. The optimal temperatures for U(max), D(J) and P(max) were generally lower in the cool-temperate populations than in the tropical populations of L. peronii. To determine whether this geographic variation was due to genetic variation, or merely reflected phenotypic plasticity, I also compared the thermal sensitivity of jumping performance between metamorph L. peronii from two different populations raised under identical conditions in the laboratory. The maximum jumping distance of the metamorph L. peronii was assessed at seven temperatures between 8 degress C and 35 degrees C for the two latitudinally extreme populations (i.e. lowland tropical Proserpine and cool-temperate Gippsland populations). Like adult L. peronii, the metamorphs from the cool-temperate population jumped further than those from the lowland tropical population at the lower temperatures, although no differences were detected at the higher temperatures. Thus, geographic variation in thermal sensitivity of jumping performance in L. peronii probably has a genetic component, and the different populations appear to have undergone genetic adaptation of their thermal sensitivity to the varied thermal environments.},
	journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
	author = {Wilson, R S},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {AUSTRALIA, ANIMALS, Male, Body Weight, Energy Metabolism, temperature, Anura, Anura: genetics, Anura: physiology, Biomechanics, climate, Hot Temperature, Motor Activity},
	pages = {4227--36}
}

@article{mollerFemalePreferenceApparently1993,
	title = {Female preference for apparently symmetrical male sexual ornaments in the barn swallow  {Hirundo} rustica},
	volume = {1993},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Hirundo rustica, male sexual ornaments, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, female preference, preference, signalling, swallow, choosy females, tail feathers},
	pages = {371--376}
}

@article{chamaille-jammesResourceVariabilityAggregation2008,
	title = {Resource variability, aggregation and direct density dependence in an open context: the local regulation of an {African} elephant population},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000251810600017},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01307.x},
	abstract = {1. An emerging perspective in the study of density dependence is the importance of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of resources. Although this is well understood in temperate ungulates, few studies have been conducted in tropical environments where both food and water are limiting resources. 2. We studied the regulation of one of the world's largest elephant populations in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. The study period started in 1986 when the population was released from culling. Using census data we investigated changes in elephant abundance with respect to rainfall and density across the entire park and across waterholes. 3. The population more than doubled since culling stopped. The population increased continuously during the first 6 years, and then fluctuated widely at about 30 000 individuals. Immigration processes must have been involved in the increase of the population size. 4. Population growth rates were negatively related to previous population density by a convex relationship, and negatively related to the ratio of previous population density on annual rainfall by a linear relationship. However, only this latter model (i.e. assuming a fluctuating carrying capacity related to annual rainfall) produced realistic dynamics. Overall, population decreased during dry years when the elephant density was high. 5. During dry years there were fewer waterholes retaining water during the dry season and consequently elephant numbers at waterholes increased, while their aggregation level across waterholes decreased. On the long-run elephant numbers increased only at the less crowded waterholes. 6. We suggest that the interaction between population size and the available foraging range determined by the number of active waterholes during the dry season controls the park population. 7. Our results emphasize the need to understand how key-resource areas cause resource-based aggregation, which ultimately influences the strength of density dependence. More specifically, this study suggests that climate variability strongly affects local elephant population dynamics through changes in surface-water availability. Finally, as dispersal is likely to be an important driver of the dynamics of this population, our results support views that a metapopulation framework should be endorsed for elephant management in open contexts.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Chamaille-Jammes, S. and Fritz, H. and Valeix, M. and Murindagomo, F. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {135--144}
}

@article{taiDoesLowFecundity2002,
	title = {Does low fecundity reflect kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance in the mandarin vole ({Microtus} mandarinus)?},
	volume = {80},
	url = {ISI:000181060000013},
	abstract = {The effects of kin recognition on estrus and breeding in mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus) were investigated in the laboratory using a cross-fostering method. Nonsiblings reared apart produced significantly more litters than siblings or nonsiblings reared together. These results may support the hypothesis that familiarity through association before weaning plays an important role in kin recognition. On the other hand, nonsiblings reared apart produced significantly more litters than siblings reared apart. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in number of litters between siblings reared apart and siblings reared together. These observations show that phenotype-matching mechanisms of kin recognition may operate in conjunction with familiarity in kin recognition in this species. Through observing the vaginal cytology of female mandarin voles paired with different males in different rearing conditions, it was found that females paired with familiar males (through association before weaning) produced significantly fewer estrous smears than females paired with unfamiliar males (reared by different parents before weaning), regardless of genetic relatedness. Thus, using vaginal cytology as an indicator of estrus, it was found that familiarity through association before weaning may retard the first estrus of female mandarin voles},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Tai, F. D. and Sun, R. Y. and Wang, T. Z.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {association, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, mate choice, fecundity, reproduction, relatedness, condition, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, X, AVOIDANCE, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, RECOGNITION, Canada, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, indicator, MICE, cross-fostering, siblings, cooperative breeding, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, voles, China, OCHROGASTER, PEROMYSCUS},
	pages = {2150--2155}
}

@article{kokkoTreatEmMean3,
	title = {Treat em {Mean}, {Keep} em (sometimes) {Keen}: {Evolution} of {Female} {Preferences} for {Dominant} and {Coercive} {Males}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10682-004-7919-1},
	abstract = {How should females choose their mates if choice is not completely free, but at least partly dictated by outcomes of male-male competition, or sexual coercion? This question is of central importance when evaluating the relationship between sexually antagonistic 'chase-away' scenarios and models of more traditional female choice. Currently, there is a mismatch between theories: indirect benefits are seen to play a role in conventional mate choice, whereas they are not predicted to have an influence on the outcome if matings impose direct costs on females. This is at odds with the idea that resistance and preference are two sides of the same coin: either leads to a subset of males enjoying enhanced mating success. In the same way as choosy females benefit from mating with sexy males if this yields sexy sons, females could benefit from being manipulated or 'seduced', if the manipulative or seductive ability of males is heritable. Here I build a model where male dominance (or coerciveness) improves his mating success, and this relationship can be modified by female behaviour. This clarifies the definitions of resistance and preference: resisting females diminish the benefit a male gains from being dominant, while preferences enhance this pre-existing benefit enjoyed by dominant males. In keeping with earlier theory, females may evolve to resist costly mating attempts as a counterstrategy to male traits, particularly if male dominance is environmentally rather than genetically determined. Contrary to earlier results, however, indirect benefits are also predicted to influence female mating behaviour, and if sufficiently strong, they may produce female preferences for males that harm them.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Kokko, Hanna},
	keywords = {evolution, female, MALES, PREFERENCES, female preference, preference},
	pages = {123--135}
}

@article{zehEvolutionPolyandryII1997,
	title = {The evolution of polyandry {II}: {Post}-copulatory defences against genetic incompatibility},
	volume = {264},
	url = {ISI:A1997WF62400010},
	abstract = {Fundamental to the recently-proposed hypothesis chat females mate with more than one male as a hedge against genetic incompatibility is the premise that mechanisms are available to polyandrous females which enable them to safeguard their reproductive investment against the threat of incompatibility between maternal and paternal genomes. Accumulation of sperm from several males shifts the arena for sexual selection from the external environment to the female reproductive tract where, we suggest, interactions at the molecular and cellular levels provide females with direct mechanisms for assessing genetic compatibility. We present examples from the literature to illustrate how sperm competition and Female choice of sperm can enable polyandrous females to minimize the risk of fertilization by genetically-incompatible sperm. Polyandry and multiple paternity also create the opportunity to reduce the cost of genetic incompatibility by reallocation of maternal resources from defective to viable offspring. This is likely to be a critically important post-copulatory mechanism for viviparous females whose intimate immunological relationship with developing embryos makes them particularly vulnerable to genetic incompatibility arising from intragenomic conflict and other processes acting at the suborganismal level},
	number = {1378},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Zeh, J. A. and Zeh, D. W.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, resources, polyandry, cost, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, PRIMATES, genetics, philopatry, conflict, risk, ENVIRONMENT, meiotic drive, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, paternity, multiple paternity, intragenomic conflict, polyandrous females, WILD POPULATIONS, mouse, INCOMPATIBILITY, BEROE-OVATA, defence, FEMALES MATE, FLOUR BEETLES, INVITRO FERTILIZATION, reproductive investment, SPERM PRECEDENCE, T-HAPLOTYPES},
	pages = {69--75}
}

@article{lailvauxDifferentialAgingBite2011,
	title = {Differential aging of bite and jump performance in virgin and mated {Teleogryllus} commodus crickets},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000296702800010},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01358.x},
	abstract = {Evolutionary theories of aging state that the force of natural selection declines with age, resulting in trait senescence. However, sexual selection theory predicts that costly traits that signal mate value should increase in expression as survival prospects decline. Mortality rates and fertility tend to show strong signatures of senescence, whereas sexual signaling traits increase with age, but how the expression of traits such as whole-organism performance measures that are subject to both sexual and nonsexual selection should change with age is unclear. We examined the effects of both a key life-history event (mating) and diet quality (male and female optimal diets) on aging in two whole-organism performance traits (bite force and jump take-off velocity) in male and female Teleogryllus commodus crickets. We found no evidence for diet effects on any of the measured traits. Aging effects were more evident in females than in males for both jumping and biting, and constitute a mix of senescence and terminal investment patterns depending on sex/mating class. Sex and mating therefore have important implications for resource allocation to performance traits, and hence for aging of those traits, and interactions between these two factors can result in complex changes in trait expression over individual lifetimes.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Zajitschek, F. and Dessman, J. and Brooks, R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {3138--3147}
}

@article{hoekstraStrengthTempoDirectional2002,
	title = {Strength and tempo of directional selection in the wild},
	volume = {98},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Hoekstra, H. E. and Hoekstra, J. M. and Berrigan, D. and Vignieri, S. N. and Hoang, A. and Hill, C. E. and Beerli, P. and Kingsolver, J. G.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {selection},
	pages = {9157--9160}
}

@article{mcdonaldCooperativeDisplayRelatedness1994,
	title = {Cooperative display and relatedness among males in a lek-mating bird},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {McDonald, D. B. and Potts, W. K.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {female choice, display, bird, lek, cooperative behaviour, cooperative display, lek behaviour, long tailed manakin},
	pages = {1030--1032}
}

@article{hallSEXUALCONFLICTMAINTENANCE2009,
	title = {{SEXUAL} {CONFLICT} {AND} {THE} {MAINTENANCE} {OF} {MULTIVARIATE} {GENETIC} {VARIATION}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000278343200014},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00932.x},
	abstract = {Mate choice should erode additive genetic variation in sexual displays, yet these traits often harbor substantial genetic variation. Nevertheless, recent developments in quantitative genetics have suggested that multivariate genetic variation in the combinations of traits under selection may still be depleted. Accordingly, the erosion and maintenance of variation may only be detectable by studying whole suites of traits. One potential process favoring the maintenance of genetic variance in multiple trait combinations is the modification of sexual selection via sexually antagonistic interactions between males and females. Here we consider how interlocus sexual conflict can shape the genetic architecture of male sexual traits in the cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. In this species, the ability of each sex to manipulate insemination success significantly alters the selection acting on male courtship call properties. Using a quantitative genetic breeding design we estimated the additive genetic variation in these traits and then predicted the change in variation due to previously documented patterns of sexual selection. Our results indicate that female choice should indeed deplete multivariate genetic variance, but that sexual conflict over insemination success may oppose this loss of variance. We suggest that changes in the direction of selection due to sexually antagonistic interactions will be an important and potentially widespread factor in maintaining multivariate genetic variation.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hall, M. D. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Blows, M. W. and Brooks, R. C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1697--1703}
}

@article{mcraeCanIncestCooperative1999,
	title = {Can incest within cooperative breeding groups be detected using {DNA} fingerprinting?},
	volume = {47},
	url = {ISI:000084281900013},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {McRae, S. B. and Amos, W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, reproduction, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding avoidance, FAMILY, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, monogamy, paternity, DNA, cooperative breeding, incest, DNA fingerprinting, GENETIC-ANALYSIS, SKEW, WOODPECKER, WRENS},
	pages = {104--107}
}

@article{janetosStrategiesFemaleMate1980,
	title = {Strategies of female mate choice: a theoretical analysis},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Janetos, A. C.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, mate choice, female mate choice, call},
	pages = {107--112}
}

@article{houdeSexualSelecitonGuppies1988,
	title = {Sexual seleciton in guppies called into question},
	volume = {333},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, mate choice, call},
	pages = {711}
}

@article{chaoHeatedSpermatozoaEffects2012,
	title = {Heated spermatozoa: effects on embryonic development and epigenetics},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0268-1161},
	url = {://WOS:000302023900010},
	doi = {10.1093/humrep/des005},
	abstract = {Sperm chromatin is highly condensed and relatively resistant to chemical and physical treatments. The purpose of this study was to explore the highest temperature that sperm can tolerate and still produce live offspring. Mouse sperm were heated in a water bath at 50, 65, 80 or 95C for 30 min before they were microinjected into mouse oocytes. Fertilization, embryo development and 1-cell embryo karyotypes were evaluated. Epigenetic reprogramming including DNA methylation and histone H3K4-trimethylation were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining. The ability of mouse sperm to activate the egg after ICSI was heat sensitive; only 20 of eggs were activated by sperm that had been heated to 50C and none was activated by sperm heated to 80C. However, if eggs were activated artificially, mouse sperm subjected to 80C for 30 min were able to produce live offspring, while 95C treatment disabled sperm decondensation after ICSI. Once the heat-treated sperm nucleus had developed into a pronucleus, sperm chromatin was able to undergo normal active DNA demethylation and histone methylation. Aberrant chromosome rates increased from 16.3 to 100 when the temperature was raised from 50 to 95C. Heat treatment destroys integrity of sperm chromatin in a temperature-dependent manner. Eighty degree Celsius was the highest temperature that mouse sperm could withstand and still produce live offspring.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Human Reproduction},
	author = {Chao, S. B. and Guo, L. and Ou, X. H. and Luo, S. M. and Wang, Z. B. and Schatten, H. and Gao, G. L. and Sun, Q. Y.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {sperm, FERTILIZATION, DNA methylation, in-vitro, mouse, spermatozoa, ca2+ oscillations, Development, epigenetic reprogramming, freeze-dried spermatozoa, ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, mammalian, oocyte activation, paternal genome, round spermatids},
	pages = {1016--1024}
}

@article{lepetzBiodiversityMonitoringProposals2009,
	title = {Biodiversity monitoring: some proposals to adequately study species' responses to climate change},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {0960-3115},
	url = {://WOS:000270868700010},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-009-9636-0},
	abstract = {Climate change affects all levels of biology and is a major threat for biodiversity. Hence, it is fundamental to run biodiversity monitoring programs to understand the effects of climate change on the biota and to be able to adjust management and conservation accordingly. So far, however, very few existing monitoring programs allow for the detection of climate change effects, as shown by a survey undertaken by the European project EuMon. Despite this shortcoming, several methods exist which allow to make inferences from existing data by integrating data across different monitoring programs: correlative analyses, meta-analyses and models. In addition, experiments are thought to be useful tools to understand the effects of climate change on plants and animals. Here, we evaluate the utility of these four main approaches. All these methods allow to evaluate long term effects of climate change and make predictions of species' future development, but they are arguable. We list and compare their benefits and inconveniences, which can lead to uncertainties in the extrapolation of species responses to global climate change. Individual characteristics and population parameters have to be more frequently monitored. The potential evolution of a species should be also modelled, to extrapolate results across spatial and temporal scales as well as to analyse the combined effects of different climatic and biotic factors, including intra but also interspecific relationships. We conclude that a combination of methodologies would be the most promising tool for the assessment of biological responses to climate change, and we provide some thoughts about how to do so. Particularly, we encourage long-term studies along natural gradients (altitudinal or latitudinal) on the same species/habitats to be able to extrapolate to large geographic scales, and to have more complete data sets, necessary to understand the mechanisms of responses. Such data may provide a more accurate base for simulations across spatial and temporal scales, especially if they are publicly available in a common database. These recommendations could allow the adaptation of species management and the development of conservation tools to climate change which threatens species.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Lepetz, V. and Massot, M. and Schmeller, D. S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3185--3203}
}

@article{gravesSexChromosomeEvolution1997,
	title = {Sex chromosome evolution and {Haldane}'s rule},
	volume = {88},
	journal = {Journal of Heredity},
	author = {Graves, J. A. M. and O'Neill, R. W. J.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, Y, X, Haldanes' rule, Sex chromosomes},
	pages = {358--360}
}

@article{aarsPopulationDynamicGenetic2000,
	title = {Population dynamic and genetic consequences of spatial density-dependent dispersal in patchy populations},
	volume = {155},
	url = {ISI:000086061700008},
	abstract = {Predictions about sex-specific, spatial density-dependent dispersal and their demographic and genetic consequences were rested in experimental populations of root voles (Microtus oeconomus). Each population consisted of two demes inhabiting equal-sized habitat patches imbedded in a barren matrix area. We used a neutral two-allele allozyme marker to monitor gene flow. Initially, the two demes were genetically distinct and had different densities so that the size of a high-density deme (genotype bb) was four rimes larger than that of a low-density deme (genotype aa). The sex-specific dispersal pattern was in accordance with our prediction. Male dispersal was unconditional on deme-specific densities, and the majority of the first-generation males became dispersed from both demes, whereas female dispersal was strongly density dependent, so that dispersal took place exclusively from the high-density to the low-density deme. The demographic implication of this dispersal pattern was that the initial density difference between the demes was quickly canceled out. We built a mathematical model that predicted that the initially rare allele (a) would increase in frequency given the dispersal pattern, and this was supported by our experimental data. This result relies mostly on the density-independent male-dispersal strategy, which presumably stems from inbreeding avoidance. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating sex-specific dispersal strategies in population genetic models. Sex-biased dispersal may act as a deterministic force counteracting the tendency for stochastic loss of alleles in small and fragmented populations},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Aars, J. and Ims, R. A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, female, i, MALES, population, model, MODELS, size, CONSEQUENCES, Y, allele, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, SMALL MAMMALS, social, X, DYNAMICS, HABITAT, metapopulation, CONSERVATION, HABITAT FRAGMENTATION, AVOIDANCE, genetics, alleles, FLOW, gene flow, sex-biased dispersal, demography, voles, CALIFORNIA VOLES, CLETHRIONOMYS-RUFOCANUS, conditional dispersal, dispersal strategy, FEMALE RELATEDNESS, fragmented habitats, operational sex ratio, ROOT VOLES, SPACE USE, spatial density dependence, VOLE MICROTUS-OECONOMUS},
	pages = {252--265}
}

@article{monaghanWhyDonBirds1997,
	title = {Why don't birds lay more eggs?},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Monaghan, P. and Nager, R. G.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {egg, call, bird, birds, breeding success,clutch size,egg production,incubation,Lack's hypothesis},
	pages = {270--274}
}

@article{soltisFemaleMatingStrategy1999,
	title = {Female mating strategy in an enclosed group of {Japanese} macaques},
	volume = {47},
	url = {ISI:000079336700001},
	abstract = {Female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) are noted for mating with multiple males and for their ability to exert mate choice. In a captive group of Japanese macaques housed at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Japan, behavioral and endocrine data were combined to examine female mating strategies. During one breeding season, daily behavioral observations were conducted on females who exhibited copulatory behavior. Blood was collected from females twice weekly and their ovulatory periods estimated by analyzing hormone profiles. Females began mating shortly before ovulation, peaked at ovulation, and continued receiving ejaculations for up to ten weeks after conception. Females were more responsible than males for inbreeding avoidance with matrilineal kin. Males sometimes approached females from their own matriline, but females avoided such males and expressed mate choice behavior preferentially toward non-matrilineal males, Over the entire mating season, females did not choose non-matrilineal males on the basis of displays, dominance rank, age, weight, or weight change during the mating season. When females were likely to conceive, however, they expressed mate choice behavior toward males who displayed most frequently. Female mating strategy may include both mate choice at ovulation and other, non-procreative functions. Am. J. Primatol. 47:263-278, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
	author = {Soltis, J. and Mitsunaga, F. and Shimizu, K. and Yanagihara, Y. and Nozaki, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, ABILITY, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, sex, female mate choice, mating, preference, Y, age, display, displays, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, PRIMATES, social, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, patterns, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, dominance, MONKEYS, RHESUS MACAQUES, WEIGHT, COPULATORY-BEHAVIOR, MACAQUES, SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR, dominance rank, INHIBIN LEVELS, Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, MACACA-FUSCATA},
	pages = {263--278}
}

@article{blouin-demersGeneticEvidenceSexual2005,
	title = {Genetic evidence for sexual selection in black ratsnakes, {Elaphe} obsoleta},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:000226392100025},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.03.012},
	abstract = {We investigated benefits of polyandry and phenotypic correlates of male mating success in black ratsnakes. We used 10 microsatellite loci to identify the sires of 375 hatchlings from 34 clutches with known mothers. Multiple paternity occurred in 88\% of clutches, despite the fact that ratsnakes mate when dispersed. The incidence of multiple paternity did not vary with female size or with clutch size. Hatching success tended to be higher in multiply sired clutches, but offspring from these clutches were not longer or heavier. We identified 34 males as the sires of 144 hatchlings. Most instances where sires could not be identified resulted from exclusion of all 426 potential sires that we screened. Unidentified sires were probably males that hibernated outside our study area and thus were not included in the intensive sampling at hibernacula in the study area. Among males that sired offspring, body size but not tail length contributed to success, consistent with male-biased sexual size dimorphism and made-male combat shown by this species. Large males were more successful primarily by siring more offspring per clutch rather than by siring offspring in more clutches. This may be a result of greater success in sperm competition. Neither body condition nor genetic similarity to the female was related to male mating success. Our results, in conjunction with published data on movement patterns, suggest that snakes of both genders can benefit from actively seeking multiple matings. (C) 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Blouin-Demers, G. and Gibbs, H. L. and Weatherhead, P. J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {mate choice, reproductive success, polyandry, SIZE DIMORPHISM, THAMNOPHIS-SIRTALIS, MALE GARTER SNAKES, MICROSATELLITE DNA ANALYSIS, MULTIPLE INSEMINATION, NERODIA-SIPEDON, NORTHERN WATER SNAKES},
	pages = {225--234}
}

@article{reinholdEvolutionaryGeneticsSexlimited1999,
	title = {Evolutionary genetics of sex-limited traits under fluctuating selection},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Reinhold, K.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {mate choice, selection, genetics, sex-chromosomes, autosomes, population genetics sexual selection, temporal fluctuations},
	pages = {897--902}
}

@article{gienappPredictingDemographicallySustainable//,
	title = {Predicting demographically sustainable rates of adaptation: {Can} great tit breeding time keep pace with climate change?},
	volume = {368},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84871916126&partnerID=40&md5=78fb71e9e3d200ff66a9434a6712912c},
	abstract = {Populations need to adapt to sustained climate change, which requires micro-evolutionary change in the long term. A key question is how the rate of this micro-evolutionary change compares with the rate of environmental change, given that theoretically there is a 'critical rate of environmental change' beyond which increased maladaptation leads to population extinction. Here, we parametrize two closely related models to predict this critical rate using data from a long-term study of great tits (Parus major). We used stochastic dynamic programming to predict changes in optimal breeding time under three different climate scenarios. Using these results we parametrized two theoretical models to predict critical rates. Results from both models agreed qualitatively in that even 'mild' rates of climate change would be close to these critical rates with respect to great tit breeding time, while for scenarios close to the upper limit of IPCC climate projections the calculated critical rates would be clearly exceeded with possible consequences for population persistence. We therefore tentatively conclude that microevolution, together with plasticity, would rescue only the population from mild rates of climate change, although the models make many simplifying assumptions that remain to be tested. © 2012 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1610},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Gienapp, P. and Lof, M. and Reed, T. E. and McNamara, J. and Verhulst, S. and Visser, M. E.},
	keywords = {model, adaptation, GREAT TIT, climate change, Environmental change, Evolutionary rescue}
}

@article{baguetteLandscapeConnectivityAnimal2007,
	title = {Landscape connectivity and animal behavior: functional grain as a key determinant for dispersal},
	volume = {22},
	doi = {10.1007/s10980-007-9108-4},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	author = {Baguette, Michel and VanDyck, Hans},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {á animal personalities á, á landscape, conservation á ecological network, dispersal evolution á behavioral, grain á biological, habitat fragmentation á landscape, syndrome á life-history traits},
	pages = {1117--1129}
}

@article{taylorCorrelationMatingSuccess1987,
	title = {On the correlation between mating success and offspring quality in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {129},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Taylor, E. C. and Pereda, A. D. and Ferrari, J. A.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {Drosophila, offspring, quality, mating, call, mating success, female choice,runaway selection,sexual selection},
	pages = {721--729}
}

@article{winklerAntipredatorDefenceNeighbors1994,
	title = {Anti-predator defence by neighbors as a responsive amplifier of parental defence in tree swallows},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Winkler, D. W.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {swallow, amplifier, defence, antipredator defence, swallows, tree swallows},
	pages = {595--605}
}

@article{howardIndividualVariationMale1998,
	title = {Individual variation in male vocal traits and female mating preferences in  {Bufo} americanus},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Howard, R. D. and Young, J. P.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {variation, mating, mating preferences, preference, repeatability, mating preference, female mating preference, Bufo, Bufo americanus},
	pages = {1165--1179}
}

@article{richardOptimalLevelInbreeding2009,
	title = {Optimal level of inbreeding in the common lizard},
	volume = {276},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000267373700012},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.0319},
	abstract = {Mate choice with regard to genetic similarity has been rarely considered as a dynamic process. We examined this possibility in breeding populations of the common lizard ( Lacerta vivipara) kept for several years in semi-natural conditions. We investigated whether they displayed a pattern of mate choice according to the genetic similarity and whether it was context-dependent. Mate choice depended on genetic similarity with the partner and also on age and condition. There was no systematic avoidance of inbreeding. Females of intermediate ages, more monogamous, did not mate with genetically similar partners, whereas younger and older females, more polyandrous, did but highest clutch proportions were associated with intermediate values of pair-relatedness. These results indicate dynamic mate choice, suggesting that individuals of different phenotypes select their partners in different ways according to their genetic similarity. We consider our results in the light of diverse and apparently contradictory theories concerning genetic compatibility, and particularly, optimal inbreeding and inclusive fitness.},
	number = {1668},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Richard, M. and Losdat, S. and Lecomte, J. and de Fraipont, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2779--2786}
}

@article{hunterWhyFemalesCopulate1993,
	title = {Why do females copulate repeatedly with one male},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://A1993KF10800008},
	abstract = {For most animals, a small number of copulations is sufficient to fertilize all the eggs that a female will lay at any one time. However, in some species a very high frequency of mating occurs, indicating that individuals copulate many more times than are necessary for fertilization. If copulation behaviour carries costs, then the question arises as to how individuals of both sexes benefit from repeated matings with a single partner. For a male, a high frequency of copulation appears to be advantageous in securing or assuring paternity when his sperm is in competition with those of another male. Since copulation is likely to be as costly for females as it is for males, it is necessary to seek adaptive explanations from the female perspective. Attention is now being focused on why females should copulate repeatedly with a single male.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Hunter, F. M. and Petrie, M. and Otronen, M. and Birkhead, T. and Moller, A. P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {evolution, SPERM COMPETITION, parental care, reproductive success, zebra finch, quantitative genetics, BEHAVIOR, monogamy, paternity, PRUNELLA-MODULARIS},
	pages = {21--26}
}

@article{krtzenContrastingEvolutionaryStrategies2003,
	title = {Contrasting evolutionary strategies within a population of bottlenose dolphins ({Tursiops} sp.)},
	volume = {270},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Krtzen, M. and Sherwin, W. B. and Connor, R. C. and Barre, L. M. and van de Casteeele, T. and Mann, J. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {population},
	pages = {497--502}
}

@article{tengEgghatchingBenefitsGained2007,
	title = {Egg-hatching benefits gained by polyandrous female locusts are not due to the fertilization advantage of nonsibling males},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://CCC:000244759100020},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Teng, Z. Q. and Kang, L.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {470--476}
}

@article{olssonSexDifferencesSand2011,
	title = {Sex {Differences} in {Sand} {Lizard} {Telomere} {Inheritance}: {Paternal} {Epigenetic} {Effects} {Increases} {Telomere} {Heritability} and {Offspring} {Survival}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {://WOS:000290015800001},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0017473},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: To date, the only estimate of the heritability of telomere length in wild populations comes from humans. Thus, there is a need for analysis of natural populations with respect to how telomeres evolve. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we show that telomere length is heritable in free-ranging sand lizards, Lacerta agilis. More importantly, heritability estimates analysed within, and contrasted between, the sexes are markedly different; son-sire heritability is much higher relative to daughter-dam heritability. We assess the effect of paternal age on Telomere Length (TL) and show that in this species, paternal age at conception is the best predictor of TL in sons. Neither paternal age per se at blood sampling for telomere screening, nor corresponding age in sons impact TL in sons. Processes maintaining telomere length are also associated with negative fitness effects, most notably by increasing the risk of cancer and show variation across different categories of individuals (e.g. males vs. females). We therefore tested whether TL influences offspring survival in their first year of life. Indeed such effects were present and independent of sex-biased offspring mortality and offspring malformations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: TL show differences in sex-specific heritability with implications for differences between the sexes with respect to ongoing telomere selection. Paternal age influences the length of telomeres in sons and longer telomeres enhance offspring survival.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Pauliny, Angela and Wapstra, Erik and Uller, Tobias and Schwartz, Tonia and Blomqvist, Donald},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011}
}

@article{bredenMalePredationRisk1987,
	title = {Male predation risk determines female preference in the {Trinidad} guppy},
	volume = {329},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Breden, F. and Stoner, G.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, call, female preference, preference, risk, sexual selection,female preference/choice},
	pages = {831--833}
}

@article{evansOntogenyCourtshipColour2002,
	title = {The ontogeny of courtship, colour and sperm production in male guppies},
	volume = {60},
	url = {ISI:000174505100021},
	abstract = {The onset of sexual behaviour in three age classes of male guppy Poecilia reticulata occurred in synchrony with the appearance of body colouration and anal fin differentiation but not with sperm production. There was also a positive correlation between sperm production and sexual behaviour in the two older age classes. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Pitcher, T. E. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, evolution, fish, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, sperm, colour, age, POPULATIONS, colouration, sexual behaviour, differentiation, ontogenies, ontogeny, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,ontogenetic,colouration,sneaky mating, sperm production},
	pages = {495--498}
}

@article{dickinsExtendedEvolutionarySynthesis2012,
	title = {The extended evolutionary synthesis and the role of soft inheritance in evolution},
	volume = {279},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000306105900001},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.0273},
	abstract = {In recent years, a number of researchers have advocated extending the modern synthesis in evolutionary biology. One of the core arguments made in favour of an extension comes from work on soft inheritance systems, including transgenerational epigenetic effects, cultural transmission and niche construction. In this study, we outline this claim and then take issue with it. We argue that the focus on soft inheritance has led to a conflation of proximate and ultimate causation, which has in turn obscured key questions about biological organization and calibration across the life span to maximize average lifetime inclusive fitness. We illustrate this by presenting hypotheses that we believe incorporate the core phenomena of soft inheritance and will aid in understanding them.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1740},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Dickins, T. E. and Rahman, Q.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {BIOLOGY, INHERITANCE, age, epigenetics, ENVIRONMENT, DNA methylation, distinction, epigenetic, extended evolutionary synthesis, maternal-care, mother, nongenetic inheritance, proximate and ultimate causation, soft inheritance, twins},
	pages = {2913--2921}
}

@article{sullivanParasitesSexualSelection1991,
	title = {Parasites and sexual selection: separating causes and effects},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	author = {Sullivan, B. K.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, parasites, female choice,good genes,ornaments,parasites,runaway selection,sexual selection,viability indicators},
	pages = {250--264}
}

@article{fitzeDeterminantsMaleFitness2008,
	title = {Determinants of male fitness: disentangling intra- and inter-sexual selection},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000251765600024},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01447.x},
	abstract = {Both intra- and inter-sexual selection may crucially determine a male's fitness. Their interplay, which has rarely been experimentally investigated, determines a male's optimal reproductive strategy and thus is of fundamental importance to the understanding of a male's behaviour. Here we investigated the relative importance of intra- and inter-sexual selection for male fitness in the common lizard. We investigated which male traits predict a male's access to reproduction allowing for both selective pressures and comparing it with a staged mating experiment excluding all types of intra-sexual selection. We found that qualitatively better males were more likely to reproduce and that sexual selection was two times stronger when allowing for both selective pressures, suggesting that inter- and intra-sexual selection determines male fitness and confirming the existence of multi-factorial sexual selection. Consequently, to optimize fitness, males should trade their investment between the traits, which are important for inter- and intra-sexual selection.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Fitze, P. S. and Cote, J. and Martinez-Rica, J. P. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {246--255}
}

@article{maysChoosingMatesGood2004,
	title = {Choosing mates: good genes versus genes that are a good fit},
	volume = {19},
	url = {ISI:000224474700008},
	abstract = {Female choice for male ornamental traits is widely accepted as a mechanism by which females maximize their reproductive success and/or offspring quality. However, there is an increasing empirical literature that shows a fitness benefit of genetic diversity and a tendency for females to use genetic dissimilarity as a criterion for mate choice. This genetic compatibility hypothesis for female mate choice presents a paradox. How can females use both an absolute criterion, such as male ornamentation, and a relative criterion, such as genetic dissimilarity, to choose their mates? Here, we present potential solutions for this dilemma and the empirical evidence supporting them. The interplay between these two contrasting forms of female mate choice presents an exciting empirical and theoretical challenge for evolutionary ecologists},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Mays, H. L. and Hill, G. E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, ornamentation, sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, genes, good genes, HYPOTHESIS, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, offspring quality, P1, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, selection, TRAITS, female mate choice, fitness, reproductive success, SUCCESS, form, COMPATIBILITY, genetic compatibility, heterozygosity, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, MECHANISM, bird, birds, genetics, choosing, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, LEK PARADOX, paradox, SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY, CRITERION, male ornamentation},
	pages = {554--559}
}

@article{chippendaleNegativeGeneticCorrelation2001,
	title = {Negative genetic correlation for adult fitness between sexes reveals ontogenetic conflict in  {Drosophila}},
	volume = {98},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Chippendale, A. K. and Gibson, J. R. and Rice, W. R.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Drosophila, sex, fitness, conflict, genetic correlation, developmental conflict, intersexual conflict},
	pages = {1671--1675},
	file = {Full Text:files/6939/1671.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6940/1671.html:text/html}
}

@article{olendorfFrequencydependentSurvivalNatural2006,
	title = {Frequency-dependent survival in natural guppy populations},
	volume = {441},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04646},
	abstract = {The maintenance of genetic variation in traits under natural selection is a long-standing paradox in evolutionary biology1, 2, 3. Of the processes capable of maintaining variation, negative frequency-dependent selection (where rare types are favoured by selection) is the most powerful, at least in theory1; however, few experimental studies have confirmed that this process operates in nature. One of the most extreme, unexplained genetic polymorphisms is seen in the colour patterns of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata)4, 5. Here we manipulated the frequencies of males with different colour patterns in three natural populations to estimate survival rates, and found that rare phenotypes had a highly significant survival advantage compared to common phenotypes. Evidence from humans6, 7 and other species8, 9 implicates frequency-dependent survival in the maintenance of molecular, morphological and health-related polymorphisms. As a controlled manipulation in nature, this study provides unequivocal support for frequency-dependent survival-an evolutionary process capable of maintaining extreme polymorphism.},
	number = {7093},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Olendorf, Robert and Rodd, F. Helen and Punzalan, David and Houde, Anne E. and Hurt, Carla and Reznick, David N. and Hughes, Kimberly A.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, population, survival, POPULATIONS},
	pages = {633--636}
}

@article{lenaRelativeInfluenceDensity1998,
	title = {The relative influence of density and kinship on dispersal in the common lizard},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000078631100012},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/9.5.500},
	abstract = {We experimentally investigated the relative role of kinship and density on juvenile dispersal in the common lizard. A few days after birth, juveniles were introduced into seminatural enclosures, where they experienced different social environments: in the first experiment we varied the density of unrelated adults (males or females) within the enclosure (0, 1, or 2 adults), and in the second experiment, we varied the level of kinship and familiarity between juveniles and adults. Each enclosure was connected to a second enclosure by small holes which allowed only juveniles to move between enclosures. Juvenile movements were monitored during 14 days after birth, as juvenile dispersal is mainly completed within 10 days after birth under natural conditions. Most juveniles did not return to the first enclosure. Sex had no effect on juvenile dispersal. Adult density and kinship with adults both affected dispersal. Adult female density increased juvenile dispersal whatever the level of kinship and familiarity with the females. Dispersers had better body condition than nondispersers at high female density, and this difference was significantly greater when the mother and the familiar female were present in the enclosure. Furthermore, body condition of mothers and familiar females was positively correlated with juvenile dispersal, whereas there was no such correlation in the case of unfamiliar and unrelated females. These results strongly suggest that adult female density is a major factor promoting dispersal in this species and that both intraspecific and kin competition motivate dispersal.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Lena, J. P. and Clobert, J. and de Fraipont, M. and Lecomte, J. and Guyot, G.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {500--507}
}

@article{kingsolverQuantitativeGeneticsContinuous2004,
	title = {Quantitative genetics of continuous reaction norms: thermal sensitivity of caterpillar growth rates.},
	volume = {58},
	abstract = {A continuous reaction norm or performance curve represents a phenotypic trait of an individual or genotype in which the trait value may vary with some continuous environmental variable. We explore patterns of genetic variation in thermal performance curves of short-term caterpillar growth rate in a population of Pieris rapae. We compare multivariate methods, which treat performance at each test temperature as a distinct trait, with function-valued methods that treat a performance curve as a continuous function. Mean growth rate increased with increasing temperatures from 8 to 35 degrees C, was highest at 35 degrees C, and declined at 40 degrees C. There was substantial and significant variation among full-sib families in their thermal performance curves. Estimates of broad-sense genetic variances and covariances showed that genetic variance in growth rate increased more than 30-fold from low (8-11 degrees C) to high (35-40 degrees C) temperatures, even after differences in mean growth rate across temperatures were removed. Growth rate at 35 and 40 degrees C was negatively correlated genetically, suggesting a genetic trade-off in growth rate at these temperatures; this trade-off may represent either a generalist-specialist trade-off and/or variation in the optimal temperature for growth. The estimated genetic variance-covariance function (G function), the function-valued analog of the variance-covariance matrix (G matrix), was quite bumpy compared with the estimated G matrix; and results of principal component analyses of the G function were difficult to interpret. The use of orthogonal polynomials as the basis functions in current function-valued estimation methods may generate artifacts when the true G function has prominent local features, such as strong negative covariances at nearby temperatures (e.g. at 35 and 40 degrees C); this may be a particular issue for thermal performance curves and other highly nonlinear reaction norms.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {Kingsolver, Joel G and Ragland, Gregory J and Shlichta, J Gwen},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {butterflies, ANIMALS, Analysis of Variance, Models, Biological, genetic variation, temperature, Butterflies: genetics, Butterflies: growth \& development, Multivariate Analysis, Principal Component Analysis},
	pages = {1521--9}
}

@article{gvozdikEvolutionThermalPerformance2008,
	title = {The evolution of thermal performance curves in semi-aquatic newts: {Thermal} specialists on land and thermal generalists in water?},
	volume = {33},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.06.004},
	journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
	author = {Gvozdik, L and Vandamme, R},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {phylogenetic comparative analysis},
	pages = {395--403}
}

@article{reznickStructureGuppyLife1983,
	title = {The {Structure} of {Guppy} {Life} {Histories}: {The} {Tradeoff} between {Growth} and {Reproduction}},
	volume = {64},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Reznick, D.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, life history, reproduction},
	pages = {862--873}
}

@article{richardsBreedingSystemsFlowering1996,
	title = {Breeding systems in flowering plants and the control of variability},
	volume = {31},
	url = {ISI:A1996WB05500002},
	abstract = {Plants have three basic means of reproduction, by outcrossing, by selfing, and asexually. In most plant populations, at least two and often all three of these options are everpresent, so that individuals adopt mixed mating strategies at evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) thresholds. Because mating systems are genetically controlled and affect genotype structure, they are liable to feedback. Productive habitats with a large standing crop are more likely to favour outcrossing, while unproductive habitats may favour asexuality or selfing, so that mating systems may change through seral development, even within the same species. Outcrossing tends to break up linkage disequilibria, but may also favour the creation of adaptive linkage groups. Mechanisms whereby male sexual selection, small population size and selfing can influence the genetic structure of populations are examined},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Folia Geobotanica \& Phytotaxonomica},
	author = {Richards, A. J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, mate choice, P1, population, selection, sex, size, CONSEQUENCES, mating, SUCCESS, reproduction, INDIVIDUALS, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, HABITAT, STRATEGIES, CONSERVATION, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating system, mating systems, threshold, linkage, linkage disequilibrium, outcrossing, PLANTS, selfing, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, Red Queen, POPULATION-GENETICS, VARIABILITY, BREEDING SYSTEM, ESS, SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, asexuality, DEPENDENT SELECTION HYPOTHESIS, EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE, HERMAPHRODITE PLANTS, sexual reproduction},
	pages = {283--293}
}

@article{halleyUsesAbusesFractal2004,
	title = {Uses and abuses of fractal methodology in ecology},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	url = {://000189232400011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00568.x},
	abstract = {Fractals have found widespread application in a range of scientific fields, including ecology. This rapid growth has produced substantial new insights, but has also spawned confusion and a host of methodological problems. In this paper, we review the value of fractal methods, in particular for applications to spatial ecology, and outline potential pitfalls. Methods for measuring fractals in nature and generating fractal patterns for use in modelling are surveyed. We stress the limitations and the strengths of fractal models. Strictly speaking, no ecological pattern can be truly fractal, but fractal methods may nonetheless provide the most efficient tool available for describing and predicting ecological patterns at multiple scales.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Halley, J. M. and Hartley, S. and Kallimanis, A. S. and Kunin, W. E. and Lennon, J. J. and Sgardelis, S. P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {POPULATIONS, patterns, DISTRIBUTIONS, LANDSCAPES, scale, ANIMAL, DIMENSIONS, EXTINCTION THRESHOLDS, MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS, multifractals, scaling, SELF-SIMILARITY, spatial pattern, SPATIAL SCALES, SPECIES ABUNDANCE, species distribution},
	pages = {254--271}
}

@article{vanhomrighDepletionGeneticVariance2007,
	title = {The depletion of genetic variance by sexual selection.},
	volume = {17},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {van Homrigh, A. and Higgie, M. and McGuigan, K. and Blows, M. W.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {528--532}
}

@article{gomendioMechanismsSpermCompetition1993,
	title = {Mechanisms of sperm competition - linking physiology and behavioural ecology},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://A1993KP12600006},
	abstract = {Sperm competition has received a great deal of attention from behavioural ecologists because it is the ultimate form of male-male competition, and may also be important for female choke. It is becoming clear that the adaptive value of the behavioural strategies of males and females will not be fully understood until we have a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms that come into play after copulation. We now have enough information to compare the underlying mechanisms in birds and mammals and to relate these to the way in which sperm competition operates in both groups. To integrate this knowledge, the boundaries between behavioural ecology and physiology will have to be crossed in what promises to be a most fruitful enterprise.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Gomendio, M. and Roldan, E. R. S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {HYPOTHESIS, MAMMALS, spermatozoa, ejaculate quality, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, ATTACHMENT, HAMSTER, KAMIKAZE-SPERM, OVIDUCT, TESTES SIZE},
	pages = {95--100}
}

@article{anderssonSexualSelection1996,
	title = {Sexual selection},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Andersson, M. B. and Iwasa, Y.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, Fisher, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, quality, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, variation, model, MODELS, ornament, ornaments, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, CONSEQUENCES, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, preference, theory, Y, form, MATES, display, cost, costs, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, birds, genetics, song, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, mutation, MUTATIONS, lek, leks, pollination, handicap, COSTLY MATE PREFERENCES, mate choice,sexual selection, pollination biology, REPRODUCTIVE RATES, TAILS},
	pages = {53--58}
}

@article{alataloSingingRateFemale1989,
	title = {Singing rate and female attraction in the pied flycatcher: an experiment},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Alatalo, R. V. and Glynn, C. and Lundberg, A.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {female preference, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, mating success, attraction, bird song},
	pages = {601--603}
}

@article{kalinowskiInbreedingDepressionSpeke2000,
	title = {Inbreeding depression in the {Speke}'s gazelle captive breeding program},
	volume = {14},
	url = {ISI:000089816800027},
	abstract = {The Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei) captive breeding program has been presented as one of the few examples of selection reducing the genetic load of a population and as a potential model for the captive breeding of endangered species founded from a small number of individuals. In this breeding program, three generations of mate selection apparently increased the viability of inbred individuals. We reanalyzed the Speke's gazelle studbook and examined potential causes for the reduction of inbreeding depression. Our analysis indicates that the decrease in inbreeding depression is not consistent with any model of genetic improvement in the herd. Instead, we found that the effect of inbreeding decreased from severe to moderate during the first generation of inbreeding, and that this change is responsible for almost all of the decline in inbreeding depression observed during the breeding program, This eliminates selection as a potential explanation for the decrease in inbreeding depression and suggests that inbreeding depression may be more sensitive to environmental influences than is usually thought},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Kalinowski, S. T. and Hedrick, P. W. and Miller, P. S.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, Fisher, MATE, population, selection, mate selection, model, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, MAMMALS, WILD, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, viability, GENERATIONS, GENETIC LOAD, load, GENETIC-VARIATION, ELIMINATION, endangered species, MAMMALIAN POPULATIONS, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS},
	pages = {1375--1384}
}

@article{holmanSpermicideCrypticFemale2006,
	title = {Spermicide, cryptic female choice and the evolution of sperm form and function},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01112.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Sperm competition and cryptic female choice profoundly affect sperm morphology, producing diversity within both species and individuals. One type of within-individual sperm variation is sperm heteromorphism, in which each male produces two or more distinct types of sperm simultaneously, only one of which is typically fertile (the 'eusperm'). The adaptive significance of nonfertile 'parasperm' types is poorly understood, although numerous sperm-heteromorphic species are known from many disparate taxa. This paper examines in detail two female-centred hypotheses for the evolution and maintenance of this unconventional sperm production strategy. First, we use game theoretical models to establish that parasperm may function to protect eusperm from female-generated spermicide, and to elucidate the predictions of this idea. Second, we expand on the relatively undeveloped idea that parasperm are used by females as a criterion for cryptic female choice, and discuss the predictions generated by this idea compared to other hypotheses proposed to explain sperm heteromorphism. We critically evaluate both hypotheses, suggest ways in which they could be tested, and propose taxa in which they could be important},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Holman, L. and Snook, R. R.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, model, MODELS, MAINTENANCE, form, INDIVIDUALS, STRATEGIES, STRATEGY, DIVERSITY, Cryptic female choice, morphology, sperm production, CRITERION, SPERM HETEROMORPHISM, SPERM MORPHOLOGY},
	pages = {1660--1670}
}

@article{rodriguezPhylogeneticAnalysisTribe2001,
	title = {Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe {Poeciliini} ({Cyprinodontiformes}: {Poeciliidae})},
	volume = {1997},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Rodriguez, C. Ml},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Poecilia, phylogeny, poeciliid fish},
	pages = {663--679}
}

@article{clobertSURVIVALRATEGREAT1988,
	title = {{SURVIVAL} {RATE} {IN} {THE} {GREAT} {TIT} {PARUS}-{MAJOR} {IN} {RELATION} {TO} {SEX}, {AGE}, {AND} {IMMIGRATION} {STATUS}},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:A1988L844000021},
	doi = {10.2307/4779},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Perrins, C. M. and McCleery, R. H. and Gosler, A. G.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1988},
	pages = {287--306}
}

@article{morbeyProtandrousArrivalTiming2001,
	title = {Protandrous arrival timing to breeding areas: a review},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1461-0248},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00265.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00265.x},
	abstract = {Protandry, the earlier arrival of males to breeding areas than females, is a common pattern of sex-biased timing in many animal taxa (e.g. some insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). The adaptive significance of protandry is not fully understood and, since the 1970s, at least seven hypotheses for protandry have been proposed. We describe each of these hypotheses and summarize what is known about each. In three of these hypotheses, the relative arrival timing of males and females has no direct fitness consequences for males or females, but selection for different timing in each sex indirectly produces protandry. In the other four hypotheses, the difference between male and female timing has fitness consequences for males or females and selection directly maintains the fitness-maximizing degree of sex-biased timing. The hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and the degree of multiple mating by males and the occurrence of male territoriality seem to determine the relative importance of each hypothesis. In order to understand the adaptive significance of sex-biased timing, future studies need to consider all the alternatives and to assess the costs and benefits to males of early arrival relative to calendar date, to other males and to females.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Morbey, Yolanda E. and Ydenberg, Ronald C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {emergence, migration, Arrival timing, behavioural ecology, breeding schedule, PROTANDRY, protogyny},
	pages = {663--673}
}

@article{hoffmannImmuneResponseDrosophila2003,
	title = {The immune response of {Drosophila}},
	volume = {426},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02021},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hoffmann, J. A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Drosophila, response},
	pages = {33--38}
}

@book{manningIntroductionAnimalBehaviour1998,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {An {Introduction} to {Animal} {Behaviour}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Manning, A. and Dawkins, M. S.},
	year = {1998}
}

@article{gageAssociationsBodySize1994,
	title = {Associations between body size, mating pattern, testis size and sperm lengths across butterflies},
	volume = {258},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	number = {1353},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Gage, Matthew JG},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {247--254}
}

@article{simmonsHeritabilitySexuallyDimorphic1991,
	title = {The heritability of sexually dimorphic traits in the yellow dung fly  {Scathophaga} stercoraria  ({L}.)},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Simmons, L. W. and Ward, P. I.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {heritability, call, flies, dung fly, body size,development time,heritability,Scathophaga stercoraria,sexual dimorphism,sexual selection},
	pages = {593--601}
}

@article{smithNaturalSelectionBill1990,
	title = {Natural selection on bill characters in the two bill morphs of the african finch  {Pyrenestes} ostrinus},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Smith, T. B.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {selection, natural selection, polymorphism, FINCH, morphs},
	pages = {832--842}
}

@article{collinsSelectionIncreasedPheromone1990,
	title = {Selection for increased pheromone response in the male pink bollworm,  {Pectinophora} gossypiella  ({Lepidoptera}: {Gelechiidae})},
	volume = {20},
	journal = {Behavior Genetics},
	author = {Collins, R. D. and Card‚, R. T.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {selection, heritability, Lepidoptera, call, artificial selection, pheromone, Pectinophora gossypiella, pheromone response, pink bollworm, sex pheromone},
	pages = {325--331}
}

@article{zeraPhysiologyLifeHistory10,
	title = {The physiology of life history trade-offs in animals},
	volume = {32},
	url = {http://ecolsys.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/95},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Zera, A. J. and Harshman, L. G.},
	keywords = {life history, trade-off, trade-offs},
	pages = {95--126}
}

@article{ferriereEVOLUTIONARILYSTABLEAGE1992,
	title = {{EVOLUTIONARILY} {STABLE} {AGE} {AT} {1ST} {REPRODUCTION} {IN} {A} {DENSITY}-{DEPENDENT} {MODEL}},
	volume = {157},
	issn = {0022-5193},
	url = {://WOS:A1992JF11400007},
	doi = {10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80624-1},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {253--267}
}

@article{stuart-smithSizeDimorphismRankinia2008,
	title = {Size dimorphism in {Rankinia} [{Tympanocryptis}] diemensis ({Family} {Agamidae}): sex-specific patterns and geographic variation},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {0024-4066},
	url = {://WOS:000258458500005},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01026.x},
	abstract = {Sexual dimorphism has implications for a range of biological and ecological factors, and intersexual morphological differences within a species provide an ideal opportunity for investigating evolutionary influences on phenotypic variation. We investigated sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in an agamid species, Rankinia [Tympanocryptis] diemensis, to determine whether overall size and/or relative morphological trait size differences exist and whether geographic variation in size dimorphism occurs in this species. Relative morphological trait proportions included a range of head, limb, and inter-limb measurements. We found significant overall intersexual adult size differences; females were the larger sex across all sites but the degree of dimorphism between the sexes did not differ between sites. This female-biased size difference is atypical for agamid lizards, which are usually characterized by large male body size. In this species, large female-biased SSD appears to have evolved as a result of fecundity advantages. The size of relative morphological trait also differed significantly between the sexes, but in the opposite direction: relative head, tail, and limb sizes were significantly larger in males than females. This corresponds to patterns in trait size usually found in this taxonomic group, where male head and limb size is important in contest success such as male-male rivalry. There were site-specific morphological differences in hatchlings, including overall body size, tail, inter-limb, thigh, and hindlimb lengths; however, there were no sex-specific differences indicating the body size differences present in the adult form occur during ontogeny. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Stuart-Smith, Jemina F. and Stuart-Smith, Rick D. and Swain, Roy and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {699--709}
}

@article{ryanRoleEnvironmentalSelection1990,
	title = {The role of environmental selection in intraspecific divergence of mate recognition signals int he cricket frog,  {Acris} crepitans.},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Ryan, M. J. and Cockroft, R. B. and Wilczynski, W.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {selection, signals, cricket, frog, divergence, mate recognition},
	pages = {1869--1872}
}

@article{devlinHeritabilityIQ1997,
	title = {The heritability of {IQ}},
	volume = {388},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Devlin, B. and Daniels, M. and Roeder, K.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {heritability, IQ},
	pages = {468--471}
}

@article{ledon-rettigEpigeneticsBehavioralEcologists2013,
	title = {Epigenetics for behavioral ecologists},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000317472000001},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/ars145},
	abstract = {Environmentally dependent behavioral variation may play a critical role in several ecological and evolutionary phenomena, in particular, rapid adaptation to novel and changing environments. Although it is clear that the expression and inheritance of environmentally dependent animal behaviors can be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms-factors that influence gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence, per se-our understanding of epigenetic processes underlying behavioral variation in natural populations is limited. This is, in part, due to the difficult nature of characterizing epigenetic mechanisms and processes in genetically heterogeneous populations that experience variable environments. In this review, we first highlight the advances that have been made toward understanding molecular epigenetic mechanisms underlying behavioral variation, and their potential role in ecological and evolutionary processes. We then propose approaches and systems that will be amenable to the study of behavioral epigenetics in natural populations. Although well-executed studies in this emerging field will be challenging and few, they have the potential to shed new light on several outstanding ecological and evolutionary questions.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Ledon-Rettig, C. C. and Richards, C. L. and Martin, L. B.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Maternal effects, INHERITANCE, phenotypic plasticity, DNA, rapid evolution, DNA methylation, gene-expression, environmental variation, maternal-care, individual variation, intrauterine position, male horn dimorphism, methylation, passerine bird, SEX-DIFFERENCES, transgenerational, transgenerational actions},
	pages = {311--324}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalezEvolutionPolyandryIntrinsic2005,
	title = {The evolution of polyandry: intrinsic sire effects contribute to embryo viability},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:000230047800041},
	abstract = {Females typically mate with more than one male despite the costs incurred, thus questioning Bateman's principle. A series of genetic benefits have been proposed to account for the evolution of polyandry, including the acquisition of viability genes for offspring. The 'intrinsic male quality' hypothesis suggests that polyandry increases the probability that females produce offspring sired by males that bestow high viability on their offspring. Heritable variation in viability is the basic requirement for the occurrence of this genetic benefit. By using a half-sib breeding design with a species of cricket in which polyandry is known to increase hatching success, we present clear experimental evidence that intrinsic male quality contributes to embryo viability. Despite recent support for the evolution of polyandry based on compatibility of genotypes between males and females, we show that hatching success is not determined by an interaction between paternal and maternal genotypes but rather that sons inherit paternal genes that influence the viability of eggs laid by their mates. Moreover, our data implicate a potential role for indirect genetic effects of male accessory gland products on embryo viability. Additive genetic contributions to embryo viability may be an important factor underlying the frequently observed benefits of polyandrous behaviour},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Garcia-Gonzalez, F. and Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {indirect genetic effects, sexual selection, egg, AUSTRALIA, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, genetic benefits, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, offspring, quality, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, BENEFITS, INCREASE, SUCCESS, cricket, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, MATES, polyandry, COMPATIBILITY, cost, costs, intrinsic, viability, INCREASES, genetic benefit, PROBABILITY, paternity, FIELD CRICKET, EVOLUTIONARY, hatching success, TELEOGRYLLUS-COMMODUS, FEMALES MATE, accessory gland products,embryo viability,genetic incompatibility,good genes,indirect genetic effects,intrinsic male quality,polyandry,Teleogryllus oceanicus, acquisition, CRICKET GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, MATING FREQUENCY},
	pages = {1097--1103}
}

@article{ross-gillespieViralEpizooticReveals2007,
	title = {Viral epizootic reveals inbreeding depression in a habitually inbreeding mammal},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://000249101800018},
	language = {English},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Ross-Gillespie, A. and O'Riain, M. J. and Keller, L. F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, deleterious mutations, purging, SELF-FERTILIZATION, genetic diversity, NAKED MOLE-RAT, coronavirus, DISEASE RESISTANCE, DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, Heterocephalus glaber, HETEROCEPHALUS-GLABER, IMMUNE-RESPONSE, MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, PARASITE RESISTANCE, SPARROWS},
	pages = {2268--2273}
}

@article{slagsvoldSelectionSexualConflict1994,
	title = {Selection by sexual conflict for evenly spaced offspring in blue tits},
	volume = {370},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Slagsvold, T. and Amundsen, T. and Dale, S.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {offspring, selection, call, sexual conflict, conflict, blue tit, birth spacing,hatching pattern},
	pages = {136--138}
}

@article{sullivanAssessingFemaleChoice1990,
	title = {Assessing female choice, for mates when the males' characters vary during the sampling period},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Sullivan, M. S.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, call, communication, female choice,sexual selection},
	pages = {780--782}
}

@article{mossmanSPERMMORPHOLOGYVELOCITY2009,
	title = {{SPERM} {MORPHOLOGY} {AND} {VELOCITY} {ARE} {GENETICALLY} {CODETERMINED} {IN} {THE} {ZEBRA} {FINCH}},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000270651800021},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00753.x},
	abstract = {Sperm morphology (size and shape) and sperm velocity are both positively associated with fertilization success, and are expected to be under strong selection. Until recently, evidence for a link between sperm morphology and velocity was lacking, but recent comparative studies have shown that species with high levels of sperm competition have evolved long and fast sperm. It is therefore surprising that evidence for a phenotypic or genetic relationship between length and velocity within species is equivocal, even though sperm competition is played out in the intraspecific arena. Here, we first show that sperm velocity is positively phenotypically correlated with measures of sperm length in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata. Second, by using the quantitative genetic "animal model" on a dataset from a multigenerational-pedigreed population, we show that sperm velocity is heritable, and positively genetically correlated to a number of heritable components of sperm length. Therefore, selection for faster sperm will simultaneously lead to the evolution of longer sperm (and vice versa). Our results provide, for the first time, a clear phenotypic and genetic link between sperm length and velocity, which has broad implications for understanding how recently described macroevolutionary patterns in sperm traits have evolved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Mossman, J. and Slate, J. and Humphries, S. and Birkhead, T.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, evolution, SPERM COMPETITION, size, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, motility, DOMESTIC-FOWL, FERTILITY, in-vitro, GALLUS-DOMESTICUS, sperm size, sperm swimming speed, sperm trait heritability, TAENIOPYGIA-GUTTATA},
	pages = {2730--2737}
}

@article{jegalianProposedPathWhich1998,
	title = {A proposed path by which genes common to mammalian {X} and {Y} chromosomes evolve to become {X} inactivated},
	volume = {394},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Jegalian, K. and Page, D. C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {genes, Y, Y chromosome, X, X and Y chromosomes, chromosomes, X and Y chromosome},
	pages = {776--780}
}

@article{newcomerGeneticBenefitsEnhance1999,
	title = {Genetic benefits enhance the reproductive success of polyandrous females},
	volume = {96},
	url = {ISI:000082424100056},
	abstract = {Although it is generally accepted that females can gain material benefits by mating with more than one male, the proposal that polyandry provides genetic benefits remains controversial, largely because direct experimental support is lacking. Here, we report the results of a study testing for genetic benefits to polyandry in the pseudoscorpion Cordylochernes scorpioides, In an experiment that controlled for male mating experience and the number of spermatophores accepted by a female, twice-mated females received either one sperm-packet from each of two different males (the "DM" treatment) or two sperm-packets from a single male (the same male or "SM" treatment), Over their lifetime, DM females gave birth to 32\% more offspring than did SM females, primarily because of a significantly reduced rate of spontaneous abortion. This result could not be attributed to male infertility nor to lack of sexual receptivity in males paired with previous mates, Spermatophore and sperm numbers did not differ between males presented with a previous mate and males paired with a new female. Because SM and DM females received the same quantity of ejaculate, it was possible to eliminate material benefits as a contributor to the enhanced reproductive success of DM females, The reduction in embryo failure rate achieved by DM females is most consistent with the genetic incompatibility avoidance hypothesis, i.e., that polyandry enables females to exploit postcopulatory mechanisms for reducing the risk and/or cost of fertilization by genetically incompatible sperm. This study, which rigorously controlled for material benefits and excluded inbreeding effects, demonstrates that polyandry provides genetic benefits that significantly enhance female lifetime reproductive success},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Newcomer, S. D. and Zeh, J. A. and Zeh, D. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, offspring, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, SEXUAL-SELECTION, fecundity, insect, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, experiment, Y, ejaculate, MATES, polyandry, cost, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, social, adaptation, AVOIDANCE, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, risk, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, EXPERIENCE, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, ABORTION, polyandrous females, infertility, female control, sperm selection, INCOMPATIBILITY, MATING FREQUENCY, Arctiid moth, BEETLE-RIDING PSEUDOSCORPION, BUSH-CRICKETS, UTETHEISA-ORNATRIX},
	pages = {10236--10241}
}

@article{markowMetaanalyisHeritabilityDevelopmental1997,
	title = {Meta-analyis of the heritability of developmental stability: a giant step backward},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Markow, T. A. and Clarke, G. M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {heritability, call, asymmetry,heritability,meta-analysis},
	pages = {31--37}
}

@article{prykeFrequencydependentPhysiologicalTradeoffs2007,
	title = {Frequency-dependent physiological trade-offs between competing colour morphs.},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2007.0213},
	abstract = {Evolutionary theory suggests that alternative colour morphs (i.e. genetically controlled phenotypes) may derive similar fitness under frequency-dependent selection. Here we experimentally demonstrate opposing effects of frequency-dependent social environments on plasma hormone levels (testosterone and corticosterone) and immune function between red- and black-headed male morphs of the Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae). Red-headed males are highly sensitive to changes in the social environment, especially towards the relative density of their own aggressive morph, exhibiting high stress responses and immunosuppression in socially competitive environments. In contrast, the non-aggressive black-headed males follow a more passive strategy that appears to buffer them against social stresses. The differential effect of hormones on aggressive behaviour and immune performance reinforces the contrasting behavioural strategies employed by these colour morphs, and highlights the importance of the social environment in determining the individual basis of behavioural and physiological responses.},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Pryke, Sarah R and Astheimer, Lee B and Buttemer, William a and Griffith, Simon C},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {evolution, pigmentation, ANIMALS, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Social Dominance, FINCHES, Competitive Behavior, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Finches: genetics, Finches: physiology, Immune Tolerance, Pigmentation: genetics},
	pages = {494--7}
}

@article{bondVisualPredatorsSelect2002,
	title = {Visual predators select for crypticity and polymorphism in virtual prey},
	volume = {415},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bond, A. B. and Kamil, A. C.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {polymorphism, apostatic selection},
	pages = {609--613}
}

@article{bergstromTheoryMutualMate2000,
	title = {Towards a theory of mutual mate choice: lessons from two-sided matching},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Bergstrom, C. T. and Real, L. A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, mutual, theory},
	pages = {493--508}
}

@article{endlerInteractingEffectsLek1996,
	title = {Interacting effects of lek placement, display behaviour, ambient light and colour patterns in three neotropical forest-dwelling birds},
	volume = {148},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Endler, J. A. and Th‚ry, M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, colour, display, bird, birds, lek, light, light environment},
	pages = {421--452}
}

@article{bazinPopulationSizeDoes4,
	title = {Population {Size} {Does} {Not} {Influence} {Mitochondrial} {Genetic} {Diversity} in {Animals}},
	volume = {312},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5773/570},
	abstract = {Within-species genetic diversity is thought to reflect population size, history, ecology, and ability to adapt. Using a comprehensive collection of polymorphism data sets covering [{\textasciitilde}]3000 animal species, we show that the widely used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker does not reflect species abundance or ecology: mtDNA diversity is not higher in invertebrates than in vertebrates, in marine than in terrestrial species, or in small than in large organisms. Nuclear loci, in contrast, fit these intuitive expectations. The unexpected mitochondrial diversity distribution is explained by recurrent adaptive evolution, challenging the neutral theory of molecular evolution and questioning the relevance of mtDNA in biodiversity and conservation studies},
	number = {5773},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Bazin, Eric and Glemin, Sylvain and Galtier, Nicolas},
	keywords = {ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, population, size, ANIMALS, HISTORIES, HISTORY, theory, loci, polymorphism, CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, DNA, SET, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, ORGANISM, VERTEBRATES, mitochondrial DNA, MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, mtDNA, NUCLEAR},
	pages = {570--572}
}

@article{clintonSexualSelectionEffects1993,
	title = {Sexual selection's effects on male life history and the pattern of male mortality},
	volume = {74},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Clinton, W. L. and Le Boeuf, B. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, life history, mortality, cost of reproduction,demography,future survival vs mating success,life history,male life table,male mortality,pinnipeds,Mirounga angustirostris,northern elephant seal,sex differences},
	pages = {1884--1892}
}

@article{evansExperimentalStudyMale1992,
	title = {An experimental study of male adornment in the scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird: {II}. {The} role of the elongated tail in mate choice and experimental evidence for a handicap},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Evans, M. R. and Hatchwell, B. J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, handicap, elongated tail, male ornament, scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird},
	pages = {421--427}
}

@article{yasuiGoodspermModelCan1997,
	title = {A ''good-sperm'' model can explain the evolution of costly multiple mating by females},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:A1997WK45800009},
	doi = {10.1086/286006},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Yasui, Y.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, Fisher, MALES, fitness, mate preferences, MECHANISMS, mutation},
	pages = {573--584}
}

@article{broDemographyDeclineGrey2000,
	title = {Demography and the decline of the grey partridge {Perdix} perdix in {France}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0021-8901},
	url = {://WOS:000087365200004},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00511.x},
	abstract = {1. Bird populations can be efficiently managed only if the demographic mechanisms that cause change are correctly understood. Here we illustrate the demographic variables causing decline among grey partridge Perdix perdix populations in France by comparing populations that show contrasting trends. The analysis combined a field survey at 10 contrasting sites during 3 years, modelling and statistical analyses; survival rates and reproductive success were estimated through the largest-ever radio-tracking study of hens, while density was estimated through counts. 2. Population viability analyses showed that, in France, north-western populations of grey partridge were healthy whereas south-eastern populations were declining. 3. Elasticity analyses accounting for environmental stochasticity indicated that the survival rate during shooting, over winter and at the time of the first nesting attempt were the most important demographic influences on population growth rate. The hatching rate, covey size at hatching of first clutches and chick survival rate were secondary. The contribution of replacement clutches to population change was low. 4. Multiple regression showed that hen survival during the first nesting attempt explained 33\% of the variability in the population growth rate across populations. The shooting pressure increased with the health of the population. 5. Improving survival rate during winter and the first nesting attempt was not sufficient for recovery in a declining population. It was also necessary to increase simultaneously the hatching rate of first clutches and chick survival rate to produce a stable population that could sustain shooting. 6. Low hen survival rates, in particular during the breeding period, explain the recent decline of grey partridge populations in some regions of France. However, the recovery of populations will need a simultaneous improvement of several demographic parameters.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	author = {Bro, E. and Sarrazin, F. and Clobert, J. and Reitz, F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {432--448}
}

@article{simmonsGeographicVariationFemale2001,
	title = {Geographic variation in female preference functions and male songs of the field cricket {Teleogryllus} oceanicus.},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Simmons, L.W. and Zuk, M. and Rotenberry, J.T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {variation, cricket, preference, preference function, song, geographic variation, male song},
	pages = {1386--1394}
}

@article{getzInbreedingAvoidancePrairie1998,
	title = {Inbreeding avoidance in the prairie vole, {Microtus} ochrogaster},
	volume = {10},
	url = {ISI:000076747400002},
	abstract = {The prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster forms communal groups by retention of philopatric offspring and the addition of unrelated individuals at male-female and single female breeding units. Populations undergo high amplitude fluctuations in density with frequent low density bottle necks of 10-15 generations. We review the mating system and social behavior of the prairie vole with respect to potential for formation of genetically unique trait groups within the population as predicted by group selection theory. Hormonal-behavioral interactions reduce the opportunity for inbreeding within communal groups. Demographic traits, combined with dispersal and settlement behavior of those off spring that do disperse from the natal nest are such that breeding units would rarely include related animals. We predict that genetically distinct trait groups do not form in prairie vole populations, including during periods of low density bottlenecks},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ethology Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Getz, L. L. and Carter, C. S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, female, offspring, population, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, mating, ANIMALS, theory, Y, form, natural selection, natal dispersal, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, NATURAL-SELECTION, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, POPULATIONS, social, SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION, AVOIDANCE, genetics, mating system, philopatry, related, bottleneck, GENERATIONS, outbreeding, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, GENETIC-VARIATION, settlement, cooperative breeding, MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE, group selection, neurobiology, olfaction, POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS, prairie vole, REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVATION, social organization, VIRGIN FEMALE MICROTUS},
	pages = {115--127}
}

@article{parkerHousingConditionsDifferentially2012,
	title = {Housing conditions differentially affect physiological and behavioural stress responses of zebrafish, as well as the response to anxiolytics},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Parker, M. O. and Millington, M. E. and Combe, F. J. and Brennan, C. H.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {e34992}
}

@article{lindholmMultivariateGeneticConstraints0000in,
	title = {Multivariate genetic constraints and natural selection restrict the response of male sexual traits to sexual selection in a replicated invasion of guppies},
	journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Lindholm, A. K. and Head, M. L. and Rollins, L. A. and Zajitschek, S. R. K. and Brooks, R C},
	year = {0000}
}

@article{moretzBehavioralSyndromesEvolution2007,
	title = {Behavioral syndromes and the evolution of correlated behavior in zebrafish},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/3/556.abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arm011},
	abstract = {Studies of â€œbehavioral syndromesâ€ in different populations and species of animals can be used to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of evolution. For example, some personality syndromes suggest the existence of an underlying hormonal link, whereas other relationships between boldness and aggression appear to be the result of similar selective pressures. Here, we used 1 wild-derived and 2 laboratory strains of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to examine relationships among 5 behavioral measures: shoaling, activity level, predator approaches, latency to feed after a disturbance, and biting to a mirror stimulus. We found evidence of an activity syndrome, as if underlying metabolic costs influence variation in multiple forms of behavior. Evidence for a relationship between boldness and aggression was also apparent but depended both on strain and which specific behavior patterns were identified as measures of â€œboldness.â€ Although some comparisons of laboratory and wild-derived strains were consistent with a domestication syndrome, others were not. Most observed relationships were relatively weak and occasionally inconsistent, arguing against strong underlying genetic linkages or pleiotropic effects relating any of the behavioral measures. Instead, it may be more important to study the details of selective context or the long-term impact of linkages between some, but not all, of a large set of genes influencing complex behavioral traits. We found profound differences among strains in most behavior patterns, but few sex differences. One strain (TM1) was consistently different from the others (SH and Nadia) being more social, more likely to approach predators, and taking less time to recover from disturbance than were the other 2 strains.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Moretz, Jason A. and Martins, EmÃ­lia P. and Robison, Barrie D.},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {556--562}
}

@article{pilastroIndividualAdjustmentSperm2002,
	title = {Individual adjustment of sperm expenditure accords with sperm competition theory},
	volume = {99},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/99/15/9913.abstract},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.152133499},
	abstract = {Sperm competition theory predicts that males should strategically allocate their sperm reserves according to the level of sperm competition, defined as the probability that the sperm of two males compete for fertilizing a given set of ova. Substantial evidence from numerous animal taxa suggests that, at the individual level, sperm expenditure increases when the risk of sperm competition is greater. In contrast, according to the â€œintensity modelâ€ of sperm competition [Parker, G. A., Ball, M. A., Stockley, P. \& Gage, M. J. G. (1996) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 263, 1291â€“1297], when more than two ejaculates compete during a given mating event, sperm expenditure should decrease as the number of competing males increases. Empirical evidence supporting this prediction, however, is still lacking. Here we measured sperm expenditure in two gobiid fishes, the grass (Zosterisessor ophiocephalus) and black goby (Gobius niger), in which up to six sneakers can congregate around the nest of territorial males and release their sperm when females spawn. We show that, in accordance with theory, sneaker males of both species release fewer sperm as the number of competitors increases.},
	number = {15},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Pilastro, Andrea and Scaggiante, Marta and Rasotto, Maria B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {9913--9915}
}

@article{pomiankowskiResolutionLekParadox1995,
	title = {A resolution of the lek paradox},
	volume = {260},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: pomiankowskiResolutionLekParadox1995a, pomiankowskia.ResolutionLekParadox1995a},
	keywords = {heritability, CVA, quantitative genetics, Fisher's fundamental theorem, lek, paradox},
	pages = {21--29},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7227/Pomiankowski A. and Møller Anders Pape - 1995 - A resolution of the lek paradox.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7302/Pomiankowski A. and Møller Anders Pape - 1995 - A resolution of the lek paradox.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7228/rspb.1995.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7303/rspb.1995.html:text/html}
}

@article{palandTransitionsAsexualityResult2,
	title = {Transitions to {Asexuality} {Result} in {Excess} {Amino} {Acid} {Substitutions}},
	volume = {311},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/311/5763/990},
	abstract = {Theory predicts that linkage between genetic loci reduces the efficiency of purifying selection. Because of the permanent linkage of all heritable genetic material, asexual lineages may be exceptionally prone to deleterious-mutation accumulation in both nuclear and organelle genes. Here, we show that the ratio of the rate of amino acid to silent substitution (Ka/Ks) in mitochondrial protein-coding genes is higher in obligately asexual lineages than in sexual lineages of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex. Using a phylogeny-based approach to quantify the frequency of mutational-effect classes, we estimate that mitochondrial protein-coding genes in asexual lineages accumulate deleterious amino acid substitutions at four times the rate in sexual lineages. These results support the hypothesis that sexual reproduction plays a prominent role in reducing the mutational burden in populations},
	number = {5763},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Paland, Susanne and Lynch, Michael},
	keywords = {genes, HYPOTHESIS, population, selection, reproduction, theory, loci, POPULATIONS, deleterious mutation, linkage, RATIO, LINEAGE, FREQUENCIES, asexuality, sexual reproduction, NUCLEAR, ACCUMULATION, Daphnia, TRANSITION},
	pages = {990--992}
}

@article{jonesMateChoiceSexual2009,
	title = {Mate choice and sexual selection: what have we learned since {Darwin}?},
	volume = {106 Suppl},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0901129106},
	abstract = {Charles Darwin laid the foundation for all modern work on sexual selection in his seminal book The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. In this work, Darwin fleshed out the mechanism of sexual selection, a hypothesis that he had proposed in The Origin of Species. He went well beyond a simple description of the phenomenon by providing extensive evidence and considering the far-reaching implications of the idea. Here we consider the contributions of Darwin to sexual selection with a particular eye on how far we have progressed in the last 150 years. We focus on 2 key questions in sexual selection. First, why does mate choice evolve at all? And second, what factors determine the strength of mate choice (or intensity of sexual selection) in each sex? Darwin provided partial answers to these questions, and the progress that has been made on both of these topics since his time should be seen as one of the great triumphs of modern evolutionary biology. However, a review of the literature shows that key aspects of sexual selection are still plagued by confusion and disagreement. Many of these areas are complex and will require new theory and empirical data for complete resolution. Overall, Darwin's contributions are still surprisingly relevant to the modern study of sexual selection, so students of evolutionary biology would be well advised to revisit his works. Although we have made significant progress in some areas of sexual selection research, we still have much to accomplish.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Jones, Adam G and Ratterman, Nicholas L},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, Selection, Genetic, Biological Evolution, Mating Preference, Animal, Mating Preference, Animal: physiology, Pair Bond},
	pages = {10001--8}
}

@article{pereiraFemaleMateChoice1991,
	title = {Female mate choice, male migration, and the threat of infanticide in ringtailed lemurs},
	volume = {28},
	url = {ISI:A1991EX06600009},
	abstract = {Paternity determination by DNA fingerprinting is reported for a long-term study group of semi-free-ranging ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta), together with behavioral data collected independently. In 1985, fraternal twin males unfamiliar and unrelated to the resident ringtailed lemurs were introduced to the forest enclosure. Every mature resident male attacked the immigrants frequently across the next 5 months, whereas no female ever did. All observed estrous females showed sexual proceptivity toward the immigrant males; three solicited copulation exclusively from them. Each female repelled sons, matrilineal brothers, and other resident males from attempting to copulate. Over a 5-year period, four of five females always reproduced with distantly related or unrelated males (Fig. 3). Despite low dominance status throughout the case study, an immigrant sired the offspring of each females that was proceptive toward only the immigrants, demonstrating that female choice can override male dominance relations to determine reproductive success among male ringtailed lemurs. In the birth season following the 1985-1986 immigration, each of four females targeted one or two particular adult males for consistent attack across the period of infant dependency, beginnig days after parturition. Paternity determinations, colony records, and subsequent study of two groups allowed 66 cases of this mode of maternal aggression to be documented. In each, the targeted male had not fathered the protected infant, and almost invariably, he was unrelated to the infant's mother. New mothers attacked every male that immigrated following their infant's conceptions and a few familiar males with whom they had not been seen to copulate during the previous breeding season. Recent attempts by immigrant males to kill infants confirmed the anti-infanticidal function of maternal targeting of males. All results were interpreted together to advance a prospective model of the mating system of ringtailed lemurs. Female avoidance of incest has led to the evolution of natal male dispersal. Subsequently, males should prefer to transfer into groups containing few and/or status-vulnerable males. We predict that, by killing others' infants, males simultaneously increase chances for success in females' next reproductive efforts and terminate current fathers' reproductive eligibility in a group. Basic hypotheses that await testing are that (a) raising an infant through weaning reduces a female's chances for reproductive success the following year and (b) males that demonstrate the capacity to promote the survival of infant offspring are most attractive to females as mates},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Pereira, M. E. and Weiss, M. L.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, reproductive effort, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, sex, female mate choice, INCREASE, model, survival, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, transfer, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding avoidance, infanticide, PRIMATES, social, migration, AVOIDANCE, mating system, ADULT MALE, related, communication, AGGRESSION, dominance, paternity, DNA, introduced, long-term, COLONIES, incest, COLONY, immigration, DNA fingerprinting, FOREST, madagascar, MALE MIGRATION, BERENTY, CATTA, HUMAN DNA, INTER-TROOP TRANSFER, male dispersal, REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE, RING-TAILED LEMURS},
	pages = {141--152}
}

@article{atkinsonWhyAreOrganisms1997,
	title = {Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? {Making} sense of a life history puzzle},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Atkinson, D. and Sibly, R. M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {life history, ECTOTHERMS},
	pages = {235--239}
}

@incollection{endlerSpeciationItsConsequences1989,
	address = {Sunderland, Massachusetts.},
	title = {Speciation and its consequences.},
	shorttitle = {Conceptual and other problems in speciation},
	booktitle = {Conceptual and other problems in speciation},
	publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
	author = {Endler, J. A. and Otte, D. and Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {speciation, geographic variation},
	pages = {625--648}
}

@article{clutton-brockMateChoiceFallow1989,
	title = {Mate choice on fallow deer leks},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Clutton-Brock, T. H. and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. and Robertson, A.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, lek, leks, mating success, fallow deer},
	pages = {463--465}
}

@article{legalliardNatalDispersalInteractions9,
	title = {Natal dispersal, interactions among siblings and intrasexual competition},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/5/733},
	abstract = {According to the classical model of a polygynous mating system, male-biased dispersal is a consequence of inbreeding avoidance and sexual asymmetries in competition. However, kin cooperation can change the costs and benefits of dispersal to each sex and may also select for philopatry in females. Here, we report from an experimental study designed to tease apart the effects of competition, cooperation, and inbreeding avoidance on natal dispersal in juvenile root voles (Microtus oeconomus). We manipulated the presence of opposite-sex littermates and tested how interactions among siblings influence dispersal and sexual maturation. We also manipulated the juvenile sex ratio to compare the strength of intrasexual versus intersexual competition. Natal dispersal was unrelated to the juvenile sex ratio, females aggregated in space, and there was a consistent spatial overlap among sisters. Males dispersed more in the absence of their sisters, resulting in stronger spatial segregation between sexes, than in the presence of their sisters. Thus, natal dispersal did not reduce the risks of interactions with siblings and intrasexual competition. We suggest that kin clusters in females function as a defense against aggressive or infanticidal behavior by unfamiliar males},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Le Galliard, Jean Francois and Gundersen, G. and Andreassen, H. P. and Stenseth, N. C.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {competition, female, FEMALES, MALES, sex, BENEFITS, model, CONSEQUENCE, mating, sex ratio, natal dispersal, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, SPACE, AVOIDANCE, mating system, philopatry, risk, kin, asymmetry, RATIO, SYSTEM, SEXES, inbreeding-avoidance, cooperation, MATURATION, siblings, voles, ROOT VOLES, INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION, kin cooperation, MICROTUS-OECONOMUS, ROOT VOLE, SEX-RATIO, sexual maturation, SEXUAL-MATURATION},
	pages = {733--740}
}

@article{kodric-brownTruthAdvertisingKinds1984,
	title = {Truth in advertising: the kinds of traits favored by sexual selection},
	volume = {124},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, A. and Brown, J. H.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, female choice,Fisher's runaway process,guppies,honesty,male sexual characteristics,sexual selection,Zahavi's handicap principle},
	pages = {309--323}
}

@article{pizzariSexspecificCounteractingResponses2004,
	title = {Sex-specific, counteracting responses to inbreeding in a bird},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000224554600004},
	abstract = {Inbreeding often depresses offspring fitness. Because females invest more than males in a reproductive event, inbreeding is expected to be more costly to mothers than fathers, creating a divergence between the reproductive interests of each sex and promoting sex-specific inbreeding strategies. Males and females may bias the probability of inbreeding by selecting copulation partners, and, in sexually promiscuous species, through male strategic sperm investment in different females and female selection of the sperm of different males. However, these processes are often difficult to study, and the way that different male and female strategies interact to determine inbreeding remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate sex-specific, counteracting responses to inbreeding in the promiscuous red junglefowl, Gallus gallus. First, a male was just as likely to copulate with his full-sib sister as with an unrelated female. In addition, males displayed a tendency to: (i) initiate copulation faster when exposed to an unrelated female than when exposed to a sister, and (ii) inseminate more sperm into sisters than into unrelated females. Second, females retained fewer sperm following insemination by brothers, thus reducing the risk of inbreeding and counteracting male inbreeding strategies},
	number = {1553},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Pizzari, T. and Lovlie, H. and Cornwallis, C. K.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION, evolution, female, FEMALES, HOUSE, i, INSEMINATION, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, response, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, fitness, FULL-SIB, mating, reproduction, sexual conflict, genetic compatibility, inbreeding, STRATEGIES, bird, genetics, mating system, mating systems, risk, kin, RESPONSES, SYSTEMS, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, STRATEGY, PROBABILITY, Cryptic female choice, DOMESTIC-FOWL, divergence, incest, female control, MATING-BEHAVIOR, spermatozoa, GALLUS-GALLUS, OFFSPRING FITNESS, sperm allocation},
	pages = {2115--2121}
}

@article{olssonUVDeprivedColorationReduces2011,
	title = {{UV}-{Deprived} {Coloration} {Reduces} {Success} in {Mate} {Acquisition} in {Male} {Sand} {Lizards} ({Lacerta} agilis)},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {://WOS:000290558500007},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0019360},
	abstract = {Background: Recent work on animal signals has revealed a wide occurrence of UV signals in tetrapods, in particular birds, but also in lizards (and perhaps other Squamate reptiles). Our previous work on the Swedish sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) has verified, both in correlative selection analyses in the wild and with laboratory and field experiments, the importance of the green 'badge' on the body sides of adult males for securing mating opportunities, probably mostly through deterring rival males rather than attracting females. The role of UV in communication has, however, never been examined. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we show that when measured immediately after spring skin shedding, there is also signaling in the UV. By UV-depriving the signal (reflectance) with sun block chemicals fixated with permeable, harmless spray dressing, we show that males in the control group (spray dressing only) had significantly higher success in mate acquisition than UV-deprived males. Conclusions/Significance: These results suggest that at least two colour traits in sand lizards, badge area and UV, contribute to rival deterrence and/or female choice on UV characters, which elevates success in mate acquisition in UV intact male sand lizards.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Andersson, Staffan and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = may,
	year = {2011}
}

@article{crespiPathanalyticModelMeasurement1989,
	title = {A path-analytic model for the measurement of selection on morphology},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Crespi, B. J. and Bookstein, F. L.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {selection, model, path analysis, multivariate selection, selection intensity},
	pages = {18--28}
}

@article{birkheadFemaleControlPaternity1993,
	title = {Female control of paternity},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://A1993KP12600007},
	abstract = {Of the two components of sexual selection, female choice is much less obvious than male-male competition, and hence has always been considered to be of secondary importance. However, recent field observations and new theory have brought about a radical change of emphasis. It now appears that although a female's choke of who fathers her offspring often occurs in a subtle manner, it may be widespread and take place through a variety of behavioural and physiological mechanisms, including the manipulation of male behaviour and the selection of sperm within the female reproductive tract.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Birkhead, T. and Moller, A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {SPERM COMPETITION, MECHANISMS},
	pages = {100--104}
}

@article{clobertRECENTMODELSMARK1987,
	title = {{RECENT} {MODELS} {FOR} {MARK} {RECAPTURE} {AND} {MARK} {RESIGHTING} {DATA} - {RESPONSE}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0006-341X},
	url = {://WOS:A1987L357600029},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Lebreton, J. D.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1019--1022}
}

@article{olssonSexualDimorphismLizard2002,
	title = {Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape: {The} roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000177434400020},
	doi = {10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[1538:sdilbs]2.0.co;2},
	abstract = {Sexual dimorphism is widespread in lizards, with the most consistently dimorphic traits being head size (males have larger heads) and trunk length (the distance between the front and hind legs is greater in females). These dimorphisms have generally been interpreted as follows: (1) large heads in males evolve through male-male rivalry (sexual selection); and (2) larger interlimb lengths in females provide space for more eggs (fecundity selection). In an Australian lizard (the snow skink, Niveoscincus microlepidotus), we found no evidence for ongoing selection on head size. Trunk length, however, was under positive fecundity selection in females and under negative sexual selection in males. Thus, fecundity selection and sexual selection work in concert to drive the evolution of sexual dimorphism in trunk length in snow skinks.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Shine, R. and Wapstra, E. and Ujvari, B. and Madsen, T.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1538--1542}
}

@article{haraHowMakeModels2009,
	title = {How to make models add up — a primer on {GLMMs}},
	volume = {2450},
	author = {Hara, Robert B O},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {124--137}
}

@article{shawAcousticPreferenceFunctions2000,
	title = {Acoustic preference functions and song variability in the {Hawaiian} cricket  {Laupala} cerasina},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Shaw, K. L. and Herlihy, D. P.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {variation, cricket, preference, preference function, song, mismatch, open-ended},
	pages = {577--584}
}

@article{filippi-codaccioniUrbanisationEffectsFunctional2009,
	title = {Urbanisation effects on the functional diversity of avian agricultural communities},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1146-609X},
	url = {://WOS:000270748300022},
	doi = {10.1016/j.actao.2009.07.003},
	abstract = {Urbanisation is affecting ecological communities worldwide. Despite the disproportionate impact on farmland over other habitats, the effect on farmland bird communities has been poorly studied. Considering the still-alarming conservation status of farmland birds, investigations into the effects of pressures such as urbanisation on those communities could be of great interest for their conservation. We studied the urbanisation effects on functional diversity using existing indices designed for the purpose of standardisation. This study uses a functional character measuring species habitat specialisation for indices calculation. A bird survey was conducted on 92 plots of 1 x 1 km chosen after stratification on the proportion of urban area and farmland habitat (either 0, 25, 50, 75\%), with the focus on farmland habitat. Two aspects of urbanisation were studied: the intensity and the age of the urbanisation. Functional richness was found to decrease with urbanisation, while functional evenness and divergence increased in a nonlinear way. No significant difference was observed in functional richness and evenness with urbanisation age, however extreme ages of urbanisation (young and old) showed higher niche differentiation concerning specialisation. This implies less important resource competition for species and a more vulnerable state for the ecosystem. Using functional diversity indices based on specialisation allows a better insight in the consequences of urbanisation on diversity/ecosystem-community functioning, which is of crucial importance in the face of global changes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Filippi-Codaccioni, O. and Clobert, J. and Julliard, R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {705--710}
}

@article{wadeAdditivePartitioningSelection1989,
	title = {The additive partitioning of selection gradients},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wade, M. J. and Kalisz, S.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {selection, phenotype, selection gradients, selection gradient},
	pages = {1567--1569}
}

@article{legendreULMSoftwareConservation1995,
	title = {{ULM}, a software for conservation and evolutionary biologists},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0266-4763},
	url = {://WOS:A1995TQ77300021},
	abstract = {Matrix models for population dynamics have recently been studied intensively and have many applications to theoretical and applied problems (conservation, management). The computer program ULM (Unified Life Models) collects a good part of the actual knowledge on the subject. It is a powerful tool to study the life cycle of species and meta-populations. In the general framework of discrete dynamical systems and symbolic computation, simple commands and convenient graphics are provided to assist the biologist. The main features of the program are shown through detailed examples: a simple model of a starling population life cycle is first presented leading to basic concepts (growth rates, stable age distribution, sensitivities); the same model is used to study competing strategies in a varying environment (extinction probabilities, stochastic sensitivities); a meta-population model with migrations is then presented; some results on migration strategies and evolutionary stable strategies are eventually proposed.},
	number = {5-6},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Statistics},
	author = {Legendre, S. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {817--834}
}

@article{charalambousGeneticVariationMale1994,
	title = {Genetic variation in male song and female song preference in the grasshopper  {Chorthippus} brunneus  ({Orthoptera}: {Acrididae})},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Charalambous, M. and Butlin, R. K. and Hewitt, G. M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {variation, heritability, preference, genetic variation, song, grasshopper, male song, preference gene},
	pages = {399--411}
}

@article{grobMajorHistocompatibilityComplex1998,
	title = {The major histocompatibility complex and mate choice: {Inbreeding} avoidance and selection of good genes},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000077094200001},
	abstract = {It has been known for decades that MHC genes play a critical role in the cellular immune response, but only recent research has provided a better understanding of how these molecules might affect mate choice. Original studies in inbred mouse strains revealed that mate choice was influenced by MHC dissimilarity. Detection of MHC differences between individuals in these experiments was related to olfactory cues, primarily in urine. Recent studies in humans have shown an analogous picture of MHC-based mating. Taken together, these findings could support either the hypothesis of MHC-based inbreeding avoidance or the hypothesis of MHC-related avoidance of reproductive failure, since studies in mice, humans and pig-tailed macaques have shown that parental sharing of certain MHC alleles correlates with frequent spontaneous abortion or prolonged intergestational intervals. Data from many mammalian species clearly demonstrate that reproductive failure occurs as a result of inbreeding. Therefore, MHC similarity might serve as an indicator of genome-wide relatedness. In contrast, increased fitness due to the presence of individual MHC alleles in a pathogenic environment could explain MHC-based selection of currently good genes. Specifically, the physical condition of long-living animals depends on the ability to respond to immunological challenge and an individual's MHC alleles determine the response, since, unlike the T cell receptors, MHC alleles are not somatically recombined. Therefore, sexual selection of condition-dependent traits during mate choice could be used to select successful MHC alleles, thereby providing offspring with a higher relative immunity in their pathogenic environment},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics},
	author = {Grob, B. and Knapp, L. A. and Martin, R. D. and Anzenberger, G.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, ABILITY, evolution, genes, good genes, HYPOTHESIS, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, response, selection, TRAITS, fitness, mating, ANIMALS, Darwin, immunity, allele, COMPLEX, human, Humans, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, relatedness, similarity, condition, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, AVOIDANCE, genetics, MHC, related, ENVIRONMENT, KIN RECOGNITION, indicator, MICE, alleles, immunogenetics, MACAQUES, mouse, ANTIGENS, CLASS-I GENES, DEVELOPMENT PED GENE, HLA CLASS-I, MOLECULES, MOUSE STRAINS, olfactory cues, PIGTAILED MACAQUES, placenta, PREIMPLANTATION MOUSE EMBRYOS, prenatal selection, QA-2 ANTIGEN, RED JUNGLE FOWL, selection of good genes, URINE},
	pages = {119--129}
}

@article{waserMultiplePaternityPhilopatric11,
	title = {Multiple paternity in a philopatric rodent: the interaction of competition and choice},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/6/971},
	abstract = {Paternity confusion is often suggested as the benefit that female mammals accrue by mating with multiple males, but genetic advantages are also possible. Microsatellite-based parentage analyses demonstrate that female banner-tailed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) commonly mate with more than one male; we asked how male and female behaviors interact to influence the characteristics of males that sire offspring. Specifically, we compared attributes (age, weight, mobility, relatedness, proximity) of the fathers of 229 known-maternity offspring with those of the other males accessible to the mothers. Adult males living adjacent to each female attempt to monopolize access to her, and the nearest male sires a plurality of offspring, but most mothers' young are fathered by more than one male and littermates are usually half-sibs. Male proximity and mobility, but not size, influence the probability of paternity, suggesting a role for competitive mate searching. Females significantly reduce the inbreeding coefficient of their offspring by mating with males other than (or in addition to) the nearest male. Fathers are less closely related to the mother in years of high density when unrelated males are more accessible to the female. Our results favor the genetic "bet-hedging" hypothesis, whereby females actively but unselectively seek matings with additional males when the male most likely to win in mate competition is costly to her (in this case, genetically less compatible). We anticipate that genetic bet hedging will be common in species whose females are defendable, especially if they are also philopatric},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Waser, Peter M. and De Woody, J. Andrew},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, competition, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, offspring, size, mating, FATHERS, age, Rats, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, MAMMALS, RODENT, COMMON, ADULT MALE, related, mate competition, PROBABILITY, PARENTAGE, paternity, WEIGHT, multiple paternity, bet hedging, ADVANTAGE, DIPODOMYS-SPECTABILIS, KANGAROO-RATS, mate searching, MULTIPLE MALES},
	pages = {971--978}
}

@article{downhowerEffectPreviousExperience1994,
	title = {Effect of previous experience on mate choice by female mottled sculpins},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Downhower, J. F. and Lank, D. B.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, call, Cottus bairdi,female preference,male parental care},
	pages = {369--372}
}

@article{widemoBeautyEyeBeholder1999,
	title = {Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: causes and consequences of variation in mating preferences},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Widemo, F. and S‘ther, S. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, variation, mating, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, varition},
	pages = {26--31}
}

@article{agbaliMateChoiceNonadditive2010,
	title = {Mate choice for nonadditive genetic benefits correlate with {MHC} dissimilarity in the rose bitterling ({Rhodeus} occellatus)},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000278343200013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00961.x},
	abstract = {Good genes models of mate choice predict additive genetic benefits of choice whereas the compatibility hypothesis predicts nonadditive fitness benefits. Here the Chinese rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, a freshwater fish with a resource-based mating system, was used to separate additive and nonadditive genetic benefits of female mate choice. A sequential blocked mating design was used to test female mate preferences, and a cross-classified breeding design coupled with in vitro fertilizations for fitness benefits of mate choice. In addition, the offspring produced by the pairing of preferred and nonpreferred males were reared to maturity and their fitness traits were compared. Finally, the MHC DAB1 gene was typed and male MHC genotypes were correlated with female mate choice. Females showed significant mate preferences but preferences were not congruent among females. There was a significant interaction of male and female genotype on offspring survival, rate of development, growth rate, and body size. No significant male additive effects on offspring fitness were observed. Female mate preferences corresponded with male genetic compatibility, which correlated with MHC dissimilarity. It is proposed that in the rose bitterling genetic compatibility is the mechanism by which females obtain a fitness benefit through mate choice and that male MHC dissimilarity, likely mediated by odor cues, indicates genetic compatibility.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Agbali, M. and Reichard, M. and Bryjova, A. and Bryja, J. and Smith, C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {sexual selection, good genes, mate choice, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, female mate choice, mating preferences, genetic compatibility, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, MHC, SEXUAL, cues, PARASITE RESISTANCE, Additive genetic benefit, COMPATIBLE GENES, MALE-DOMINANCE, nonadditive genetic benefit, olfactory, Rhodeus ocellatus, SERICEUS, SPAWNING DECISIONS},
	pages = {1683--1696}
}

@article{mansonFemaleRhesusMacaques1995,
	title = {Do female rhesus macaques choose novel males},
	volume = {37},
	url = {ISI:A1995TC66300002},
	abstract = {Prior research has shown that estrous female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) maintain spatial proximity preferentially to lower-ranking males. In this paper, 657 h of focal individual follows of 48 free-ranging estrous female rhesus macaques of two social groups during two mating seasons are used to evaluate the hypothesis that this phenomenon is attributable to female mate choice for novel males. This hypothesis is plausible because of the positive correlation between dominance rank and the length of time since a male immigrated into a group or matured in his natal group (i.e., his breeding tenure). However, partial correlation analysis showed that after removing the effect of dominance rank, there was no significant tendency for estrous females to maintain proximity preferentially to males of shorter breeding tenure. In contrast, removing the effect of breeding tenure did not eliminate the result that estrous females maintained proximity preferentially to lower ranking males. Novel (i.e., extra-group, new immigrant, and newly matured natal) males did not consistently experience more estrous female proximity maintenance than nonnovel males, although sample sizes are too small to conclusively falsify this hypothesis. Within male-estrous female dyads, responsibility for proximity maintenance did not tend to shift from the female to the male between consecutive mating seasons. Male breeding tenure was not significantly correlated with year-to-year change in responsibility for proximity maintenance. Male breeding tenure was not consistently correlated with female sexual refusal. In one of two social groups, in one of two mating seasons, females appeared to choose novel males. These data provide, at most, weak support for the hypothesis that female primates in multi-male groups exercise mate choice for novel males. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
	author = {Manson, J. H.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, female mate choice, MAINTENANCE, mating, Y, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding avoidance, PRIMATES, social, ADULT MALE, BABOONS, dominance, MONKEYS, RHESUS MACAQUES, MACAQUES, dominance rank, Cayo Santiago, MACACA, MACACA MULATTA, Japanese macaques, REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR},
	pages = {285--296}
}

@incollection{blanchetYearEcologyConservation2010,
	edition = {1195},
	series = {The role of public information in ecology and conservation: an emphasis on inadvertent social information},
	title = {Year in {Ecology} and {Conservation} {Biology}},
	isbn = {0077-8923 978-1-57331-791-7},
	shorttitle = {The role of public information in ecology and conservation: an emphasis on inadvertent social information},
	url = {://WOS:000282828200009},
	abstract = {Public information is an emerging major topic in ecology and evolution. We review the literature about the role of public information in ecology and conservation while mainly focusing on inadvertent social information (ISI), which constitutes a major form of public information. We first define the terms of biological information that we use. We then review the accruing evidence for ISI use in many fitness-affecting decisions in plants and animals. We generalize concepts of information to encompass interspecific interactions. We then develop how intra- and interspecific information flows actually shape ecological and evolutionary dynamics. We then discuss some of the application of adopting an information-driven approach to ecology and evolution in conservation biology. Our hope is to favor the transfer of knowledge from ecology and evolution to conservation biology. We claim that this is the only way to design efficient conservation actions and illustrate how ignoring concepts of information may lead us to design conservation actions that drive endangered populations toward rather than away from extinction.},
	booktitle = {Annals of the {New} {York} {Academy} of {Sciences}},
	author = {Blanchet, S. and Clobert, J. and Danchin, E.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {149--168}
}

@article{radwanHeritabilitySpermCompetition1998,
	title = {Heritability of sperm competition success in the bulb mite, {Rhizoglyphus} robini},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.11030321.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.11030321.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Multiple mating by females has been proposed to function as a form of mate-choice, which implies that males should show heritable variation in sperm-competitive abilities. In this study, repeatability and heritability of sperm competition success was estimated in the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini. Fertilization success of males was estimated in competition with sperm of two other males. Males differed consistently in their sperm competition success, with repeatability estimated at 0.22. The heritability of sperm competition success was estimated using parent-offspring regression, with the mean fertilization success from two matings used as a measure of each male's competitive ability. There was a significant association between the sperm competition success of fathers and sons. Narrow sense heritability (h2) was 0.284. This result supports the hypotheses proposing the multiple mating is selectively maintained in females by enhancing the reproductive success of their progeny.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Radwan, J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, SPERM COMPETITION, multiple mating, Acaridae},
	pages = {321--327}
}

@article{immlerEvolutionSpermMorphometry2007,
	title = {The evolution of sperm morphometry in pheasants},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000245989600018},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01302.x},
	abstract = {Post-copulatory sexual selection is thought to be a potent evolutionary force driving the diversification of sperm shape and function across species. In birds, insemination and fertilization are separated in time and sperm storage increases the duration of sperm-female interaction and hence the opportunity for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. We performed a comparative study of 24 pheasant species (Phasianidae, Galliformes) to establish the relative importance of sperm competition and the duration of sperm storage for the evolution of sperm morphometry (i.e. size of different sperm traits). We found that sperm size traits were negatively associated with the duration of sperm storage but were independent of the risk of sperm competition estimated from relative testis mass. Our study emphasizes the importance of female reproductive biology for the evolution of sperm morphometry particularly in sperm-storing taxa.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Immler, S. and Saint-Jalme, M. and Lesobre, L. and Sorci, G. and Roman, Y. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1008--1014}
}

@article{charlesworthOptimizationModelsQuantitative1990,
	title = {Optimization models, quantitative genetics, and mutation},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Charlesworth, B.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {model, call, quantitative genetics, genetics, evolutionary optimization model,quantitative genetics},
	pages = {520--538}
}

@article{taylorHeritabilityAttractiveness2007,
	title = {The heritability of attractiveness},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207020131},
	abstract = {Summary Sexual selection is responsible for the evolution of numerous conspicuous and extravagant displays observed in nature -- from cricket choruses to peacock's tails. A key assumption of many models of sexual selection is that attractive males father attractive sons1. However, while particular traits under sexual selection have been shown to be heritable [1] and [2], the evidence for the heritability of attractiveness per se is far less compelling [1] and [3]. This dearth of information has led to disagreement about the existence and importance of this fundamental link between sire and sons' attractiveness [4]. Here we demonstrate in Drosophila simulans that attractive fathers sire attractive sons, as assumed by theory.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Taylor, Michelle L. and Wedell, Nina and Hosken, David J.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {R959--R960}
}

@article{sappingtonDisruptiveSexualSelection1990,
	title = {Disruptive sexual selection in  {Colias} eurytheme  butterflies},
	volume = {87},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Sappington, T. W. and Taylor, O. R.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, butterfly, call, alkanes,courtship,mating success,pheromone variation,sexual selection},
	pages = {6132--6135}
}

@article{manningChoosyFemalesCorrelates1985,
	title = {Choosy females and correlates of male age},
	volume = {116},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Manning, J. T.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {call, age, male age, female choice,fitness,lek,polygynous species,age,male-male competition,sexual selection,Fisher},
	pages = {349--354}
}

@article{pembertonMeasuringInbreedingDepression12,
	title = {Measuring inbreeding depression in the wild: the old ways are the best},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4DCWG7S-1/2/764fffaa1e6594824b425475da84c901},
	abstract = {Measuring inbreeding depression in normally outbreeding natural populations is an uphill task, because it requires inbreeding coefficients that are calculated from pedigrees. Instead of calculating inbreeding coefficients directly, several studies have reported the use of microsatellite-derived metrics, such as heterozygosity, to infer relative inbreeding among individuals. In two new papers, Slate et al. and Balloux et al. show that these molecular metrics are often only weakly correlated with inbreeding coefficients, and that correlations between heterozygosity and fitness require a new interpretation},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pemberton, Josephine},
	keywords = {population, fitness, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, WILD, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, outbreeding, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, pedigree},
	pages = {613--615}
}

@article{krausePredatorPreferencesAttacking1995,
	title = {Predator preferences for attacking particular prey group sizes: consequences for predator hunting success and prey predation risk},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Krause, J. and Godin, J. G. J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {predation risk, call, preference, predation, risk, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,prey},
	pages = {465--473}
}

@article{blausteinKinRecognitionTadpoles1986,
	title = {Kin recognition in tadpoles},
	volume = {254},
	url = {ISI:A1986AWA7200009},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	author = {Blaustein, A. R. and Ohara, R. K.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {kin, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, TADPOLES},
	pages = {108--\&}
}

@article{liebermanArchitectureHumanKin2007,
	title = {The architecture of human kin detection},
	volume = {445},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05510},
	abstract = {Evolved mechanisms for assessing genetic relatedness have been found in many species, but their existence in humans has been a matter of controversy. Here we report three converging lines of evidence, drawn from siblings, that support the hypothesis that kin detection mechanisms exist in humans. These operate by computing, for each familiar individual, a unitary regulatory variable (the kinship index) that corresponds to a pairwise estimate of genetic relatedness between self and other. The cues that the system uses were identified by quantitatively matching individual exposure to potential cues of relatedness to variation in three outputs relevant to the system's evolved functions: sibling altruism, aversion to personally engaging in sibling incest, and moral opposition to third party sibling incest. As predicted, the kin detection system uses two distinct, ancestrally valid cues to compute relatedness: the familiar other's perinatal association with the individual's biological mother, and duration of sibling coresidence.},
	number = {7129},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Lieberman, Debra and Tooby, John and Cosmides, Leda},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {human, kin, ARCHITECTURE},
	pages = {727--731}
}

@article{endlerMultipletraitCoevolutionEnvironmental1995,
	title = {Multiple-trait coevolution and environmental gradients in guppies},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, call, colour pattern,guppy,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {22--29}
}

@article{doncasterEcologicalCostSex2000,
	title = {The ecological cost of sex},
	volume = {404},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Doncaster, C. P. and Pound, G. E. and Cox, S. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sex, cost, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction},
	pages = {281--285}
}

@article{michodEvolutionReliableIndicators1990,
	title = {On the evolution of reliable indicators of fitness},
	volume = {135},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Michod, R. E. and Hasson, O.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {evolution, fitness, call, indicator, fitness,good-genes,mating success,Fisher's runaway process},
	pages = {788--808}
}

@article{eyre-walkerHighGenomicDeleterious1999,
	title = {High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids},
	volume = {397},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Eyre-Walker, A. and Keightley, P. D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, mutation,sex,Muller's Ratchet,recombination},
	pages = {344--347}
}

@article{lebretonESTIMATIONAGESPECIFICBREEDING1990,
	title = {{THE} {ESTIMATION} {OF} {AGE}-{SPECIFIC} {BREEDING} {PROBABILITIES} {FROM} {RECAPTURES} {OR} {RESIGHTINGS} {IN} {VERTEBRATE} {POPULATIONS} .1. {TRANSVERSAL} {MODELS}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0006-341X},
	url = {://WOS:A1990DZ69500005},
	doi = {10.2307/2532082},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {Lebreton, J. D. and Hemery, G. and Clobert, J. and Coquillart, H.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {609--622}
}

@article{gowatyExtrapairPaternityPaternal2000,
	title = {Extra-pair paternity and paternal care: {Differential} male fitness via exploitation of variation among females {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {Extra-pair paternity and paternal care: {Differential} male fitness via exploitation of variation among females},
	journal = {Pre-print},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {variation, fitness, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, cooperation, paternal care, constrained female hypothesis, male choice}
}

@article{madsenFemaleNonavianReptiles2008,
	title = {Female nonavian reptiles benefit from multiple matings},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000259448800001},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03877.x},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Madsen, T.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3753--3753}
}

@article{ellnerPatternsGeneticPolymorphism1996,
	title = {Patterns of genetic polymorphism maintained by fluctuating selection with overlapping generations},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
	author = {Ellner, S. and Sasaki, A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {selection, call, polymorphism, fluctuating selection,polymorphism},
	pages = {31--65}
}

@article{menautTREECOMMUNITYDYNAMICS1990,
	title = {{TREE} {COMMUNITY} {DYNAMICS} {IN} {A} {HUMID} {SAVANNA} {OF} {THE} {IVORY}-{COAST} - {MODELING} {THE} {EFFECTS} {OF} {FIRE} {AND} {COMPETITION} {WITH} {GRASS} {AND} {NEIGHBORS}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0305-0270},
	url = {://WOS:A1990EK58100019},
	doi = {10.2307/2845379},
	number = {4-5},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	author = {Menaut, J. C. and Gignoux, J. and Prado, C. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {471--481}
}

@article{ritchieInheritanceFemalePreference2000,
	title = {The inheritance of female preference functions in a mate recognition system},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Ritchie, M. G.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {female preference, preference, preference function, genetics, speciation, mate recognition, courtship song, behavioiur},
	pages = {327--332}
}

@article{mcelroyDisplaysSendInformation2007,
	title = {Do {Displays} {Send} {Information} about {Ornament} {Structure} and {Male} {Quality} in the {Ornate} {Tree} {Lizard}, {Urosaurus} ornatus?},
	volume = {113},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01420.x},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {McElroy, Eric J. and Marien, Chloe and Meyers, Jay J. and Irschick, Duncan J.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1113--1122}
}

@article{kondrashovInteractionsQuantitativeTraits1999,
	title = {Interactions among quantitative traits in the course of sympatric speciation},
	volume = {400},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kondrashov, A. S. and Kondrashov, F. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {mate choice, fitness, speciation, disruptive selection, hypergeometric phenotypic model, sympatric speciation},
	pages = {351--354}
}

@article{johnstoneHonestSignallingPerceptual1994,
	title = {Honest signalling, perceptual error and the evolution of 'all-or-nothing ' displays},
	volume = {256},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {evolution, call, signalling, display, displays, honest signalling, honest signalling,'all-or-nothing' displays},
	pages = {169--175}
}

@article{sumnerMethodsFemaleFertility1994,
	title = {Methods of female fertility advertisement and variation among males in responsiveness in the sailfin molly ( {Poecilia} latipinna )},
	url = {ISI:A1994MV93100004},
	abstract = {We examined the relative importance of visual and chemical cues in the advertisement of female receptivity in the sailfin molly and whether males of different body sizes respond differently to those cues. Experimental treatments that allowed only olfactory cues without any visual cue or direct contact elicited no responses from males. Receptivity was perceived through a chemical cue that's effectiveness required direct contact between male and female. However, males of different sizes reacted differently to this contact signal. Large males were less interested in nonreceptive females than in receptive ones, whereas small males did not differentiate between nonreceptive and receptive females. The results suggest that female advertisement can influence the intensity of sexual selection because large males can restrict access of small males to contested females and female advertisement facilitates the ability of large males to focus their efforts where mating success is most likely to result in reproductive success.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Sumner, I. T. and Travis, J. and Johnson, C. D.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {female, MALES, Poecilia, variation, FERTILITY, responsiveness},
	pages = {27--34}
}

@article{waldmanProblemsKinRecognition1988,
	title = {Problems of kin recognition},
	volume = {3},
	url = {ISI:A1988L397800006},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Waldman, B. and Frumhoff, P. C. and Sherman, P. W.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, genetics, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION},
	pages = {8--13}
}

@article{fiskeMatingSuccessLekking1998,
	title = {Mating success in lekking males: a meta-analysis},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Fiske, P. and Rintam„ki, P. T. and Karvonen, E.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {lekking, mating, mating success},
	pages = {328--338}
}

@article{reidIntrinsicParentOffspringCorrelation7,
	title = {Intrinsic {Parent}-{Offspring} {Correlation} in {Inbreeding} {Level} in a {Song} {Sparrow} ( {Melospiza} melodia ) {Population} {Open} to {Immigration}},
	volume = {168},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?AN41424},
	abstract = {The extent to which offspring resemble their parents in genotype and phenotype underpins patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation, selection, and evolution in natural populations. Genetic and phenotypic resemblance can clearly result from additive genetic variance and can be shaped by nongenetic parental and common environmental influences. In contrast, there is no straightforward expectation that inbreeding coefficient ( f ), a nonadditive component of genetic "quality," should be correlated across parents and offspring in sexually reproducing species or consequently cause resemblance across generations. Here, we report a significant parent f -offspring f correlation within a free-living pedigreed population of song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ) on Mandarte Island, Canada. Across 15 years, relatively inbred parents had relatively inbred offspring on average. We show that rather than requiring nonrandom pairing with respect to f and kinship, parent f -offspring f correlations arise as an intrinsic consequence of random pairing within Mandarte's open population, where immigrants interbreed with Mandarte-hatched natives. However, on Mandarte, parent f -offspring f correlations may have been exacerbated because relatively inbred individuals paired with more closely related mates than expected by chance. Such intrinsic parent f -offspring f correlations have major implications for the understanding of resemblance, selection, and evolution in natural populations},
	number = {1},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Reid, Jane M. and Arcese, Peter and Keller, Lukas F.},
	keywords = {evolution, MATE, offspring, population, selection, variation, CONSEQUENCE, MATES, phenotype, phenotypic variation, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, intrinsic, POPULATIONS, kinship, NATURAL-POPULATION, SONG SPARROWS, COMMON, related, pattern, patterns, VARIANCE, song, GENERATIONS, ISLAND, Canada, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, Additive genetic variance, genetic variance, immigration, MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, pairing, song sparrow},
	pages = {1--13}
}

@article{promislowAdultFitnessConsequences1998,
	title = {Adult fitness consequences of sexual selection in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {95},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Promislow, D. E. L. and Smith, E. L. and Pearse, L.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, selection, fitness, FA,fluctuating asymmetry,sexual selection,good genes,Drosophila,mate choice},
	pages = {10687--10692}
}

@article{fowlerDistributionSpermStorage1968,
	title = {Distribution of sperm in the storage organs of the {Drosophila} melanogaster female at various levels of insemination},
	number = {101},
	journal = {Molecular and General Genetics},
	author = {Fowler, G. L. and Eroshevich, K.E. and Zimmering, S.},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {120--122}
}

@article{vanoosterhoutEvolutionMHCClass2006,
	title = {Evolution of {MHC} class {IIB} in the genome of wild and ornamental guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {97},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800843},
	abstract = {This is the first study to quantify genomic sequence variation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in wild and ornamental guppies, Poecilia reticulata. We sequenced 196-219 bp of exon 2 MHC class IIB (DAB) in 56 wild Trinidadian guppies and 14 ornamental strain guppies. Each of two natural populations possessed high allelic richness (15-16 alleles), whereas only three or fewer DAB alleles were amplified from ornamental guppies. The disparity in allelic richness between wild and ornamental fish cannot be fully explained by fixation of alleles by inbreeding, nor by the presence of non-amplified sequences (ie null alleles). Rather, we suggest that the same allele is fixed at duplicated MHC DAB loci owing to gene conversion. Alternatively, the number of loci in the ornamental strains has contracted during {\textgreater}100 generations in captivity, a hypothesis consistent with the accordion model of MHC evolution. We furthermore analysed the substitution patterns by making pairwise comparisons of sequence variation at the putative peptide binding region (PBR). The rate of non-synonymous substitutions (dN) only marginally exceeded synonymous substitutions (dS) in PBR codons. Highly diverged sequences showed no evidence for diversifying selection, possibly because synonymous substitutions have accumulated since their divergence. Also, the substitution pattern of similar alleles did not show evidence for diversifying selection, plausibly because advantageous non-synonymous substitutions have not yet accumulated. Intermediately diverged sequences showed the highest relative rate of non-synonymous substitutions, with dN/dS{\textgreater}14 in some pairwise comparisons. Consequently, a curvilinear relationship was observed between the dN/dS ratio and the level of sequence divergence.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {van Oosterhout, C. and Joyce, D. A. and Cummings, S. M.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, WILD, MHC, genome},
	pages = {111--118}
}

@article{manicaFilialCannibalismTeleost2002,
	title = {Filial cannibalism in teleost fish},
	volume = {77},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Manica, a},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {fish, cannibalism},
	pages = {261--277}
}

@article{bullSexRatioEvolution1981,
	title = {Sex ratio evolution when fitness varies},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Bull, J. J.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, fitness, sex ratio},
	pages = {9--26}
}

@article{kokkoItTakesTwo2003,
	title = {It takes two to tango},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Kokko, H. and Jennions, M. D.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {mate choice, parental care, anisogamy, opportunity for selection, sexual seelction},
	pages = {103--104}
}

@article{oppligerEnvironmentalStressIncreases1998,
	title = {Environmental stress increases the prevalence and intensity of blood parasite infection in the common lizard {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	url = {://WOS:000078303000012},
	abstract = {Parasites affect the life-histories and fitness of their hosts. It has been demonstrated that the ability of the immune system to cope with parasites partly depends on environmental conditions. In particular, stressful conditions have an immunosuppressive effect and may affect disease resistance. The relationship between environmental stress and parasitism was investigated using a blood parasite of the common lizard Lacerta vivipara. In laboratory cages, density and additional stressors had a significant effect on the intensity of both natural parasitaemia and parasitaemia induced by experimental infection. Four weeks after infection, crowded lizards had three times more parasites than noncrowded lizards. After 1 month of stress treatment, naturally infected lizards had a significantly higher level of plasma corticosterone and a higher parasite load than nonstressed individuals. In seminatural enclosures, stress induced by the habitat quality affected both the natural blood parasite prevalence and the intensity of parasitaemia of the host.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Oppliger, A. and Clobert, J. and Lecomte, J. and Lorenzon, P. and Boudjemadi, K. and John-Alder, H. B.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {129--138}
}

@article{krackowMateChoiceNonsiblings1991,
	title = {Mate choice for non-siblings in wild house mice - evidence from a choice test and a reproductive test},
	volume = {88},
	url = {ISI:A1991FX97400002},
	abstract = {Two experiments were designed to test whether wild house mice discriminate between olfactory cues from different kin and, if so, whether given preferences would relate to actual reproductive decisions. Experimental animals were mice born to the offspring of wild-caught house mice. Litter-mates stayed together until 60 d of age and were then housed individually. In a choice test, animals were placed in the middle of an arena with 4 openings which led to small cages containing bedding material from opposite-sex animals of known kinship (full-sib, cousin, unrelated) or clean material. Test animals (11 oestrous females, 11 males tested with oestrous females' bedding, 8 males tested with material from non-oestrous females) preferred conspecific to control bedding. Males tested with oestrous females' bedding significantly preferred unrelated to full-sib odours. In a second experiment, 34 males were each mated simultaneously to 3 females (sister, cousin, unrelated) and these groups were then housed together for 5, 10, and 15 d. Females were checked for litters during the next 20 d. Reproductive rate increased significantly in the 15 d cohabitation group, and significantly more cousin and unrelated females than sisters gave birth to a litter},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Krackow, S. and Matuschak, B.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, FULL-SIB, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, mating preferences, preference, age, inbreeding avoidance, WILD, CONSERVATION, genetics, kinship, philopatry, FAMILIARITY, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, HOUSE MICE, MICE, MUS-MUSCULUS, MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER, social interactions, WILD HOUSE MICE, INBRED MICE, INCEST TABOO, OLFACTORY PREFERENCES},
	pages = {99--108}
}

@article{lindholmInvasionSuccessGenetic2005,
	title = {Invasion success and genetic diversity of introduced populations of guppies {Poecilia} reticulata in {Australia}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://000232143800004},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Lindholm, A. K. and Breden, F. and Alexander, H. J. and Chan, W. K. and Thakurta, S. G. and Brooks, R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Poecilia reticulata, SUCCESS, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, Choice Behavior, quantitative genetics, bottleneck, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, additive genetic variation, ALLELE FREQUENCY DATA, COLOR PATTERN, FEMALE GUPPIES, introduced species, invasion, MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA, neutral genetic diversity, PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS},
	pages = {3671--3682}
}

@article{lafleurFemaleMatechoiceCopying1997,
	title = {Female mate-choice copying in guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata : a re-evaluation},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Lafleur, D. L. and Lozano, G. A. and Sclafani, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, mate choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, female mate choice, call, copying, mate-choice copying},
	pages = {579--586}
}

@article{bartonWhySexRecombination1998,
	title = {Why sex and recombination?},
	volume = {281},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Barton, N. H. and Charlesworth, B.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sex},
	pages = {1986--1990}
}

@article{civelekSystemsGeneticsApproaches2014,
	title = {Systems genetics approaches to understand complex traits},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3575},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3575},
	abstract = {Systems genetics is an approach to understand the flow of biological information that underlies complex traits. It uses a range of experimental and statistical methods to quantitate and integrate intermediate phenotypes, such as transcript, protein or metabolite levels, in populations that vary for traits of interest. Systems genetics studies have provided the first global view of the molecular architecture of complex traits and are useful for the identification of genes, pathways and networks that underlie common human diseases. Given the urgent need to understand how the thousands of loci that have been identified in genome-wide association studies contribute to disease susceptibility, systems genetics is likely to become an increasingly important approach to understanding both biology and disease.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Civelek, Mete and Lusis, Aldons J.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {34--48}
}

@article{schagdarsurenginAnalysingSpermEpigenome2012,
	title = {Analysing the sperm epigenome: roles in early embryogenesis and assisted reproduction},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1759-4812},
	url = {://WOS:000310834400002},
	doi = {10.1038/nrurol.2012.183},
	abstract = {An understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in sperm production and their impact on the differentiating embryo is essential if we are to optimize fertilization and assisted reproduction techniques in the future. Male germ cells are unique in terms of size, robustness, and chromatin structure, which is highly condensed owing to the replacement of most histones by protamines. Analysis of sperm epigenetics requires specific techniques that enable the isolation of high quality chromatin and associated nucleic acids. Histone modification, DNA methylation and noncoding RNAs have important, but so far underestimated, roles in the production of fertile sperm. Aberrations in these epigenetic processes have detrimental consequences for both early embryo development and assisted reproductive technology. Emerging computational techniques are likely to improve our understanding of chromatin dynamics in the future.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Urology},
	author = {Schagdarsurengin, U. and Paradowska, A. and Steger, K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {DNA methylation, beckwith-wiedemann-syndrome, differentially methylated, embryonic, h3, histone, human spermatozoal rnas, in-vitro fertilization, lc-ms/ms analysis, male germ-cells, nuclear-matrix, region, stem-cells},
	pages = {609--619}
}

@article{geschwindCerebralLateralizarionBiological1985,
	title = {Cerebral lateralizarion: {Biological} mechanisms, associations and pathology: {I}. {A} hypothesis and a program for research},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Archives of Neurology.},
	author = {Geschwind, N. and Galaburda, A. M.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {i},
	pages = {428--459}
}

@article{taylorLekParadoxNot1982,
	title = {The lek paradox is not resolved},
	volume = {22},
	journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
	author = {Taylor, P. D. and Williams, G. C.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {call, lek, paradox, fitness,leks},
	pages = {392--409}
}

@article{zukParasiteLoadBody1988,
	title = {Parasite load, body size, and age of wild-caught male fields crickets ({Orthoptera}: {Gyllidae}): effects on sexual selection},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Zuk, M.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, size, body size, cricket, field, age, load, parasite load, age indicator mechanism},
	pages = {969--976}
}

@article{bullAppliedEvolution11,
	title = {Applied {Evolution}},
	volume = {32},
	url = {http://ecolsys.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/183},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Bull, J. J. and Wichman, H. A.},
	month = may,
	keywords = {evolution},
	pages = {183--217}
}

@article{pizzariSpermCompetitionDynamics2008,
	title = {Sperm competition dynamics: ejaculate fertilising efficiency changes differentially with time.},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-8-332},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: A fundamental challenge in evolutionary biology is to resolve the mechanisms that maintain paternity a hypervariable fitness component. Because females are often sexually promiscuous, this challenge hinges on establishing the mechanisms through which the ejaculates of different males compete for fertilisation (sperm competition). The competitive quality of an ejaculate is mediated by the relative number of live sperm and their motile performance. The differential rate at which rival ejaculates lose their fertilising efficiency over time is therefore expected to influence the outcome of sperm competition. RESULTS: Here, we artificially inseminated into sets of replicate domestic hens, Gallus gallus domesticus, experimentally engineered heterospermic ejaculates containing a large number of low-quality sperm from one male, and a lower number of high-quality sperm from another male. Large, low-quality ejaculates fertilised the first eggs produced after insemination, but small, high-quality ejaculates prevailed in the long run despite their numerical disadvantage. CONCLUSION: Together, these results provide the first experimental demonstration that the relative competitive value of an ejaculate changes drastically over the time during which competing ejaculates are stored within the reproductive tract of a female, resulting in a marked temporal pattern of variation in paternity. A high level of replication makes these results robust. However, our study was restricted to few males of a well characterised study population, and future work should explore the generality of these results.},
	journal = {BMC evolutionary biology},
	author = {Pizzari, Tommaso and Worley, Kirsty and Burke, Terry and Froman, David P},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FERTILIZATION, ANIMALS, Male, sperm motility, spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: physiology, CHICKENS, Chickens: genetics, Chickens: physiology, SPERM COUNT},
	pages = {332}
}

@article{leboeufMalemaleCompetitionReproductive1974,
	title = {Male-male {Competition} and {Reproductive} {Success} in {Elephant} {Seals}},
	volume = {14},
	url = {http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/1/163.abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/14.1.163},
	abstract = {Male-male competition and reproductive success of northern elephant seals, Mirounga augustirostris, was studied for six consecutive breeding seasons at AÃ±o Nuevo Island, California. The conclusions were as follows: (i) Less than one third of the males in residence copulate during a breeding season. A few males are responsible for the majority of copulations, (ii) The number and age of males copulating varies with: (a) harem location and topography, (b) the number of estrous females in the harem, and (c) the number of males competing for females, (iii) Copulation frequency is related directly to success in male-male competition, i.e., social rank. (iv) The same individuals may dominate breeding for three consecutive breeding seasons. (v) Successful males die within a year or two after their reproductive peak. (vi) The reproductive success of most males is nil or low because many die before reaching breeding age and some of those that reach maturity are prevented from mating by the highest ranking males. (vii) Individual strategies have important consequences for reproductive success, (viii) Male-male competition is a major cause of pup mortality prior to weaning.The potential reproductive success of males is much greater than that of females. Changes in colony number and composition affect the reproductive success of males as well as females.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Le Boeuf, Burney J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1974},
	pages = {163--176}
}

@article{lettyImprovingTranslocationSuccess2000,
	title = {Improving translocation success: an experimental study of anti-stress treatment and release method for wild rabbits},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1367-9430},
	url = {://WOS:000088781100004},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00105.x},
	abstract = {Translocation is an important tool in conservation biology. However, translocation success is generally low for numerous animal species, therefore experiments are required for improvement. We carried out an experimental translocation of European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The results may be of great interest for conservation biology, although we used a common species. As rabbits are known to experience a high mortality during the first days following release, it was necessary to assess the influence of handling trauma and environment novelty, respectively, and ways of suppressing them. Both tranquillization treatment during handling and a 'soft' release protocol (acclimatization pens in the new territory) were tested. Tranquillization did not increase survival, while the effect of acclimatization depended on sex. Females survived better when acclimatized, while males showed the opposite tendency. This difference is discussed in terms of sex-specific social behaviour, which is possibly an important correlate of translocation success. Finally, environmental stress seemed Lo override handling stress in determining the level of early survival for translocated wild rabbits.},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Letty, J. and Marchandeau, S. and Clobert, J. and Aubineau, J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {211--219}
}

@article{schwagmeyerMaleMateChoice1990,
	title = {Male mate choice as predicted by sperm competition in thirteen-lined ground squirrels},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Schwagmeyer, P. L. and Parker, G. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, competition, mate choice, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, male mate choice, search costs, thirteen-lined ground squirrels},
	pages = {62--64}
}

@article{fisherEvolutionDominance1931,
	title = {The evolution of dominance},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Fisher, R. A.},
	year = {1931},
	keywords = {evolution, Y, dominance, sexually antagonistic alleles, Y-linkage},
	pages = {345--368}
}

@article{ritchieShapeFemaleMating1996,
	title = {The shape of female mating preferences},
	volume = {93},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Ritchie, M. G.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {mating, call, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, female mating preference, insect song,phonotaxis,premating reproductive isolation,speciation,sexual selection},
	pages = {14628--14361}
}

@article{perrinDispersalInbreedingAvoidance1999,
	title = {Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance},
	volume = {154},
	url = {ISI:000083467700003},
	abstract = {Using a game-theoretical approach, we investigate the dispersal patterns expected if inbreeding avoidance were the only reason for dispersal. The evolutionary outcome is always complete philopatry by one sex. The rate of dispersal by the other sex depends on patch size and mating system, as well as inbreeding and dispersal cr,sts. if such costs are sex independent, then two stable equilibria coexist (male or female philopatry), with symmetric domains of attraction. Which sex disperses is determined entirely by history, genetic drift, and gene flow. An asymmetry in costs makes one domain of attraction extend at the expense of the other. In such a case, the dispersing sex might also be, paradoxically, the one that incurs the higher dispersal costs. As asymmetry increases, one equilibrium eventually disappears, which may result in a sudden evolutionary shift in the identity of the dispersing sex. Our results underline the necessity to control for phylogenetic relationships (e.g., through the use of independent-comparisons methods) when investigating empirical trends in dispersal. Our model also makes quantitative predictions on the rate of dispersal by the dispersing sex and suggests that inbreeding avoidance may only rarely be the sole reason for dispersal},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Perrin, N. and Mazalov, V.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, sex, INCREASE, model, size, mating, HISTORIES, HISTORY, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, birds, mating system, mating systems, philopatry, conflict, pattern, patterns, polygyny, asymmetry, BIODIVERSITY, INCREASES, SYSTEM, inbreeding-avoidance, attraction, FLOW, gene flow, sex-biased dispersal, PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS, evolutionarily stable strategy, EVOLUTIONARY STABILITY, genetic drift, OPTIMAL RATES},
	pages = {282--292}
}

@article{kappelerEpigeneticsParentalEffects2010,
	title = {Epigenetics and parental effects},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1521-1878 (ELECTRONIC) 0265-9247 (LINKING)},
	doi = {10.1002/bies.201000015},
	abstract = {Parental effects are a major source of phenotypic plasticity and may influence offspring phenotype in concert with environmental demands. Studies of "environmental epigenetics" suggest that (1) DNA methylation states are variable and that both demethylation and remethylation occur in post-mitotic cells, and (2) that remodeling of DNA methylation can occur in response to environmentally driven intracellular signaling pathways. Studies of mother-offspring interactions in rodents suggest that parental signals influence the DNA methylation, leading to stable changes in gene expression. If parental effects do indeed enhance the "match" between prevailing environmental demands and offspring phenotype, then the potential for variation in environmental conditions over time would suggest a mechanism that requires active maintenance across generations through parental signaling. We suggest that parental regulation of DNA methylation states is thus an ideal candidate mechanism for parental effects on phenotypic variation.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Bioessays},
	author = {Kappeler, L. and Meaney, M. J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, phenotype, Rats, Humans, ENVIRONMENT, Genomic Imprinting, DNA methylation, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Parent-Child Relations},
	pages = {818--27}
}

@book{sokalBiometryPrinciplesPractice1995,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research},
	isbn = {0-7167-2411-1},
	publisher = {W.H. Freeman},
	author = {Sokal, Robert R. and Rohlf, F. James},
	year = {1995}
}

@article{gretherCarotenoidLimitationMate2000,
	title = {Carotenoid limitation and mate preference evolution: a test of the indicator hypothesis in guppies},
	volume = {54},
	abstract = {Under the indicator models of mate choice, female preferences evolve to exploit the condition-dependence or ''indicator value'' of male traits, which in turn may cause these traits to evolve to elaborate extremes. If the indicator value of a male trait changes, the payoff function of the female preference for that trait should change and the preference should evolve to a new optimum. I tested this prediction in the guppy,  Poecilia reticulata , a species in which the indicator value of a sexually selected male trait, carotenoid coloration, varies geographically. Carotenoid coloration is thought to be an indicator of foraging ability and health because animals must obtain carotenoid pigments from their diet. The primary dietary source of carotenoids for guppies is unicellular algae, the abundance of which varies among natural streams because of variation in forest canopy cover. Carotenoid availability limits male coloration to a greater extent in streams with greater forest canopy cover. Thus, the indicator value of male coloration covaries positively with canopy cover. To test the indicator model prediction, I measured genetic divergence in the strength of female preferences for carotenoid coloration between high- and low-carotenoid availability streams in each of three river drainages. Second-generation laboratory-born females were given a choice between full-sib males raised on three different dietary levels of carotenoids. For all six populations, male attractiveness (as determined from the responses of females to male courtship displays) increased with dietary carotenoid levels. However, the strength of female preferences differed between populations in the predicted direction in only one of three river drainages. These results fail to support a crucial prediction of the indicator model. More studies taking an interpopulation approach to studying mate preference evolution are needed before the explanatory value of the indicator models can be rigorously assessed.},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Grether, G. F.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, courtship, ABILITY, Attractiveness, evolution, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, i, male attractiveness, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, response, reticulata, TRAITS, variation, model, MODELS, FULL-SIB, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, female preference, mate preference, PIGMENTS, preference, display, displays, POPULATIONS, RESPONSES, STREAM, indicator, DIRECTION, carotenoid, foraging, LIMIT, condition dependence, condition-dependence, courtship display, divergence, COLORATION, carotenoids, FOREST, diet, MALE TRAITS, preference evolution},
	pages = {1712--1724}
}

@article{ryanHatchingAsynchronySurvival2004,
	title = {Hatching asynchrony, survival, and the fitness of alternative adult morphs in {Ambystoma} talpoideum},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://WOS:000221850300005},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-004-1563-x},
	abstract = {The mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, exhibits both aquatic (gilled) and terrestrial (metamorphosed) adult morphologies. Previous studies have shown the existence of body-size advantages associated with the terrestrial morph in A. talpoideum and other polymorphic salamanders (e.g., A. tigrinum). However, aquatic adult A. talpoideum mature at a younger age and often breed earlier than terrestrial adults. We tested the hypothesis that early maturation and reproduction in aquatic adults increase fitness (irrespective of body size). We reared larval A. talpoideum in mesocosms and varied the timing of hatching, with early-hatching larvae representing the offspring from early-breeding aquatic adults, and late-hatching larvae representing the offspring of later-breeding terrestrial adults. Our results demonstrate significantly higher survival rates among early-hatchlings relative to late-hatching conspecifics, supporting the hypothesis that early reproduction may be an important mechanism mediating the polymorphism in A. talpoideum. We discuss our results within the context of size-based models of the fitness of alternative life-cycles.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Ryan, T. J. and Plague, G. R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, size, GROWTH, amphibian metamorphosis, density, experimental pond communities, intraspecific priority effects, life-cycle polymorphism, life-cycles, METAMORPHOSIS, paedomorphosis, pedomorphosis, salamander},
	pages = {46--51}
}

@misc{ASREML1999,
	address = {ftp.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/aar},
	title = {{ASREML}},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {110}
}

@article{wolfEvolutionaryConsequencesIndirect2,
	title = {Evolutionary consequences of indirect genetic effects},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534797012330},
	doi = {10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01233-0},
	abstract = {Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) are environmental influences on the phenotype of one individual that are due to the expression of genes in a different, conspecific, individual. Historically, work has focused on the influence of parents on offspring but recent advances have extended this perspective to interactions among other relatives and even unrelated individuals. IGEs lead to complicated pathways of inheritance, where environmental sources of variation can be transmitted across generations and therefore contribute to evolutionary change. The existence of IGEs alters the genotype-phenotype relationship, changing the evolutionary process in some dramatic and non-intuitive ways.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Wolf, Jason B. and Brodie Iii, Edmund D. and Cheverud, James M. and Moore, Allen J. and Wade, Michael J.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {indirect genetic effects, Maternal effects, selection, call, quantitative genetics, Development},
	pages = {64--69}
}

@article{svenssonFemalePolymorphismsSexual2009,
	title = {Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict and limits to speciation processes in animals},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0269-7653},
	url = {://000262504800007},
	doi = {10.1007/s10682-007-9208-2},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Svensson, E. I. and Abbott, J. K. and Gosden, T. P. and Coreau, A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {population, Male, sexual conflict, NATURAL-SELECTION, speciation, antagonistic coevolution, disruptive selection, male mate choice, differentiation, sympatric speciation, color polymorphism, DAMSELFLY ISCHNURA-GRAELLSII, EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS, Female competition, female resistance, mating harassment, REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES},
	pages = {93--108}
}

@article{dunnExtrapairMateChoice1999,
	title = {Extrapair mate choice and honest signaling in cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens},
	volume = {53},
	url = {ISI:000081507300027},
	abstract = {In many species of monogamous birds females copulate with males other than their social mates, resulting in extrapair fertilizations. Little is known about how females choose extrapair mates and whether the traits used to choose them are reliable indicators of male quality. Here we identify a novel male trait associated with extra-group mating success in the superb fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus), a cooperatively breeding bird with one of the highest known frequencies of extra-group mating. Female fairy-wrens chose extra-group mates that molted earlier into breeding plumage. Males molted up to five months before the breeding season began, and only males that molted at least one month prior to its onset gained any extra-group fertilizations. This conclusion held after controlling statistically for the effect of age and social status on molt date. Once males acquired breeding plumage, they began courtship display to females on other territories. Thus, some males were displaying to females for several months before the breeding season began. This extraordinarily long period of advertisement by males may be facilitated by the long-term ownership of territories. We suggest that early acquisition of breeding plumage or the subsequent display behavior can be reliable cues for mate choice because they are costly to acquire or maintain},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Dunn, P. O. and Cockburn, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, evolution, female, FEMALES, good genes, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, quality, TRAITS, FERTILIZATIONS, BODY-SIZE, mating, SUCCESS, age, display, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding avoidance, social, territory, bird, birds, genetics, mating success, indicator, courtship display, cooperative breeding, extrapair paternity, DNA fingerprinting, WRENS, FAIRY-WRENS, Malurus cyaneus, MALURUS-CYANEUS, molt, OLD MATES, PAIR PATERNITY, SUPERB FAIRY-WRENS},
	pages = {938--946}
}

@article{weatherheadMateChoiceAvian1984,
	title = {Mate choice in avian polygyny: why do females prefer older males?},
	volume = {123},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Weatherhead, P. J.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, ABVI, age, polygyny, aim},
	pages = {873--875}
}

@article{reznickCostsReproductionEvaluation1985,
	title = {Costs of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Reznick, D.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {call, reproduction, cost, costs, genetic correlations, phenotypic correlations, reproductive costs},
	pages = {257--267}
}

@article{johnstoneMutualMateChoice1996,
	title = {Mutual mate choice and sex differences in choosiness},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A. and Reynolds, J. D. and Deutsch, J. C.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, sex, mutual, choosiness, monogamy, biparental care, mututal mate choice},
	pages = {1382--1391}
}

@article{gibsonSexualSelectionLekking1985,
	title = {Sexual selection in lekking sage grouse: phenotypic correlates of male mating success},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Gibson, R. M. and Bradbury, J. W.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, lekking, mate choice, selection, mating, male mating success, mating success, display rate, display cues, sage grouse},
	pages = {117--123}
}

@article{lahnsteinerDeterminationSemenQuality1998,
	title = {Determination of semen quality of the rainbow trout, {Oncorhynchus} mykiss, by sperm motility, seminal plasma parameters, and spermatozoal metabolism},
	volume = {163},
	issn = {0044-8486},
	url = {://WOS:000074506500013},
	doi = {10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00243-9},
	abstract = {This study investigated the relationships between semen fertilization capacity and sperm motility, seminal plasma composition and sperm metabolism in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to find out biomarkers for semen quality. Variations in semen fertilization rate could be best described by three multiple regression models: Firstly, a model including the seminal plasma pH (x(1)), beta-D-glucuronidase activity (x(2)), total lipid levels (x(3)) (y = 894.77x(1) - 53.13 x(1)(2) - 6.58 x(2) - 0.0006x(1) x(2) - 0.62 x(3) + 0.008 x(3)(2) - 3666.19, F-value = 10.35, R-2 = 0.805, P {\textless} 0.001), secondly, a model including the sperm metabolism parameters malate dehydrogenase activity (x(1)), respiration activity (x(2)) aspartate aminotransferase activity (x(3)), total lipid levels (x(4)) (y = - 2.06x(1) - 1.63 x(2) + 0.073 x(1) x(2) - 0.049 x(3) + 0.029x(4) + 0.0031 x(4)(2) + 97.96, F-value = 12.41, R-2 = 0.754, P {\textless} 0.001) and thirdly, a model including sperm motility rate (x(1)) and total swimming velocity (x(1)) (y = 0.44x(1) - 0.38 x(2) + 0.011x(2)(2) - 0.00006x(2)(3) + 32.87, F-value = 51.31, R-2 = 650, P {\textless} 0.001). For practical application, the utilization of simple regression models is of value, too, as the technical effort for parameter determination is lower. Fertilization rate can be best described by sperm motility rate (y = 0.72x + 25.99, R-2 = 0.594, P {\textless} 0.001), seminal plasma pH (y = 1460.2 x - 89.41 x(2) - 5881.2, R-2 = 0.525, P {\textless} 0.001) and spermatozoal respiration activity (y = - 1.85x + 84.59, R-2 = 0.554, P {\textless} 0.001) as these parameters explain a high percentage of variance in fertilization rate and especially seminal fluid pH and motility rate are easy to determine. Subsequently high quality semen (fertilization rate {\textgreater} 80\%) is characterised by high sperm motility rate greater than or equal to 75\%, medium sperm swimming velocities of 100-120 mu m/s, optimal seminal fluid protonic composition (pH of 8.0-8.2), balanced energy metabolism (spermatozoal respiratory activity less than or equal to 5 mu mol/min/100 mg protein, spermatozoal malate dehydrogenase activity less than or equal to 2.5 mu mol/min/100 mg protein, medium seminal fluid total lipid levels of 20-60 mg/100 ml and spermatozoal total lipid levels of 100-400 mu mol/100 mg protein), and low seminal fluid lytic activity( beta-D-glucuronidase less than or equal to 0.4 mu mol/min/1 [ less than or equal to 0.5 mu mol/min/100 mg protein]). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Aquaculture},
	author = {Lahnsteiner, F. and Berger, B. and Weismann, T. and Patzner, R. A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {fish, FERTILIZATION, ATLANTIC SALMON, Cryopreservation, eggs, fertilization rate, initiation, micropyles, Oncorhynchus mykiss, purification, rainbow trout, seminal plasma composition, serum, sperm metabolism},
	pages = {163--181}
}

@article{roffEvolutionMatrixSelection2000,
	title = {The evolution of {G} matrix: selection or ?},
	volume = {84},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Roff, D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, heritability, mutation, genetic covariance, genetic drift, G matrix},
	pages = {135--142}
}

@article{stockleyWhyFemaleCommon1998,
	title = {Why do female common shrews produce so many offspring?},
	volume = {83},
	url = {ISI:000078350500015},
	abstract = {Female common shrews (Sorex araneus) produce large numbers of offspring at enormous energetic cost. Moreover, the number of offspring per litter often exceeds the number that are reared to weaning. This is particularly puzzling because there is intense competition for survival among young shrews once they have left the nest. It appears therefore that females could increase their reproductive success by shifting investment from production of apparently surplus offspring to increase investment in those they are able to rear. Here, we suggest that the reason female common shrews invest in apparent overproduction of offspring may be related to patterns of dispersal and inbreeding in this species. Matings between genetically similar individuals occur frequently in natural populations, and females appear unable to avoid costs associated with inbreeding by selecting mates or their sperm on the basis of genetic compatibility. Production of more offspring than are weaned, coupled with multiple mating, may therefore be a strategy to promote sibling competition for maternal investment and hence selection of the most genetically fit young from mixed paternity litters},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Stockley, P. and Macdonald, D. W.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MATE, offspring, population, selection, sex, sperm, survival, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, multiple mating, INDIVIDUALS, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, NATURAL-POPULATION, COMMON, related, patterns, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, paternity, multiple paternity, sperm selection, SEX-RATIO, CLUTCH-SIZE, SOREX-ARANEUS},
	pages = {560--566}
}

@article{colegraveConfidenceIntervalsAre2003,
	title = {Confidence intervals are a more useful complement to nonsignificant tests than are power calculations},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Colegrave, N. and Ruxton, G. D.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {confidence interval, statistical power, power analysis},
	pages = {446--447}
}

@article{hedrickInbreedingDepressionConservation2000,
	title = {Inbreeding depression in conservation biology},
	volume = {31},
	url = {ISI:000166011500007},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression is of major concern in the management and conservation of endangered species. Inbreeding appears universally to reduce fitness, but its magnitude and specific effects are highly variable because they depend on the genetic constitution of the species or populations and on how these genotypes interact with the environment. Recent natural experiments are consistent with greater inbreeding depression in more stressful environments. In small populations of randomly mating individuals, such as are characteristic of many endangered species, all individuals may suffer from inbreeding depression because of the cumulative effects of genetic drift that decrease the fitness of all individuals in the population. In three recent cases, introductions into populations with low fitness appeared to restore fitness to levels similar to those before the effects of genetic drift. Inbreeding depression may potentially be reduced, or purged, by breeding related individuals. However, the Speke's gazelle example, often cited as a demonstration of reduction of inbreeding depression, appears to be the result of a temporal change in fitness in inbred individuals and not a reduction in inbreeding depression},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Hedrick, P. W. and Kalinowski, S. T.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, i, population, variation, fitness, mating, ANIMALS, Darwin, lande, theory, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, related, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, ENVIRONMENT, deleterious mutations, purging, GENETIC-VARIATION, BOTTLENECKED POPULATIONS, SMALL POPULATIONS, conservation biology, endangered species, MAMMALIAN POPULATIONS, genetic drift, CANIS-LUPUS POPULATION, EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE, ENDANGERED GILA-TOPMINNOW, genetic restoration, GREATER PRAIRIE CHICKEN, PAIRWISE RELATEDNESS},
	pages = {139--162}
}

@article{madrigalMatingPatternPopulation1999,
	title = {Mating pattern and population structure in {Escazu} {Costa} {Rica}: {A} study using marriage records},
	volume = {71},
	url = {ISI:000083857000005},
	abstract = {A primary focus of historical demographic research is to understand how a population's mating pattern can affect its genetic structure. By using surnames, researchers can reconstruct gene flow into a population as well as within it: the population structure. Indeed, Lasker (1988a) noted that the distribution of surnames reflects the effect of mate choice on a population's genetic structure. Here, we study the mating pattern of a small, clearly established breeding population in Costa Rica (Escazu) during 1800-1839 and 1850-1899. We found that a large proportion of marriages involved individuals who were members of longstanding or core families. Indeed, 27 families provided 56\% of all consorts throughout the period under study. When new surnames appeared in the records (presumably as a result of immigration), they were introduced more frequently by males, indicating that more males than females migrated into the community. The core families did not mate preferentially among themselves but appear to have readily accepted the migrants. Indeed, the greatest preponderance of repeated-surname marriages was that expected by chance. However, nonrandom surname repetition is evident when marriages between nonillegitimate consorts are analyzed. That is, the frequency of repeated-pair surname marriages is statistically significant in marriages involving brides and grooms who carried 2 surnames. Interestingly, significant departures from random repetition of surnames occurred during the decade in which the great cholera epidemic affected Costa Rica and during the decade following it. This departure from panmixia supports the notion that mating patterns were altered as a result of the epidemic, a suggestion we made previously when we reported that inbreeding increased in these same decades (Madrigal and Ware 1997)},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Human Biology},
	author = {Madrigal, L. and Ware, B.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, mating, human, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, genetics, FAMILY, patterns, DISTRIBUTIONS, mortality, introduced, FLORIDA, FLOW, gene flow, MARRIAGE, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, immigration, mating patterns, Costa Rica, ISONYMY, MASSACHUSETTS, NAMES, population structure, REPEATING PAIRS, REPETITION, SARDINIA, seasonality, surname analysis, SURNAMES},
	pages = {963--975}
}

@article{forsmanCoevolutionColorPattern2002,
	title = {Coevolution of color pattern and thermoregulatory behavior in polymorphic pygmy grasshoppers {Tetrix} undulata.},
	volume = {56},
	abstract = {Ectothermic organisms, such as insects and reptiles, rely on external heat sources to control body temperature and possess physiological and behavioral traits that are temperature dependent. It has therefore been hypothesised that differences in body temperature resulting from phenotypic properties, such as color pattern, may translate into selection against thermally inferior phenotypes. We tested for costs and benefits of pale versus dark coloration by comparing the behaviors (i.e., basking duration and bouts) of pygmy grasshopper (Tetrix undulata) individuals exposed to experimental situations imposing a trade-off between temperature regulation and feeding. We used pairs consisting of two full-siblings of the same sex that represented different (genetically coded) color morphs but had shared identical conditions from the time of fertilization. Our results revealed significant differences in behavioral thermoregulation between dark and pale individuals in females, but not in males. Pale females spent more time feeding than dark females, regardless of whether feeding was associated with a risk of either hypothermia or overheating. In contrast, only minor differences in behavior (if any) were evident between individuals that belonged to the same color morph but had been painted black or gray to increase and decrease their heating rates. This suggests that the behavioral differences between individuals belonging to different color morphs are genetically determined, rather than simply reflecting a response to different heating rates. To test for effects of acclimation on behaviors, we used pairs of individuals that had been reared from hatchlings to adults under controlled conditions in either low or high temperature. The thermal regime experienced during rearing had little effect on behaviors during the experiments reported above, but significantly influenced the body temperatures selected in a laboratory thermal gradient. In females (but not in males) preferred body temperature also varied among individuals born to mothers belonging to different color morphs, suggesting that a genetic correlation exists between color pattern and temperature preferences. Collectively, these findings, at least in females, are consistent with the hypothesis of multiple-trait coevolution and suggest that the different color morphs represent alternative evolutionary strategies.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {Forsman, Anders and Ringblom, Karin and Civantos, Emilio and Ahnesjö, Jonas},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {female, pigmentation, ANIMALS, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Sex Characteristics, phenotype, BODY TEMPERATURE, Body Temperature Regulation, Body Temperature Regulation: physiology, Feeding Behavior, Grasshoppers, Grasshoppers: physiology, Pigmentation: physiology},
	pages = {349--60}
}

@article{kokkoSexualSelectionContinuum2002,
	title = {The sexual selection continuum},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kokko, H. and Brooks, R. and McNamara, J. M. and Houston, A. I.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {good-genes, indirect selection, sexual selection, Fisher, mate choice, selection, costs},
	pages = {1331--1340}
}

@article{collinsHeritableVariationPheromone1989,
	title = {Heritable variation in pheromone response of the pink bollworm,  {Pectinophora} gossypiella ({Lepidoptera}: {Gelechiidae}).},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	author = {Collins, R. D. and Card‚, R. T.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {variation, Lepidoptera, pheromone, Pectinophora gossypiella, pheromone response, pink bollworm},
	pages = {2647--2659}
}

@article{dolginInbreedingOutbreedingDepression2007,
	title = {Inbreeding and outbreeding depression in caenorhabditis nematodes},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://000247125100008},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Dolgin, E. S. and Charlesworth, B. and Baird, S. E. and Cutter, A. D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {inbreeding depression, mating system, linkage disequilibrium, outcrossing, SELF-FERTILIZATION, selfing, hermaphrodite, WILD POPULATIONS, Androdioecy, AMSINCKIA BORAGINACEAE, BREEDING SYSTEM EVOLUTION, Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis remanei, EULIMNADIA-TEXANA, INDUCED MUTATIONS, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM},
	pages = {1339--1352}
}

@article{pitnickMaleSizeInfluences1991,
	title = {Male size influences mate fecundity and remating interval in  {Drosophila} melanogaster.},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Pitnick, S.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {Drosophila, size, fecundity},
	pages = {735--745}
}

@article{pinheroNlmeLinearNonlinear2009,
	title = {nlme: {Linear} and nonlinear mixed effects models. {R} package version 3.1-96.},
	abstract = {Pinheiro, J., D. Bates, S. DebRoy, D. Sarkar and R. C. team (2009). nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-96.},
	author = {Pinhero, J and Bates, D and DebRoy, S and Sarkar, D and {R.C.Team}},
	year = {2009}
}

@article{schradinCausesFemaleEmigration2002,
	title = {Causes of female emigration in the group-living cichlid fish {Neolamprologus} multifasciatus},
	volume = {108},
	url = {ISI:000174566100004},
	abstract = {Neolamprologus multifasciatus is a small cichlid breeding in empty gastropod shells that forms complex family groups with several reproductive males and females, presumably due to dispersal constraints. Nevertheless, some exchange of females between groups has been demonstrated. We investigated experimentally emigration patterns of female group members to elucidate which factors influence the decision of adult females either to stay or to emigrate into another territory. Four females resident in a large (13 shells) male territory were given the opportunity to stay there or to emigrate to another large (13 shells) or a small (four shells) male territory. In six replicates we found that (1) the most aggressive females had the largest subterritories (most shells); (2) invariably, the two females with the fewest shells emigrated; (3) both the emigrating and the staying females had more shells after emigration than before. Apparently, females explore their options in neighboring territories and decide accordingly whether to stay or emigrate},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Schradin, C. and Lamprecht, J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {behaviour, female, fish, fishes, size, reproduction, form, DISPERSAL, territory, birds, conflict, AGGRESSION, cichlid, cooperative breeding, constraints, BROODCARE HELPERS},
	pages = {237--248}
}

@article{olssonProximateDeterminantsTelomere2010,
	title = {Proximate determinants of telomere length in sand lizards ({Lacerta} agilis)},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {://WOS:000281739100022},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2010.0126},
	abstract = {Telomeres are repeat sequences of non-coding DNA that cap the ends of chromosomes and contribute to their stability and the genomic integrity of cells. In evolutionary ecology, the main research target regarding these genomic structures has been their role in ageing and as a potential index of age. However, research on humans shows that a number of traits contribute to among-individual differences in telomere length, in particular traits enhancing cell division and genetic erosion, such as levels of free radicals and stress. In lizards, tail loss owing to predation attempts results in a stress-induced shift to a more cryptic lifestyle. In sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) males, telomere length was compromised by tail regrowth in a body size-related manner, so that small males, which already exhibit more cryptic mating tactics, were less affected than larger males. Tail regrowth just fell short of having a significant relationship with telomere length in females, and so did age in males. In females, there was a significant positive relationship between age and telomere length. We conclude that the proximate effect of compromised antipredation and its associated stress seems to have a more pronounced effect in males than in females and that age-associated telomere dynamics differ between the sexes.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Pauliny, Angela and Wapstra, Erik and Blomqvist, Donald},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {651--653}
}

@article{amoFlexibilityAntipredatoryBehavior2005,
	title = {Flexibility in antipredatory behavior allows wall lizards to cope with multiple types of predators},
	author = {Amo, Luisa and López, Pilar and Martín, José},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {109--121}
}

@article{milesRelatingEndocrinologyPhysiology2007,
	title = {Relating endocrinology, physiology and behaviour using species with alternative mating strategies},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01304.x},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Miles, D. B. and Sinervo, B. and Hazard, L. C. and Svensson, E. I. and Costa, D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {653--665}
}

@article{enquistSelectionExaggeratedMale1993,
	title = {Selection of exaggerated male traits by female aesthetic senses},
	volume = {361},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Enquist, M. and Arak, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {selection, call, exaggerated male traits,female choice},
	pages = {446--448}
}

@article{majerusFemaleMatingPreference1982,
	title = {Female mating preference is genetic},
	volume = {300},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Majerus, M. E. N. and O'Donald, p and Weir, J.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {mating, call, preference, mating preference, female mating preference, female mating preference,selection},
	pages = {521--523}
}

@article{cincinnatiUniversityNotreDame2010,
	title = {The {University} of {Notre} {Dame} {Home} {Range} {Ecology} of an {Introduced} {Population} of the {European} {Wall} {Lizard} {Podarcis} {Home} {Range} {Ecology} of an {Introduced} {Population} of the {European} {Wall} {Lizard} {Podarcis} muralis ( {Lacertilia} ; {Lacertidae} ) in {Cincinnati} , {Ohio}},
	volume = {133},
	author = {Cincinnati, Lacertidae and Brown, Rafe M and Gist, Daniel H and Taylor, Douglas H},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {344--359}
}

@article{julliardPhenotypicAdjustmentClutch1997,
	title = {Phenotypic adjustment of clutch size due to nest predation in the {Great} {Tit}},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:A1997WN75400006},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0394:paocsd]2.0.co;2},
	abstract = {Nest predation may decrease the optimal clutch size for many reasons. In particular, a smaller clutch size may permit more investment in re-laying or in survival to the next reproductive event. The response to nest predation may be either genetic, as shown by comparative studies on birds, or phenotypic, as found in several aquatic species (invertebrates and fish). We have studied the effects of several years of high nest predation on clutch size variation in a Great Tit (Pants major) population. We tested whether nest predation was associated with selection on clutch size or with any phenotypic changes. In the year following peak nest predation, mean clutch size was reduced by about one egg. For nest predation, adult survival, and local recruitment, we failed to detect any dependence on clutch size; the reduction in clutch size was mostly phenotypic. Similarly, the return of clutch size to pre-predation values was explained as a phenotypic change. Surprisingly, individuals that did not experience nest predation themselves also modified their clutch size. This suggests that information on past predation persisted in the population for several years. In years with reduced clutch size, adult survival at the population level was higher, suggesting that a reduction in clutch size would be adaptive in case of nest predation, and that females adjusted their clutch size toward the optimum.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Julliard, R. and McCleery, R. H. and Clobert, J. and Perrins, C. M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {394--404}
}

@article{mooreFemaleStrategyMate1988,
	title = {Female strategy during mate choice: threshold assessment},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Moore, A. J.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, good genes, mate choice, threshold, cockroach},
	pages = {387--391}
}

@article{mappesViabilityCostsConditiondependent1996,
	title = {Viability costs of condition-dependent sexual male display in a drumming wolf spider},
	volume = {263},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Mappes, J. and Alatalo, R. V. and Kotiaho, J. and Parri, S.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {female choice, call, display, cost, costs, viability, honest signalling, acoustic signalling, male ornaments, spider, conditional handicap, drumming, sexual signalling, WOLF SPIDER},
	pages = {785--789}
}

@article{sheridanTwotraitSelectionGenetic1974,
	title = {Two-trait selection and the genetic correlation {I}. prediction of responses in single-trait and in two-trait selection},
	volume = {27},
	journal = {Aust.J.biol.Sci.},
	author = {Sheridan, A. K. and Barker, J. S. F.},
	year = {1974},
	keywords = {i, response, selection, call, genetic correlation},
	pages = {75--88}
}

@article{alataloFemalePiedFlycatchers1986,
	title = {Female pied flycatchers choose territory quality and not male characteristics},
	volume = {323},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Alatalo, R. V. and Lundberg, A. and Glynn, C.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {female mate choice, female preference, territory, pied flycatcher, male song},
	pages = {152--153}
}

@article{penClimatedrivenPopulationDivergence2010,
	title = {Climate-driven population divergence in sex-determining systems},
	volume = {468},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:000284313100042},
	doi = {10.1038/nature09512},
	abstract = {Sex determination is a fundamental biological process, yet its mechanisms are remarkably diverse(1,2). In vertebrates, sex can be determined by inherited genetic factors or by the temperature experienced during embryonic development(2,3). However, the evolutionary causes of this diversity remain unknown. Here we show that live-bearing lizards at different climatic extremes of the species' distribution differ in their sex-determining mechanisms, with temperature-dependent sex determination in lowlands and genotypic sex determination in highlands. A theoretical model parameterized with field data accurately predicts this divergence in sex-determining systems and the consequence thereof for variation in cohort sex ratios among years. Furthermore, we show that divergent natural selection on sex determination across altitudes is caused by climatic effects on lizard life history and variation in the magnitude of between-year temperature fluctuations. Our results establish an adaptive explanation for intra-specific divergence in sex-determining systems driven by phenotypic plasticity and ecological selection, thereby providing a unifying framework for integrating the developmental, ecological and evolutionary basis for variation in vertebrate sex determination.},
	number = {7322},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Pen, Ido and Uller, Tobias and Feldmeyer, Barbara and Harts, Anna and While, Geoffrey M. and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {436--U262}
}

@article{hallReinforcementSexLinkage2006,
	title = {Reinforcement and sex linkage},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000238181700003},
	abstract = {We present a general model for the effect of sex linkage on the evolution of reinforcement of mating preferences on an island. We find that the level of reinforcement can vary up to 80\% depending on the mode of inheritance of the female preference and male trait. When reinforcement is driven mainly by selection in the male trait and intrinsic hybrid incompatibilities are weak, sex-linked preferences and autosomal male traits are the most conducive to reinforcement, whereas autosomal preferences and X-linked traits are the least. Surprisingly, the effect of mode of inheritance on reinforcement is poorly predicted by its effect on the genetic correlation between the male trait and female preference. Sex-linkage of genetic incompatibility loci increases reinforcement, though this is not due solely to the occurrence of Haldane's rule. We find that reinforcement can lead to complete reproductive isolation in some cases but not others and that the mode of inheritance can determine which outcome occurs.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hall, D. W. and Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sex, linkage, reinforcement, SEXES, sex-linkage},
	pages = {908--921}
}

@article{farrInheritanceQuantitativeFitness1983,
	title = {The inheritance of quantitative fitness traits in guppies, {Poecilia} reticulata ({Pisces}, {Poecilidae})},
	volume = {37},
	url = {ISI:A1983RX46700008},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Farr, J. A.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, guppies, guppy, P1, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, sex, TRAITS, fitness, model, MODELS, BIOLOGY, INHERITANCE, genetics, SEXES, PISCES, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, CHROMOSOME, Poeciliidae},
	pages = {1193--1209}
}

@article{trkDepigmentedWingPatch2003,
	title = {Depigmented wing patch size is a condition-dependent indicator of viability in male collared flycatchers},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {T”r”k, J. and Hegyi, G. and Garamszegi, L. Z.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {size, condition, viability, flycatcher, indicator, condition-dependence, collared flycatcher},
	pages = {382--388}
}

@article{dossantosDifferentialInbreedingTolerance1995,
	title = {Differential inbreeding tolerance in 2 geographically distinct strains of root voles  {Microtus} oeconomus},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:A1995TE52500005},
	abstract = {Two geographically distinct strains of Microtus oeconomus, each consisting of an inbred (sibling mating) and an outbred treatment group, were bred in the laboratory over three generations to determine the effects of inbreeding on reproductive parameters, growth rates of young and paternal behavior, The southern strain (originating from southern Norway) suffered from depressed reproductive rate (litter size and pregnancy rates) most likely due to inbreeding, while no effects of inbreeding were detected in the northern strain (originating from northern Norway). This result questions previous generalizations about inbreeding tolerance at the species level for Microtus. Growth rates and paternal behavior did not differ significantly between inbred and outbred voles in either strain. inbreeding depression rather than inbreeding avoidance is the most likely mechanism behind the depression in reproductive parameters of inbred southern voles. This is suggested by the decrease in the proportion of breeding pairs with the number of generations of inbreeding, and by the reduced litter size of inbred compared with outbred pairs. Field and laboratory studies have shown that behavioral and demographic traits, possibly related to the degree of inbreeding, differ between the two strains which suggests that inbreeding tolerance might be a life history adaptation},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecography},
	author = {Dossantos, E. M. and Andreassen, H. P. and Ims, R. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, i, PAIR, TRAITS, size, mating, field, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, life history, life-history, reproduction, Y, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, rodents, SMALL MAMMALS, social, X, adaptation, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating systems, philopatry, related, GENERATIONS, MICE, SOCIAL-FACTORS, MEADOW VOLES, PENNSYLVANICUS, voles, ROOT VOLES, SPACE USE, MICROTUS-OECONOMUS, ROOT VOLE},
	pages = {238--247}
}

@article{mollerSexualOrnamentSize1991,
	title = {Sexual ornament size and the cost of fluctuating asymmetry},
	volume = {243},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {Hirundo rustica, ornament size, female mate choice, ornament, size, cost, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, tail size},
	pages = {59--62}
}

@article{reinholdMeioticDriveEvolution1999,
	title = {Meiotic drive and evolution of female choice},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Reinhold, K. and Engqvist, L. and Misof, B. and Kurtz, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, evolution, call, meiotic drive, Y chromosome,meiotic drive,muller's ratchet,sexual selection},
	pages = {1341--1345}
}

@article{johnsenRepeatabilityMateChoice1996,
	title = {Repeatability of mate choice in female red jungle fowl},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Johnsen, T. S. and Zuk, M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, mate choice, ornaments, female preference, repeatability, Fisherian model, jungle fowl},
	pages = {243--246}
}

@article{chappleEcologyLifehistoryBehavior2003,
	title = {Ecology, life-history, and behavior in the {Australian} {Scincid} genus {Egernia}, with comments on the evolution of complex sociality in lizards},
	url = {ISI:000185438600005},
	abstract = {Squamate reptiles generally have been ignored in the search fer it unified theory for the, evolution of, sociality due to the perception that they exhibit little social behavior beyond territoriality and dominance hierarchies and display polygynous mating systems. However a growing body of research has particularly unsuspected levels of social complexity and diversity in mating systems within the squamate lineage, revealed unsuspected levels of social complexity and diversity in mating systems particularly among the members of the Australian Scineid genus Egernia. Several species of Egernia are amongst the most highly social of all squamate reptiles, exihibiting stable social aggregations and high levels of long-term social and genetic monogamy. Social complexity is widespread within the Egernia genus, with reports of social aggregations in 23 of the 30 described species. The purpose of this review was to examine the potential for the Egernia genus as a model system for study of the evolution of sociality and monogamy within squamate reptiles. Current evidence indicates there is substantial variability in social complexity both within and between species, with social organization covering the spectrum from solitary to highly social. Four highly social Egernia species are known to live in stable social aggregations consisting of closely related individuals (adults. subadults, juveniles; i.e., 'familly' groups) that appear to utilize chemical cues to recognize group members (kin recognition). Enhanced vigilance against predators is one presumed benefit of group membership. Additionally, juveniles within social grouping appear to recieve low levels of indirect parental care. Several Egernia species create scat piles that mark group territories. Three Egernia species exhibit long-term social and genetic monogamy and several inbreeding avoidance strategies have been documented. However, it is currently unknown whether monogamy is widespread within Egernia. Egernia species occupy a broad range of habitats, although most are terrestrial, saxicolous or semi-arboreal. Several species display an attachment to it permanent home site, generally a rock crevice, burrow or tree hollow. Egernia species take 2-5 years to mature, live for 5-25 years, and are viviparous with litter size positively correlated with body size. Several Egernia species are herbivorous, with the degree of herbivory increasing with body size and during ontogeny in larger species. Most smaller species are either insectivorous or omnivorous. Species of Egernia have it wide range of reptilian, avian, and mammalian predators. Several larger species possess several behavioral and morphological features to prevent their extraction from rock crevices, including highly modified keeled scales and numerous defensive behaviors. Color pattern polymorphism is present ill five Egernia species. Potential ecological correlates of sociality and monogamy are discussed. The life-history hypothesis predicts long-lived, late-maturing species should evolve complex sociality. The habitat availabiliy hypothesis relies on the assumption that refugia may be limited in some ecological settings and group formation is it consequence of co-habitation of available refugia. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and testable predictions are formulated and discussed. Specific future research directions are outlined to take advantage of Egernia as it model system for comparative research oil a lineage that represents all independent origin of social organization comparable to that found in birds and mammals},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Herpetological Monographs},
	author = {Chapple, D. G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, genes, i, model, parental care, size, body size, insect, mating, field, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, life history, life-history, theory, reptiles, INDIVIDUALS, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, polymorphism, display, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, social, territory, HABITAT FRAGMENTATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, mating system, mating systems, P2, Egernia, lizard, related, scincidae, skinks, sociality, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, par, KIN RECOGNITION, frog, dominance, monogamy, ontogenies, ontogeny, spectra, biogeography, PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS, CLOSELY RELATED SKINKS, color pattern polymorphism, COLOR-PATTERN, habitat use, herbivory, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA SEQUENCES, ORGANIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY, TILIQUA-RUGOSA, WHITII LACERTILIA},
	pages = {145--180}
}

@article{lailvauxEcologicalDimorphismsIntroduction2007,
	title = {Ecological dimorphisms: {An} introduction to the symposium},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000249096300001},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/icm003},
	abstract = {A growing body of literature is devoted to understanding differences between males and females in numerous behavioral, morphological, and physiological variables that do not appear to play a role in sexual or fecundity selection. Despite the increasing attention paid to such ecological dimorphisms, there has thus far been no attempt to consolidate or review studies in this area. This symposium comprises a series of papers that examine ecological dimorphisms from several diverse perspectives, spanning a range of ecological fields from functional morphology to behavior and evolution of life-history. These studies show that gender exerts considerable effects on individual ecology, even outside of the context of reproduction.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Vincent, S. E.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {169--171}
}

@article{sutherlandHonestySexualSelection1995,
	title = {Honesty in sexual selection},
	volume = {375},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Sutherland, W. J. and Reynolds, J. D.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, honesty, display traits,honesty,sexual selection,sexual signals},
	pages = {280--281}
}

@article{tingIncipientSpeciationSexual2001,
	title = {Incipient speciation by sexual isolation in  {Drosophila}:  concurrent evolution at multiple loci},
	volume = {98},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Ting, C. T. and Takahashi, A. and Wu, C. I.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, loci, speciation},
	pages = {6709--6713}
}

@article{gibsonHowAnimalsChoose1996,
	title = {How do animals choose their mates?},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Gibson, R. M. and Langen, T. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, call, choosiness, active choice},
	pages = {468--470}
}

@article{shikanoHeterosisNeonatalSurvival2002,
	title = {Heterosis for neonatal survival in the guppy},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0022-1112},
	url = {://000175202100017},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Shikano, T. and Taniguchi, N.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {guppy, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, GROWTH-RATE, heterozygosity, microsatellite, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, heterosis, ALLOZYME, atlantic, HATCHERY STOCKS, neonatal survival, SALINITY TOLERANCE, SALMON, STRAINS},
	pages = {715--725}
}

@article{eklundUseMHCMate1998,
	title = {Use of the {MHC} for mate choice in wild house mice ({Mus} domesticus)},
	volume = {104},
	url = {ISI:000080245100010},
	abstract = {The mechanisms maintaining natural diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are not well understood. To increase knowledge of one potential mechanism, I examined the use of MHC genes for mate choice by wild house mice in a controlled laboratory setting. Three rearing groups of wild test mice were produced: non-fostered control mice, mice fostered into families of an inbred laboratory mouse strain, and mice fostered into families of a second, MHC-congenic mouse strain. Mature test mice were given a choice of two opposite-sex stimulus mice from the two MHC-congenic strains used for fostering, and were scored for several measures of preference. The results were non-significant in general, but females of two rearing groups spent significantly more time with mice of one MHC-type, and in most rearing groups, mice tended to spend more time with this same MHC-type. Other results showed that male test mice ejaculated indiscriminantly and that female wild mice mated to ejaculation more often in longer length trials, but showed no significant preferences. In this study, fostering seemed to have little or no effect on MHC-based mate preferences of wild house mice, and wild mice did not appear to be using the MHC to avoid inbreeding. However, some wild female mice used the MHC to choose potential mates},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Eklund, A. C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, female, FEMALES, genes, HOUSE, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, INCREASE, signals, PREFERENCES, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, Y, COMPLEX, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, mating preference, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, WILD, genetics, MHC, FAMILY, RECOGNITION, DIVERSITY, FEMALE MICE, HOUSE MICE, MICE, MUS-DOMESTICUS, mouse, WILD HOUSE MICE, major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Mus domesticus, stimulus},
	pages = {245--248}
}

@article{mayWhenBeIncestous1979,
	title = {When to be incestous},
	volume = {279},
	url = {ISI:A1979GV39200031},
	number = {5710},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {May, R. M.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, population, ENGLAND, human, inbreeding, genetics},
	pages = {192--194}
}

@article{vanbuskirkChangeQuantitativeGenetic2006,
	title = {The change in quantitative genetic variation with inbreeding},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000243394300002},
	abstract = {Inbreeding is known to reduce heterozygosity of neutral genetic markers, but its impact on quantitative genetic variation is debated. Theory predicts a linear decline in additive genetic variance (V-A) with increasing inbreeding coefficient (F) when loci underlying the trait act additively, but a nonlinear hump-shaped relationship when dominance and epistasis are important. Predictions for heritability (h(2)) are similar, although the exact shape depends on the value of h(2) in the absence of inbreeding. We located 22 published studies in which the level of genetic variation in experimentally inbred populations (measured by V-A or h(2)) was compared with that in outbred control populations. For life-history traits, the data strongly supported a nonlinear change in genetic variation with increasing F. V-A and h(2) were, respectively, 244\% and 50\% higher at F = 0.4 than in outbred populations, and dominance plus epistatic variance together exceeded additive variance by a factor of four. For nonfitness traits the decline was linear and estimates of nonadditive variance were small. These results confirm that population bottlenecks frequently increase V-A in some traits, and imply that life-history traits are underlain by substantial dominance or epistasis. However, the importance of drift-induced genetic variation in conservation or evolutionary biology is questionable, in part because inbreeding depression usually accompanies inbreeding},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Van Buskirk, J. and Willi, Y.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {population, TRAITS, variation, INCREASE, heritability, BIOLOGY, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, theory, heterozygosity, loci, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, genetic variation, VARIANCE, bottleneck, bottlenecks, population bottlenecks, dominance, GENETIC-VARIATION, Additive genetic variance, genetic variance, INBRED POPULATIONS, MARKERS, EVOLUTIONARY, epistasis, GENETIC-MARKERS, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, additive variance, POPULATION BOTTLENECK},
	pages = {2428--2434}
}

@article{baerendsSpecializationsOrgansMovements1950,
	title = {Specializations in organs and movements with a releasing function},
	volume = {4},
	url = {ISI:A1950YC72300016},
	journal = {Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology},
	author = {Baerends, G. P.},
	year = {1950},
	keywords = {movement, MOVEMENTS},
	pages = {337--360}
}

@article{kruukWhenEnvironmentalVariation2003,
	title = {When environmental variation short-circuits natural selection},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Kruuk, L. E. B. and Meril„, J. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {selection, variation, natural selection},
	pages = {207--209}
}

@article{hornadayAbsenceRepetititveDNA1994,
	title = {Absence of repetititve {DNA} sequences associated with sex chromosomes in natural populations of the {Trinidad} guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
	author = {Hornaday, K. and Alexander, S. and Breden, F.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, sex, call, DNA, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, chromosomal sex determination,DNA fingerprinting,heterochromatin,repeated DNA sequences},
	pages = {431--433}
}

@article{kondrashovDeleteriousMutationsEvolution1988,
	title = {Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction},
	volume = {336},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kondrashov, A. S.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {evolution, call, reproduction, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, mutation, sexual reproduction, deleterious mutations,sexual reproduction},
	pages = {435--440}
}

@article{sterckDeterminantsFemaleDispersal1997,
	title = {Determinants of female dispersal in {Thomas} langurs},
	volume = {42},
	url = {ISI:A1997XG46300002},
	abstract = {Female dispersal occurs in a number of primate species. It may be related to: avoidance of inbreeding, reduction in food competition, reduction of predation risk, or avoidance of infanticide in combination with mate choice. Female dispersal was studied for a 5-year period in a wild population of Thomas langurs (Presbytis thomasi) that lived in one-male multi-female groups. Juvenile and adult individuals of both sexes were seen to disperse. Females appeared to transfer unhindered between groups, mostly from a larger group to a recently formed smaller one. They transferred without their infants and when not pregnant, and seemed to transfer preferentially during periods when extra-group males were harassing their group. During these inter-group encounters extra-group males seemed to try to commit infanticide. Thus, the timing of female transfer was probably closely linked to infanticide avoidance. Moreover, females seemed to transfer when the resident male of their group was no longer a good protector. The observations in the present study suggest that females transferred to reduce the risk of infanticide. Female dispersal may have another ultimate advantage as well, namely inbreeding avoidance. Due to the dispersal of both females and males the social organization of Thomas langurs was rather fluid. New groups were formed when females joined a male; male takeovers were not observed. Bisexual groups had only a limited life span, because all adult females of a bisexual group could emigrate. This pattern of unhindered female dispersal affects male reproductive strategies, and in particular it might lead to infanticidal behavior during inter-group encounters. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
	author = {Sterck, E. H. M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, predation risk, sex, field, transfer, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, emigrate, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, infanticide, MAMMALS, PRIMATES, social, SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION, WILD, wolf, WOLVES, predation, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, risk, WILD POPULATION, related, STRATEGY, California, food, female dispersal, FOREST, social organization, male dispersal, ORGANIZATION, avoidance of inbreeding, FEMALE TRANSFER, life span, MOUNTAIN GORILLAS, Presbytis thomasi, PRESBYTIS-ENTELLUS},
	pages = {179--198}
}

@article{griffithsLearnedRecognitionConspecifics2003,
	title = {Learned recognition of conspecifics by fishes},
	volume = {4},
	url = {ISI:000187386200008},
	abstract = {The study of partner-choice decisions of individual fish is a good way in which insights into patterns of school structure or territorial assemblages can be gained. Most initial work has focused on the recognition abilities and association patterns of fish in situations where the potential for adaptive costs and benefits is great, such as in the contexts of foraging or antipredator behaviour. However, the benefits of condition-independent recognition and kin Fecognition may also have profound effects on patterns of movement and dispersal. Information regarding group membership may be especially important in understanding the spatial position of fish in threatened stocks, and may therefore have implications for fisheries management policies. Future work may therefore benefit from an exploration of the ecological contexts in which learned recognition is important in natural streams and rivers},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
	author = {Griffiths, S. W.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {ABILITY, association, behaviour, evolution, fish, Fisher, fishes, i, MATE, mate choice, P1, POECILIA-RETICULATA, sex, BENEFITS, ANIMALS, ENGLAND, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, DYNAMICS, FAMILIARITY, kin, pattern, patterns, RECOGNITION, movement, COHO SALMON, CONSPECIFICS, KIN RECOGNITION, learning, RAINBOW-TROUT, STREAM, SEXES, cooperation, foraging, context, INSIGHTS, INFORMATION, JUVENILE ARCTIC CHARR, ATLANTIC SALMON, AGONISTIC, brown trout, MANAGEMENT, PARTNER CHOICE, SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L., SIBLING ODOR PREFERENCE},
	pages = {256--268}
}

@article{ryanSexualSelectionSignal1993,
	title = {Sexual selection and signal evolution: the ghost of biases past},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Ryan, M. J. and Rand, A. S.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, selection, call, female mating preference,signals,sexual selection,signal evolution},
	pages = {187--195}
}

@article{fisherPostmatingSexualSelection2006,
	title = {Post-mating sexual selection increases lifetime fitness of polyandrous females in the wild},
	volume = {444},
	url = {CCC:000241701500051},
	abstract = {Females often mate with several males before producing offspring(1). Field studies of vertebrates suggest, and laboratory experiments on invertebrates confirm, that even when males provide no material benefits, polyandry can enhance offspring survival(2,3). This enhancement is widely attributed to genetic benefits that arise whenever paternity is biased towards males that sire more viable offspring(1,4,5). Field studies suggest that post-mating sexual selection biases fertilization towards genetically more compatible males(6,7) and one controlled experiment has shown that, when females mate with close kin, polyandry reduces the relative number of inbred offspring(8). Another potential genetic benefit of polyandry is that it increases offspring survival because males with more competitive ejaculates sire more viable offspring(9). Surprisingly, however, there is no unequivocal evidence for this process(10). Here, by experimentally assigning mates to females, we show that polyandry greatly increases offspring survival in the Australian marsupial Antechinus stuartii. DNA profiling shows that males that gain high paternity under sperm competition sire offspring that are more viable. This beneficial effect occurs in both the laboratory and the wild. Crucially, there are no confounding non-genetic maternal effects that could arise if polyandry increases female investment in a particular reproductive event(10) because A. stuartii is effectively semelparous. Our results therefore show that polyandry improves female lifetime fitness in nature. The threefold increase in offspring survival is not negated by a decline in maternal lifespan and is too large to be offset by an equivalent decline in the reproductive performance of surviving offspring},
	number = {7115},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Fisher, D. O. and Double, M. C. and Blomberg, S. P. and Jennions, M. D. and Cockburn, A.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, MALES, MATE, Maternal effects, offspring, PERFORMANCE, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, fitness, INCREASE, SEXUAL-SELECTION, survival, INVESTMENT, field, experiment, ejaculate, MATES, NUMBER, polyandry, WILD, kin, INCREASES, genetic benefit, paternity, DNA, polyandrous females, VERTEBRATES, FEMALES MATE, ANTECHINUS, BIASES},
	pages = {89--92}
}

@article{lahnHumanChromosomeLight2001,
	title = {The human {Y} chromosome in the light of {Evolution}},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Genetics},
	author = {Lahn, B. T. and Pearson, N. M. and Jegalian, K.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, Y, Y chromosome, human, human Y chromosome, light},
	pages = {207--216}
}

@article{uhiaMaleDamselfliesDetect4,
	title = {Male damselflies detect female mating status: importance for postcopulatory sexual selection},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4F02KX9-6/2/72902b05f18fd5f927fda9290a79b058},
	abstract = {The existence of postcopulatory sexual selection is now clearly established in many animal species. In Odonates, males remove sperm during copulation from the bursa copulatrix and (when physically accessible) from the spermatheca. We used these model organisms to test the relative importance of sperm competition and cryptic female choice for copulation duration in laboratory experiments. If long copulations evolved only because of sperm competition, males should prolong copulation with previously mated females, and use this extra time to remove/displace the stored sperm. In species without a spermatheca (or when it is physically inaccessible), copulation duration should be similar in mated and virgin females. The cryptic female choice hypothesis predicts that copulations should be prolonged (acting as copulatory courtship) when males cannot physically remove sperm from the spermatheca but not if females do not have a spermatheca. We found that male damselflies can detect the mating status of females probably using chemical sensilla in their genitalia. Copulation duration with mated females was almost twice as long as with virgins in species with a spermatheca, but this behaviour was probably not the result of sperm competition, because in our model species, males could not remove sperm from this organ. The duration of copulation did not increase in species without a spermatheca. We conclude that even in odonates, where sperm removal is widespread, females have retained control over sperm reserves in their spermatheca(e), and males prolong copulation with mated females to elicit rival sperm ejection and/or to induce females to use their sperm in fertilization},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Uhia, Edith and Cordero Rivera, Adolfo},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, competition, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATION, INCREASE, model, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, experiment, postcopulatory sexual selection, COPULATIONS, Cryptic female choice, damselflies, damselfly, COPULATION DURATION, COPULATORY COURTSHIP, genitalia},
	pages = {797--804}
}

@article{tsubakiRecopulationPostcopulatoryMate1994,
	title = {Re-copulation and post-copulatory mate guarding increase immediate female reproductive output in the dragonfly  {Nannophya} pygmaea  {Rambur}},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Tsubaki, Y. and Siva-Jothy, M. T. and Ono, T.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {OVIPOSITION, guarding, mate guarding, dragonfly, re-copulation, site selection},
	pages = {219--225}
}

@article{kauffmanAntichaosAdaptationVL1991,
	title = {Antichaos and adaptation {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {Antichaos and adaptation},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	author = {Kauffman, S. A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {adaptation, antichaos},
	pages = {64--71?}
}

@article{roldanChromosomeBattleGround1999,
	title = {The {Y} chromosome as a battle ground for sexual selection},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Roldan, E. R. S. and Gomendio, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, Y, Y chromosome, female choice,good genes,sexual selection,Y chromosome},
	pages = {58--62}
}

@article{realSearchTheoryMate1991,
	title = {Search theory and mate choice. {II}. mutual interaction, assortative mating, and equilibrium variation in male and female fitness},
	volume = {138},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Real, L. A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, variation, fitness, mutual, mating, call, theory, assortative mating, mate choice,sexual selection},
	pages = {901--917}
}

@article{vanhooydonckMorphologicalFunctionalDeterminants2007,
	title = {Morphological and functional determinants of fighting capacity in lizards},
	volume = {268},
	issn = {0362-2525},
	url = {://WOS:000251266000509},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Morphology},
	author = {Vanhooydonck, B. and Huyghe, K. and Lailvaux, S. and Herrel, A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1144--1144}
}

@article{massotINFLUENCEMATERNALFOOD1995,
	title = {{INFLUENCE} {OF} {MATERNAL} {FOOD} {AVAILABILITY} {ON} {OFFSPRING} {DISPERSAL}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:A1995TH36900007},
	doi = {10.1007/bf00170589},
	abstract = {Prenatal effects caused by the maternal environment during gestation are known to contribute to the phenotype of the offspring. Whether they have some adaptive value is currently under debate. We experimentally tested the existence of such a maternal effect (food availability during gestation) on dispersal of offspring in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). Pregnant females were captured and kept in the laboratory until parturition. During this period, females were offered two rates of food delivery. After parturition, we released mothers and offspring at the mother's capture point. Dispersal of young was significantly affected by the mother's nutrition. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of a prenatal effect on dispersal. Offspring of well fed mothers dispersed at a higher rate than those of less well fed mothers. As current hypotheses clearly predict the opposite result, our evidence calls for their reassessment. Dispersers are not always the least fit individuals or those coming from the poorest environments.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Massot, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {413--418}
}

@article{olssonDifferentialSexAllocation2005,
	title = {Differential sex allocation in sand lizards: bright males induce daughter production in a species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {://WOS:000232170300033},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2005.0327},
	abstract = {In sand lizards (Lacerta agilis), males with more and brighter nuptial coloration also have more DNA fragments visualized in restriction fragment length polymorphism. analysis of their major histocompatibility complex class I loci (and, hence, are probably more heterozygous at these loci). Such males produce more viable offspring, with a particularly strong viability effect on daughters. This suggests that females should adjust both their reproductive investment and offspring sex ratio in relation to male coloration (i.e. differential allocation). Our results show that experimental manipulation of partner coloration in the wild results in significantly higher maternal effort and a 10\% higher proportion of daughters than sons. This supports the hypothesis that females increase their maternal energetic expenditure and adjust their offspring sex ratio in response to high-quality partners. However, it also suggests that this has probably evolved through natural selection for increased offspring viability (primarily through production of daughters), rather than through increased mate attraction (e.g. sexy sons).},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Wapstra, E. and Uller, T.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {378--380}
}

@article{gagneuxFemaleReproductiveStrategies1999,
	title = {Female reproductive strategies, paternity and community structure in wild {West} {African} chimpanzees},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000078341700003},
	abstract = {Although the variability and complexity of chimpanzee behaviour frustrates generalization, it is widely believed that social evolution in this species occurs in the context of the recognizable social group or community. We used a combination of field observations and noninvasive genotyping to study the genetic structure of a habituated community of 55 wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes vents, in the Tai Forest, Cote d'Ivoire. Pedigree relationships in that community show that female mate choice strategies are more variable than previously supposed and that the observed social groups are not the exclusive reproductive units. Genetic evidence based on nuclear microsatellite markers and behavioural observations reveal that females in the Tai forest actively seek mating partners outside their social unit; noncommunity males accounted for half the paternities over 5 years. This female mating strategy increases male gene flow between communities despite male philopatry, and negates the predicted higher relatedness among community males. Kin selection seems unlikely to explain the frequent cooperation and sharing observed among group males in this population. Similarly, inbreeding avoidance is probably not the sole cause of permanent adolescent female dispersal as a combination of extragroup mating and avoidance of incest with home group males would allow females to avoid inbreeding without the hazards associated with immigration into a new community. Extragroup mating as part of chimpanzee females' reproductive strategy may allow them to choose from a wider variety and number of males, without losing the resources and support provided by their male social group partners. (C) 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gagneux, P. and Boesch, C. and Woodruff, D. S.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, female mate choice, INCREASE, resources, mating, field, Darwin, Y, human, microsatellite, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, PRIMATES, social, WILD, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, genetics, philopatry, INCREASES, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, COPULATIONS, AFRICAN, cooperation, paternity, VARIABILITY, MARKERS, pedigree, GENETIC-EVIDENCE, incest, FLOW, gene flow, context, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, immigration, kin selection, CHIMPANZEES, NUCLEAR, GOMBE-NATIONAL-PARK, PAN-TROGLODYTES, PCR, TETRANUCLEOTIDE REPEAT POLYMORPHISM},
	pages = {19--32}
}

@article{jonesMutualSexualSelection1993,
	title = {Mutual sexual selection in a monogamous seabird},
	volume = {362},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Jones, I. L. and Hunter, F. M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, selection, ornaments, mutual, mating preference, crested auklet, seabird},
	pages = {238--239}
}

@article{spinksIntercolonialEncountersXenophobia1998,
	title = {Intercolonial encounters and xenophobia in the common mole rat, {Cryptomys} hottentotus hottentotus ({Bathyergidae}): the effects of aridity, sex, and reproductive status},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000075034800005},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/9.4.354},
	abstract = {The ecological constraints prevalent in arid environments have promoted the evolution of social groups with a high reproductive skew in mole rat species occurring there. Outbred social bathyergids face conflict between maintaining colony integrity to enhance personal foraging success and hence survival, and dispersal to maximize individual lifetime reproductive success (LRS). This conflict will be a crucial determinant of the response of colony members to the presence of foreign conspecifics. We investigated how ecological constraints, sex, and reproductive status influence the outcome of meetings between foreign common mole rats (Cryptomys hottentotus hottentotus) in a series of dyadic encounters. Individuals from two localities, at the extremes of an aridity gradient, were used to assess the effects of aridity. The effects of sex and reproductive status were investigated by trials between individuals of differing sex and status. The arid population revealed substantially higher levels of rejection than the mesic population. Sex and status played a significant role in moderating individual response. For both populations, encounters between different-sexed individuals produced lower levels of rejection than those between same-sexed individuals. For the mesic site, rejection was greatest for encounters between reproductive animals. Conversely, for the arid site, the levels of rejection were comparatively high and comparable for all combinations of reproductive status. Ecological constraints, sex, and reproductive status are significant factors in interactions between foreign common mole rats, ultimately influencing individual survival, colony integrity and the differential LRS of all colony members. Our results provide insight into the evolution and maintenance of family groups within the bathyergids.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Spinks, A. C. and O'Riain, M. J. and Polakow, D. A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {354--359}
}

@article{kodric-brownFemaleChoiceGuppy2001,
	title = {Female choice in the guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata): the interaction between male color and display},
	volume = {50},
	url = {ISI:000171246300007},
	abstract = {The effect of two components of male courtship, color and display behavior, on female choice of mates was investigated in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Computer-modified videos were constructed to determine the relative importance of a static trait, the presence or absence of carotenoid pigment (C and NC), and a dynamic trait, high and low display rate (HD and LID), on female response. Females were given a choice between all combinations of male display and color in a binary choice design. Preference was determined by the time females spent visually inspecting the animation. Females preferred animations with high display rates when both animations displayed color (CHD vs CLD), but not in the absence of color (NCHD vs NCLD). Equal numbers of females chose the color/low-display animation and the no-color/high-display animation when the two were paired. Conversely, color became a criterion of choice when both animations showed a low display rate (CLD vs NCLD), but not when both displayed at a high rate (CHD vs NCHD). These results suggest that females use both static and dynamic traits to evaluate males, but their rankings are affected by the choices available. Results of these experiments provide insights into how females use multiple traits to assess males},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, A. and Nicoletto, P. F.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, mate choice, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, predation risk, response, reticulata, selection, sex, TRAITS, ornaments, PREFERENCES, experiment, preference, MATES, display, BEHAVIOR, COMPONENTS, patterns, male mating success, SEXES, carotenoid, display rate, video, VIDEO PLAYBACK, INSIGHTS, CRITERION, multiple traits, static-dynamic traits, video animations},
	pages = {346--351}
}

@article{irschickLifeDeathBig2004,
	title = {Life and death in the big city: {Sexual} signals, parasitism, and selection},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000226721400263},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Irschick, D. J. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Ramos, M. and Vanhooydonck, B. and Herrel, A. and Losos, J. B.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {576--576}
}

@article{hassonProvidingHidingInformation1992,
	title = {Providing or hiding information: on the evolution of amplifiers and attenuators of perceived quality differences},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Acta Biotheoretica},
	author = {Hasson, O. and Cohen, D. and Shmida, A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {evolution, quality, call, amplifier, amplifiers,attenuators,communication,information},
	pages = {269--283}
}

@article{vervustMorphologicalConditionIndices2008,
	title = {Do morphological condition indices predict locomotor performance in the lizard {Podarcis} sicula?},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1146-609X},
	url = {://WOS:000260099400013},
	doi = {10.1016/j.actao.2008.05.012},
	abstract = {Biologists have developed a number of simple metrics to assess the health and energetic status of individual organisms and populations. While these condition indices have been widely used to address questions in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology, the ability of such indices to predict ecologically relevant locomotor performance abilities remains unknown. We show here that the functional links between six commonly used morphological condition indices and locomotor performance in two populations of Adriatic lizards (Podarcis sicula) are weak at best. Indeed, no indices consistently predict either maximum sprint speed or maximum exertion across sexes, seasons or populations. These results cast doubt on the ecological relevance of morphological condition indices in terms of locomotor performance, measured in laboratory conditions, at least in this species. We urge caution in using condition indices as proxies for individual physiological or phenotypic quality in ecological and evolutionary studies. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Vervust, B. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Grbac, I. and Van Damme, R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {244--251}
}

@article{zukValiditySexualSelection1989,
	title = {Validity of sexual selection in birds},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Zuk, M.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, bird, birds},
	pages = {104--105}
}

@article{drescherSexLimitedGenetic1964,
	title = {The sex limited genetic load in natural populations of  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {XCVIII},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Drescher, W.},
	year = {1964},
	keywords = {Drosophila, population, sex, call, load, Drosophila melanogaster,genetic load,natural selection,X-chromosomes},
	pages = {167--171}
}

@article{pomiankowskiCostsChoiceSexual1987,
	title = {The costs of choice in sexual selection},
	volume = {128},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, selection, call, cost, costs, costs,female choice,Fishers runaway process,sexual selection},
	pages = {195--218}
}

@article{wongHowOrchidHarms2002,
	title = {How an orchid harms its pollinator},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Wong, B. B. M. and Scheistl, F. P.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {conflict, arms race, psuedocopulation},
	pages = {1529--1532}
}

@article{hoskenSuperiorSpermCompetitors2003,
	title = {Superior sperm competitors sire higher-quality young},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000185482500009},
	abstract = {The evolution of polyandry remains controversial. This is because, unlike males, in many cases multiple mating by females does not increase fecundity and inevitably involves some costs. As a result, a large number of indirect benefit models have been proposed to explain polyandry. One of these, the good sperm hypothesis, posits that high-quality males are better sperm competitors and sire higher-quality offspring. Hence, by mating multiply, females produce offspring of superior quality. Despite being potentially widely applicable across species, this idea has received little attention. In a laboratory experiment with yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria) we found that males that were more successful in sperm competition also had offspring that developed faster. There was no relationship between paternal success in sperm competition and the ability of offspring to survive post-emergence starvation. Since faster development times are likely to be advantageous in this species, our data provide some support for polyandry evolving as a means of producing higher-quality offspring via sperm competition},
	number = {1527},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Hosken, D. J. and Garner, T. W. J. and Tregenza, T. and Wedell, N. and Ward, P. I.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {female choice, Drosophila, ABILITY, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, good genes, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, offspring, quality, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, INCREASE, model, MODELS, BODY-SIZE, fecundity, insect, mating, SUCCESS, flies, Y, multiple mating, polyandry, Scathophaga stercoraria, cost, costs, genetics, dung fly, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, SCATOPHAGA-STERCORARIA, YELLOW DUNG FLY, COPULA DURATION, SCATHOPHAGA-STERCORARIA, Scatophaga},
	pages = {1933--1938}
}

@article{coyneEvolutionaryGeneticsSpeciation1998,
	title = {The evolutionary genetics of speciation},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Coyne, J. A. and Orr, H. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {genetics, speciation},
	pages = {287--305}
}

@article{lambertAreSpeciesSelfdefining1987,
	title = {Are species self-defining?},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Systematic Zoology},
	author = {Lambert, D. M. and Michaux, B. and White, C. S.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {biological species concept, recognition concept},
	pages = {196--205}
}

@article{brooksFemaleGuppiesAgree2001,
	title = {Female guppies agree to differ: phenotypic and genetic variation in mate-choice behaviour and the consequences for sexual selection},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Endler, J. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, guppies, guppy, mate choice, selection, variation, heritability, repeatability, genetic variation},
	pages = {1644--1655}
}

@article{pineda-krchCostsBenefitsGenetic11,
	title = {Costs and benefits of genetic heterogeneity within organisms},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00808.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract An increasing number of studies have recently detected within-organism genetic heterogeneity suggesting that genetically homogeneous organisms may be rare. In this review, we examine the potential costs and benefits of such intraorganismal genetic heterogeneity (IGH) on the fitness of the individual. The costs of IGH include cancerous growth, parasitism, competitive interactions and developmental instability, all of which threaten the integrity of the individual while the potential benefits are increased genetic variability, size-specific processes, and synergistic interactions between genetic variants. The particular cost or benefit of IGH in a specific case depends on the organism type and the origin of the IGH. While mosaicism easily arise by genetic changes in an individual, and will be the more common type of IGH, chimerism originates by the fusion of genetically distinct entities, and is expected to be substantially rare in most organisms. Potential conflicts and synergistic effects between different genetic lineages within an individual provide an interesting example for theoretical and empirical studies of multilevel selection},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Pineda-Krch, M. and Lehtila, K.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {selection, BENEFITS, fitness, GROWTH, cost, costs, conflict, COMMON, parasitism, VARIABILITY, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, multilevel selection},
	pages = {1167--1177}
}

@article{bradleyPotentialFemaleKin2007,
	title = {Potential for female kin associations in wild western gorillas despite female dispersal},
	volume = {274},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000248809600015},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2007.0407},
	abstract = {Female philopatry and male dispersal are the norm for most mammals, and females that remain in their natal region often derive foraging or social benefits from proximity to female kin. However, other factors, such as constraints on group size or a shortage of potential mates, may promote female dispersal even when female kin associations would be beneficial. In these cases, female kin associations might develop, not through female philopatry, but through female emigration to the same group. To date, little attention has been focused on the potential for kin-biased behaviour between females in female-dispersing species. Here we investigate the genetic relationships among adults in eight wild groups of unhabituated western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) at the Mondika Research Center using microsatellite genotyping of DNA collected from hair and faeces. We found that almost half (40\%) of adult females had an adult female relative in the same group and average within-group relatedness among females was significantly higher than that expected under a model of random dispersal. This provides the first genetic evidence that females can maintain social associations with female relatives in spite of routine natal and secondary dispersal. In addition, we show that females appear to avoid related silverback males when making dispersal decisions, suggesting that a strategy of non-random female dispersal may also function to avoid inbreeding.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1622},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Bradley, B. J. and Doran-Sheehy, D. M. and Vigilant, L.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, relatedness, DISPERSAL, social, kinship, patterns, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, LONG-TAILED MACAQUES, GENETIC-MARKERS, MOUNTAIN GORILLAS, faeces, genotyping, Gorilla gorilla, LOWLAND GORILLAS, MALE LIFE-HISTORY, molecular, PRIMATE GROUPS, RELATIONSHIPS},
	pages = {2179--2185}
}

@article{gilgReproductionDecreasesLife2003,
	title = {Reproduction decreases life span in the giant waterbug ( {Belostoma} flumineum )},
	volume = {149},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	author = {Gilg, M. R. and Kruse, K. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {reproduction, cost, life span},
	pages = {306--319}
}

@article{dieckmannOriginSpeciesSympatric1999,
	title = {On the origin of species by sympatric speciation},
	volume = {400},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Dieckmann, U. and Doebeli, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {selection, assortative mating, speciation, sexual reproduction, multilocus genetics},
	pages = {354--357}
}

@article{porcherEvolutionSelffertilizationInbreeding5,
	title = {The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression under pollen discounting and pollen limitation},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00905.x/abs},
	abstract = {We model the evolution of plant mating systems under the joint effects of pollen discounting and pollen limitation, using a dynamic model of inbreeding depression, allowing for partial purging of recessive lethal mutations by selfing. Stable mixed mating systems occur for a wide range of parameter values with pollen discounting alone. However, when typical levels of pollen limitation are combined with pollen discounting, stable selfing rates are always high but less than 1 (0.9 {\textless} s {\textless} 1 in most cases); in this situation, complete selfing does not evolve because pollen discounting becomes very large at high selfing rates, so that the automatic advantage of selfing changes to a disadvantage. These results suggest that mixed mating systems with high selfing rates can be maintained by selection, whereas mixed mating systems with low to moderate selfing rates are more likely attributable to unavoidable geitonogamous selfing.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Porcher, E. and Lande, R.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {evolution, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, SELF-FERTILIZATION},
	pages = {497--508}
}

@article{ullerMultiplePaternityReptiles2008,
	title = {Multiple paternity in reptiles: patterns and processes},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000256757800002},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03772.x},
	abstract = {The evolution of female promiscuity poses an intriguing problem as benefits of mating with multiple males often have to arise via indirect, genetic, effects. Studies on birds have documented that multiple paternity is common in natural populations but strong evidence for selection via female benefits is lacking. In an attempt to evaluate the evidence more broadly, we review studies of multiple paternity in natural populations of all major groups of nonavian reptiles. Multiple paternity has been documented in all species investigated so far and commonly exists in over 50\% of clutches, with particularly high levels in snakes and lizards. Marine turtles and lizards with prolonged pair-bonding have relatively low levels of multiple paternity but levels are nevertheless higher than in many vertebrates with parental care. There is no evidence that high levels of polyandry are driven by direct benefits to females and the evidence that multiple paternity arises from indirect genetic benefits is weak. Instead, we argue that the most parsimonious explanation for patterns of multiple paternity is that it represents the combined effect of mate-encounter frequency and conflict over mating rates between males and females driven by large male benefits and relatively small female costs, with only weak selection via indirect benefits. A crucial step for researchers is to move from correlative approaches to experimental tests of assumptions and predictions of theory under natural settings, using a combination of molecular techniques and behavioural observations.},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Uller, T. and Olsson, M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {SPERM COMPETITION, male reproductive success, Male, multiple mating, reptiles, postcopulatory sexual selection, lizard, mating success, paternity, Cryptic female choice, multiple paternity, SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS PASSERINES, NORTHERN WATER SNAKES, EGERNIA-STOKESII, EXTRA-PAIR, FEMALE SPERM-STORAGE, MICROSATELLITE MARKERS, RIDLEY SEA-TURTLE, SNAKE THAMNOPHIS-SIRTALIS},
	pages = {2566--2580}
}

@article{riceReplyCommentsChaseaway1999,
	title = {Reply to comments on the chase-away model of sexual selection},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rice, W. R. and Holland, B.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, model, call, chase-away},
	pages = {302--306}
}

@article{wedellSexualConflictLife5,
	title = {Sexual conflict and life histories},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4JTRTBM-2/2/0be9de2171ce63f7cdda274401ceb3c5},
	abstract = {There is burgeoning interest in the costs of mating and in how this leads to sex differences in the optimal mating rate. Here, we attempt to look beyond an exclusive focus on matings to examine the fundamental conflicts that arise out of the fact that sexual reproduction involves investment in offspring by typically unrelated individuals. Conflicts between mates stem from the ever present potential for individuals to reduce their investment relative to that of their sexual partner in order to seek alternative reproductive opportunities elsewhere. All aspects of life histories, the partitioning of time and energy into growth, survival and reproduction, are inextricably caught up in, and moulded by these conflicts of interest, the most profound expression of which is the differentiation between male and female types. This differentiation creates a new set of conflicts because alleles with positive effects on fitness when expressed in one sex may have negative fitness effects in the other. This type of conflict may influence the evolution of separate juvenile and adult life stages as in metamorphosis, although a major outstanding question is why sex limitation does not evolve more rapidly. We review the impact of conflicts of interest between males and females on all aspects of life history, revealing at least as much evidence for sexual conflict over life history traits such as investment in gametes and parental care as there is for conflicts over matings},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Wedell, Nina and Kvarnemo, Charlotta and Lessells, C. and Tregenza, Tom},
	keywords = {evolution, EXPRESSION, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, sex, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, female mate choice, fitness, parental care, survival, INVESTMENT, mating, GROWTH, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, reproduction, MATES, sexual conflict, allele, INDIVIDUALS, cost, costs, mating system, conflict, CARE, SEXES, alleles, SET, differentiation, MALE PARENTAL CARE, sexual reproduction, SEX-DIFFERENCES, METAMORPHOSIS, FILIAL CANNIBALISM, ORANGE-TUFTED, PIPEFISH SYNGNATHUS-TYPHLE, ROLE-REVERSED PIPEFISH, STRIDERS, SUNBIRD, TRAUMATIC INSEMINATION, WATER},
	pages = {999--1011}
}

@article{clutton-brockDensityrelatedChangesSexual1997,
	title = {Density-related changes in sexual selection in red deer},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Clutton-Brock, T. H. and Rose, K. E. and Guinness, F. E.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, red deer, ungulates, mating success, Cervus elaphus},
	pages = {1509--1516}
}

@article{vennStrongMaleBias2014,
	title = {Strong male bias drives germline mutation in chimpanzees},
	volume = {344},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6189/1272.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.344.6189.1272},
	abstract = {Germline mutation determines rates of molecular evolution, genetic diversity, and fitness load. In humans, the average point mutation rate is 1.2 × 10−8 per base pair per generation, with every additional year of father’s age contributing two mutations across the genome and males contributing three to four times as many mutations as females. To assess whether such patterns are shared with our closest living relatives, we sequenced the genomes of a nine-member pedigree of Western chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus. Our results indicate a mutation rate of 1.2 × 10−8 per base pair per generation, but a male contribution seven to eight times that of females and a paternal age effect of three mutations per year of father’s age. Thus, mutation rates and patterns differ between closely related species.},
	number = {6189},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Venn, Oliver and Turner, Isaac and Mathieson, Iain and de Groot, Natasja and Bontrop, Ronald and McVean, Gil},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1272--1275}
}

@article{CrypticFemaleChoice2009,
	title = {Cryptic {Female} {Choice} : {Criteria} for {Establishing} {Female} {Sperm} {Choice} {Author} ( s ): {T} . {R} . {Birkhead} {Published} by : {Society} for the {Study} of {Evolution} {Stable} {URL} : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2411251},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Society},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1212--1218}
}

@article{fullerBehavioralResponsesSexrole1996,
	title = {Behavioral responses of a sex-role reversed pipefish to a gradient of perceived predation risk},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Fuller, R. and Berglund, A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {predation risk, call, predation, risk, courtship,information gathering,mate acquisition,pipefish,predation,reproductive behaviour,Syngnathidae,trade-off},
	pages = {69--75}
}

@article{lindstrmEffectsResourceDistribution2001,
	title = {Effects of resource distribution on sexual selection and the cost of reproduction in sandgobies},
	volume = {158},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Lindstr”m, K.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, resources, reproduction, cost, cost of reproduction},
	pages = {64--74}
}

@article{lahnFourEvolutionaryStrata1999,
	title = {Four evolutionary strata on the human {X} chromosome},
	volume = {286},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Lahn, B. T. and Page, D. C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, human, X, autosomes,sex chromosomes,X-Y gene pairs},
	pages = {964--967}
}

@article{sorciMATERNALPARASITELOAD1994,
	title = {{MATERNAL} {PARASITE} {LOAD} {INCREASES} {SPRINT} {SPEED} {AND} {PHILOPATRY} {IN} {FEMALE} {OFFSPRING} {OF} {THE} {COMMON} {LIZARD}},
	volume = {144},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:A1994NV07900011},
	doi = {10.1086/285666},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Sorci, G. and Massot, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {153--164}
}

@article{alataloPatternsVariationTail1988,
	title = {Patterns of variation in tail ornament size in birds},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Alatalo, R. V.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ornament, size, bird, birds, flycatcher, tail length, geographic variation, morphological variation, allometry, neutral equilibria, tail ornament size, viability indicators},
	pages = {363--374}
}

@article{martinReturnRatesStudies1995,
	title = {Return rates in studies of life history evolution: {Are} biases large?},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0266-4763},
	url = {://WOS:A1995TQ77300024},
	abstract = {Studies of life history evolution in passerine birds often depend on examination of annual survival probability of adult birds. Most studies rely on return rates (proportion of marked individuals released in one year that are recaptured in the next year) to estimate annual survival probability. Yet, return rate includes both the probability of survival and the probability of recapturing or resighting the bird in the next time interval. We use numerical estimation to illustrate the increasing bias in return rate as an estimator of annual survival probability as recapture/resighting probability decreases. Recapture/resighting probability is normally assumed to be high and relatively invariant for recapture/resighting studies of color-banded territorial birds. We tested this assumption through examination of 11 color-banding studies of passerines. These studies showed that recapture/resighting probabilities vary strongly and cannot be generalized as high. In short, return rates generally ave poor estimators of annual survival probabilities and use of return rates may strongly bias relationships explored in comparative studies or bias results of experiments to test survival costs of reproduction. Recapture/resighting probabilities should be estimated in all studies that attempt to estimate annual survival probabilities.},
	number = {5-6},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Statistics},
	author = {Martin, T. E. and Clobert, J. and Anderson, D. R.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {863--875}
}

@article{alexanderCircannualRhythmsAppetite1999,
	title = {Circannual rhythms of appetite and ecdysis in the elapid snake  {Hemachatus} haemachatus},
	volume = {99},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Alexander, G. J. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {146--152}
}

@article{gouldFemalePreferencesFish1999,
	title = {Female preferences in a fish genus without female mate choice},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Gould, J. L. and Elliott, S. L. and Masters, C. M. and Mukerji, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, fish, mate choice, pigmentation, female mate choice, female preference, preference, Gambusia, mosquito fish},
	pages = {497--500}
}

@article{thornhillGeneticSireEffects1992,
	title = {Genetic sire effects on the fighting ability of sons and daugheters and mating success of sons in a scorpionfly},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Thornhill, R. and Sauer, P.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {mating, call, mating success, fighting, scorpionfly, fluctuating assymetry, salivary nuptial gifts},
	pages = {255--264}
}

@article{frankhamInbreedingExtinctionIsland1998,
	title = {Inbreeding and extinction: {Island} populations},
	volume = {12},
	url = {ISI:000074144500021},
	abstract = {Island populations are more prone to extinction than mainland populations, with island endemic species having higher extinction rates than nonendemic species. Inbreeding depression is one possible explanation for this. Insular populations are expected to suffer increased inbreeding relative to mainland populations due to bottlenecks at foundation and to lower subsequent population sizes. Inbreeding coefficients for 182 nonendemic and 28 endemic island populations were estimated from allozyme and microsatellite heterozygosities in island and related mainland populations. Island populations were significantly inbred, with inbreeding coefficients significantly higher in endemic than nonendemic island populations. Many island populations showed levels of inbreeding associated with elevated extinction rates in domestic nd laboratory species. inbreeding depression cannot be excluded as a factor in the extinction proneness of island populations},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Frankham, R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, i, population, heterozygosity, microsatellite, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, PRIMATES, extinction, CONSERVATION, bird, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, related, song, bottleneck, ISLAND, California, GENETIC-VARIATION, CONSERVATION GENETICS, FINCH, FINCHES, EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS, ISLAND POPULATION, ALLOZYME DIVERSITY, BIOCHEMICAL POLYMORPHISM, BOYLII SPECIES GROUP, DROSOPHILA-WILLISTONI GROUP, GENUS PEROMYSCUS, GOSSYPIUM-BARBADENSE, ISLAND POPULATIONS, MUS-MUSCULUS POPULATIONS},
	pages = {665--675}
}

@article{immlerIncreasedPostcopulatorySexual2008,
	title = {Increased postcopulatory sexual selection reduces the intramale variation in sperm design},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000256356300021},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00393.x},
	abstract = {Sperm competition is an important force driving the evolution of sperm design and function. Inter- and intraspecific variation in sperm design are strongly influenced by the risk of sperm competition in many taxa. In contrast, the variation among sperm of one male (intramale variation) is less well understood. We investigated intramale variation in sperm design in passerine birds and found that risk of sperm competition is negatively associated with intramale variation. This result is the first clear evidence that variation among sperm within an individual male is influenced by postcopulatory sexual selection. Our finding has important implications for male traits under pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Immler, S. and Calhim, S. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1538--1543}
}

@article{mooreGeneticEvidenceGood1994,
	title = {Genetic evidence for the "good genes" process of sexual selection},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Moore, A. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, direct and indirect benefits,female mate choice,genetic correlations,heritability,Nauphoeta cinerea,offspring development time},
	pages = {235--241}
}

@article{mooreReproductiveAgingMating2001,
	title = {Reproductive aging and mating: the ticking of the biological clock in female cockroaches},
	volume = {98},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Moore, P. J. and Moore, A. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {variation, mating, cockroach, cost of choice},
	pages = {9171--9176}
}

@article{ballentineCommonGardenExperiment2010,
	title = {Common {Garden} {Experiment} {Reveals} {Genetic} {Control} of {Phenotypic} {Divergence} between {Swamp} {Sparrow} {Subspecies} {That} {Lack} {Divergence} in {Neutral} {Genotypes}},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0010229},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Ballentine, B and Greenberg, R},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {e10229}
}

@article{grayCorrelatedresponsetoselectionExperimentsDesigned1999,
	title = {Correlated-response-to-selection experiments designed to test for a genetic correlation between female preferences and male traits yeild biased results},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gray, D. A. and Cade, W. H.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {indirect selection, sexual selection, heritability, female preference, preference, genetic correlation, correlated response, selection experiment},
	pages = {1325--1327}
}

@article{grossniklausTransgenerationalEpigeneticInheritance2013,
	title = {Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: how important is it?},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3435},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3435},
	abstract = {Much attention has been given to the idea of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, but fundamental questions remain regarding how much takes place and the impact that this might have on organisms. We asked five leading researchers in this area [mdash] working on a range of model organisms and in human disease [mdash] for their views on these topics. Their responses highlight the mixture of excitement and caution that surrounds transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and the wide gulf between species in terms of our knowledge of the mechanisms that may be involved.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Grossniklaus, Ueli and Kelly, William G. and Ferguson-Smith, Anne C. and Pembrey, Marcus and Lindquist, Susan},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {228--235}
}

@article{zahaviClarificationsNotionSignals1993,
	title = {Some clarifications of the notion of signals: a reply to {Richner}},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Zahavi, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {signals, call},
	pages = {402}
}

@article{stewartHomebaseBehaviorZebrafish2010,
	title = {Homebase behavior of zebrafish in novelty-based paradigms},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0376-6357},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037663571000210X},
	abstract = {Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are emerging as a promising model species in neuroscience research. Many traditional rodent behavioral paradigms may be adapted for zebrafish testing. Exposing zebrafish to three different â€œopen fieldâ€ tanks for 30\&\#xa0;min, we showed that fish display robust homebase behavior, in which one area of the tank is chosen as a preferred point of reference during the test, which the fish frequently return to and spend a longer duration in. This phenotype strikingly resembles rodent homebase behavior, confirming that both species use homebases as â€œreference pointsâ€ for their exploration. Our study introduces a simple method for zebrafish homebase phenotyping, and further supports the utility of these fish in neurobehavioral and cognitive research.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Stewart, Adam and Cachat, Jonathan and Wong, Keith and Gaikwad, Siddharth and Gilder, Thomas and DiLeo, John and Chang, Katie and Utterback, Eli and Kalueff, Allan V.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Zebrafish, exploration, Homebase behavior, Open field test},
	pages = {198--203}
}

@article{williamsPleiotropyNaturalSelection1957,
	title = {Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Williams, G. C.},
	year = {1957},
	keywords = {reproductive effort, evolution, selection, natural selection, ageing, reproductive value, senescence, pleiotropy},
	pages = {398--411}
}

@article{jacquotInfluenceNatalEnvironment1995,
	title = {Influence of the natal environment on dispersal of white-footed mice},
	volume = {37},
	url = {ISI:A1995TH36900006},
	abstract = {We explored the relationship between several aspects of the natal environment and dispersal distances of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in a 2-ha oak/hickory woodlot northeast of Bowling Green, Ohio, from 1991 to 1993. Litters of mice in nestboxes were marked at an early age. We evaluated litter size, the number of males and females in the litter, litter sex ratio, weanling survival to adulthood, and mother's parity as proximate factors that might affect dispersal. Dispersal was quantified as the straight-line distance between the mother's center of activity and that of her adult offspring. Of 401 mice from 82 litters, 78 (19.5\%) were recaptured as adults. Males dispersed significantly farther than females. Females from small litters dispersed shorter distances than females from median or large Litters. Females also dispersed farther with increasing numbers of male siblings. However, the proportion of males in the litter was not related to dispersal distance of either sex. Males with two or more sisters dispersed farther than did males with fewer than two sisters. Males from their mother's first litter dispersed farther than males from subsequent litters; however, the presence or absence of the mother at the time of dispersal was not related to male dispersal distance. Our results suggest that inbreeding avoidance between siblings may lead to male-biased dispersal, and that interactions between siblings may be more important than interactions with the mother in determining dispersal distances},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Jacquot, J. J. and Vessey, S. H.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {competition, female, FEMALES, MALES, offspring, population, sex, size, survival, reproductive success, age, sex ratio, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, WHITE-FOOTED MICE, X, AVOIDANCE, philopatry, related, ENVIRONMENT, RATIO, MICE, DISTANCE, siblings, dispersal distances, SQUIRRELS SPERMOPHILUS-BELDINGI, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE, CLETHRIONOMYS-RUFOCANUS, SEX-RATIO, COMPETITION FOR MATES, PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS},
	pages = {407--412}
}

@article{swindellSelectionInbreedingDepression2006,
	title = {Selection and inbreeding depression: {Effects} of inbreeding rate and inbreeding environment},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000238181700012},
	abstract = {The magnitude of inbreeding depression in small populations may depend on the effectiveness with which natural selection purges deleterious recessive alleles from populations during inbreeding. The effectiveness of this purging process, however, may be influenced by the rate of inbreeding and the environment in which inbreeding occurs. Although some experimental studies have examined these factors individually, no study has examined their joint effect or potential interaction. In the present study, therefore, we performed an experiment in which 180 lineages of Drosophila melanogaster were inbred at slow and fast inbreeding rates within each of three inbreeding environments (benign, high temperature, and competitive). The fitness of all lineages was then measured in a common benign environment. Although slow inbreeding reduced inbreeding depression in lineages inbred under high temperature stress, a similar reduction was not observed with respect to the benign or competitive treatments. Overall, therefore, the effect of inbreeding rate was nonsignificant. The inbreeding environment, in contrast, had a larger and more consistent effect on inbreeding depression. Under both slow and fast rates of inbreeding, inbreeding depression was significantly reduced in lineages inbred in the presence of a competitor D. melanogaster strain. A similar reduction of inbreeding depression occurred in lineages inbred under high temperature stress at a slow inbreeding rate. Overall, our findings show that inbreeding depression is reduced when inbreeding takes place in a stressful environment, possibly due to more effective purging under such conditions},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Swindell, W. R. and Bouzat, J. L.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Drosophila, population, selection, fitness, experiment, natural selection, allele, condition, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, COMMON, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, ENVIRONMENT, MELANOGASTER, STRESS, purging, RATES, SMALL POPULATIONS, alleles, LINEAGE, inbreeding rate},
	pages = {1014--1022}
}

@article{kukukMaintainingLowIntragroup12,
	title = {Maintaining low intragroup relatedness: evolutionary stability of nonkin social groups},
	volume = {70},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4HG67B2-5/2/f560dc9cb5b2a14e2784f5a58ec18c99},
	abstract = {Communal sociality, involving cooperation among unrelated group members, occurs in all of the six families of bees. However, most communal species also occupy nests that persist over many generations. Why, then, do females not remain in their natal nests with their relatives? We examined how sex-biased dispersal contributes to maintaining low intragroup relatedness by documenting dispersal using microsatellite data in the communal halictine bee, Lasioglossum (Chilalictus) hemichalceum. The composition and genotypes of brood from nests excavated late in the reproductive season (late-season) were compared with those of adults from nests excavated from the same aggregation in early winter (post-season). Females left their natal nests if nests were large and if their brothers were present, demonstrating female-biased dispersal to avoid inbreeding in a social insect for the first time. Thus, the occurrence of within-nest mating in communal species, combined with strong selection against inbreeding in the Hymenoptera, appears to select for female-biased dispersal. This in turn results in a population-wide decrease in intracolony relatedness, thereby maintaining cooperation among nonkin in communal Hymenoptera},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kukuk, Penelope F. and Bitney, Charla and Forbes, Stephen H.},
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, selection, insect, mating, microsatellite, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, social, FAMILY, sociality, GENERATIONS, cooperation, FEMALE-BIASED DISPERSAL, EVOLUTIONARY, sex-biased dispersal, Hymenoptera, STABILITY, EVOLUTIONARY STABILITY},
	pages = {1305--1311}
}

@article{campbellComponentsPhenotypicSelection1991,
	title = {Components of phenotypic selection: pollen export and flower corolla width in  {Ipomopsis} aggregata.},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Campbell, D. R. and Waser, N. M. and Price, M. V. and Lynch, E. A. and Mitchell, R. J.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {selection, nonlinear selection, selection analysis},
	pages = {1458--1467}
}

@article{eastSexualConflictsSpotted2003,
	title = {Sexual conflicts in spotted hyenas: male and female mating tactics and their reproductive outcome with respect to age, social status and tenure},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000183695500004},
	abstract = {We investigated the reproductive outcomes of male and female mating tactics in the spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta, a female-dominated social carnivore with high maternal investment, an absence of paternal care and female control over copulation. Paternity was determined using microsatellite profiling of 236 offspring in 171 litters from three clans. We found little evidence that male tactics that sought to coerce or monopolize females were successful. Polyandry and sperm competition appeared to counter effectively pre-copulatory male tactics, such as harassment, monopolization and other tactics, such as infanticide, that were against the evolutionary interests of females, and may have contributed to the stability of the male dominance hierarchy, which operated as a social queue. At least 39\% of 54 females mated multiply, and 35\% of 75 twin litters were fathered by two sires. Polyandry may also serve to ensure fertilization, compensate for an initial poor-quality mate or ensure fertilization by genetically compatible mates. Female mate choice matched observed patterns of affiliative male-female behaviour, indicating that affiliative behaviour is a successful male mating tactic, and was consistent with the idea that male tenure may serve as an index of male quality, although male fertility may decline with extreme old age},
	number = {1521},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {East, M. L. and Burke, T. and Wilhelm, K. and Greig, C. and Hofer, H.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, quality, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, female mate choice, mating, polyandry, age, sexual conflict, microsatellite, inbreeding, infanticide, social, bird, birds, conflict, patterns, MATING TACTICS, dominance, paternity, harassment, multiple paternity, FERTILITY, ANIMAL SOCIETIES, STABILITY, paternal care, OLD-AGE, OLD MATES, COMMUTING SYSTEM, CROCUTA-CROCUTA, DOMINATED MAMMALIAN SOCIETY, HYAENAS, MIGRATORY PREY, PREDATOR COPES},
	pages = {1247--1254}
}

@article{laneGeneticRelatednessMates2007,
	title = {Genetic relatedness of mates does not predict patterns of parentage in {North} {American} red squirrels},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://000250180700028},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Lane, J. E. and Boutin, S. and Gunn, M. R. and Slate, J. and Coltman, D. W.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {sexual selection, SPERM COMPETITION, microsatellite, inbreeding, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, genetic relatedness, paternity, multiple paternity, MATING-BEHAVIOR, sperm selection, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, COMPATIBLE GENES, litter, MALE SUCCESS, multimale mating, North American red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, TAMIASCIURUS-HUDSONICUS, WILD HOUSE-MICE},
	pages = {611--619}
}

@article{hassonSexualDisplaysAmplifiers1991,
	title = {Sexual displays as amplifiers: practical examples with an emphasis on feather decorations},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Hasson, O.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {display, displays, amplifier, sexual displays},
	pages = {189--197}
}

@article{wadeGeneEyeView2002,
	title = {A gene's eye view of epistasis, selection and speciation},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Wade, M. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {selection, metapopulation, speciation, Haldanes' rule, f-statistics, epistasis},
	pages = {337--346}
}

@article{guerroAcetocarmineSquashMethod1974,
	title = {An aceto-carmine squash method for sexing juvenile fishes},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Progressive Fish Culturist},
	author = {Guerro, III, R. D. and Shelton, W. L.},
	year = {1974},
	keywords = {fishes, sex, sexing},
	pages = {56}
}

@article{shafaReturningStemState2010,
	title = {Returning to the stem state: {Epigenetics} of recapitulating pre-differentiation chromatin structure},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0265-9247},
	url = {://WOS:000281625000009},
	doi = {10.1002/bies.201000033},
	abstract = {Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can self-renew indefinitely and contribute to all tissue types of the adult organism. Stem cell-based therapeutic approaches hold enormous promise for the cure of regenerative diseases. Over the last few years, several studies have attempted to decipher the important role of transcription factor networks and epigenetic regulatory signals in the maintenance of ESC pluripotency, but the exact underlying mechanisms have yet to be identified. Among the epigenetic factors, chromatin dynamics and structure have been found to contribute greatly to maintenance of pluripotency and regulation of differentiation in ESCs. These modifications include: covalent histone acetylation and methylation, histone bivalents and chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation. Studies in ESCs have shown that genes associated with early development are arranged within a bivalent chromatin structure. This is thought to be a "poised yet repressed" situation, which can be activated upon differentiation. The breakthrough of iPSCs has opened a new era in stem cell biology. During reprogramming, the chromatin state of differentiated cells is reset to an embryonic form via a largely unknown mechanism. In this review, the fundamental impact of chromatin dynamic in ESCs as well as its critical role in the generation of iPSCs is discussed.},
	language = {English},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Bioessays},
	author = {Shafa, M. and Krawetz, R. and Rancourt, D. E.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {DNA, chromatin, Development, mammalian, epigenetic, methylation, cell, cell-lines, chromosome territories, developmental regulators, early mouse development, embryonic stem cell, gene-regulation, histone h3, induced pluripotent stem, nuclear architecture, small-molecule compounds},
	pages = {791--799}
}

@article{bullEnigmaticReptilianSex1989,
	title = {Enigmatic reptilian sex ratios},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bull, J. J. and Charnov, E. L.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sex, sex ratio, reptiles, sex ratios},
	pages = {1561--1566}
}

@article{sillerEpistaticHandicapPrinciple1998,
	title = {The epistatic handicap principle does work},
	volume = {191},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Siller, S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, handicap principle, handicap, epistatic handicap mechanism},
	pages = {141--161}
}

@article{houleComparingEvolvabilityVariability1992,
	title = {Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits},
	volume = {130},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Houle, D.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {call, genetic variation},
	pages = {195--204}
}

@article{immlerSpermCompetitionSperm2007,
	title = {Sperm competition and sperm midpiece size: no consistent pattern in passerine birds},
	volume = {274},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000243354200014},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3752},
	abstract = {Sperm competition is thought to be a major force driving the evolution of sperm shape and function. However, previous studies investigating the relationship between the risk of sperm competition and sperm morphometry revealed inconclusive results and marked differences between taxonomic groups. In a comparative study of two families of passerines (Fringillidae and Sylviidae) and also across species belonging to different passerine families, we investigated the relative importance of the phylogenetic background on the relationship between sperm morphometry and the risk of sperm competition. The risk of sperm competition was inferred from relative testis mass as an indicator of investment in sperm production. We found: (i) a significant positive association between both midpiece length and flagellum length and relative testis mass in the Fringillidae, (ii) a significant negative association between sperm trait dimensions and relative testis mass in the Sylviidae, and (iii) no association across all species. Despite the striking difference in the patterns shown by the Sylviidae and the Fringillidae, the relationship between midpiece length and flagellum length was positive in both families and across all species with positive allometry. Reasons for the differences and similarities between passerine families are discussed.},
	number = {1609},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Immler, S. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {561--568}
}

@article{legalliardLifetimeIntergenerationalFitness2008,
	title = {Lifetime and intergenerational fitness consequences of harmful male interactions for female lizards},
	volume = {89},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000253717200008},
	doi = {10.1890/06-2076.1},
	abstract = {Male mating behaviors harmful to females have been described in a wide range of species. However, the direct and indirect fitness consequences of harmful male behaviors have been rarely quantified for females and their offspring, especially for long-lived organisms under natural conditions. Here, lifetime and intergenerational consequences of harmful male interactions were investigated in female common lizards (Lacerta vivipara) using field experiments. We exposed females to male harm by changing the population sex ratio from a normal female-biased to an experimental male-biased sex ratio during the first experimental year. Thereafter, females and their first generation of offspring were monitored during two additional years in a common garden with a female-biased sex ratio. We found strong immediate fitness costs and lower lifetime reproductive success in females subjected to increased male exposure. The immediate fitness costs were partly mitigated by direct compensatory responses after exposure to male excess, but not by indirect benefits through offspring growth, offspring survival, or mating success of offspring. These results, support recent empirical findings showing that the direct costs of mating are not outweighed by indirect benefits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Cote, J. and Fitze, P. S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, HYPOTHESIS, indirect benefits, selection, multiple mating, sexual conflict, LACERTA-VIVIPARA, MICROSATELLITE MARKERS, COMMON LIZARDS, direct costs, fitness compensation, laboratory-model-system, common lizards, hypothesis, lacerta-vivipara, microsatellite markers},
	pages = {56--64}
}

@article{bridleAssortativePreferencesDiscrimination2006,
	title = {Assortative preferences and discrimination by females against hybrid male song in the grasshoppers {Chorthippus} brunneus and {Chorthippus} jacobsi ({Orthoptera}: {Acrididae})},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01080.x},
	abstract = {Abstract The grasshoppers Chorthippus brunneus and Chorthippus jacobsi are highly differentiated for male mating signals, and form a mosaic hybrid zone in northern Spain. At some sites within this zone, many hybrids are observed. At others, few hybrids are observed. Such bimodal sites may reflect recent contacts between parental genotypes, or local variation in levels of assortative mating or selection against hybrids. Playback of 12 parental and F1 male songs to 296 parental and hybrid females revealed positive assortative preferences in C. brunneus and C. jacobsi females, supporting a direct role of male mating signals in female choice. However, all female genotypic classes showed reduced responsiveness to F1 male songs. Such sexual selection against hybrids is consistent with the narrow cline width observed in the field for song characters relative to morphology. These results have implications for the genetic structure of the hybrid zone and for models of speciation by reinforcement},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bridle, J. R. and Saldamando, C. I. and Koning, W. and Butlin, R. K.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, female, FEMALES, selection, variation, CHARACTERS, model, MODELS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, signals, mating, field, PREFERENCES, preference, form, assortative mating, discrimination, song, speciation, hybrid, reinforcement, SIGNAL, grasshopper, Orthoptera, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, Spain, male song, morphology, SITES, responsiveness, mating signals},
	pages = {1248--1256}
}

@book{courtenayDistributionBiologyManagement1984,
	address = {Baltimore},
	title = {Distribution, {Biology}, and management of exotic fishes},
	publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
	author = {Courtenay, Jr., W. R. and Stauffer, Jr., J. R.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {fish, fishes, introduced, exotic}
}

@article{candolinWhyMultipleTraits2005,
	title = {Why do multiple traits determine mating success? {Differential} use in female choice and male competition in a water boatman},
	volume = {272},
	url = {ISI:000226838000006},
	abstract = {Mating success is often determined by multiple traits, but why this occurs is largely unknown. Much attention has been paid to female preferences for multiple traits, but surprisingly few researchers have addressed the possibility that multiple traits are important because they serve different functions in female choice and male-male competition. Differential trait function could result from a conflict of interest between the sexes or from constraints forcing the sexes to pay attention to different traits. I show that traits determined at distinct life-history stages differ in their importance in female choice and male-male competition in a water boatman Sigara falleni. Juvenile conditions determined body and foreleg pala size and were the main determinants of mating success under female choice, whereas adult conditions determined body mass and influenced mating success when male competition was included. This differential use of condition-dependent traits under the two selection regimes appeared to arise partly from a conflict between the sexes, since the two selection forces (female choice and male competition) conflict for selection on pala size, and partly from constraints, as females appeared unable to assess adult condition},
	number = {1558},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Candolin, U.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, HOUSE, i, mate choice, selection, sex, TRAITS, ornaments, size, sticklebacks, mating, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, female preference, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, preference, male-male competition, condition, conflict, CARE, trade-off, mating success, SEXES, DOMINANT MALES, LEK PARADOX, male competition, Sigara falleni, CONDITION-DEPENDENT TRAITS, constraints, multiple traits, BODY-MASS, condition dependence,Corixidae,mate choice,multiple cues,sexual selection,Sigara falleni, constraint, life-history stage, MALE MALE COMPETITION},
	pages = {47--52}
}

@article{hingleSizedependentMatePreference2001,
	title = {Size-dependent mate preference in the stalk-eyed fly  {Cyrtodiopsis} dalmani},
	volume = {61},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Hingle, A. and Fowler, K. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {flies, stalk-eyed flies, mate preference, preference, condition},
	pages = {589--595.}
}

@article{pitcherSpermCompetitionEvolution5,
	title = {Sperm competition and the evolution of testes size in birds},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00874.x/abs},
	abstract = {Comparative analyses suggest that a variety of ecological and behavioural factors contribute to the tremendous variability in extrapair mating among birds. In an analysis of 1010 species of birds, we examined several ecological and behavioural factors in relation to testes size; an index of sperm competition and the extent of extrapair mating. In univariate and multivariate analyses, testes size was significantly larger in species that breed colonially than in species that breed solitarily, suggesting that higher breeding density is associated with greater sperm competition. After controlling for phylogenetic effects and other ecological variables, testes size was also larger in taxa that did not participate in feeding their offspring. In analyses of both the raw species data and phylogenetically independent contrasts, monogamous taxa had smaller testes than taxa with multiple social mates, and testes size tended to increase with clutch size, which suggests that sperm depletion may play a role in the evolution of testes size. Our results suggest that traditional ecological and behavioural variables, such as social mating system, breeding density and male parental care can account for a significant portion of the variation in sperm competition in birds.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Pitcher, T. E. and Dunn, P. O. and Whittingham, L. A.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {competition, evolution, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, size, bird, birds, testes},
	pages = {557--567}
}

@article{brooksNegativeGeneticCorrelation2000,
	title = {Negative genetic correlation between male sexual attractiveness and survival},
	volume = {406},
	url = {ISI:000087991200045},
	abstract = {Indirect selection of female mating preferences may result from a genetic association between male attractiveness and offspring fitness(1,2). The offspring of attractive males may have enhanced growth(3-5), fecundity(3,4), viability(5-8) or attractiveness(4,9-11). However, the extent to which attractive males bear genes that reduce other fitness components has remained unexplored. Here I show that sexual attractiveness in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) is heritable and genetically correlated with ornamentation. Like ornamentation(12-14), attractiveness may be substantially Y-linked. The benefit of mating with attractive males, and thus having attractive sons, is opposed by strong negative genetic correlation between attractiveness and both offspring survival and the number of sons maturing. Such correlations suggest either antagonistic pleiotropy between attractiveness and survival or linkage disequilibrium between attractive and deleterious alleles. The presence of many colour pattern genes on or near the nonrecombining section of the Y chromosome may facilitate the accumulation of deleterious mutations by genetic hitchhiking(15,16). These findings show that genes enhancing sexual attractiveness may be associated with pleiotropic costs or heavy mutational loads},
	number = {6791},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Brooks, R.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {indirect selection, ornamentation, Attractiveness, evolution, female mating preferences, genes, guppies, guppy, i, male attractiveness, offspring, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, fitness, survival, mating, colour, GROWTH, mating preferences, preference, Y, Y chromosome, allele, mating preference, cost, costs, viability, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, linkage, load, mutation, female mating preference, alleles, genetic correlation, CHROMOSOME, pleiotropy, antagonistic pleiotropy},
	pages = {67--70}
}

@article{grafenAnimalsReallyRecognize1990,
	title = {Do animals really recognize kin},
	volume = {39},
	url = {ISI:A1990CJ09100004},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Grafen, A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {evolution, P1, ANIMALS, ENGLAND, kin, RECOGNITION, SELFISH, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION},
	pages = {42--54}
}

@article{evansDirectionalPostcopulatorySexual2003,
	title = {Directional postcopulatory sexual selection revealed by artificial insemination},
	volume = {421},
	url = {ISI:000180533000039},
	abstract = {Postcopulatory sexual selection comprises both sperm competition, where the sperm from different males compete for fertilization(1), and cryptic female choice, where females bias sperm use in favour of particular males(2). Despite intense current interest in both processes as potential agents of directional sexual selection(3), few studies have attributed the success of attractive males to events that occur exclusively after insemination. This is because the interactions between pre- and post-insemination episodes of sexual selection can be important sources of variation in paternity(4). The use of artificial insemination overcomes this difficulty because it controls for variation in male fertilization success attributable to the female's perception of male quality, as well as effects due to mating order and the relative contribution of sperm from competing males(5). Here, we adopt this technique and show that in guppies, when equal numbers of sperm from two males compete for fertilization, relatively colourful individuals achieve greater parentage than their less ornamented counterparts. This finding indicates that precopulatory female mating preferences can be reinforced exclusively through postcopulatory processes occurring at a physiological level. Our analysis also revealed that relatively small individuals were advantaged in sperm competition, suggesting a possible trade-off between sperm competitive ability and body growth},
	number = {6921},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Zane, L. and Francescato, S. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, ABILITY, ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, female mating preferences, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, INSEMINATION, MALES, P1, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, variation, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, mating, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, GROWTH, mating preferences, preference, sex ratio, INDIVIDUALS, mating preference, postcopulatory sexual selection, patterns, trade-off, RATIO, SEXES, female mating preference, PARENTAGE, paternity, Cryptic female choice, SEX-RATIOS, female control, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, FLOUR BEETLES, SPERM PRECEDENCE, SEX-RATIO, sex ratios, COMPETITIVE ABILITY, sperm use},
	pages = {360--363},
	file = {Full Text:files/6973/Evans et al. - 2003 - Directional postcopulatory sexual selection reveal.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6974/nature01367.html:text/html}
}

@article{pouyaudKinCohesivenessPossible1999,
	title = {Kin cohesiveness and possible inbreeding in the mouthbrooding tilapia {Sarotherodon} melanotheron ({Pisces} {Cichlidae})},
	volume = {8},
	url = {ISI:000080952900009},
	abstract = {Four microsatellite markers were used to study genetic variation among individuals of the mouthbrooding tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron (Ruppel 1852) caught in separate but adjacent shoals. A comparison was also made with fish from six other localities. Populations originating from riverine environments appear to be panmictic, while samples from open waters such as lagoons showed highly significant heterozygote deficiencies. For instance, at the 33-allele locus SMEL4, 32 homozygous individuals were observed among the 82 individuals from the same lagoon location instead of only five homozygotes expected if random mating occurred. A further assessment of the genetic similarity of individuals within each shoal, validated by robust permutation techniques requiring no precise knowledge of gene frequencies, showed that related individuals tend to aggregate, and suggested that mating occurs preferentially within small groups of kin. Cichlids are often presented as a group of fish where microallopatric speciation takes place. The possible link between kin aggregation, inbreeding and shoaling behaviour we propose here may have important consequences for our understanding of the mechanisms involved in this fast speciation process},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Pouyaud, L. and Desmarais, E. and Chenuil, A. and Agnese, T. F. and Bonhomme, F.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, Fisher, fishes, P1, population, selection, variation, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, GENETIC SIMILARITY, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, relatedness, similarity, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, microsatellites, homozygotes, kin, related, genetic variation, ENVIRONMENT, speciation, imprinting, RECOGNITION, AFRICAN, genome, GENETIC-VARIATION, DNA, MARKERS, locus, cichlid, PISCES, FREQUENCIES, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, sympatric speciation, Cichlidae, cichlids, kin aggregation, LAKE MALAWI, random mating, Sarotherodon melanotheron, shoal, shoaling, SHOALS, tilapias},
	pages = {803--812}
}

@article{krugerMaladaptiveMateChoice2001,
	title = {Maladaptive mate choice maintained by heterozygote advantage},
	volume = {55},
	url = {ISI:000169903000014},
	abstract = {Common buzzards (Buteo buteo) show a plumage polymorphism that appears to be maintained by heterozygote advantage and allows a maladaptive form of mate choice to persist. The light and dark morphs have a much lower fitness than the presumed heterozygous intermediate morph, but are replenished through Mendelian segregation in intermediate-intermediate pairs. Light and dark morphs could maximize their fitness by mating light with dark to produce all intermediate offspring, but instead choose partners of their own color, thereby producing broods of minimally fit homozygotes. Such maladaptive behavior argues forcefully against mate choice based on "good genes," and its persistence is best explained by heterozygote advantage maintaining the polymorphism coupled with nongenetic mate choice based on sexual imprinting. Modeling different patterns of mate choice shows that random mating and preference for own morph fit our data poorly, whereas preference for mother's morph yields a good fit},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Kruger, O. and Lindstrom, J. and Amos, W.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, PAIR, population, fitness, mating, PREFERENCES, preference, form, polymorphism, BEHAVIOR, birds, COMMON, homozygotes, pattern, patterns, heterozygote advantage, imprinting, PERSISTENCE, morphs, sexual imprinting, light, color polymorphism, random mating, Buteo buteo,common buzzard,fitness,heterozygote advantage,mate choice,polymorphism,sexual imprinting, cuckoldry, PLUMAGE},
	pages = {1207--1214}
}

@article{endlerGeneralCommentsEvolution1993,
	title = {Some general comments on the evolution and design of animal communication systems},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {evolution, call, animal communication systems,signals},
	pages = {215--225}
}

@article{denkPaternityMallardsEffects2005,
	title = {Paternity in mallards: effects of sperm quality and female sperm selection for inbreeding avoidance},
	volume = {16},
	url = {ISI:000231252400001},
	abstract = {Postcopulatory processes might play an important role in sexual selection. In theory, fertilization success could be controlled by females via selection of particular sperm within their reproductive tract, or it could be determined by sperm competition per se. In practice, these two mechanisms are difficult to disentangle. To assess the relative importance of both mechanisms we used artificial insemination in combination with measurements of sperm quality (swimming speed and motility) in mallards. In this species, females often lack behavioral control over copulations and hence may use postcopulatory mechanisms to optimize their reproductive output. One important factor affecting female fitness may be selection of genetically compatible males. To investigate the influence of sperm quality and parental relatedness on paternity we inseminated 12 groups of related females with a sperm mixture containing equal numbers of sperm from a brother and from an unrelated male. Paternity was independent of the relatedness of the siting male to the female but was significantly affected by long-term sperm swimming speed and motility. No interaction between relatedness and sperm quality on paternity was observed. These results suggest that female mallards are not able to select sperm on a purely genetic basis and emphasize the importance of sperm quality in gaining paternity},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Denk, A. G. and Holzmann, A. and Peters, A. and Vermeirssen, E. L. M. and Kempenaers, B.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION, competition, female, FEMALES, INSEMINATION, MALES, quality, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATION, fitness, SEXUAL-SELECTION, SUCCESS, mate preferences, mating preferences, theory, NUMBER, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, AVOIDANCE, postcopulatory sexual selection, related, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, COPULATIONS, inbreeding-avoidance, paternity, GENETIC-BASIS, NO EVIDENCE, long-term, parental relatedness, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT, sperm selection, GALLUS-DOMESTICUS, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, Anas platyrhynchos,cryptic female choice,mallard,sperm competition,sperm motility,sperm selection,sperm swimming speed, ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS, COPULATION, MULTIPLE MALE ORNAMENTS},
	pages = {825--833}
}

@article{tallmonAlluringSimplicityComplex2004,
	title = {The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://000223899600010},
	language = {English},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Tallmon, D. A. and Luikart, G. and Waples, R. S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {BIOLOGY, CONSERVATION, inbreeding depression, SONG SPARROWS, SPARROWS MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, INBRED POPULATIONS, outbreeding depression, HYBRID BREAKDOWN, ENVIRONMENTAL-STRESS, NATURAL-POPULATION BOTTLENECK, PER-GENERATION RULE},
	pages = {489--496}
}

@article{voituronFreezeNotFreeze2002,
	title = {To freeze or not to freeze? {An} evolutionary perspective on the cold-hardiness strategies of overwintering ectotherms},
	volume = {160},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000176977900010},
	doi = {10.1086/341021},
	abstract = {We address the question of whether freeze-tolerance, freeze-avoidance, or mixed strategy represents the best adaptation for overwintering ectotherms to endure severe winter. To this end, we develop an optimization fitness model that takes into account different physiological parameters such as energetic level, the physiological stress associated with each strategy, and climatic variables. The results show that the freeze-tolerance strategy is strongly dependent on a low sensitivity to the number of freezing days and on a capacity to reduce stress associated with freezing. This strategy is also favored when the initial energetic level is low compared to the freeze-avoidance strategy, which is favored by a high initial energetic level, a low stress associated with the supercooling, and a low sensitivity of this strategy to climatic conditions. From a theoretical point of view, the mixed strategy permits survival in harsher environments but requires the optimization of all parameters involved in both cold-hardiness strategies. However, the mixed strategy shows energetic advantages in variable environments allowing animals to resist the harshest periods. From the model results, it appears that the physiological processes developed by ectotherms to reduce these stresses might be a key to understanding the evolution of the cold-hardiness strategies.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Voituron, Y. and Mouquet, N. and de Mazancourt, C. and Clobert, J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {255--270}
}

@incollection{clobertEcologyGeneticsEvolution2004,
	address = {San Diego, USA},
	title = {Ecology, {Genetics} and {Evolution} of {Metapopulations}},
	shorttitle = {Causes, mechanisms and consequences of dispersal},
	booktitle = {Causes, mechanisms and consequences of dispersal},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Ims, R. and Rousset, F.},
	editor = {Hanski, I. and Gaggiotti, O.E.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {307--335}
}

@article{eberhardRapidDivergentEvolution2004,
	title = {Rapid divergent evolution of sexual morphology: {Comparative} tests of antagonistic coevolution and traditional female choice},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000224339500007},
	abstract = {Male structures specialized to contact females during sexual interactions often diverge relatively rapidly over evolutionary time. Previous explanations for this pattern invoked sexual selection by female choice, but new ideas emphasize possible sexually antagonistic coevolution resulting from male-female conflict over control of fertilization. The two types of selection have often not been carefully distinguished. They do not theoretically exclude one another, but they have not necessarily had equally important roles in producing rapid evolutionary divergence. To date, most recent empirical studies of antagonistic coevolution have emphasized only a few taxa. This study uses the abundant but little-used data in the taxonomic literature on morphology to evaluate the roles of antagonistic coevolution and traditional female choice over a wide taxonomic spectrum (61 families of arthropods, mostly insects and spiders). Groups with species-specific male structures that contact females were checked for coevolution of species-specific female structures that are contacted by the male and that have mechanical properties that could potentially defend her against the male. Facultatively deployable, species-specific female defensive structures, a design that would seem likely to evolve frequently under the sexually antagonistic coevolution hypothesis, were completely absent (0\% of 106 structures in 84 taxonomic groups). Although likely cases of sexually antagonistic coevolution exist, using conservative criteria, 79.2\% of the 106 structures lacked even potentially defensive female coevolution. A common pattern (53.8\% of 106) was a nearly complete absence of female change in areas contacted by species-specific male structures. Post-hoc arguments invoking possible coevolution of defensive female behavior instead of morphology, or of female sensitivities and responses to male sensory traps, could enable the sexually antagonistic coevolution hypothesis to explain these data. No case of such coevolution of female behavior or sensitivities has been demonstrated, and there are additional reasons to doubt that they are general explanations for the data presented here. Detailed studies of female resistance behavior could help illuminate several issues. The possibility of a greater role for antagonistic coevolution in reproductive physiology than in morphology and the possibility that female choice and sexually antagonistic coevolution have both been important in some lineages are discussed},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Eberhard, W. G.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, mate choice, P1, response, selection, variation, FERTILIZATION, insect, mating, flies, ANIMALS, Darwin, reproduction, Y, fruit fly, BEHAVIOR, genetics, conflict, COMMON, FAMILY, pattern, RESPONSES, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, AFRICAN, California, SPERM TRANSFER, RESISTANCE, divergence, TESTS, FLORIDA, wasp, sexually antagonistic, ACCESSORY-GLAND PRODUCTS, female control, spectra, morphology, FA, sexually antagonistic coevolution, spider, female resistance, Costa Rica, COPULATORY COURTSHIP, genitalia, dragonfly, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER FEMALES, ERIGONINE SPIDERS, FUNCTIONAL-MORPHOLOGY, GENITAL MECHANICS, IDENTIFICATION, male-female conflict, PHOLCID SPIDERS ARANEAE, reproductive physiology, SEPSID FLIES DIPTERA},
	pages = {1947--1970}
}

@article{brooksManipulatingSeeminglyNonpreferred1995,
	title = {Manipulating a seemingly non-preferred male ornament reveals a role in female choice},
	volume = {261},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Caithness, N.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, guppy, ornament, manipulate, male ornament, melanin},
	pages = {7--10}
}

@article{gomendioComparativeStudyEjaculate2000,
	title = {A comparative study of ejaculate traits in three endangered ungulates with different levels of inbreeding: fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of reproductive and genetic stress},
	volume = {267},
	url = {ISI:000087149700005},
	abstract = {We studied three closely related species of endangered gazelles (Gazella dorcas, Gazella dama and Gazella cuvieri) with different levels of inbreeding in order to determine at which intensities inbreeding influences ejaculate traits. We also examined whether fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a reliable indicator of genetic as well as reproductive stress. Our results show that, within each population, the individual coefficient of inbreeding is inversely related to ejaculate quality only in the species with the highest levels of inbreeding (G. cuvieri). In addition, FA is a reliable indicator of individual levels of inbreeding in both the species with the highest levels of inbreeding (G. cuvieri) and the species with intermediate levels of inbreeding (G. dama). Thus, FA appears in individuals whose levels of inbreeding are still not high enough to affect male reproductive potential and should therefore be considered a sensitive indicator of genetic stress. Finally, FA is also a reliable indicator of male reproductive stress since it is related to individual semen quality in all the species studied},
	number = {1446},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Gomendio, M. and Cassinello, J. and Roldan, E. R. S.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, i, population, quality, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, fitness, lande, ejaculate, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, ungulate, ungulates, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, SONG SPARROWS, related, STRESS, asymmetry, indicator, fluctuating asymmetry, intensity, ISLAND POPULATION, Spain, spermatozoa, FA, SPERM MORPHOLOGY, AFRICAN CHEETAH, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, gazelles, REMNANT POPULATIONS},
	pages = {875--882}
}

@article{vrbaWhatSpeciesSelection1984,
	title = {What is species selection?},
	volume = {33},
	journal = {Systematic Zoology},
	author = {Vrba, E. S.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {selection, species selection},
	pages = {318--324}
}

@article{whileWithinpopulationVariationSocial2009,
	title = {Within-population variation in social strategies characterize the social and mating system of an {Australian} lizard, {Egernia} whitii},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1442-9985},
	url = {://WOS:000272126800011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02002.x},
	abstract = {The lizard genus Egernia has been suggested as an excellent model system for examining the evolution of sociality as it exhibits considerable diversity in social organization both between and within species. To date the majority of work examining the factors responsible for the evolution of sociality within Egernia has advocated a broad scale approach; identifying the social structure of specific species or populations and comparing the degree of sociality between them. However, we argue that significant advancements could also be gained by examining variation in social strategies within populations. Here we integrate a detailed, 3-year, field-based examination of social spacing and juvenile dispersal with molecular analyses of paternity to determine the social and mating system of a Tasmanian population of White's skink (Egernia whitii). We show that E. whitii live in small stable family groups consisting of an adult male, his female partner(s), as well as juvenile or sub-adults individuals. In addition, while the mating system is characterized by considerable genetic monogamy, extra-pair fertilizations are relatively common, with 34\% of litters containing offspring sired by males from outside the social group. We also show that traits related to social organization (social group composition, group size, stability and the level of extra-pair paternity) vary both between and within individuals. We suggest that ecological factors, such as habitat saturation, quality and availability, play a key role in maintaining between individual variation in social strategies, and that examining these individual level processes will allow us to more clearly understand variation in sociality among species.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Austral Ecology},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Uller, Tobias and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {938--949}
}

@article{williamsHistoricalRainforestContractions1997,
	title = {Historical rainforest contractions, localized extinctions and patterns of vertebrate endemism in the rainforests of {Australia}'s wet tropics},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Williams, S. E. and Pearson, R. G.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {extinction, species richness, rainforest contractions, wet tropics},
	pages = {709--716}
}

@article{hallDirectSelectionMale2004,
	title = {Direct selection on male attractiveness and female preference fails to produce a response.},
	volume = {4  L1  - http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/1},
	journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hall, M. and Lindholm, A.K. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, male attractiveness, response, selection, female preference, preference, direct selection},
	pages = {1}
}

@article{botezatuMethylationPatternMethylene2014,
	title = {Methylation pattern of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide {N} promoters in oligoasthenospermia: a case-control study},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1472-6483},
	url = {://WOS:000330573600013},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.10.010},
	abstract = {Alterations in DNA methylation patterns in several genes may lead to abnormal male sexual development and infertility. This study investigated the promoter methylation status of MTHFR and SNRPN in infertile men from Romania by quantitative methylation- specific PCR in order to investigate possible correlations with sperm abnormalities. The study groups included patients (n = 27) with a median age of 31 years (range 26-41 years) as well as controls (n = 11) with a median age of 30 years (range 24-37 years) recruited from couples seeking advice for infertility. DNA was isolated from sperm samples and promoter methylation was assessed using direct. Significant trends were detected for both genes that indicate a tendency towards promoter hypermethylation in spermatozoa with low motility (MTHFR P = 0.0032, r = 0.23; SNRPN P = 0.0003, r = 0.32) and poor morphology (MTHFR P = 0.0012, r = 0.27; SNRPN P = 0.0003, r = 0.33) but no trend was found in cases of low sperm count (MTHFR r = 0.007; SNRPN r = 0.06). The data indicate that the methylation patterns of the promoters of MTHFR and SNRPN are associated with changes in sperm motility and morphology, which could lead to male infertility. (C) 2013, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Reproductive Biomedicine Online},
	author = {Botezatu, A. and Socolov, R. and Socolov, D. and Iancu, I. V. and Anton, G.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {genes, epigenetics, DNA methylation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, defect, DNA hypermethylation, hypermethylation, male infertility, male-infertility, methylation-specific PCR, MTHFR, oligozoospermia, quantitative, SNRPN, spermatogenesis},
	pages = {225--231}
}

@article{arnoldBehavioralVariationNatural1981,
	title = {Behavioral variation in natural populations. {II}. {The} inheritance of a feeding response in crosses between geographic races of the garter snake,  {Thamnophis} elegans},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Arnold, S. J.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {population, variation, behavioural variation,garter snake},
	pages = {510--515}
}

@article{roddComplexOriginsVariation1995,
	title = {Complex origins of variation in the sexual behaviour of male {Trinidadian} guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata : interactions between social environment, heredity, body size and age},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Rodd, F. H. and Sokolowski, M. B.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {behaviour, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, variation, size, body size, call, age, social, sexual behaviour, guppy,heredity,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {1139--1159}
}

@article{basoloEvolutionaryChangeReceiver1998,
	title = {Evolutionary change in a receiver bias: a comparison of female preference functions},
	volume = {265},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Basolo, A. L.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, female preference, preference, preference function, poeciliids, pre-existing receiver biases},
	pages = {2223--2228}
}

@article{piatoAcuteRestraintStress2011,
	title = {Acute {Restraint} {Stress} in {Zebrafish}: {Behavioral} {Parameters} and {Purinergic} {Signaling}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0364-3190},
	url = {://WOS:000294262600021},
	doi = {10.1007/s11064-011-0509-z},
	abstract = {Despite the extensive knowledge about the effects of acute restraint stress (ARS) in rodents, zebrafish research is still elementary in this field, and the consequences of stress on purinergic system are unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of ARS on behavior, biochemical, and molecular parameters in zebrafish brain. Animals were submitted to a 90 min ARS protocol and tested for anxiety levels, exploratory behavior, and memory performance. Furthermore, we analyzed ectonucleotidase and adenosine deaminase activities and their gene expression profile, as well as transcription of adenosine receptors. ARS increased anxiety, but did not impair locomotion or cognition. ARS significantly increased ATP hydrolysis, decreased cytosolic ADA activity, and changed the entpd and adora gene expression. In conclusion, ARS disturbed zebrafish behavior, and we hypothesize that the augmentation in adenosine-mediated signaling may be a strategy to reestablish homeostasis and normal behavior after a stressful event.},
	language = {English},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Neurochemical Research},
	author = {Piato, A. L. and Rosemberg, D. B. and Capiotti, K. M. and Siebel, A. M. and Herrmann, A. P. and Ghisleni, G. and Vianna, M. R. and Bogo, M. R. and Lara, D. R. and Bonan, C. D.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {fish, model, Zebrafish, BEHAVIOR, RESPONSES, memory, DANIO-RERIO, genetic, Acute restraint stress (ARS), Adenosine, Adult zebrafish, brain membranes, hydrolysis, nervous-system, Nucleotide, receptors},
	pages = {1876--1886}
}

@article{holzerConditiondependentSignalingAffects2003,
	title = {Condition-dependent signaling affects male sexual attractiveness in field crickets,  {Gryllus} campestris.},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Holzer, B. and Jacot, A. and Brinkhof, M. W. G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, cricket, field, condition, condition-dependence},
	pages = {359}
}

@article{ullerEvolutionSexRatios2007,
	title = {The evolution of sex ratios and sex-determining systems},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://WOS:000247194400005},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.03.008},
	abstract = {Sex determination is a fundamental process governed by diverse mechanisms. Sex ratio selection is commonly implicated in the evolution of sex-determining systems, although formal models are rare. Here, we argue that, although sex ratio selection can induce shifts in sex determination, genomic conflicts between parents and offspring can explain why single-factor systems (e.g. XY/XX or ZW/ZZ) are common even in species that experience selection for biased sex ratios. Importantly, evolutionary shifts in sex determination do not always result in the biased production of sons and daughters sensu sex ratio theory. Thus, equal sex ratios might be an emergent character of sex-determining systems even when biased sex ratios are favored by selection.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Uller, Tobias and Pen, Ido and Wapstra, Erik and Beukeboom, Leo W. and Komdeur, Jan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {292--297}
}

@article{stockleyTerestsSexesBox1997,
	title = {terests between the sexes ({Box} {I}). {Often}.},
	volume = {5347},
	journal = {Strategies},
	author = {Stockley, P},
	year = {1997}
}

@article{ritchieWhatParadoxLek4,
	title = {What is 'the paradox of the lek'},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Ritchie, M. G.},
	month = apr,
	keywords = {lek, paradox, lek,male trait,sexual selection},
	pages = {175--175}
}

@article{wilsonFemalesPreferAthletes2010,
	title = {Females prefer athletes, males fear the disadvantaged: different signals used in female choice and male competition have varied consequences},
	volume = {277},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1689/1923.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.2196},
	abstract = {The most commonly assumed cost for exaggerated male ornamentation is increased predation pressure owing to decreased locomotor performance or increased conspicuousness to predators. Despite its intuitive basis, the locomotor costs of male ornamentation are not well established. We tested the hypothesis that multiple male signals that are used independently during female choice and male competition could lead to varied locomotor costs. Multiple signals with varied costs could provide a more detailed indicator of overall male quality, as only the highest-quality individuals could support all costs. To test this idea, we investigated the burst locomotor consequences of multiple ornaments for males of the pacific blue-eye (Pseudomugil signifer). We evaluated five competing models relating body size, ornament size and performance traits to field measures of dominance and attractiveness. Non-propulsive male fin ornaments used during male competition were different from those used in female choice. First dorsal fin length was the most important predictor of male attractiveness, while dominance was only associated with anal fin length. Furthermore, first dorsal fin length was positively correlated with swim speed, while anal fin length was negatively associated with speed. Our study shows that multiple male signals that are used independently during male competition and female choice also differ in their associated costs. This provides a mechanism for understanding why locomotor costs for exaggerated male ornamentation are not often empirically demonstrated.},
	number = {1689},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Wilson, Robbie S. and Condon, Catriona H. and David, Gwendolyn and FitzGibbon, Sean and Niehaus, Amanda C. and Pratt, Kirstin},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1923--1928}
}

@article{cadeAlternativeMaleStrategies1981,
	title = {Alternative male strategies: genetic differences in crickets},
	volume = {212},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Cade, W. H.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {call, cricket, crickets,Gryllus integer,mating behaviour,selection},
	pages = {563--564}
}

@article{mendelsonSexualIsolationEvolves2003,
	title = {Sexual isolation evolves faster than hybrid inviability in a diverse and sexually dimorphic genus of fish ({Percidae}:  {Etheostoma} )},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Mendelson, T. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {fish, hybrid, reinforcement, hybrid inviability, isolation concept},
	pages = {317--327}
}

@article{candolinSexualSelectionBeneficial2008,
	title = {Is sexual selection beneficial during adaptation to environmental change?},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://WOS:000258390900008},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.04.008},
	abstract = {The role of sexual selection in adaptation is disputed. A balance between sexual and viability selection can be achieved in stable environments, but environmental perturbations could change the costs and benefits arising from sexual selection and influence the rate of adaptation. Here we synthesise theoretical and empirical work on the role of sexual selection in adaptation to changed conditions. Contrasting results have been gained, but the majority of studies suggest that sexual selection has no significant effect or a negative effect on the rate of adaptation. However, once sexually selected traits start to evolve, sexual selection can accelerate adaptation. The role of sexual selection in extinction appears to be minor, but the results could be skewed.},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Candolin, U. and Heuschele, J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {good-genes, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, mating preferences, phenotypic plasticity, reproductive isolation, extinction, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, COSTLY MATE PREFERENCES, 3-SPINED STICKLEBACK, WATER TURBIDITY},
	pages = {446--452}
}

@article{kodric-brownAgeExperienceAffect2001,
	title = {Age and experience affect female choice in the guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {157},
	url = {ISI:000167301000005},
	abstract = {Female choices of males, and how these choices are influenced by ecological and social factors, have been studied extensively. However, little is known about the effects of age and breeding experience on female mating decisions. We used video techniques to examine female mate choice in guppies based on the area of carotenoid (orange) pigmentation on the body. Females were presented with paired images of males, one ornamented and the other plain. Visual preference for each male was measured. Age- related changes in the criteria of choice were examined by comparing the responses of the same mature but sexually inexperienced 6- mo- old and 12-mo- old females. Effects of breeding experience on female choice were examined by comparing mate preferences of 12- mo- old female virgins with their preferences after they had mated and produced a brood. Female preferences for ornamented males with large areas of carotenoid pigment changed with age but not with mating experience. Six- month- old virgin females preferred ornamented males, whereas 12- mo- old virgin and postpartum females did not differentiate between males based on orange coloration. The results are discussed in light of life- history theory and have important implications for studies of sexual selection as well as for the design of mate- choice studies},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, A. and Nicoletto, P. F.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, fishes, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, orange, pigmentation, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, response, reticulata, selection, sex, TRAITS, female mate choice, BODY-SIZE, insect, INVESTMENT, mating, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, female preference, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, reproduction, theory, age, repeatability, social, CONSERVATION, related, RESPONSES, BIODIVERSITY, EXPERIENCE, SEXES, CRITERIA, carotenoid, COLORATION, video, VIDEO PLAYBACK, mating decision, SOCIAL-FACTORS, mating decisions, light},
	pages = {316--323}
}

@article{zahaviDefinitionSexualSelection1991,
	title = {On the definition of sexual selection, {Fisher}'s model, and the evolution of waste and of signals in general},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Zahavi, A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, Fisher, selection, model, signals, call, Fisher's model,sexual selection},
	pages = {501--503}
}

@article{petrieMultipleMatingLekking1992,
	title = {Multiple mating in a lekking bird: why do peahens mate with more than one male and with the same male more than once},
	volume = {31},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Petrie, M. and Hall, M. and Halliday, T. and Budgey, H. and Pierpoint, C.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {courtship, lekking, mating, multiple mating, bird, peahens},
	pages = {349--358}
}

@article{irschickAreMorphologyperformanceRelationships2006,
	title = {Are morphology-performance relationships invariant across different seasons? {A} test with the green anole lizard ({Anolis} carolinensis)},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:000239563300006},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14698.x},
	abstract = {A key assumption in ecomorphological studies is that morphology -function relationships are invariant due to underlying biomechanical principles. We tested the hypothesis that morphology-performance relationships are invariant across different seasons by examining how a key performance trait, bite force, and two aspects of morphology (head shape and dewlap size) changed seasonally in the field and in the laboratory in the green anole lizard Anolis carolinensis. We found that not only did bite force change seasonally (up to 80\% within the same individual), but relationships between morphology and bite force are highly plastic. Of the three traits examined (bite force, head shape, and dewlap area), only head shape did not change seasonally. We noted opposing trends for how bite force and dewlap area changed seasonally; whereas dewlap areas were large in the spring, and small in the winter, bite forces were low in the spring and high in the winter. This pattern occurred because of a tradeoff at the individual level: individuals in the spring with large dewlaps and high bite forces diminish their dewlaps (but not bite force), whereas individuals with small dewlaps and low bite forces in the spring increase their bite forces (but not dewlap size). We also show that this trend was apparent both in the field (comparing different individuals) and the laboratory (comparing the same set of individuals under standardized conditions). Finally, seasonal changes were not consistent among individuals for either bite force or dewlap area, as individuals changed seasonally in proportion to their initial state. These findings cast doubt on the widely held view of invariant morphology -performance relationships, and offer a cautionary note for ecomorphological studies.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Irschick, D. J. and Ramos, M. and Buckley, C. and Elstrott, J. and Carlisle, E. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Bloch, N. and Herrel, A. and Vanhooydonck, B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {49--59}
}

@article{zajitschekEffectColorationTemperature2012,
	title = {The effect of coloration and temperature on sprint performance in male and female wall lizards},
	volume = {107},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Zajitschek, S R K and Zajitschek, F. and Miles, D B and Clobert, J},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {573--582}
}

@article{richerdVariationReproductiveSuccess1993,
	title = {Variation of reproductive success in a haplo-diploid red alga,  {Gracilaria} verrucosa  - effects of parental identities and crossing distance},
	volume = {80},
	url = {ISI:A1993MP33100003},
	abstract = {The factors influencing reproductive success in a haplo-diploid marine alga, Gracilaria verrucosa, have been determined through single-male crosses in the laboratory. Crossing success was assessed by measuring its early components, fertility, and abortion rate. The effects of the male or female parent identity, of the male x female interaction, and of the geographical distance between mates were tested in crosses within or between populations at different geographical scales. The identity of the female parent has a predominant effect on crossing success. Interparent distance has no effect in within-population crosses, this strongly suggests an absence of inbreeding depression, expected in a species where the haploid phase is individualized and isomorphic to the diploid one. Crossing success tends to increase with distance between mates in between-population crosses. This heterosis effect seems to indicate that the marine environment could allow genetic divergence between populations, even at short distances (about 100 m)},
	number = {12},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	author = {Richerd, S. and Destombe, C. and Cuguen, J. and Valero, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, MATE, mate choice, population, selection, sex, variation, INCREASE, reproductive success, SUCCESS, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, X, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, philopatry, COMPONENTS, ENVIRONMENT, divergence, DELPHINIUM-NELSONII, DISTANCE, haploid, pollination, seed set, FERTILITY, WILD RADISH, scale, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, heterosis, fitness components, CHAMAECRISTA-FASCICULATA LEGUMINOSAE, PHLOX-DRUMMONDII, POLLEN-TUBE GROWTH},
	pages = {1379--1391}
}

@article{realeGeneticPlasticResponses2003,
	title = {Genetic and plastic responses of a northern mammal to climate change},
	volume = {270},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000181769800006},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2002.2224},
	abstract = {Climate change is predicted to be most severe in northern regions and there has been much interest in to what extent organisms can cope with these changes through phenotypic plasticity or microevolutionary processes. A red squirrel population in the southwest Yukon, Canada, faced with increasing spring temperatures and food supply has advanced the timing of breeding by 18 days over the last 10 years (6 days per generation). Longitudinal analysis of females breeding in multiple years suggests that much of this change in parturition date can be explained by a plastic response to increased food abundance (3.7 days per generation). Significant changes in breeding values (0.8 days per generation), were in concordance with predictions from the breeder's equation (0.6 days per generation), and indicated that an evolutionary response to strong selection favouring earlier breeders also contributed to the observed advancement of this heritable trait. The timing of breeding in this population of squirrels, therefore, has advanced as a result of both phenotypic changes within generations, and genetic changes among generations in response to a rapidly changing environment.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1515},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Reale, D. and McAdam, A. G. and Boutin, S. and Berteaux, D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, size, phenotypic plasticity, WILD, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, GREAT TIT, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, TAMIASCIURUS-HUDSONICUS, breeding values, clutch, directional selection, phenotypic selection, red squirrels, variance-components},
	pages = {591--596}
}

@article{odonaldFisherContributionsTheory1990,
	title = {Fisher's contributions to the theory of sexual selection as the basis of recent research},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
	author = {Odonald, P.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Fisher, selection, call, theory, Fisher's theory,mating preference},
	pages = {285--300}
}

@article{martinNestPredationAvian1996,
	title = {Nest predation and avian life-history evolution in {Europe} versus {North} {America}: {A} possible role of humans?},
	volume = {147},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:A1996UP97600008},
	doi = {10.1086/285891},
	abstract = {Life-history theory predicts that decreased mortality in early life can favor increased fecundity and reduced iteroparity. Similar to other causes of environmental variation, modification of the environment by humans potentially can change age-specific mortality and, hence, affect life-history evolution. Forests were removed throughout western Europe long ago, and nest predation (early mortality) is reduced in human-settled environments there, whereas nest predation is generally increased in areas settled by humans in North America. We controlled statistically for effects of body size and phylogeny and compared songbirds (Passeriformes) of Europe to those of North America and found that nest predation was lower in Europe. Associated with this decrease in early mortality in Europe, fecundity was increased and iteroparity was reduced via decreased adult survival rates, as predicted by theory. Moreover, continental differences were greater for species that were more vulnerable to nest predation (open-nesting species) than for species that used safer nest sites (hole-nesting species). These results suggest that nest predation can be an important influence on avian life-history evolution but that evolutionary constraints of nest predation may have been reduced in European systems because of large-scale modification of the environment.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Martin, T. E. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {1028--1046}
}

@article{jonesHowCuckoldryCan2001,
	title = {How cuckoldry can decrease the opportunity for sexual selection: {Data} and theory from a genetic parentage analysis of the sand goby,  {Pomatoschistus} minutus},
	volume = {98},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Jones, A. G. and Walker, D. and Kvarnemo, C. and Lindstr”m, K. and Avise, J. C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, theory, sneak-copulation, opportunity for selection, cuckoldry},
	pages = {9151--9156}
}

@article{wingeColourInheritanceSex1947,
	title = {Colour inheritance and sex determination in  {Lebistes}},
	volume = {1},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Winge, ™ and Ditlevsen, E.},
	year = {1947},
	keywords = {sex, call, colour, Lebistes, sex determination, Lebistes reticulatus},
	pages = {65--83}
}

@article{chapmanBoldlyGoIndividual2011,
	title = {To boldly go: individual differences in boldness influence migratory tendency},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	url = {://WOS:000293628300005},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01648.x},
	abstract = {Partial migration, whereby only a fraction of the population migrates, is thought to be the most common type of migration in the animal kingdom, and can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite this, the factors that influence which individuals migrate and which remain resident are poorly understood. Recent work has shown that consistent individual differences in personality traits in animals can be ecologically important, but field studies integrating personality traits with migratory behaviour are extremely rare. In this study, we investigate the influence of individual boldness, an important personality trait, upon the migratory propensity of roach, a freshwater fish, over two consecutive migration seasons. We assay and individually tag 460 roach and show that boldness influences migratory propensity, with bold individuals being more likely to migrate than shy fish. Our data suggest that an extremely widespread personality trait in animals can have significant ecological consequences via influencing individual-level migratory behaviour.},
	language = {English},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Chapman, B. B. and Hulthen, K. and Blomqvist, D. R. and Hansson, L. A. and Nilsson, J. A. and Brodersen, J. and Nilsson, P. A. and Skov, C. and Bronmark, C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {TRAITS, CONSEQUENCES, life-history, natal dispersal, trade-offs, Boldness, ANIMAL, Aquatic ecology, BLUE-TITS, FISH MIGRATION, GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA, individual differences, partial migration, PERSONALITIES, personality trait, PERSONALITY-DEPENDENT DISPERSAL},
	pages = {871--876}
}

@article{pfenningEffectPatchConstellation2004,
	title = {The effect of patch constellation on the exchange of individuals between habitat-islands},
	volume = {180},
	issn = {0304-3800},
	url = {://000225155900005},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.04.035},
	abstract = {Metapopulation models assume that inter-patch dispersal dominantly depends on distance between patches and the dispersal capability of organisms in question. We used a spatially explicit, individual-based model to investigate the potential effect of patch constellation on the exchange of individuals between patches. We simulated migration of individuals from a start-into a target-patch with both patches having the same size and shape. Simulation experiments were carried out for four patch constellations and two different movement patterns. Our results demonstrate a substantial effect of patch constellation on the exchange of individuals. They also show that the magnitude and even the direction of this effect crucially depends on their movement pattern. We conclude that particularly for highly correlated movement patterns patch shape and constellation can not readily be ignored when modelling inter-patch dispersal between habitat-islands. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ecological Modelling},
	author = {Pfenning, B. and Hovestadt, T. and Poethke, H. J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {size, DISPERSAL, metapopulation models, beetles, landscape structure, ANIMAL MOVEMENT, CORRELATED RANDOM-WALK, METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS, BUSH-CRICKET, colonisation, HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES, ISOLATION METRICS, movement pattern, SIMULATION-MODEL},
	pages = {515--522}
}

@article{saccheriSevereInbreedingDepression1996,
	title = {Severe inbreeding depression and rapid fitness rebound in the butterfly {Bicyclus} anynana ({Satyridae})},
	volume = {50},
	url = {ISI:A1996VQ71900028},
	abstract = {We established inbred laboratory lines of the satyrid Bicyclus anynana with one, three and 10 pairs of butterflies, which were subsequently allowed to increase freely to a maximum size of 300 butterflies. Minimally inbred control lines were established with 300 randomly selected virgin butterflies of equal sex ratio. We measured fecundity, egg weight, egg hatching, adult emergence, adult size, and the proportion of crippled adults in generations F-2, F-3, F-5, and F-7 (the latter two for the one pair bottleneck lines only). The most striking result was an unexpectedly large decrease in egg hatching with increase in inbreeding (25\% per 10\% increase in inbreeding). Such a level of inbreeding depression has not been reported previously for any insect. The distribution of egg hatching rate for individual clutches within inbred lines was markedly skewed, with a large fraction of clutches producing no eggs at all. This is interpreted as a relatively lower ratio of detrimental to lethal (or sterile) mutation loads than is found in Drosophila, the only insects for which mutation loads have been well characterized. Possible explanations for this severe inbreeding depression include a relatively high rate of mutation to recessive alleles with substantial damaging effects and infrequent episodes of inbreeding in nature. In the experiments, average egg hatching rate recovered rapidly between F-2 and F-7 in three of the six one-pair lines. We discuss the implications of these results for survival of populations through extreme bottlenecks in nature and in captivity},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Saccheri, I. J. and Brakefield, P. M. and Nichols, R. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Drosophila, egg, evolution, i, PAIR, population, sex, fitness, size, survival, butterfly, fecundity, insect, Lepidoptera, artificial selection, lande, sex ratio, allele, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, COMPONENTS, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, VARIANCE, viability, bottleneck, GENERATIONS, GENETIC LOAD, load, mutation, population bottlenecks, RATIO, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, GENETIC-VARIATION, WEIGHT, alleles, heterosis, SEX-RATIO, fitness rebound, TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM},
	pages = {2000--2013}
}

@article{matthysenSiblingTitsParus2005,
	title = {Do sibling tits ({Parus} major, {P}. caeruleus) disperse over similar distances and in similar directions?},
	volume = {143},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1760-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-004-1760-7},
	abstract = {We studied dispersal movements by sibling pairs of great tits, Parus major , and blue tits, P. caeruleus , in a patchy environment, in order to test whether siblings are more similar in dispersal than expected by chance. Because of possible common environmental effects due to the heterogeneity and finiteness of the study area, we compared the similarity among siblings with the similarity between each sibling and an unrelated bird that fledged in the same patch and year, as close to the siblings’ nest as possible. Siblings of both species were not more similar in dispersal distance than they were to control birds. However, great tit siblings dispersed in similar directions compared to control birds, and this result was not affected by the degree of matching between sibling and control birds. As a consequence, siblings ended up breeding at closer distances from one another than control birds. Heritability values calculated from parent-offspring regressions were close to zero, suggesting that there is no additive genetic variance for dispersal distance or dispersal direction. We propose that similarity in dispersal direction originates from association of siblings during dispersal or during activities that influence the choice of direction, such as postfledging family movements. Our results show that non-independence in the choice of dispersal direction by siblings may influence small-scale kin structure in this population with high local recruitment.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Matthysen, E. and Van de Casteele, T. and Adriaensen, F.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Biomedical and Life Sciences},
	pages = {301--307}
}

@article{cottonSexualSelectionConditionDependent9,
	title = {Sexual {Selection} and {Condition}-{Dependent} {Mate} {Preferences}},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VRT-4KTNH9W-X/2/8a97d4da03f76338f88b07f4168505c6},
	abstract = {The last decade has witnessed considerable theoretical and empirical investigation of how male sexual ornaments evolve. This strong male-biased perspective has resulted in the relative neglect of variation in[no-break space]female mate preferences and its consequences for ornament evolution. As sexual selection is a co-evolutionary process between males and females, ignoring variation in females overlooks a key aspect of this process. Here, we review the empirical evidence that female mate preferences, like male ornaments, are condition dependent. We show accumulating support for the hypothesis that high quality females show the strongest mate preference. Nonetheless, this is still an infant field, and we highlight areas in need of more research, both theoretical and empirical. We also examine some of the wider implications of condition-dependent mating decisions and their effect on the strength of sexual selection},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Cotton, Samuel and Small, Jennifer and Pomiankowski, Andrew},
	month = may,
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, quality, selection, variation, male sexual ornaments, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, SEXUAL-SELECTION, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, field, PREFERENCES, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, condition, mating decision, PERSPECTIVE, male ornaments, mating decisions, male ornament, FEMALE MATE PREFERENCE},
	pages = {R755--R765}
}

@incollection{constanzEcologyEvolutionLivebearing1989,
	address = {New Jersey},
	title = {Ecology and {Evolution} of livebearing fishes},
	shorttitle = {Reproductive biology of poecilid fishes},
	booktitle = {Reproductive biology of poecilid fishes},
	publisher = {Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs},
	author = {Constanz, G.D.},
	editor = {Meffe, G.K. and Snelson, F.F.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {33--50}
}

@article{stahlhutInbreedingNaturalPopulation2004,
	title = {Inbreeding in a natural population of {Euodynerus} foraminatus ({Hymenoptera} : {Vespidae}), a solitary wasp with single-locus complementary sex determination},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:000188825700010},
	abstract = {The solitary wasp Euodynerus foraminatus has single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), which is normally incompatible with inbreeding because it increases the production of sterile or inviable diploid males. Previous field observations of E. foraminatus have suggested that high levels of sibling mating are present in this species. However, conclusions about inbreeding and its genetic consequences could be flawed if based solely upon behavioural observations. Through microsatellite DNA genotyping of 102 E. foraminatus females in southwest Michigan, we estimate that between 55\% and 77\% of the matings in this population take place between siblings, but the frequency of diploid males is lower than expected. Our data suggest that a mixture of inbreeding and outbreeding persists in E. foraminatus despite the presence of sl-CSD},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Stahlhut, J. K. and Cowan, D. P.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, population, sex, CONSEQUENCES, mating, field, microsatellite, inbreeding, MECHANISM, AVOIDANCE, genetics, microsatellites, viability, sex determination, DNA, wasp, complementary sex determination, Hymenoptera, MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA, BRACON-HEBETOR, Euodynerus, HARDY-WEINBERG, HEMIPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE, INFERENCE, PARASITIC WASP, Vespidae},
	pages = {631--638}
}

@article{charlesworthGeneticBasisInbreeding1999,
	title = {The genetic basis of inbreeding depression},
	volume = {74},
	url = {ISI:000085417000015},
	abstract = {Data on the effects of inbreeding on fitness components are reviewed in the light of population genetic models of the possible genetic causes of inbreeding depression. Deleterious mutations probably play a major role in causing inbreeding depression. Putting together the different kinds of quantitative genetic data, it is difficult to account for the very large effects of inbreeding on fitness in Drosophila and outcrossing plants without a significant contribution from variability maintained by selection. Overdominant effects of alleles on fitness components seem not to be important in most cases. Recessive or partially recessive deleterious effects of alleles, some maintained by mutation pressure and some by balancing selection, thus seem to be the most important source of inbreeding depression. Possible experimental approaches to resolving outstanding questions are discussed},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Genetical Research},
	author = {Charlesworth, B. and Charlesworth, D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Drosophila, population, selection, fitness, model, MODELS, GROWTH-RATE, allele, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, COMPONENTS, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, SCOTLAND, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, mutation, MUTATIONS, outcrossing, PLANTS, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, VARIABILITY, QUANTITATIVE TRAITS, alleles, GENETIC-BASIS, fitness components, MIMULUS-GUTTATUS, light, BALANCING SELECTION, FITNESS CONSEQUENCES, LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS, MARKER-BASED INFERENCES, MULTIPLE-LOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY, POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS},
	pages = {329--340}
}

@article{hatchwellEcologicalConstraintsLife2000,
	title = {Ecological constraints, life history traits and the evolution of cooperative breeding},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347200913940},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Hatchwell, B. J. and Komdeur, J.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1079--1086}
}

@article{blanckenhornSpatiotemporalVariationSelection1999,
	title = {Spatiotemporal variation in selection on body size int he dung fly  {Sepsis} cynipsea.},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Blanckenhorn, W. U. and Morf, C. and Muhlhauser, C. and Reusch, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {selection, variation, size, body size, flies, dung fly, Sepsis cynipsea},
	pages = {563--576}
}

@article{hinePositiveGeneticCorrelation2002,
	title = {Positive genetic correlation between female preference and offspring fitness},
	volume = {692},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Hine, E. and Lachish, S. and Higgie, M. and Blows, M. W.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {offspring, fitness, female preference, preference, genetic correlation},
	pages = {2215--2219}
}

@article{hartleyAreCarotenoidsRed2004,
	title = {Are carotenoids a red herring in sexual display?},
	volume = {19},
	url = {ISI:000222713700005},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Hartley, R. C. and Kennedy, M. W.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, BIOLOGY, display, genetics, SCOTLAND, carotenoid, carotenoids, RETINOIDS, VITAMIN-A},
	pages = {353--354}
}

@article{zajitschekNoIntraLocusSexual2007,
	title = {No {Intra}-{Locus} {Sexual} {Conflict} over {Reproductive} {Fitness} or {Ageing} in {Field} {Crickets}},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000155},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Hunt, John and Zajitschek, Susanne R K and Jennions, Michael D and Brooks, Robert},
	year = {2007}
}

@article{turnerLekParadoxResolved12,
	title = {The lek paradox resolved},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Turner, G. F.},
	month = dec,
	keywords = {sexual selection, lek, male mating success, paradox, female choice,female preference,lek},
	pages = {473--474}
}

@phdthesis{nellAdaptationVerschiedeneTemperaturregime2003,
	address = {Munich},
	type = {Research},
	title = {Adaptation an verschiedene {Temperaturregime} bei den {Unken} {Bombina} variegata und {Bombina} bombina. ({Adaptation} to different temperature regimes in the fire-bellied toads {Bombina} variegata and {B}. bombina).},
	language = {German},
	school = {Ludwig-Maximilians-University},
	author = {Nell, S.R.K},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003}
}

@article{caesarTestingRoleCoadapted2007,
	title = {Testing the role of coadapted genes versus bet-hedging for mating strategies in colour polymorphic pygmy grasshoppers},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Caesar, Sofia and Ahnesjö, Jonas and Forsman, Anders and Al, S Caesar E T},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {491--499}
}

@article{ricklefsEvolutionaryTheoriesAging1998,
	title = {Evolutionary {Theories} of {Aging}: {Confirmation} of a {Fundamental} {Prediction}, with {Implications} for the {Genetic} {Basis} and {Evolution} of {Life} {Span}},
	volume = {152},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/286147},
	doi = {10.1086/286147},
	abstract = {Abstract Evolutionary considerations predict that rate of aging should vary in direct relation to the mortality rate of presenescent young adults (extrinsic mortality rate) independently of differences in physiology, such as rate of metabolism. This prediction emerges from theory irrespective of the particular genetic mechanisms responsible for variation in aging. Yet this critical relationship has not been confirmed in comparative studies of natural populations. In the present analysis, rate of aging is estimated by the rate of increase in mortality rate ( \$m\_\{x\}\$ ) with age (x). Comparisons between natural and captive populations of birds suggest that the Weibull model ( \$m\_\{x\}{\textbackslash},= {\textbackslash},m\_\{0\}{\textbackslash},+ {\textbackslash},{\textbackslash}alpha x{\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}beta \}\$ ) provides a better description of aging than the Gompertz model ( \$m\_\{x\}{\textbackslash},= {\textbackslash},m\_\{0\}{\textbackslash},= {\textbackslash},m\_\{0\}{\textbackslash}mathrm\{e\}{\textbackslash},{\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}gamma x\}\$ ). Rate of aging is quantified by the parameter Ï‰ (dimension: 1/time), which is calculated from the Weibull parameters Î± and Î² ( \${\textbackslash}omega {\textbackslash},= {\textbackslash},{\textbackslash}alpha {\textasciicircum}\{1/({\textbackslash}beta + 1)\}\$ ). In this analysis, rate of aging in birds and mammals is directly related to extrinsic mortality (estimated by the initial mortality rate, \$m\_\{0\}\$ ) independently of taxonomic group and of variation in body size and, by implication, metabolic rate. When time is expressed in years, rate of senescence is related to initial mortality rate by \${\textbackslash}omega {\textbackslash},= {\textbackslash},0.294m\_\{0\}{\textasciicircum}\{0.367\}\$ . This result implies that natural selection in response to variation among taxa in \$m\_\{0\}\$ has resulted in the evolutionary modification of factors that influence the rate of aging in natural populations. The potential strength of selection on factors that could further reduce rate of aging is indicated by the proportion of deaths due to agingâ€related causes. Although species with low initial mortality rates also exhibit reduced rates of increase in mortality rate with age (i.e., delayed senescence), the relatively high proportion of agingâ€related deaths in such species suggests that further evolutionary responses leading to long life are severely constrained. This argues against mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy as genetic mechanisms underlying senescence and suggests, instead, that rate of aging represents a balance between wear and tear, on the one hand, and genetically controlled mechanisms of prevention and repair, on the other. Evidently, remedies for extreme physiological deterioration in old age either are not within the range of genetic variation or are too costly to be favored by selection.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Ricklefs, Robert E},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {24--44}
}

@article{maadPhenotypicSelectionHawkmothpollinated2000,
	title = {Phenotypic selection in hawkmoth-pollinated  {Platanthera} bifolia : targets and fitness surfaces},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Maad, J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {selection, fitness, fitness surface, selection analysis},
	pages = {112--123}
}

@article{freeman-gallantGeneticSimilarityExtrapair11,
	title = {Genetic similarity, extrapair paternity, and offspring quality in {Savannah} sparrows ( {Passerculus} sandwichensis )},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/6/952},
	abstract = {The occurrence of extrapair paternity (EPP) in birds is often attributed to the action of good-genes sexual selection whereby females "trade up" on male genetic quality by allocating fertilizations to males with better genes than those possessed by their social mate. To date, most studies of EPP in birds focus on absolute measures of male quality as a criterion for female choice, although multiple mating by females in other taxa is more commonly ascribed to benefits associated with the individual optimization of offspring genotypes. Here, we examine whether the genetic similarity of social mates predicts female mating patterns in a population of Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) where as many as 70\% of adults produce extrapair young (EPY). We consider the influence of genetic similarity across all stages of a female's decision-making process, from pair formation through the decision to produce EPY, to the allocation of fertilizations to specific extrapair sires. In a 4-year study of 175 males, 206 females, and 506 offspring, females were more likely to produce EPY when paired to genetically similar males, but they did not appear to be influenced by the size, age, mass, individual heterozygosity, and genetic diversity of their social mates. In paired comparisons, females were almost twice as likely to decrease their genetic similarity to males when producing EPY as they were to increase it. Nonetheless, females did not select especially dissimilar males when mating outside the pair-bond nor did they pair disassortatively with respect to genetic similarity. Relative measures of male quality may influence mating patterns in birds, but only at some points in a female's decision-making process},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Freeman-Gallant, Corey R. and Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. and Meiklejohn, Katherine E. and Sollecito, Suzanne V.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, female, FEMALES, genes, good genes, MALES, MATE, offspring, offspring quality, PAIR, population, quality, selection, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, FERTILIZATIONS, INCREASE, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, mating, MATES, multiple mating, allocation, age, genetic quality, GENETIC SIMILARITY, heterozygosity, similarity, social, bird, birds, pattern, patterns, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, paternity, optimization, extrapair paternity, mating patterns, CRITERION, individual optimization, Passerculus sandwichensis, PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS, Savannah Sparrow},
	pages = {952--958}
}

@article{whitlockMultipleFitnessPeaks1995,
	title = {Multiple {Fitness} {Peaks} and {Epistasis}},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.003125},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Whitlock, M C and Phillips, P C and Moore, F B and Tonsor, S J},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {601--629}
}

@article{kirkpatrickSexualSelectionCycling1986,
	title = {Sexual selection and cycling parasites: a simulation studyof {Hamilton}'s hypothesis},
	volume = {119},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, parasites, female choice,female preference,parasites,selection},
	pages = {263--271}
}

@article{olssonRoleHaldaneRule2005,
	title = {The role of haldane's rule in sex allocation},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000226737900020},
	doi = {10.1554/04-474},
	abstract = {Sex allocation theory predicts that parents should bias their reproductive investments toward the offspring sex generating the greatest fitness return. When females are the heterogametic sex (e.g., ZW in butterflies, some lizards, and birds). production of daughters is associated with an increased risk of offspring inviability due to the expression of paternal, detrimental recessives on the Z chromosome. Thus, daughters should primarily be produced when mating with partners of high genetic quality. When female sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) mate with genetically Superior males. exhibiting high MHC Class I polymorphism, offspring sex ratios are biased towards daughters. possibly due to recruitment of more Z-carrying oocytes when females have assessed the genetic quality of their partners. If our study has general applicability across taxa, it predicts taxon-specific sex allocation effects depending oil which sex is the heterogametic one.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Madsen, T. and Uller, T. and Wapstra, E. and Ujvari, B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {221--225}
}

@article{hasselquistCorrelationMaleSong1996,
	title = {Correlation between male song repertoire, extra-pair paternity and offspring survival in the great reed warbler},
	volume = {381},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hasselquist, D. and Bensch, S. and von Schantz, T.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {offspring, survival, call, song, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, male song, good genes,genetic benefits,song,bird,obc},
	pages = {229--233}
}

@article{koskiSocialPersonalityTraits2011,
	title = {Social personality traits in chimpanzees: temporal stability and structure of behaviourally assessed personality traits in three captive populations},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:000295939100014},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-011-1224-0},
	abstract = {Animals of many species show consistency in behaviour across time and contexts that differs from other individuals' behaviour in the same population. Such 'personality' affects fitness and has therefore become an increasingly relevant research topic in biology. However, consistent variation in social behaviour is understudied. In socially living species, behaviour occurs in a social environment and social interactions have a significant influence on individual fitness. This study addressed personality in social behaviour of 75 captive chimpanzees in three zoos by coding observed behaviour. Fifteen behavioural variables were significantly repeatable (range 0.21-0.93) in at least two of the three zoos. The behaviours showed considerable long-term stability across 3 years, which did not differ from the short-term repeatability. The repeatable behaviours were then analysed with factor analyses. They formed five independent factors, three of which consisted of social traits and were labelled 'sociability', 'positive affect' and 'equitability'. The two non-social behaviour factors were labelled 'anxiety' and 'activity'. The factor scores were analysed for sex and population differences. Males had higher factor scores in all traits except 'sociability'. The factor scores differed also between the zoos, implying considerable external effects in trait expression. The results show that chimpanzees show personality in a broad range of social and non-social behaviours. The study highlights the importance of assessing personality in the social behaviour, especially in cohesive social species, as only then can we understand the consequences of personality in socially living species.},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Koski, S. E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {female, Anxiety, animal personality, individual-differences, EXPLORATORY-BEHAVIOR, PERSONALITY, EVOLUTIONARY, dominance rank, CHIMPANZEES, SEX-DIFFERENCES, PAN-TROGLODYTES, Activity, Chimpanzee, MALE RHESUS MACAQUES, Pan troglodytes, Sociability, WILD CHIMPANZEES},
	pages = {2161--2174}
}

@article{becherGeneFlowTrinidadian2000,
	title = {Gene flow in {Trinidadian} guppies},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Becher, S. A. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, sexual conflict, gene flow, mtDNA, PCR},
	pages = {241--249}
}

@article{lenaKinRecognitionCommon1998,
	title = {Kin recognition in the common lizard},
	volume = {42},
	url = {ISI:000073809000005},
	abstract = {The ability to recognize parents has never been reported in species in which parents do not provide care to their young; in such species, only sibling recognition has been found. However, there may be several advantages of parent recognition, even in the absence of parental care. We investigated the ability of neonates to recognize olfactory cues from both their mother and siblings in the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara, a species without parental care. Juveniles from 264 gravid females were reared for 2 days either with their mother, with another female, or separated from all other adults. Juveniles from some families were split into two or three groups so that each juvenile was unfamiliar with a subset of its siblings. After 2 days, we offered the juveniles a choice of two nocturnal shelters: one containing a lizard odor and the other without odor. The response to the odor of an unrelated and unfamiliar adult was influenced by both the sex of the adult and the sex of the juvenile. Juveniles of both sexes recognized the odor of their mother whether they were familiar with her or not (pre-natal determinism). Juveniles recognized familiar but not unfamiliar siblings (post-natal determinism). In the wild, spatial association with kin declines shortly after birth. Thus, recognition of the mother is likely to have biological relevance. Recognition of the mother may reduce competition and/or enhance juvenile establishment},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Lena, J. P. and de Fraipont, M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, ABILITY, association, competition, female, FEMALES, i, MATE, mate choice, response, sex, parental care, signals, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, DISPERSAL, social, WILD, kinship, COMMON, FAMILY, lizard, RESPONSES, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, common lizard, lacerta vivipara, LACERTA-VIVIPARA, vivipara, siblings, olfaction, cannibalism, CHEMICAL CUES, GREEN IGUANAS, mother recognition},
	pages = {341--347}
}

@article{marshallEstimatingPrevalenceInbreeding2002,
	title = {Estimating the prevalence of inbreeding from incomplete pedigrees},
	volume = {269},
	url = {ISI:000177508300003},
	abstract = {A previous review of inbreeding in natural populations suggested that close inbreeding (inbreeding coefficient f = 0.25) is generally rare in wild birds and mammals. However, the review did not assess rates of moderate inbreeding (f = 0.125), which may make a rather larger contribution to overall inbreeding in a population. Furthermore, previous studies may have underestimated the prevalence of inbreeding in wild populations with incomplete pedigrees. By categorizing inbreeding events by the relationship of the parental pair, we suggest a simple method for estimating rates of close and moderate inbreeding from incomplete pedigree data. We applied this method to three wild populations of ruminants: red deer on Rum, Scotland, Soay sheep on Hirta, Scotland and reintroduced Arabian oryx on the Jiddat-al-Harasis, Oman. Although paternal half-sib pairs were the most common category of inbreeding in all three populations, there was considerable variation among populations in the frequencies of the various categories of inbreeding. This variation may be largely explained by differences in population size and dynamics, in maternal and paternal sibship size and in the overlap of reproductive lifespan of consecutive generations. Close and moderate inbreeding appear to be a routine part of breeding behaviour in these ruminant populations},
	number = {1500},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Marshall, T. C. and Coltman, D. W. and Pemberton, J. M. and Slate, J. and Spalton, J. A. and Guinness, F. E. and Smith, J. A. and Pilkington, J. G. and Clutton-Brock, T. H.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, i, population, variation, size, SUCCESS, Darwin, heterozygosity, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, red deer, WILD, DYNAMICS, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, SCOTLAND, GENERATIONS, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, paternity, Oryx, Arabian, ARABIAN ORYX, CERVUS, PATERNITY INFERENCE, SOAY SHEEP},
	pages = {1533--1539}
}

@article{meylanMaternalEffectsOffspring2004,
	title = {Maternal effects on offspring locomotion: {Influence} of density and corticosterone elevation in the lizard {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {1522-2152},
	url = {://WOS:000223403300011},
	doi = {10.1086/383508},
	abstract = {Offspring phenotype can be affected by maternal history before and during gestation. Offspring sensitivity to maternal conditions is believed to have evolved to favor preadaptation of offspring to environmental factors they are likely to encounter. Because the locomotor capacity of an individual is likely to have important fitness consequences, we examined the role of long-term and short-term prenatal conditions on offspring's locomotor performance in the lizard Lacerta vivipara. To examine long-term prenatal effects, we manipulated the density of two populations, leaving two additional populations as unmanipulated. We then collected pregnant females within these four populations (Cevennes, Massif Central, France) and kept them in the laboratory until parturition. To examine short-term prenatal effects, we manipulated the corticosterone level of half the females within each population. We took two different measurements of offspring locomotion: sprint speed and endurance. As already documented, sprint speed was positively correlated with offspring body size. Although population density significantly affected female fecundity, neither the density manipulation nor the population of origin influenced offspring phenotype. Corticosterone administered during gestation decreased juvenile sprint speed but did not affect juvenile endurance. Furthermore, we observed that the motivation to run was influenced by maternal hormonal treatment. Juveniles born from corticosterone-treated mothers needed more stimuli than those born from control mothers. We conclude, therefore, that the action of corticosterone on sprint speed could be more behavioral than physiological. Offspring phenotype as measured by endurance and sprint speed appeared partly under maternal control.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Physiological and Biochemical Zoology},
	author = {Meylan, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {450--458}
}

@article{burleyBillColorPreferences1987,
	title = {Bill color preferences of zebra finches},
	volume = {76},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Burley, N. and Coopersmith, C. B.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {female choice, zebra finch, preference, phenotypes, male choice, bill colour, heterosexual preferences, isosexual preferences},
	pages = {133--151}
}

@article{promislowLIFEHISTORYALLOMETRYMAMMALS1992,
	title = {{LIFE}-{HISTORY} {ALLOMETRY} {IN} {MAMMALS} {AND} {SQUAMATE} {REPTILES} - {TAXON}-{LEVEL} {EFFECTS}},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:A1992JT28000014},
	doi = {10.2307/3545020},
	abstract = {Allometric studies in plants and animals have proven to be a growth industry over the last fifty years. More recently, there has been a renewal of interest in the change in allometric slopes with increasing taxonomic level. As with other traits that have been considered, life history traits show an increase both in slope and in level of significance with increasing taxonomic level among mammals. By contrast, among lizards. the absolute value of the allometric slopes for life history traits decreases with increasing taxonomic levels, and the relationships become less significant. We discuss a variety of possible explanations for the differences in taxon-level allometric relationships between lizards and mammals. We argue that future allometric studies, as well as life history studies in general, need to consider taxon-level information routinely.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Promislow, D. and Clobert, J. and Barbault, R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {285--294}
}

@article{maklakovBrainsCityBigbrained2011,
	title = {Brains and the city: big-brained passerine birds succeed in urban environments},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {://WOS:000294768400027},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2011.0341},
	abstract = {Urban regions are among the most human-altered environments on Earth and they are poised for rapid expansion following population growth and migration. Identifying the biological traits that determine which species are likely to succeed in urbanized habitats is important for predicting global trends in biodiversity. We provide the first evidence for the intuitive yet untested hypothesis that relative brain size is a key factor predisposing animals to successful establishment in cities. We apply phylogenetic mixed modelling in a Bayesian framework to show that passerine species that succeed in colonizing at least one of 12 European cities are more likely to belong to big-brained lineages than species avoiding these urban areas. These data support findings linking relative brain size with the ability to persist in novel and changing environments in vertebrate populations, and have important implications for our understanding of recent trends in biodiversity.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Maklakov, A. A. and Immler, S. and Gonzalez-Voyer, A. and Ronn, J. and Kolm, N.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {730--732}
}

@article{landeInfluenceMatingSystem1977,
	title = {The influence of the mating system on the maintenance of genetic variability in polygenic characters},
	volume = {86},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Lande, R.},
	year = {1977},
	keywords = {mating, call, mating system, genetic variability, assortative mating,genetic variance,mating systems},
	pages = {485--498}
}

@article{gwynneMatesHAVEIT2004,
	title = {{DO} {THE}  {I} mates {HAVE} {IT}?},
	volume = {58},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Gwynne, T. G. and Kelly, C. D.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {book review},
	pages = {1877--1879}
}

@article{marshallSimultaneousInbreedingOutbreeding2000,
	title = {Simultaneous inbreeding and outbreeding depression in reintroduced {Arabian} oryx},
	volume = {3},
	url = {ISI:000088781100008},
	abstract = {In most species the offspring of closely related parents have reduced fitness compared with the offspring of unrelated parents, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. However if parents are very distantly related, their offspring may also have reduced fitness. This pattern, outbreeding depression, has been most commonly observed in plants and only rarely in animals. Here we examine the consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding on juvenile survival of reintroduced Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) in Oman, a population with a small number of founders drawn from a number of sources. Using microsatellite-based measures of inbreeding and outbreeding, there was no apparent relationship between inbreeding or outbreeding and survival when inbreeding and outbreeding were tested in separate statistical models. However when inbreeding and outbreeding were tested in the same statistical model, we found simultaneous inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression acting on juvenile survival. Outbreeding depression may be more common in vertebrates than previously supposed, and conservation strategies that seek to maximize the genetic diversity of managed populations may risk mixing lineages that are sufficiently differentiated to cause outbreeding depression among descendants},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Marshall, T. C. and Spalton, J. A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, i, offspring, population, selection, variation, fitness, model, MODELS, survival, CONSEQUENCES, ANIMALS, Darwin, microsatellite, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, ungulates, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, SONG SPARROWS, COMMON, risk, related, SCOTLAND, hybrid, outbreeding, genetic diversity, FINCHES, outbreeding depression, GREAT TIT, ISLAND POPULATION, JUVENILE MORTALITY, Oryx, Arabian, ARABIAN ORYX, FOUNDER, LEUCORYX},
	pages = {241--248}
}

@article{bertramInfluenceRearingMonitoring2002,
	title = {The influence of rearing and monitoring environment on temporal mate signaling patterns in the field cricket},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behaviour},
	author = {Bertram, S. M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {cricket, daqbook},
	pages = {127--137}
}

@article{houdeMateChoiceBased1987,
	title = {Mate choice based upon naturally occurring colour-pattern variation in a guppy population},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, population, variation, call, sex,guppy},
	pages = {1--10}
}

@article{fearAdaptiveSurfaceEcology1998,
	title = {The adaptive surface in ecology},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Fear, K. K. and Price, T.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {440--448}
}

@article{gretherCarotenoidScarcitySynthetic2001,
	title = {Carotenoid scarcity, synthetic pteridine pigments and the evolution of sexual colouration in guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {268},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Grether, G. F. and Hudon, J. and Endler, J. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, carotenoid, colouration},
	pages = {1245--1253}
}

@article{fennigTESTALTERNATIVEHYPOTHESES2003,
	title = {A {TEST} {OF} {ALTERNATIVE} {HYPOTHESES} {FOR} {THE} {EVOLUTION} {OF} {REPRODUCTIVE} {ISOLATION} {BETWEEN} {SPADEFOOT} {TOADS} : {SUPPORT} {FOR} {THE} {REINFORCEMENT} {HYPOTHESIS}},
	volume = {57},
	author = {Fennig, K Arin S P},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {mate choice, speciation, reinforcement, environmental variation, 2003, accepted july 22, hybridization, received april 15, spea},
	pages = {2842--2851}
}

@article{rossiterMateFidelityIntralineage2005,
	title = {Mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny in greater horseshoe bats},
	volume = {437},
	url = {ISI:000231849100053},
	abstract = {Mating strategies that lead to increased kinship within socially cooperative groups may offer inclusive fitness benefits to individuals(1-3), but can also result in higher levels of inbreeding(4-6). Here we show in a sexually segregated bat species that females avoid this conflict through two mating behaviours. First, most females revisit and breed with specific, individual males across years, so that their single offspring born in different years are full siblings. Second, relatives in the maternal line, including mothers and daughters, share breeding partners (intra-lineage polygyny) more often than expected by chance. Although these behaviours increased levels of co-ancestry among colony members, there was no concomitant rise in inbreeding. We suggest that when females engage in mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny, kin ties among female roost mates will be strengthened, thereby potentially contributing to social group cohesiveness. Our findings reveal the hidden complexity that can underlie polygynous breeding, and highlight a new potential route by which female mate choice could influence social evolution},
	number = {7057},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Rossiter, S. J. and Ransome, R. D. and Faulkes, C. G. and Le Comber, S. C. and Jones, G.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, BENEFITS, female mate choice, fitness, mating, ENGLAND, MATES, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, social, STRATEGIES, birds, kinship, mating systems, philopatry, conflict, kin, mating behaviour, REVEAL, polygyny, BAT, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, siblings, COLONIES, COLONY, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, VERTEBRATES, coancestry, gene diversity, MATE FIDELITY, RHINOLOPHUS-FERRUMEQUINUM},
	pages = {408--411}
}

@article{lecomteSpatialBehaviouralConsequences1994,
	title = {Spatial and behavioural consequences of a density manipulation in the common lizard},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1195-6860},
	url = {://WOS:000208105400003},
	abstract = {Density has been assumed to be a determinant factor of population regulation in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), as in most reptiles. This assumption was tested by experimentally decreasing and increasing the density of two wild populations from Mont Lozere (Massif Central, France). The behavioural modifications induced by the experiment are reported here. Spacing behaviour, habitat use, level of aggression and level of activity were studied in both populations during two to three years following the manipulation. The density manipulation affected all the variables studied, but most of the differences due to the site vanished two years after the beginning of the experiment. Space use (home range size and co-occurrence) and time of activity were deeply modified, most probably because of an increase of competition level. According to their age and sex, individuals reacted differently. On the site with increased density, yearlings were more often excluded from the potential foraging sites and the size of their home range was also reduced. Adult females began to be active later in the day, whereas adult males increased their home range overlap. These results are highly consistent with those obtained on demography (Massot et al., 1992). Due to density manipulation, such a home range size adjustment with a temporal separation of activity between age and sex classes shows that common lizard populations are able to respond to density change by behavioural modifications.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ecoscience},
	author = {Lecomte, J. and Clobert, J. and Massot, M. and Barbault, R.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {300--310}
}

@article{hammerFatigueExerciseTests1995,
	title = {Fatigue and exercise tests with fish},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0300-9629},
	url = {://WOS:A1995RT28600001},
	doi = {10.1016/0300-9629(95)00060-k},
	abstract = {The terminology and classification of swimming speeds are summarized. The physiological basis for the classification of swimming speeds is briefly explained with regard to burst, prolonged, cruising speed, and the velocity which is critical to fish. The protocols of fixed (fatigue) velocity tests and increased (incremental) velocity tests are reviewed. The experiments carried out by different authors are compared with respect to their methodological approaches, the main focus being on the different time intervals and velocity increments employed. From the comparison, it appears that time intervals between 2 and 75 min have been employed. Yet, it is shown that there is agreement that time intervals of longer than 15-20 min are not necessary if the critical velocity alone is needed. The dependency of the critical swimming speed (CSS) on factors such as race acid population, size, season and temperature, sex, pollutants, light, food, training, and ambient gas content is outlined. The comparison shows that only the influence of pollutants and training on the CSS have been investigated in more detail, making further comparative studies on the dependence of the critical velocity on these factors necessary. Evaluation: since the CSS of fish depends on all these factors, it would appear to be a very sensitive measure for environmental or physiological factors. However, it is difficult to compare even intraspecific studies because of the individual variability and the dependence of swimming performance on the stock, population, gender and precondition level, making the calibration of the tests very complicated. It is shown that little is known about the mechanistic influence of internal or external factors on the CSS. Therefore, the CSS is of less interest for the physiologist than for the ecologist. Tests on the critical velocity have been successfully employed as an alternative to LD,, tests, although, once again, it is difficult to standardize the tests, and environmental factors, such as pollutants, may themselves influence the swimming performance since the metabolism can, in turn, in some cases depend upon the level of swimming performance itself.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-Physiology},
	author = {Hammer, C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {JUVENILE COHO SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, RAINBOW-TROUT, CRITICAL SWIMMING SPEED, AEROBIC, ANAEROBIC SWIMMING, BURST, ENDURANCE, FIXED VELOCITY TESTS, INCREASED VELOCITY TESTS, LD(50)-TESTS, METHODOLOGY, OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION, PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS, PROLONGED SWIMMING, ROTATORY-FLOW TECHNIQUE, SOCKEYE-SALMON, STRENUOUS EXERCISE, TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI},
	pages = {1--20}
}

@article{jennionsPublicationBiasEcology2002,
	title = {Publication bias in ecology and evolution: an empirical assessment using the 'trim and fill' method},
	volume = {77},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, META-analysis, publication bias},
	pages = {211--222}
}

@article{massotFonctionnementPopulations2006,
	title = {sur le fonctionnement des populations},
	author = {Massot, M and Clobert, J and Galliard, J Le and Meylan, S and Richard, M and Laloi, D and Fitze, P and Aragon, P and Fraipont, M De and Lepetz, V and Ferrière, P Federici R},
	year = {2006}
}

@article{hedrickGeneticPolymorphismHeterogeneous2006,
	title = {Genetic {Polymorphism} in {Heterogeneous} {Environments}: {The} {Age} of {Genomics}},
	volume = {37},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110132},
	abstract = {The selective mechanisms for maintaining polymorphism in natural populations has been the subject of theory, experiments, and review over the past half century. Advances in molecular genetic techniques have provided new insight into many examples of balancing selection. In addition, new theoretical developments demonstrate how diversifying selection over environments may maintain polymorphism. Tests for balancing selection in the current generation, the recent past, and the distant past provide a comprehensive approach for evaluating selective impacts. In particular, sequenced-based tests provide new ways to evaluate the long-term impact of selection on particular genes and the overall genome in natural populations. Overall, there appear to be many loci exhibiting the signal of adaptive directional selection from genomic scans, but the present evidence suggests that the proportion of loci where polymorphism is maintained by environmental heterogeneity is low. However, as more molecular genetic details become available, more examples of polymorphism maintained by selection in heterogeneous environments may be found},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Hedrick, Philip W.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {genes, population, selection, experiment, theory, age, loci, polymorphism, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, NATURAL-POPULATION, ENVIRONMENT, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, genome, SIGNAL, long-term, TESTS, BALANCING SELECTION, genetic polymorphism, HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS},
	pages = {67--93}
}

@article{endlerSexualSelectionPredation1988,
	title = {Sexual selection and predation risk in guppies},
	volume = {332},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {sexual selection, guppies, guppy, predation risk, selection, call, predation, risk, colour patterns,female preference,guppy},
	pages = {593--594}
}

@article{danchinPublicInformationNosy2004,
	title = {Public {Information}: {From} {Nosy} {Neighbors} to {Cultural} {Evolution}},
	volume = {305},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5683/487.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1098254},
	number = {5683},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Danchin, Ã‰tienne and Giraldeau, Luc-Alain and Valone, Thomas J. and Wagner, Richard H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {487--491}
}

@article{huntMotherinlawEffect2003,
	title = {The mother-in-law effect},
	volume = {Published online 15.10.2003},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B.(supplement) Biology Letters.},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2003.099}
}

@article{albertsPaternalKinDiscrimination1999,
	title = {Paternal kin discrimination in wild baboons},
	volume = {266},
	url = {ISI:000081833200014},
	abstract = {Mammals commonly avoid mating with maternal kin, probably as a result of selection for inbreeding avoidance. Mating with paternal kin should be selected against for the same reason. However; identifying paternal kin may be more difficult than identifying maternal kin in species where the mother mates with more than one male. Selection should nonetheless favour a mechanism of paternal kin recognition that allows the same level of discrimination among paternal as among maternal kin, but the hypothesis that paternal kin avoid each other as mates is largely untested in large mammals such as primates. Here I report that among wild baboons, Papio cynocephalus, paternal siblings exhibited lower levels of affiliative and sexual behaviour during sexual consortships than non-kin, although paternal siblings were not significantly less likely to consort than non-kin. I also examined age proximity as a possible social cue of paternal relatedness, because age cohorts are likely to be paternal sibships. Pairs born within two years of each other were less likely to engage in sexual consortships than pairs born at greater intervals, and were less affiliative and sexual when they did consort. Age proximity may thus be an important social cue for paternal relatedness, and phenotype matching based on shared paternal traits may play a role as well},
	number = {1427},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Alberts, S. C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {behaviour, FEMALES, i, MATE, PAIR, selection, sex, TRAITS, mating, ANIMALS, phenotype, age, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, PRIMATES, social, WILD, AVOIDANCE, kinship, discrimination, kin discrimination, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, BABOONS, dominance, PAPIO-CYNOCEPHALUS, siblings, MACAQUES, sexual behaviour, paternal relatedness, CHIMPANZEES},
	pages = {1501--1506}
}

@article{loseyCopyingOthersEvolutionary1986,
	title = {Copying others, an evolutionary stable strategy for mate choice: {A} model},
	volume = {128},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Losey, Jr., G. S. and Stanton, F. G. and Telecky, T. M. and Tyler Iii, W. A. and and the Zoology 691 Graduate Seminar, class},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, mate choice, model, choosing, copying, leks},
	pages = {653--664}
}

@article{dugatkinEffectsHungerMatechoice1998,
	title = {Effects of hunger on mate-choice copying in the guppy},
	volume = {104},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. A. and Godin, J. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, mate choice, call, copying, mate-choice copying},
	pages = {194--202}
}

@article{duarteInbreedingGreaterWhitetoothed2003,
	title = {Inbreeding in the greater white-toothed shrew, {Crocidura} russula},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000182193800019},
	abstract = {We combined mark-and-recapture studies with genetic techniques of parentage assignment to evaluate the interactions between mating, dispersal, and inbreeding, in a free-ranging population of Crocidura russula. We found a pattern of limited and female-biased dispersal, followed by random mating within individual neighborhoods. This results in significant inbreeding at the population level: mating among relatives occurs more often than random, and FIT analyses reveal significant deficits in heterozygotes. However, related mating partners were not less fecund, and inbred offspring had no lower lifetime reproductive output. Power analyses show these negative results to be quite robust. Absence of phenotypic evidence of inbreeding depression might result from a history of purging: local populations are small and undergo disequilibrium gene dynamics. Dispersal is likely caused by local saturation and (re)colonization of empty breeding sites, rather than inbreeding avoidance},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Duarte, L. C. and Bouteiller, C. and Fontanillas, P. and Petit, E. and Perrin, N.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, i, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, mating, reproductive success, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, DYNAMICS, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, SONG SPARROWS, SPARROWS MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, heterozygotes, related, purging, KIN RECOGNITION, f-statistics, PARENTAGE, conservation biology, NO EVIDENCE, FEMALE-BIASED DISPERSAL, ISOLATED POPULATION, collared flycatcher, sex-biased dispersal, Crocidura russula, CROCIDURA-RUSSULA, WHITE-TOOTHED SHREW},
	pages = {638--645}
}

@article{petriePeahensPreferPeacocks1991,
	title = {Peahens prefer peacocks with elaborate trains},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Petrie, M. and Halliday, T. and Sanders, C.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {female choice, competition, mating success, tail length, peacock, peahens},
	pages = {323--331}
}

@article{clobertSURVIVALBREEDINGFEMALE1987,
	title = {{SURVIVAL} {OF} {BREEDING} {FEMALE} {STARLINGS} {IN} {RELATION} {TO} {BROOD} {SIZE}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0243-766X},
	url = {://WOS:A1987K071300007},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-Oecologia Generalis},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Bauchau, V. and Dhondt, A. A. and Vansteenwegen, C.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {427--433}
}

@book{eberhardCrypticFemaleChoice1996,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	title = {Cryptic {Female} {Choice}},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Eberhard, W. G.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {100}
}

@article{heislerQuantitativeGeneticModels1985,
	title = {Quantitative genetic models of female choice based on "arbitrary" male characters},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {The Genetical Society of Great Britain},
	author = {Heisler, I. L.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, model, call, female mating preferences,mating success,quantitative genetic models},
	pages = {187--198}
}

@article{endlerSignalsSignalConditions1992,
	title = {Signals, signal conditions, and the direction of evolution},
	volume = {139},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {evolution, signals, call, condition, mate choice,natural selection,sensory systems,signals,signaling behaviour},
	pages = {S125--S153}
}

@article{fosterNestedBiologicalVariation1998,
	title = {Nested biological variation and speciation},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Foster, S. A. and Scott, R. J. and Cresko, W. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {variation, stickleback, speciation, geographic variation, differentiation},
	pages = {207--218}
}

@article{goudetTestsSexbiasedDispersal2002,
	title = {Tests for sex-biased dispersal using bi-parentally inherited genetic markers},
	volume = {11},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/mec},
	abstract = {Abstract Understanding why dispersal is sex-biased in many taxa is still a major concern in evolutionary ecology. Dispersal tends to be male-biased in mammals and female-biased in birds, but counter-examples exist and little is known about sex bias in other taxa. Obtaining accurate measures of dispersal in the field remains a problem. Here we describe and compare several methods for detecting sex-biased dispersal using bi-parentally inherited, codominant genetic markers. If gene flow is restricted among populations, then the genotype of an individual tells something about its origin. Provided that dispersal occurs at the juvenile stage and that sampling is carried out on adults, genotypes sampled from the dispersing sex should on average be less likely (compared to genotypes from the philopatric sex) in the population in which they were sampled. The dispersing sex should be less genetically structured and should present a larger heterozygote deficit. In this study we use computer simulations and a permutation test on four statistics to investigate the conditions under which sex-biased dispersal can be detected. Two tests emerge as fairly powerful. We present results concerning the optimal sampling strategy (varying number of samples, individuals, loci per individual and level of polymorphism) under different amounts of dispersal for each sex. These tests for biases in dispersal are also appropriate for any attribute (e.g. size, colour, status) suspected to influence the probability of dispersal. A windows program carrying out these tests can be freely downloaded from http://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Goudet, Jerome and Perrin, Nicolas and Waser, Peter},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, population, sex, size, field, colour, NUMBER, INDIVIDUALS, loci, polymorphism, condition, DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, STRATEGIES, bird, birds, STRATEGY, SEXES, PROBABILITY, MARKERS, TESTS, FLOW, gene flow, sex-biased dispersal, GENETIC-MARKERS, BIASES, sex-bias},
	pages = {1103--1114}
}

@article{godinWhoDaresBenefits1995,
	title = {Who dares, benefits : predator approach behaviour in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata ) deters predator pursuit},
	volume = {259},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Godin, J. G. J. and Davis, S. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {behaviour, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,predator},
	pages = {193--200}
}

@article{SASSystemWindows2001,
	title = {The {SAS} {System} for {Windows}, {Release} 8.02},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {SYSTEM}
}

@article{butlinLevelsGeneticPolymorphism1998,
	title = {Levels of genetic polymorphism: marker loci versus quantitative traits},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Butlin, R. K. and Tregenza, T.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {loci, polymorphism, speciation, geographic variation, allozymes},
	pages = {187--198}
}

@article{reznickPopulationEcologyContemporary2001,
	title = {The population ecology of contemporary adaptations: what empirical studies reveal about the conditions that promote adaptive evolution},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0016-6707},
	url = {://WOS:000173029400012},
	abstract = {Under what conditions might organisms be capable of rapid adaptive evolution ? We reviewed published studies documenting contemporary adaptations in natural populations and looked for general patterns in the population ecological causes. We found that studies of contemporary adaptation fall into two general settings: (1) colonization of new environments that established newly adapted populations, and (2) local adaptations within the context of a heterogeneous environments and metapopulation structure. Local ecological processes associated with colonizations and introductions included exposure to: (1) a novel host or food resource; (2) a new biophysical environment; (3) a new predator community; and (4) a new coexisting competitor. The new environments that were colonized often had depauperate communities, sometimes because of anthropogenic disturbance. Local adaptation in heterogeneous environments was also often associated with recent anthropogenic changes, such as insecticide and herbicide resistance, or industrial melanism. A common feature of many examples is the combination of directional selection with at least a short-term opportunity for population growth. We suggest that such opportunities for population growth may be a key factor that promotes rapid evolution, since directional selection might otherwise be expected to cause population decline and create the potential for local extinction, which is an ever-present alternative to local adaptation. We also address the large discrepancy between the rate of evolution observed in contemporary studies and the apparent rate of evolution seen in the fossil record.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Reznick, D. N. and Ghalambor, C. K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, life-history evolution, NATURAL-SELECTION, metapopulation, ENVIRONMENT, GUPPIES POECILIA-RETICULATA, GENETIC-BASIS, rapid evolution, changing, character displacement, colonization, fossil record, gambusia-affinis, heavy metal tolerance, industrial melanism, insecticide resistance, local adaptation, mosquitofish, phenotypic evolution, rapid, soapberry bug},
	pages = {183--198}
}

@article{chapronStrategiesConservationControle2003,
	title = {Stratégies de conservation et de contrôle du loup ({Canis} lupus) en {Europe} occidentale basées sur des modèles démographiques},
	volume = {326},
	doi = {10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00148-3},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	author = {Chapron, G},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {wolf, CONSERVATION, canis lupus, control, contrôle, Europe, loup, modélisation démographique, mots-clés, population modelling},
	pages = {575--587}
}

@misc{centerforhistoryandnewmediaZoteroQuickStart,
	title = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}},
	url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide},
	author = {{Center for History and New Media}}
}

@article{stampdawkinsAreThereGeneral1993,
	title = {Are there general principles of signal design},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Stamp Dawkins, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, signal costs,signal design},
	pages = {251--255}
}

@article{zukSexualOrnamentsAnimal1991,
	title = {Sexual ornaments as animal signals},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Zuk, M.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, signals, call, good genes,mate choice,sexual ornaments,sexual selection,signals},
	pages = {228--231}
}

@article{tewksburyEcologyPuttingHeat2008,
	title = {Ecology - {Putting} the heat on tropical animals},
	volume = {320},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://WOS:000256441100028},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1159328},
	language = {English},
	number = {5881},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Tewksbury, J. J. and Huey, R. B. and Deutsch, C. A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {LIZARDS, adaptation, STRESS, CLIMATE-CHANGE, capacity, mountain passes, SENSITIVITY, thermal tolerance},
	pages = {1296--1297}
}

@article{wheelwrightPhilopatryNatalDispersal1998,
	title = {Philopatry, natal dispersal, and inbreeding avoidance in an island population of {Savannah} {Sparrows}},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:000073060300001},
	abstract = {Over a 9-yr period, we studied dispersal of young banded Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) from their natal nest to the site where they first bred 1 yr later in a population on an isolated archipelago in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. On a broad geographic scale, young birds were highly philopatric, returning from wintering grounds several thousand kilometers away to nest on the same island and often in the same field where they had hatched the year before. In some cases, birds chose nest sites within a few meters of their natal nest. The median dispersal distance between a bird's natal nest and its first nest as an adult was 228 m, a distance equivalent to about six times the diameter of an average territory. Nearly three-quarters of the breeding birds in the study population had been banded as nestlings or fledglings within a 10-ha area on one island, which suggests that most birds in the population originated within the 127-ha archipelago. Within the archipelago, males and females dispersed similar distances from their natal site. There was no correlation between natal dispersal distances of parents and their offspring, nor was there a correlation between natal dispersal distances of siblings, which indicated that natal dispersal has low heritability. Sex, hatching date, fledging mass, and population densities during the previous and current years were all poor predictors of natal dispersal distance. Males that were strongly philopatric recruited significantly more offspring during their lifetime than males raised outside the study area, although there were no differences between philopatric and dispersing females. Birds tended to shift to distinct parts of the island to breed if their parents of the opposite sex still occupied the territory where they had hatched. Dispersal was not affected by return of same-sex parents. Distances between nests of siblings raised the same year were farther apart than expected by chance, based on Monte Carlo simulations. Although many birds in the population had the opportunity to pair with kin, some mechanism, yet to be determined, enabled birds to avoid inbreeding: in 1073 nesting attempts involving birds of known parentage, no individuals were known to have paired with close relatives (coefficient of kinship {\textgreater}0.125). Because complete inbreeding avoidance occurred in {\textless}1\% of Monte Carlo simulations, the absence of inbreeding among Kent Island Savannah Sparrows is unlikely to be due to chance. Understanding natal dispersal in birds requires a combination of models: ecogenetic models at broad geographic scales (e.g., adaptation to local environments), ecological constraints and neutral models at smaller spatial scales (e.g., unavailability of territories within particular habitats), and genetic models (e.g., inbreeding avoidance)},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Wheelwright, N. T. and Mauck, R. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, offspring, PAIR, population, sex, model, MODELS, CONSEQUENCES, heritability, field, lande, natal dispersal, INDIVIDUALS, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, population density, POPULATIONS, territory, X, adaptation, HABITAT, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, genetics, kinship, philopatry, SONG SPARROWS, ENVIRONMENT, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, ISLAND, islands, RECOGNITION, Canada, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, PARENTAGE, DISTANCE, GREAT TIT, siblings, SITE FIDELITY, scale, ISLAND POPULATION, dispersal distances, constraints, phylogeny, fledglings, PHYLOGENIES, MALE PARENTAL CARE, Passerculus sandwichensis, PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS, Savannah Sparrow, BREEDING DISPERSAL, Kent Island, NT},
	pages = {755--767}
}

@article{dugatkinFemaleMateCopying1993,
	title = {Female mate copying in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata ): age-dependent effects},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. E. and Godin, J. G. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, copying, copying,guppy,mate choice,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {289--292}
}

@article{garnerSexualConflictInhibits2010,
	title = {Sexual conflict inhibits female mate choice for major histocompatibility complex dissimilarity in {Chinook} salmon.},
	volume = {277},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.1639},
	abstract = {In many species females prefer major histocompatibility complex (MHC) dissimilar mates, which may improve offspring resistance to pathogens. However, sexual conflict may interfere with female preference when males attempt to mate with all females, regardless of compatibility. Here we used semi-natural spawning channels to examine how mating behaviour and genetic similarity at the MHC class II peptide binding region affected parentage patterns in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We found that females directed aggression at more MHC-similar males than expected by chance, providing a possible mechanism of female MHC choice in salmon. Males also directed aggression towards MHC-similar females, which was consistent with males harassing unreceptive mates. Males' aggression was positively correlated with their reproductive success, and it appeared to overcome female aversion to mating with MHC-similar males, as females who were the target of high levels of male aggression had lower than expected MHC divergence in their offspring. Indeed, offspring MHC divergence was highest when the sex ratio was female-biased and male harassment was likely to be less intense. These data suggest that male harassment can reduce female effectiveness in selecting MHC-compatible mates, and sexual conflict can thus have an indirect cost to females.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	author = {Garner, Shawn R and Bortoluzzi, Romina N and Heath, Daniel D and Neff, Bryan D},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {female, good genes, mate choice, POECILIA-RETICULATA, predation risk, selection, reproductive success, ANIMALS, Male, Selection, Genetic, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, genetic variation, SEXUAL, DNA, MHC POLYMORPHISM, ATLANTIC SALMON, Mating Preference, Animal, Mating Preference, Animal: physiology, SALMON, STRIDERS, WATER, coercive mating, Computer Simulation, DNA: chemistry, DNA: genetics, Major Histocompatibility Complex: genetics, Major Histocompatibility Complex: physiology, Monte Carlo Method, ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA, PACIFIC, Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational, Salmon: genetics, Salmon: physiology, salmonids, Sequence Analysis, DNA},
	pages = {885--94}
}

@article{olssonMalformedOffspringSibling1996,
	title = {Malformed offspring, sibling matings, and selection against inbreeding in the sand lizard ({Lacerta} agilis)},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:A1996UE87600009},
	abstract = {We demonstrated that sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) are more likely to have malformed offspring when they mate with siblings. Offspring with malformations, such as deformed limbs and heads, have zero survival in a natural population. Normal-looking siblings of malformed hatchlings also had a reduced survival in the wild, compared to offspring from clutches in which all siblings appeared normal. The proportion of malformed hatchlings in the natural population was ca. 10\%, in spite of differences in juvenile dispersal between males and females. Male juveniles disperse significantly further from their natal sites than do female juveniles},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Gullberg, A. and Tegelstrom, H.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, MODELS, survival, mating, LIZARDS, lande, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, JUVENILE DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, WILD, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, birds, DEPRESSION, genetics, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, lizard, PLANTS, SELF-FERTILIZATION, GREAT TIT, siblings, ontogenies, ontogeny, phylogeny, PHYLOGENIES, LACERTA-AGILIS, offspring malformations, SAND LIZARD},
	pages = {229--242}
}

@article{penSexualSelectionSex2000,
	title = {Sexual selection and the sex ratio: an {ESS} analysis},
	volume = {1},
	journal = {Selection},
	author = {Pen, I. and Weissing, F. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, sex, sex ratio, ESS},
	pages = {59--69}
}

@article{dingemanseNaturalSelectionAnimal2005,
	title = {Natural selection and animal personality},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {0005-7959},
	url = {://WOS:000233664700002},
	doi = {10.1163/156853905774539445},
	abstract = {Recent progress has been made on the study of personality in animals, both from a mechanistic and a functional perspective. While we start knowing more about the proximal mechanisms responsible for the consistent differences in behaviour between individuals in a population, little is known yet about the relationship between the phenotypic distribution of personality traits, or combinations of traits, and fitness. Here we provide an overview of the available literature on the fitness consequences of personality traits in natural populations. We start by a description of two case studies that have examined the role of natural selection on personality traits in the wild (i.e., the great tit. Parus major and bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis), and review other studies that have reported some links between personality traits and fitness indices, in a large variety of animal species. We continue by outlining both direct approaches (i.e., measuring correlational selection on personality trait combinations) and indirect approaches (i.e., comparing correlations between personality traits within and between populations) to study suites of correlated traits from an adaptive perspective. This review, we hope, will be able to stimulate the use of the phenotypic selection analysis applied to the study of selection on personality traits in animals.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Dingemanse, N. J. and Reale, D.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {selection, reproductive success, behavioural syndromes, BEHAVIOR, SEXUAL, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, EXPLORATORY-BEHAVIOR, PERSONALITY, AVIAN PERSONALITIES, CONSISTENT INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES, correlational selection, CSF 5-HIAA CONCENTRATION, genetic constraints, MALE GREAT TITS, RISK-TAKING, TITS PARUS-MAJOR, TROUT SALMO-TRUTTA},
	pages = {1159--1184}
}

@article{martinReproductiveConsequencesPopulation2004,
	title = {Reproductive consequences of population divergence through sexual conflict},
	volume = {14},
	url = {ISI:000221681600028},
	abstract = {Sexual-selection research increasingly focuses on reproductive conflicts between the sexes [1-4]. Sexual conflict, divergent evolutionary interests of males and females [5], can cause rapid antagonistic coevolution of reproductive traits [6] and is a potentially powerful speciation engine [7-11]. This idea has theoretical and comparative support [10-12] but remains controversial [13-14]. Recent experimental evidence from Sepsis cynipsea indicates that populations with greater sexual conflict diverged more quickly; females were less likely to mate with males from other populations when flies had evolved under high levels of sexual conflict [15]. The consequences of this divergence have not been addressed, so here we assess two female fitness surrogates after 44 generations of evolving (and diverging) under three different levels of sexual conflict. Longevity after copulation was negatively associated with the degree of sexual conflict under which flies evolved, and housing females with males also reduced female longevity. Female lifetime reproductive success (LRS) also tended to decrease with increasing conflict. However, there was evidence of either sexual-selection fitness benefits at intermediate levels of sexual selection and conflict or inbreeding depression in the smallest populations (those with the lowest levels of conflict). Nevertheless, the results indicate that there can be a fitness load associated with sexual selection [2] and support claims that sexual conflict can lead to reproductive isolation [7-11, 15]},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Martin, O. Y. and Hosken, D. J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, population, selection, sex, TRAITS, BENEFITS, female mate choice, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, longevity, reproductive success, SUCCESS, flies, lande, form, sexual conflict, costs, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, population divergence, reproductive isolation, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, conflict, Sepsis cynipsea, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, sexy son, speciation, GENERATIONS, load, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, divergence, FLY SEPSIS-CYNIPSEA, REPRODUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES},
	pages = {906--910}
}

@article{lindemanPrepatterningDevelopmentalGene2011,
	title = {Prepatterning of developmental gene expression by modified histones before zygotic genome activation},
	volume = {21},
	abstract = {A hallmark of anamniote vertebrate development is a window of embryonic transcription-independent cell divisions before onset of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Chromatin determinants of ZGA are unexplored; however, marking of developmental genes by modified histones in sperm suggests a predictive role of histone marks for ZGA. In zebrafish, pre-ZGA development for ten cell cycles provides an opportunity to examine whether genomic enrichment in modified histones is present before initiation of transcription. By profiling histone H3 trimethylation on all zebrafish promoters before and after ZGA, we demonstrate here an epigenetic prepatterning of developmental gene expression. This involves pre-ZGA marking of transcriptionally inactive genes involved in homeostatic and developmental regulation by permissive H3K4me3 with or without repressive H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. Our data suggest that histone modifications are instructive for the developmental gene expression program.},
	journal = {Developmental Cell},
	author = {Lindeman, LC and Andersen, IS and Reiner, AH and Li, N and Aanes, H and Ostrup, O and Winata, C and Mathavan, S and Müller, F and Aleström, P and Collas, P},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {993--1004}
}

@article{jennionsSexuallySelectedTraits2001,
	title = {Sexually selected traits and adult survival: {A} meta-analysis},
	volume = {76},
	url = {ISI:000167667900001},
	abstract = {Traits correlated with mak mating success are likely to be subject to sexual selection. Sexually selected characters are thought to be costly to develop and maintain. If males do not vary their investment in sexual traits in relation to their ability to bear the costs, there should be a negative relationship between male longevity or survival and the expression of sexual traits. In particular, a negative relationship is predicted by pureFisherian models for the evolution of sexual ornaments. The same should also be true for traits that evolve via pleiotropy (e.g., due to,sensory exploitation or bias) with no subsequent evolution of condition dependent modification. We collected information on the relationship between traits correlated with male mating rate and estimates of adult male survivorship or life span. In total we obtained 122 samples from 69 studies of 40 species of bird, spider, insect, and fish. In a mete-analysis we calculated the average sample size weighted correlation between trait expression and adult survival Analyses at the level of samples, studies, and species revealed significant positive relationships (r = 0. 08, 0. 10, and 0. 13, respectively; all P {\textless} 0.001). The unweighted correlation at the species level was r = 0.24. In general, males with larger ornaments or weapons, greater body size, or higher rates of courtship showed greater survivorship or longevity. This finding is inconsistent with pureFisherian model or other models that do not incorporate condition or quality dependent trait expression. It suggests that male investment in sexually selected traits is not fixed but varies in relation to the ability to pay the underlying costs of expressing these characters. Hence, many secondary sexual characters are likely to be condition dependent In their expression},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Moller, A. P. and Petrie, M.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, EXPRESSION, female, fish, i, MALES, MATE, P1, quality, selection, sex, TRAITS, CHARACTERS, model, MODELS, ornament, ornaments, sexual characters, sexual ornaments, size, survival, body size, BODY-SIZE, insect, longevity, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, lande, Y, condition, cost, costs, red deer, bird, genetics, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, ADULT MALE, polygyny, male mating success, mating success, SEXES, frog, sexually selected traits, female control, INFORMATION, light, META-analysis, secondary sexual character, secondary sexual characters, LIFE-SPAN, spider, life span, pleiotropy, DAMSELFLY HETAERINA-AMERICANA, DEPENDENT SEX ORNAMENTS, GREAT TIT PARUS, HISTORY TRADE-OFFS, INTENSE NATURAL-SELECTION, PHEASANT PHASIANUS-COLCHICUS, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, SPAN, SWALLOWS HIRUNDO-RUSTICA},
	pages = {3--36}
}

@article{daleMateChoiceMultiple1996,
	title = {Mate choice on multiple cues, decision rules and sampling strategies in female pied catchers},
	volume = {133},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Dale, S. and Slagsvold, T.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, mate choice, pied flycatcher},
	pages = {903--944}
}

@article{manierResolvingMechanismsCompetitive2010,
	title = {Resolving {Mechanisms} of {Competitive} {Fertilization} {Success} in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {328},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://WOS:000276685000037},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1187096},
	abstract = {Our understanding of postcopulatory sexual selection has been constrained by an inability to discriminate competing sperm of different males, coupled with challenges of directly observing live sperm inside the female reproductive tract. Real-time and spatiotemporal analyses of sperm movement, storage, and use within female Drosophila melanogaster inseminated by two transgenic males with, respectively, green and red sperm heads allowed us to unambiguously discriminate among hypothesized mechanisms underlying sperm precedence, including physical displacement and incapacitation of "resident" sperm by second males, female ejection of sperm, and biased use of competing sperm for fertilization. We find that competitive male fertilization success derives from a multivariate process involving ejaculate-female and ejaculate-ejaculate interactions, as well as complex sperm behavior in vivo.},
	number = {5976},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Manier, M. K. and Belote, J. M. and Berben, K. S. and Novikov, D. and Stuart, W. T. and Pitnick, S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {evolution, FEMALES, MALES, sperm displacement, STORAGE},
	pages = {354--357}
}

@article{schluterExperimentalEvidenceThat1994,
	title = {Experimental evidence that competition promotes divergence in adaptive radiation},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Schluter, D.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {competition, natural selection, interspecific competition, divergence, threespine stickleback, adaptive radiation},
	pages = {798--801}
}

@article{taylorSlippedstrandMispairingNoncontiguous2000,
	title = {Slipped-strand mispairing at noncontiguous repeats in  {Poecilia} reticulata : a model for minisatellite birth},
	volume = {155},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Taylor, J. S. and Breden, F.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, model, microsatellite, mtDNA, minisatellite},
	pages = {1313--1320}
}

@article{avilesKinCompositionSocial2004,
	title = {The kin composition of social groups: {Trading} group size for degree of altruism},
	volume = {164},
	url = {ISI:000223099300004},
	abstract = {Why some social systems form groups composed of kin, while others do not, has gone largely untreated in the literature. Using an individual-based simulation model, we explore the demographic consequences of making kinship a criterion in group formation. We find that systems where social groups consist of one-generation breeding associations may face a serious trade-off between degree of altruism and group size that is largely mediated by their kin composition. On the one hand, restricting groups to close kin allows the evolution of highly altruistic behaviors but may limit group size to suboptimal levels, the more severely so the smaller the intrinsic fecundity of the species and the stricter the kin admission rule. Group size requirements, on the other hand, can be met by admitting nonkin into groups, but not without limiting the degree of altruism that can evolve. As a solution to this conundrum, we show that if helping roles within groups are assigned through a lottery rather than being genetically determined, maximum degrees of altruism can evolve in groups of nonrelatives of any size. Such a "lottery" mechanism may explain reproductive and helping patterns in organisms as varied as the cellular slime molds, pleometrotic ants, and Galapagos hawks},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Aviles, L. and Fletcher, J. A. and Cutter, A. D.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, model, size, fecundity, form, relatedness, social, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, ant, trade-off, POPULATION-GENETICS, MOLE-RATS, Galapagos, group selection, COLONY SIZE, MOLECULAR-GENETIC-ANALYSIS, Nonlinear Dynamics, sociality,mutualism,cooperation,inclusive fitness,relatedness,lottery assignment of helping roles, WHITE-WINGED CHOUGHS},
	pages = {132--144}
}

@article{walterEvolutionaryPsychologyMate1997,
	title = {The evolutionary psychology of mate selection in {Morocco} - {A} multivariate analysis},
	volume = {8},
	url = {ISI:A1997XM08000001},
	abstract = {Patterns of mate preference in Morocco are investigated in order to test whether they support hypotheses advanced by David Buss and other evolutionary psychologists. Because of the custom of cousin marriage in Morocco, a multivariate model that included cosocialization data was developed for the purpose of testing the Westermarck hypothesis of inbreeding avoidance. Hence, two previously separate domains of research are unified in one design that permits the further exploration of questions pertaining to the domain specificity of psychological mechanisms. Multiple independent mate choice predictors were identified using logistic regression analysis. Results support the Westermarck hypothesis of inbreeding avoidance. sleeping in the same room during childhood was found in both sexes to produce an aversion to marriage. Other evidence suggests that aversion to inbreeding extends further among females than males in that females but not males show an aversion to marriage to related individuals with whom they had daily social contact in early childhood. The evolutionary prediction that females differ from males concerning resource holding capacity was also supported. Females showed a preference for males whom they judged to have higher social status than theirs, while this criterion was unimportant for males. The predicted sex difference in preferred age of marriage partner was also supported. Contrary to previous findings, the predicted difference between the sexes with regard to physical attractiveness was not supported},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Human Nature-An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective},
	author = {Walter, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Attractiveness, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, sex, mate selection, model, PREFERENCES, mate preference, preference, theory, Regression Analysis, age, human, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, social, wolf, WOLVES, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, kinship, related, patterns, sociobiology, multivariate, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, MARRIAGE, Westermarck, SEX-DIFFERENCES, 37 CULTURES, cousin marriage, domain specificity, evolutionary psychology, Morocco, PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS, TABOO, WESTERMARCK HYPOTHESIS},
	pages = {113--137}
}

@article{clobertTradeoffsPhenotypicTraits2000,
	title = {Trade-offs in phenotypic traits: endurance at birth, growth, survival, predation and susceptibility to parasitism in a lizard, {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000166401300003},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00477.x},
	abstract = {1. Considerable within-population variability of locomotor performance traits has been shown to exist in several species of squamate reptiles. In general, high values for speed and endurance are thought to have positive effects on the ability to capture prey, escape from predators, compete with conspecifics and acquire mates. On the other hand, variation in performance might trade-off with other components of fitness such that the net effect on Darwinian fitness is unpredictable. 2. Gravid females of the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) were captured and several phenotypic traits of their offspring measured immediately following birth. These were endurance, body length and body mass. Offspring were marked for individual identification, released into the field, and correlations between the phenotypic traits and their subsequent growth, activity and survival rate over the next months were then tested for. Parasitism by hematozoa was monitored and predation risk by tail losses estimated. 3. It was found that individuals with a low endurance at birth tended to have reduced activity and growth rate, and higher parasite load; on the positive side, however, they experienced lower predation risk as assessed by tail losses. Conversely, individuals with a high endurance at birth had high activity and growth rates, low parasite load, but higher incidence of broken tails. Finally, endurance at birth was not correlated with survivorship up to the age of sexual maturity. Thus, individuals with varying locomotor endurance seem to exhibit behaviours that may result in the same level of Darwinian fitness. 4. The possibility that our results reveal a trade-off between the risk of becoming infected with parasites when lizards are less active (which is related to having lower endurance) vs the risk of being predated when the lizards are more active (higher endurance) is discussed.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Oppliger, A. and Sorci, G. and Ernande, B. and Swallow, J. G. and Garland, T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {675--684}
}

@misc{MatchingMultivariatePropensity2011,
	title = {Matching: {Multivariate} and propensity score matching with balance optimization. {R} package version 4.7-14.},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{shermanMaleFemaleEffects2008,
	title = {Male and female effects on fertilization success and offspring viability in the {Peron}'s tree frog, {Litoria} peronii},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1442-9985},
	url = {://WOS:000254926300013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01823.x},
	abstract = {There is increasing theoretical and empirical evidence that genetic compatibility among partners is an important determinant of fertilization success and offspring viability. In amphibians, females often actively choose partners from among a variety of males and polyandry is common. Genetic compatibility among partners may therefore be an important determinant of fertilization success and offspring viability in some amphibians. Amphibians also show some of the highest levels of genetic differentiation among neighbouring populations known in vertebrates, and as such, populations may have evolved different co-adapted gene complexes. This means that offspring from among-population crosses may have reduced fitness. It is therefore essential to understand to what extent crossings between and within populations may interfere with successful fertilization and offspring viability. Here, we test whether crossing individuals within and between two different populations of the Australian Peron's tree frog (Litoria peronii) using artificial fertilizations affect fertilization success and offspring viability. Fertilization success per se is strongly influenced by male identity, which is likely to depend at least to some extent on the experimental procedure (e.g. resulting in variation in sperm number per ejaculate), whereas there was no fertilization effect of female identity. More importantly, male and female identity, independently of each other, explained significant variation in offspring viability, whereas no such effect could be linked to population of origin. Thus, our experiments suggest that crossing populations may not always be the most significant factor affecting fertilization success or offspring viability, but may be more influenced by the genetic quality or the genetic compatibility of partners.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Austral Ecology},
	author = {Sherman, Craig D. H. and Wapstra, Erik and Uller, Tobias and Olsson, Mats},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {348--352}
}

@article{olssonHaldaneRulesCosts2004,
	title = {Haldane rules: costs of outbreeding at production of daughters in sand lizards},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	url = {://WOS:000223862500005},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00652.x},
	abstract = {Haldane's rule is one of the most widely applicable paradigms in evolutionary biology, stating that in species crossings, the heterogametic sex will suffer more severely in terms of sterility and inviability. We address this in a within-species outbreeding situation by assessing the risk of producing inviable offspring depending on the sex ratio of the clutch produced in between-population crossings in the laboratory. In crossings between male and female sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) from two different sampling regions, one in Sweden, one in central Europe, risk of gametic incompatibility is unaffected by outbreeding, but offspring from between-population crossings show 300\% higher malformation frequency and 10\% lower hatching success. The risk of having inviable offspring increases with the production of daughters, i.e. the hemizygous sex in this species (ZW). Such sex-specific genetic costs of offspring production need to be incorporated into life history ecology, e.g. sex allocation theory.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Ujvari, B. and Madsen, T. and Uller, T. and Wapstra, E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {924--928}
}

@article{watsonSexualConflictEnergetic1998,
	title = {Sexual conflict and the energetic costs of mating and mate choice in water striders},
	volume = {151},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Watson, P. J. and Arnqvist, G. and Stallmann, R. R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, mating, call, sexual conflict, cost, costs, conflict, energetics,Gerridae,mate choice,respirometry,sexual conflict},
	pages = {46--58}
}

@article{ashmanSexRatioRepresents2001,
	title = {Sex ratio represents a unique context for selection on attractive traits: consequences for the evolution of sexual dimorphism},
	volume = {157},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Ashman, T. L. and Difenderfer, C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, sex, sex ratio, dimorphism, sexual dimorphism},
	pages = {334--347}
}

@article{cornwallisEvolutionaryEcologySexual0000Mar,
	title = {Towards an evolutionary ecology of sexual traits},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://WOS:000275605300004},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.09.008},
	abstract = {Empirical studies of sexual traits continue to generate conflicting results, leading to a growing awareness that the current understanding of this topic is limited. Here we argue that this is because studies of sexual traits fail to encompass three important features of evolution. First, sexual traits evolve via natural selection of which sexual selection is just one part. Second, selection on sexual traits fluctuates in strength, direction and form due to spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity. Third, phenotypic plasticity is ubiquitous and generates selection and responses to selection within and across generations. A move from purely gene-focused theories of sexual selection towards research that explicitly integrates development, ecology and evolution is necessary to break the stasis in research on sexual traits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Cornwallis, C. K. and Uller, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {0000},
	keywords = {competition, selection, female mate choice, CONSEQUENCES, phenotypic plasticity, WILD, conflict, kin, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, LEK PARADOX, WHITE-WINGED CHOUGHS},
	pages = {145--152}
}

@article{gomulkiewiczFableFourFunctions2007,
	title = {A fable of four functions},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01231.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Gomulkiewicz, R. and Kingsolver, J. G.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {20--21}
}

@article{wapstraMaternalBaskingOpportunity2000,
	title = {Maternal basking opportunity affects juvenile phenotype in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000088938600008},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00428.x},
	abstract = {1. The effects of external conditions on embryonic development have been repeatedly examined in oviparous reptile species, but the effect of gestation conditions on offspring traits in viviparous species has rarely been examined. 2. The influence of maternal basking opportunities on gestation length and juvenile phenotype was investigated in a viviparous scincid lizard, Niveoscincus ocellatus. Females were housed under one of two experimental regimes (10 or 4 h access to basking) which reflected the natural variation in temperature, potentially one of the most important proximate sources of life-history variation. 3. Females with longer access to basking gave birth significantly earlier than those with reduced basking opportunities. Maternal access to basking significantly affected the phenotype and growth rate of her offspring. 4. Offspring born after relatively rapid development were longer, heavier and in better condition than offspring born after slower development. 5, In standard laboratory conditions, offspring born after rapid development grew more rapidly than those born after slower development, thus amplifying the difference in body size between these two groups postpartum 6. These results suggest the existence of a strong selective pressure on female basking behaviour through the effect of the maternal environment on embryo development and offspring phenotype and highlight the role of temperature as a proximate source of variation in both the timing of reproductive events and in key life-history traits of neonates.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Wapstra, E.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {345--352}
}

@article{moralesScalingAnimalMovements2002,
	title = {Scaling up animal movements in heterogeneous landscapes: {The} importance of behavior},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://000177434200018},
	abstract = {Two major challenges of spatial ecology are understanding the effects of landscape heterogeneity on movement, and translating observations taken at small spatial and temporal scales into expected patterns at greater scales. Using a combination of computer simulations and micro-landscape experiments with Tribolium confusum beetles we found that conventional correlated random walk models with constant parameters severely underestimated spatial spread because organisms changed movement behaviors over time. However, a model incorporating behavioral heterogeneity between individuals, and within individuals over time, was able to account for observed patterns of spread. Our results suggest that the main challenge for scaling up movement patterns resides in the complexities of individual behavior rather than in the spatial structure of the landscape.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Morales, J. M. and Ellner, S. P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, MODELS, size, DYNAMICS, HABITAT, beetles, RESPONSES, ANIMAL MOVEMENT, SEARCH, INFORMATION, based, correlated random walk, diffusion, FRACTAL LANDSCAPES, land-management, landscape heterogeneity, and movement, model, individual, population heterogeneity, random walk models, RANDOM-WALK, scaling up, spatial ecology, Tribolium confusum},
	pages = {2240--2247}
}

@article{freeman-gallantSocialPairingFemale2003,
	title = {Social pairing and female mating fidelity predicted by restriction fragment length polymorphism similarity at the major histocompatibility complex in a songbird},
	volume = {12},
	url = {ISI:000186076800020},
	abstract = {Female birds often copulate outside the pair-bond to produce broods of mixed paternity, but despite much recent attention the adaptive significance of this behaviour remains elusive. Although several studies support the idea that extra-pair copulations (EPCs) allow females to obtain 'good genes' for their offspring, many others have found no relationship between female mating fidelity and traits likely to reflect male quality. A corollary to the good genes hypothesis proposes that females do use EPCs to increase the quality of young, but it is the interaction between maternal and paternal genomes - and not male quality per se - that is the target of female choice. We tested this 'genetic compatibility' hypothesis in a free-living population of Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) by determining whether females mated nonrandomly with respect to the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc). During both the 1994 and 1995 breeding seasons, female yearlings (but not older birds) avoided pairing with Mhc-similar males (P {\textless} 0.005). The Mhc similarity between mates also predicted the occurrence of extra-pair young in first broods (P {\textless} 0.007) and covaried with estimates of genome-wide levels of similarity derived from multilocus DNA fingerprinting profiles (P = 0.007). The overall genetic similarity between adults tended to predict female mating fidelity, but with less precision than their Mhc similarity (P = 0.09). In contrast, females appeared insensitive to the size, weight or age of males, none of which explained variation in female mating fidelity. Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that females sought complementary genes for their offspring and suggest either that the benefits of heterozygosity (at the Mhc) drive female mating patterns or that the avoidance of inbreeding is an ultimate cause of social and genetic mate choice in Savannah sparrows},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Freeman-Gallant, C. R. and Meguerdichian, M. and Wheelwright, N. T. and Sollecito, S. V.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, good genes, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, population, quality, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, variation, BENEFITS, INCREASE, size, mating, age, genetic compatibility, GENETIC SIMILARITY, heterozygosity, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, polymorphism, similarity, inbreeding, social, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, HATCHING FAILURE, MHC, patterns, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, host, KIN RECOGNITION, COPULATIONS, paternity, WEIGHT, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, DNA, immunogenetics, GREAT REED WARBLER, extrapair paternity, mating patterns, DNA fingerprinting, MALE PARENTAL CARE, pairing, avoidance of inbreeding, individual optimization, Passerculus sandwichensis, PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS, Savannah Sparrow, NT, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, multilocus DNA fingerprinting, SAVANNA SPARROWS},
	pages = {3077--3083}
}

@article{riskaLaboratoryEstimatesHeritabilites1989,
	title = {Laboratory estimates of heritabilites and genetic correlations in nature},
	volume = {123},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Riska, B. and Prout, T. and Turelli, M.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {heritability, call, genetic variance, genetic correlation, genetic correlations, phenotypic correlation},
	pages = {865--871}
}

@article{pomiankowskiGeneticVariationFluctuating1997,
	title = {Genetic variation in fluctuating asymmetry},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {variation, call, genetic variation, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, coefficient of variation,fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {51--55}
}

@article{curtsingerOpportunityPolymorphismSexlinkage1980,
	title = {On the opportunity for polymorphism with sex-linkage or haplodiploidy},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Curtsinger, J. W.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {call, polymorphism, X-linked, sex-linkage},
	pages = {995--1006}
}

@article{eizaguirreConditionDependenceReproductive2007,
	title = {Condition dependence of reproductive strategy and the benefits of polyandry in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {274},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000243354100015},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3740},
	abstract = {Species in which males do not contribute to reproduction beyond the provision of sperm offer good opportunities to study the potential genetic benefits that females can obtain from polyandry. Here, we report the results of a study examining the relationships between polyandry and components of female fitness in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). We found that polyandrous females produce larger clutches than monandrous females. Polyandrous females also lose fewer offspring during the later stages of gestation and at birth, but we did not find any relationship between polyandry and physical characteristics of viable neonates. Our results were consistent with the predictions of the intrinsic male quality hypothesis, while inbreeding avoidance and genetic incompatibility avoidance might also explain some part of the variation observed in clutch size. Moreover, the benefits of polyandry appeared to depend on female characteristics, as revealed by an interaction between reproductive strategy and female length on reproductive success. Thus, all females did not benefit equally from mating with multiple males, which could explain why polyandry and monandry coexist.},
	number = {1608},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Eizaguirre, C. and Laloi, D. and Massot, M. and Richard, M. and Federici, P. and Clobert, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {425--430}
}

@article{horthFrequencydependentNumericalDynamics2002,
	title = {Frequency-dependent numerical dynamics in mosquitofish},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Horth, L. and Travis, J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Gambusia, frequency dependence}
}

@article{buchananFemaleChoiceSedge1997,
	title = {Female choice in the sedge warbler,  {Acrocephalus} schoenobaenus  : multiple cues from song and territory quality},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Buchanan, K. L. and Catchpole, C. K.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, signals, signalling, territory, song, territory quality},
	pages = {521--526}
}

@article{kirkpatrickReinforcementDivergenceAssortative2000,
	title = {Reinforcement and divergence under assortative mating},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {model, mating, theory, assortative mating, speciation, reinforcement, divergence},
	pages = {1649--1655}
}

@article{haerndlingIntroductionEvolutionaryProcesses3,
	title = {Introduction: {Evolutionary} {Processes} in {Sexual} {Conflicts}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10682-004-7920-8},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Haerndling, Roger and Smith, Henrik G.},
	keywords = {sexual conflict, conflict, EVOLUTIONARY},
	pages = {109--110}
}

@article{mitchell-oldsRegressionAnalysisNatural1987,
	title = {Regression analysis of natural selection: statistical inference and biological interpretation},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Mitchell-Olds, T. and Shaw, R. G.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {selection, Regression Analysis, natural selection},
	pages = {1149--1161}
}

@article{seehausenColorPolymorphismSex1999,
	title = {Color polymorphism and sex ratio distortion in a cichlid fish as an incipient stage in sympatric speciation by sexual selection},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Seehausen, O. and Van Alphen, J. J. M. and Lande, R.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fish, selection, sex, sex ratio, polymorphism, speciation, cichlid, Lake Victoria, sympatric speciation, cichlids, polymorphsim, sex ratio selection},
	pages = {367--378}
}

@article{rauchTheoryPredictsUneven2004,
	title = {Theory predicts the uneven distribution of genetic diversity within species},
	volume = {431},
	url = {ISI:000224000500040},
	abstract = {Global efforts to conserve species have been strongly influenced by the heterogeneous distribution of species diversity across the Earth. This is manifest in conservation efforts focused on diversity hotspots(1-3). The conservation of genetic diversity within an individual species(4,5) is an important factor in its survival in the face of environmental changes and disease(6,7). Here we show that diversity within species is also distributed unevenly. Using simple genealogical models, we show that genetic distinctiveness has a scale-free power law distribution. This property implies that a disproportionate fraction of the diversity is concentrated in small sub-populations, even when the population is well-mixed. Small groups are of such importance to overall population diversity that even without extrinsic perturbations, there are large fluctuations in diversity owing to extinctions of these small groups. We also show that diversity can be geographically non-uniform potentially including sharp boundaries between distantly related organisms - without extrinsic causes such as barriers to gene flow or past migration events. We obtained these results by studying the fundamental scaling properties of genealogical trees. Our theoretical results agree with field data from global samples of Pseudomonas bacteria. Contrary to previous studies(8), our results imply that diversity loss owing to severe extinction events is high, and focusing conservation efforts on highly distinctive groups can save much of the diversity},
	number = {7007},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Rauch, E. M. and Bar-Yam, Y.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, Fisher, P1, population, model, MODELS, survival, field, theory, Y, DISPERSAL, extrinsic, POPULATIONS, extinction, migration, CONSERVATION, genetics, related, BIODIVERSITY, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, species diversity, FLOW, gene flow, SITES, COALESCENT, GENEALOGIES, GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS, HOTSPOTS, PRIORITIES},
	pages = {449--452}
}

@article{evansFemaleMatingPreferences2004,
	title = {Female mating preferences for colourful males in a population of guppies subject to high predation},
	volume = {65},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jfb},
	abstract = {Female guppies Poecilia reticulata descended from the Tacarigua population in Trinidad subject to high predation exhibited strong preferences for males with relatively high levels of carotenoid colouration. The study, which controlled for differences in male courtship, revealed that mate choice in this population is based on the expression of orange pigmentation, irrespective of differences in male motivation},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Bisazza, A. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, courtship, EXPRESSION, female, female mating preferences, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, orange, pigmentation, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, mating, PREFERENCES, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, predation, TRINIDAD, female mating preference, carotenoid, colouration, motivation},
	pages = {1154--1159}
}

@article{savolainenEcologicalGenomicsLocal2013,
	title = {Ecological genomics of local adaptation},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3522},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3522},
	abstract = {It is increasingly important to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of local adaptation because of its relevance to climate change, crop and animal production, and conservation of genetic resources. Phenotypic patterns that are generated by spatially varying selection have long been observed, and both genetic mapping and field experiments provided initial insights into the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. Genomic tools are now allowing genome-wide studies, and recent theoretical advances can help to design research strategies that combine genomics and field experiments to examine the genetics of local adaptation. These advances are also allowing research in non-model species, the adaptation patterns of which may differ from those of traditional model species.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Savolainen, Outi and Lascoux, Martin and Merila, Juha},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {807--820}
}

@article{kondrashovOriginSpeciesMeans1998,
	title = {On the origin of species by means of assortative mating},
	volume = {265},
	url = {ISI:000077597600005},
	abstract = {Assortative mating may split a population even in the absence of natural selection. Here, we study when this happens if mating depends on one or two quantitative trails. Not surprisingly, the modes of assortative mating that can cause sympatric speciation without selection are rather strict. However, some of them may occur in nature. Slow elimination of intermediate individuals caused by the gradual tightening of assortative mating, which evolves owing to relatively weak disruptive selection, provides the alternative scenario for sympatric speciation, in addition to fast elimination of intermediate individuals as a result of the direct action of strong disruptive selection under an invariant mode of assortative mating. Even when assortative mating alone cannot split an initially coherent population, it may be able to prevent the merging of species after their secondary contact},
	number = {1412},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kondrashov, A. S. and Shpak, M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, HOUSE, P1, population, selection, model, mating, BIOLOGY, Darwin, assortative mating, natural selection, INDIVIDUALS, NATURAL-SELECTION, genetics, speciation, DIVERSITY, disruptive selection, ELIMINATION, sympatric speciation, multilocus traits},
	pages = {2273--2278}
}

@article{schluppSexualHarassmentCost2001,
	title = {Sexual harassment as a cost for molly females: bigger males cost less},
	volume = {138},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Schlupp, I. and Knab, R. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, cost, conflict, harassment},
	pages = {277--286}
}

@article{sakalukGeckoPhonotaxisCricket1984,
	title = {Gecko phonotaxis to cricket calling song: a case of satellite predation},
	volume = {32},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Sakaluk, S. K. and Belwood, J. J.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {cricket, predation, song},
	pages = {659--662}
}

@article{marrInteractiveEffectsEnvironmental2006,
	title = {Interactive effects of environmental stress and inbreeding on reproductive traits in a wild bird population},
	volume = {75},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01165.x},
	abstract = {Summary 1. Conservation biologists are concerned about the interactive effects of environmental stress and inbreeding because such interactions could affect the dynamics and extinction risk of small and isolated populations, but few studies have tested for these interactions in nature. 2. We used data from the long-term population study of song sparrows Melospiza melodia on Mandarte Island to examine the joint effects of inbreeding and environmental stress on four fitness traits that are known to be affected by the inbreeding level of adult birds: hatching success, laying date, male mating success and fledgling survival. 3. We found that inbreeding depression interacted with environmental stress to reduce hatching success in the nests of inbred females during periods of rain. 4. For laying date, we found equivocal support for an interaction between parental inbreeding and environmental stress. In this case, however, inbred females experienced less inbreeding depression in more stressful, cooler years. 5. For two other traits, we found no evidence that the strength of inbreeding depression varied with environmental stress. First, mated males fathered fewer nests per season if inbred or if the ratio of males to females in the population was high, but inbreeding depression did not depend on sex ratio. Second, fledglings survived poorly during rainy periods and if their father was inbred, but the effects of paternal inbreeding and rain did not interact. 6. Thus, even for a single species, interactions between the inbreeding level and environmental stress may not occur in all traits affected by inbreeding depression, and interactions that do occur will not always act synergistically to further decrease fitness. Journal of Animal Ecology (2006) 75, 1406 -1415 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01165.x},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Marr, A. B. and Arcese, P. and Hochachka, W. M. and Reid, J. M. and Keller, L. F.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, female, FEMALES, MALES, population, sex, TRAITS, fitness, survival, mating, SUCCESS, sex ratio, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, WILD, DYNAMICS, extinction, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, EXTINCTION RISK, inbreeding depression, SONG SPARROWS, risk, environmental stress, STRESS, song, ISLAND, male mating success, RATIO, mating success, SEXES, NO EVIDENCE, ISOLATED POPULATION, long-term, fledglings, hatching success, MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, SEX-RATIO, song sparrow},
	pages = {1406--1415}
}

@article{meffertNonadditiveGeneticEffects2002,
	title = {Nonadditive genetic effects in animal behaviour},
	volume = {160},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Meffert, L. M. and Hicks, S. K. and Regan, J. L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {indirect genetic effects, behaviour, dominance, epistasis, g*e},
	pages = {s198--s213}
}

@article{hansenGoodGenesOld1995,
	title = {Good genes and old age: {Do} old mates provide superior genes?},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hansen, T. F. and Price, D. K.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, genes, good genes, mate choice, fitness, call, age, age-structured selection},
	pages = {759--778}
}

@article{coteCarotenoidbasedColorationOxidative2010,
	title = {Carotenoid-based coloration, oxidative stress and corticosterone in common lizards},
	volume = {213},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {://WOS:000278175700020},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.040220},
	abstract = {Environmental factors including stressors, health status and social context significantly affect carotenoid-based coloration. For instance, stressors may induce the diversion of carotenoids from pigmentation pathways, potentially explaining why stressed animals often exhibit reduced coloration. However, we recently showed that high blood corticosterone concentrations, which are part of the physiological stress response, are associated with increased redness of the belly in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). This result clearly contrasts with the findings of many studies of carotenoid-based coloration because corticosterone is believed to increase oxidative stress. Here, we examined whether these positive effects are influenced by differences in food availability. We tested the effect of high corticosterone levels on carotenoid-based coloration, antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative damage in common lizards subject to low and high food availability. Food restriction abolished the carotenoid-based color enhancement when corticosterone concentrations in animals were high. We discuss how carotenoid-based color can honestly signal individual quality in this species and how the increased redness induced by corticosterone could be a terminal investment in an environment where long-term survival prospects are poor but not when immediate survival is endangered.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Cote, J. and Meylan, S. and Clobert, J. and Voituron, Y.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2116--2124}
}

@article{bollatiEnvironmentalEpigenetics2010,
	title = {Environmental epigenetics},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {0018-067X},
	url = {://WOS:000279097000012},
	doi = {10.1038/hdy.2010.2},
	abstract = {Epigenetics investigates heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changes in DNA sequence. Several epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, can change genome function under exogenous influence. We review current evidence indicating that epigenetic alterations mediate effects caused by exposure to environmental toxicants. Results obtained from animal models indicate that in utero or early-life environmental exposures produce effects that can be inherited transgenerationally and are accompanied by epigenetic alterations. The search for human equivalents of the epigenetic mechanisms identified in animal models is under way. Recent investigations have identified a number of environmental toxicants that cause altered methylation of human repetitive elements or genes. Some exposures can alter epigenetic states and the same and/or similar epigenetic alterations can be found in patients with the disease of concern. On the basis of current evidence, we propose possible models for the interplay between environmental exposures and the human epigenome. Several investigations have examined the relationship between exposure to environmental chemicals and epigenetics, and have identified toxicants that modify epigenetic states. Whether environmental exposures have transgenerational epigenetic effects in humans remains to be elucidated. In spite of the current limitations, available evidence supports the concept that epigenetics holds substantial potential for furthering our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of environmental toxicants, as well as for predicting health-related risks due to conditions of environmental exposure and individual susceptibility. Heredity (2010) 105, 105-112; doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.2; published online 24 February 2010},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Bollati, V. and Baccarelli, A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {epigenetics, DNA methylation, gene-expression, adult disease, elderly cohort, endocrine disruptor vinclozolin, environmental, exposures, germ-line, heart-rate-variability, histone modifications, multiple-myeloma, particulate air-pollution, transgenerational effects},
	pages = {105--112}
}

@article{jormalainenFemaleResistanceDuration1995,
	title = {Female resistance and duration of mate-guarding in three aquatic peracarids ({Crustacea})},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Jormalainen, V. and Merilaita, S.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, guarding, mate guarding, female resistance, Amphipoda, female behaviour, Isopoda, precopula, serial monogamy},
	pages = {43--48}
}

@article{prykeFieryRedHeads2007,
	title = {Fiery red heads: female dominance among head color morphs in the {Gouldian} finch},
	volume = {18},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arm020},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Pryke, S. R.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {621--627}
}

@article{priottoJuvenileDispersalCalomys2004,
	title = {Juvenile dispersal in {Calomys} venustus ({Murida} : {Sigmodontinae})},
	volume = {25},
	url = {ISI:000222216600009},
	abstract = {Both spacing behaviour and dispersal movement are viewed as hierarchical processes in which the effects may be expressed at spatial scale. This research was carried out to examine the hypothesis that the presence of parents promotes the dispersal of juveniles from their natal nest and their father or mother home-range, in Calomys venustus. The study was carried out in four 0.25 ha fences (two controls and two experimentals), in a natural pasture. This study had two periods: Father Removal (FR) (August and December 1997; year one) and Mother Removal (MR) (August 1998 and January 1999; year two). For the FR treatment fathers were removed after juveniles were born, but in the MR treatment mothers were removed after the juveniles were weaned. The effect of parents on the dispersal distance of juveniles was analysed with respect to their natal nest and their mother and father home-range. Dispersal distance from the nest of C. ventistus was independent of either male or female parent. Juveniles were more dispersing in relation to the centre of activity of their mothers than to that of their fathers, and females were more dispersing than males. Female juveniles overlap their home-range with their parents less than male juveniles do. The differences observed between female and male juveniles would be related to their different sexual maturation times, as well as to the female territoriality. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Priotto, J. and Steinmann, A. and Provensal, C. and Polop, J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, size, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, RODENT, SPACE, WHITE-FOOTED MICE, X, philopatry, related, MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS, voles, murids, neotropical rodent},
	pages = {205--210}
}

@article{coteExperimentalEnhancementCorticosterone2006,
	title = {Experimental enhancement of corticosterone levels positively affects subsequent male survival.},
	volume = {49},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.08.004},
	abstract = {Corticosterone is an important hormone of the stress response that regulates physiological processes and modifies animal behavior. While it positively acts on locomotor activity, it may negatively affect reproduction and social activity. This suggests that corticosterone may promote behaviors that increase survival at the cost of reproduction. In this study, we experimentally investigate the link between corticosterone levels and survival in adult common lizards (Lacerta vivipara) by comparing corticosterone-treated with placebo-treated lizards. We experimentally show that corticosterone enhances energy expenditure, daily activity, food intake, and it modifies the behavioral time budget. Enhanced appetite of corticosterone-treated individuals compensated for increased energy expenditure and corticosterone-treated males showed increased survival. This suggests that corticosterone may promote behaviors that reduce stress and it shows that corticosterone per se does not reduce but directly or indirectly increases longer-term survival. This suggests that the production of corticosterone as a response to a stressor may be an adaptive mechanism that even controls survival.},
	journal = {Hormones and behavior},
	author = {Cote, J and Clobert, J and Meylan, S and Fitze, P S},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Male, Sex Factors, Statistics, Nonparametric, Energy Metabolism, Energy Metabolism: physiology, Motor Activity, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Feeding Behavior, Adaptation, Physiological, Adaptation, Physiological: drug effects, Administration, Cutaneous, Corticosterone: administration \& dosage, Feeding Behavior: physiology, Lizards: blood, Motor Activity: physiology, Random Allocation, Survival Analysis, Survival Rate},
	pages = {320--7}
}

@article{charmantierTestingGeneticModels8,
	title = {Testing genetic models of mate choice evolution in the wild},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4K6CPGB-1/2/c67c1f93e1fa02f116002fa86be1a429},
	abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms driving the evolution of mate choice, particularly the importance of indirect genetic benefits, remains a challenge, especially in wild populations. Three recent studies have attempted to quantify the importance of indirect benefits in wild bird populations using approaches derived from quantitative genetic models of mate choice. In all three cases, no support was found for a role of indirect benefits in the evolution of mate choice. These studies suggest that a quantitative genetic approach can illuminate this long-standing problem and that alternative models for the evolution of mate preferences should be tested in wild populations},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Charmantier, Anne and Sheldon, Ben C.},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, genetic benefits, indirect benefits, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, BENEFITS, model, MODELS, PREFERENCES, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, WILD, bird, WILD POPULATION, genetic benefit, WILD POPULATIONS},
	pages = {417--419}
}

@article{blowsLevelsMateRecognition1998,
	title = {Levels of mate recognition within and between two  {Drosophila}  species and their hybrids},
	volume = {152},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Blows, M. W. and Allan, R. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Drosophila, mate choice, hybrid, hydrocarbons, genetic correlation},
	pages = {826--837}
}

@article{birkheadFaithlessFemaleSeeks1992,
	title = {Faithless female seeks better genes},
	volume = {1992},
	journal = {New Scientist},
	author = {Birkhead, T. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {female choice, SPERM COMPETITION, mating systems},
	pages = {34--38}
}

@article{manlyFurtherImprovementsMethod1985,
	title = {Further improvements to a method for analysing stage-frquency data},
	volume = {27},
	journal = {Researches on Population Ecology},
	author = {Manly, B. F. J.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {325--332}
}

@article{lupoldFemaleMediationCompetitive2013,
	title = {Female mediation of competitive fertilization success in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {://WOS:000321503700058},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1300954110},
	abstract = {How females store and use sperm after remating can generate postcopulatory sexual selection on male ejaculate traits. Variation in ejaculate performance traits generally is thought to be intrinsic to males but is likely to interact with the environment in which sperm compete (e. g., the female reproductive tract). Our understanding of female contributions to competitive fertilization success is limited, however, in part because of the challenges involved in observing events within the reproductive tract of internally fertilizing species while discriminating among sperm from competing males. Here, we used females from crosses among isogenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster, each mated to two genetically standardized males (the first with green-and the second with red-tagged sperm heads) to demonstrate heritable variation in female remating interval, progeny production rate, sperm-storage organ morphology, and a number of sperm performance, storage, and handling traits. We then used multivariate analyses to examine relationships between this female-mediated variation and competitive paternity. In particular, the timing of female ejection of excess second-male and displaced first-male sperm was genetically variable and, by terminating the process of sperm displacement, significantly influenced the relative numbers of sperm from each male competing for fertilization, and consequently biased paternity. Our results demonstrate that females do not simply provide a static arena for sperm competition but rather play an active and pivotal role in postcopulatory processes. Resolving the adaptive significance of genetic variation in female-mediated mechanisms of sperm handling is critical for understanding sexual selection, sexual conflict, and the coevolution of male and female reproductive traits.},
	number = {26},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Lupold, S. and Pitnick, S. and Berben, K. S. and Blengini, C. S. and Belote, J. M. and Manier, M. K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, mate choice, sperm, BENEFITS, heritability, postcopulatory sexual selection, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, Cryptic female choice, ATLANTIC SALMON, ejaculate expenditure, male reproductive genes, male-fertility, sperm ejection},
	pages = {10693--10698}
}

@article{chapronImpactTigersPoaching2008,
	title = {The impact on tigers of poaching versus prey depletion},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.0},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	author = {Chapron, Guillaume and Miquelle, Dale G and Lambert, Amaury and Goodrich, John M and Legendre, Stéphane and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2008}
}

@article{aragonIndividualDispersalStatus2006,
	title = {Individual dispersal status influences space use of conspecific residents in the common lizard, {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:000238453700016},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-006-0183-3},
	abstract = {The effects of immigration on the behaviour of residents may have important implications for the local population characteristics. A manipulative laboratory experiment with yearlings of the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) was performed to test whether the introduction of dispersing or philopatric individuals influences the short-term spacing behaviour of resident individuals. Staged encounters were carried out to induce interactions within dyads. The home cage of each responding individual was connected by a corridor to an unfamiliar "arrival cage" to measure the latency to leave their own home cage after each encounter. Our results showed that the time that pairs spent in close proximity was longer when a dispersing individual was introduced in the home cage. The latency to leave the home cage was longer after the introduction of a dispersing individual. These response variables were not influenced by the relative body sizes of contestants nor by the level of aggression towards each other. In contrast, the aggressive response was significantly influenced by the residency asymmetry established experimentally ("owner" of the home cage vs introduced individual). Our results suggest that the space use by resident individuals is influenced by the dispersal status of conspecifics. The potential ultimate causes driving this effect are discussed.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Aragon, P. and Clobert, J. and Massot, M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {430--438}
}

@article{burgoyneYchromosomalEffectBlastocyst1993,
	title = {A {Y}-chromosomal effect on blastocyst cell number in mice},
	volume = {117},
	journal = {Development},
	author = {Burgoyne, P. S.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, preimplantation embryos,XX-XY differences,preimplantation Y chromosome effect},
	pages = {341--345}
}

@article{wilkinsonEvolutionGeneticVariation1999,
	title = {Evolution of genetic variation for condition-dependent traits in stalk-eyed flies},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Wilkinson, G. S. and Taper, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, variation, call, flies, stalk-eyed flies, genetic variation, condition dependence,Diopsidae,sexual selection},
	pages = {1685--1690}
}

@article{grouiosLefthandedCompetitorsHave2000,
	title = {Do left-handed competitors have an innate superiority in sports?},
	volume = {90},
	journal = {Perceptual and Motor Skills},
	author = {Grouios, G. and Tsorbatzouidis, H. and Alexandris, K. and Barkoukis, V.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1273--1282}
}

@article{immlerHookCrookMorphometry2007,
	title = {By {Hook} or by {Crook}? {Morphometry}, {Competition} and {Cooperation} in {Rodent} {Sperm}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {://WOS:000207444100007},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000170},
	abstract = {Background. Sperm design varies enormously across species and sperm competition is thought to be a major factor influencing this variation. However, the functional significance of many sperm traits is still poorly understood. The sperm of most murid rodents are characterised by an apical hook of the sperm head that varies markedly in extent across species. In the European woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus(Muridae), the highly reflected apical hook of sperm is used to form sperm groups, or "trains,'' which exhibited increased swimming velocity and thrusting force compared to individual sperm. Methodology/Principal Findings. Here we use a comparative study of murine rodent sperm and demonstrate that the apical hook and sperm cooperation are likely to be general adaptations to sperm competition in rodents. We found that species with relatively larger testes, and therefore more intense sperm competition, have a longer, more reflected apical sperm hook. In addition, we show that sperm groups also occur in rodents other than the European woodmouse. Conclusions. Our results suggest that in rodents sperm cooperation is more widespread than assumed so far and highlight the importance of diploid versus haploid selection in the evolution of sperm design and function.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Immler, S. and Moore, H. D. M. and Breed, W. G. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007}
}

@article{fitzgeraldKinRecognitionChoice1992,
	title = {Kin recognition and choice of shoal mates by threespine sticklebacks},
	volume = {4},
	url = {ISI:A1992JE99000005},
	abstract = {In this study we addressed five questions concerning kin recognition and shoaling in threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus fry. Our results were: (1) fry distinguished between similar-aged sibs and non-sibs when tested at 18, 30 and 45 days of age, (2) fry reared with maternal half-sibs distinguished sibs from half-sibs; fry reared with paternal half-sibs did not discriminate between paternal half-sibs and either sibs or non-sibs, (3) the ability to discriminate sibs from non-sibs did not require experience, but the strength of the shoaling preference was modified by events early in life, (4) fry spent more time near kin when a predator was present and (5) fry did not distinguish between non-sib conspecifics and heterospecifics},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ethology Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Fitzgerald, G. J. and Morrissette, J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, MATE, stickleback, sticklebacks, preference, MATES, age, kin, Gasterosteus aculeatus, EXPERIENCE, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, fry, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, threespine stickleback, shoal, shoaling, ACULEATUS},
	pages = {273--283}
}

@article{rolffParasitemediatedSexualSelection1998,
	title = {Parasite-mediated sexual selection: parasitized non-choosy females do not slow down the process},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Rolff, J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, parasites, condition-dependence},
	pages = {73--74}
}

@article{stowImpactHabitatFragmentation2001,
	title = {The impact of habitat fragmentation on dispersal of {Cunningham}'s skink ({Egernia} cunninghami): evidence from allelic and genotypic analyses of microsatellites},
	volume = {10},
	url = {ISI:000168455500006},
	abstract = {The effects of habitat fragmentation on processes within and among populations are important for conservation management. Despite a broad spectrum of lifestyles and the conservation significance of many reptiles, very little work on fine-scale population genetics has been carried out on this group. This study examines the dispersal patterns of a rock crevice-dwelling lizard, Cunningham's skink (Egernia cunningham), in a naturally vegetated reserve and an adjacent deforested site. Both genotypic and genic approaches were employed, using microsatellite loci. The spatial organization of individuals with respect to pairwise relatedness coefficients and allele frequencies, along with assignment tests, were used to infer dispersal characteristics for both sexes in a natural and a cleared area. The distribution of relatedness in both habitats was spatially structured, with E. cunninghami showing high pairwise relatedness within their rocky retreat sites. Analysis of relatedness over different spatial scales, spatial autocorrelation of alleles and assignment tests, all indicated that both sexes in the cleared area show Less dispersal than their counterparts in the reserve. Furthermore, deforestation may inhibit female dispersal to a greater extent than that of males. The geographical structuring of allele frequencies for adults in the cleared area, but not the reserve, indicates that habitat fragmentation has the potential to alter at least the microevolution of E. cunninghami populations},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Stow, A. J. and Sunnucks, P. and Briscoe, D. A. and Gardner, M. G.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, female, i, MALES, population, sex, reptiles, allele, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, relatedness, DISPERSAL, POPULATIONS, extinction, HABITAT, metapopulation, CONSERVATION, HABITAT FRAGMENTATION, genetics, inbreeding depression, kinship, microsatellites, Egernia, lizard, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, GENETIC-VARIATION, peacock, alleles, microevolution, sex-biased dispersal, spectra, microsatellite DNA, ORGANIZATION, TILIQUA-RUGOSA, sex-bias, Egernia cunninghami, spatial autocorrelation, SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION},
	pages = {867--878}
}

@article{rodriguezGeneticVariancePhenotypic2003,
	title = {Genetic variance and phenotypic plasticity in a component of female mate choice in an ultrasonic moth},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rodriguez, R. L. and Greenfield, M. D.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, female mate choice, plasticity, phenotypic plasticity, genetic variance, g x e, reaction norm, moth, g*e},
	pages = {1304--1313}
}

@article{blowsOrientationGeneticVariancecovariance2011,
	title = {Orientation of the genetic variance-covariance matrix and the fitness surface for multiple male sexually selected traits},
	number = {163},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Blows, M. W. and Chenoweth, S. F. and Hine, E.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {329--340}
}

@article{marchandeauProcessReintroductionRole2000,
	title = {Process of reintroduction: {Role} of experimentation},
	issn = {0249-7395},
	url = {://WOS:000166145400011},
	journal = {Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie},
	author = {Marchandeau, S. and Letty, J. and Aubineau, J. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {119--122}
}

@article{roffQuantitativeGeneticsFluctuating2004,
	title = {The quantitative genetics of fluctuating asymmetry: {A} comparison of two models},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000189003000005},
	abstract = {The genetic basis of fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry, has been the subject of much recent work. In this paper we compare two perspectives on the quantitative genetic analysis of FA and directional asymmetry (DA). We call these two approaches the character-state model and the environmental responsiveness model. In the former approach, the right and left sides are viewed as separate traits whose genetic coupling is manifested by the genetic correlation. This model leads to the relationship, h(DA)(2) = h(2)[(1 - r(A))/(1 - r(p))], where h(2) is the heritability of each component trait (assumed to be the same), rA and rp are the genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits, respectively. Simulation shows that, under this model, the heritability of FA is considerably less than that of DA, except when heritabilities are very close to zero. The environmental responsiveness model permits genetic variance in FA even when the genetic correlation between traits is + 1. Simulation shows that under this model the heritability of FA can be uncoupled from that of DA. The additive and nonadditive components of the component (right and left) traits, their DA and FA values are estimated using a diallel cross of seven inbred lines of the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus. Four leg measurements were made and both the individual DA and FA values and the compound measures DASUM and CFA estimated. The heritabilities of the compound measures are slightly larger than the individual estimates. Dominance variance is observed in the individual traits but predicted to be an even smaller component of the phenotypic variance than the additive genetic variance. The estimated values confirm this, although a previous study has demonstrated that dominance variance is present. Because the heritabilities of FA are generally larger than those of DA, which never exceed 0.02, the environmental responsiveness model is more consistent with the data than the character-state model. A review of other data suggests that both sources of variation might be found in some species},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Roff, D. and Reale, D.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, P1, TRAITS, variation, model, MODELS, size, heritability, call, cricket, BIOLOGY, quantitative genetics, symmetry, inbreeding, genetics, COMPONENTS, VARIANCE, asymmetry, dominance, Additive genetic variance, genetic variance, MICE, fluctuating asymmetry, GENETIC-BASIS, genetic correlation, FA, GENETIC-ANALYSIS, responsiveness, phenotypic correlations, multiple traits, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, phenotypic correlation, developmental instability, diallel cross, dominance variance, Gryllus firmus, GRYLLUS-FIRMUS, INSTABILITY, MANDIBULAR CHARACTERS, SAND CRICKET, SKELETAL CHARACTERS},
	pages = {47--58}
}

@article{amosFactorsAffectingLevels1998,
	title = {Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Amos, W. and Harwood, J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {population, variation, Y chromosome, polymorphism, selective sweeps},
	pages = {177--186}
}

@article{garnerRelatednessBodySize2003,
	title = {Relatedness, body size and paternity in the alpine newt, {Triturus} alpestris},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000181769800010},
	abstract = {Sexual selection has traditionally been investigated assuming that male quality is as skewed as patterns of male reproductive success can sometimes be. Recently, female choice has been investigated under the model of genetic compatibility, which assumes that each individual female has her own 'best' mate and there is no overall optimal choice for all females. We investigated female mate choice in the newt species Ttiturus alpestris, a member of a genus where female choice has been investigated only within the context of the optimal male (female choice for condition-dependent traits). We provided females with two males that differed in one condition-dependent trait (body size) and overall genetic composition. Both male body size and female body size did not influence paternity, but the degree of genetic relatedness between females and potential mates did. Two components of fitness (fecundity and hatching success) did not differ between singly and multiply sired clutches, indicating that females do not employ polyandry as a means of increasing offspring fitness through genetic bet-hedging. Instead, we hypothesize that females may mate initially for fertility assurance, but prefer less-related males as the most genetically compatible mates},
	number = {1515},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Garner, T. W. J. and Schmidt, B. R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, quality, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, female mate choice, fitness, model, MODELS, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, fecundity, insect, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, Y, polyandry, genetic compatibility, relatedness, genetics, inbreeding depression, COMPONENTS, patterns, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, paternity, multiple paternity, bet hedging, FERTILITY, context, promiscuity, hatching success, amphibia, COURTSHIP PHEROMONES, CRISTATUS AMPHIBIA, FROG CRINIA-GEORGIANA, GREAT CRESTED NEWT, LIZARD LACERTA-AGILIS, Triturus alpestris},
	pages = {619--624}
}

@article{leroiMolecularSignalsLoi2001,
	title = {Molecular signals versus the  {Loi} de {Balancement}},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Leroi, A. M.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {signals, call, allocation, trade-off, c.elegans},
	pages = {24--29}
}

@article{sadowskiEvolutionEmptyNuptial1999,
	title = {The evolution of empty nuptial gifts in a dance fly,  {Empis} snoddyi  ({Diptera}:{Empididae}): bigger isn't always better},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Sadowski, J. A. and Moore, A. J. and Brodie, III, E. D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, flies, nuptial gifts, mating behaviour, selection analysis, balloon flies, Empis snoddyi},
	pages = {161--166}
}

@article{hoikkalaGeneticBasisEvolution1987,
	title = {The genetic basis of evolution of the male courtship sounds in the  {Drosophila} virilis  group},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hoikkala, A. and Lumme, J.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, evolution, call, courtship,Drosophila virilis},
	pages = {827--845}
}

@article{priceSelectionClutchSize1989,
	title = {Selection on clutch size in birds},
	volume = {134},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Price, T. and Liou, L.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {selection, fitness, size, clutch size, bird, birds},
	pages = {950--959}
}

@article{zehOutbredEmbryosRescue2006,
	title = {Outbred embryos rescue inbred half-siblings in mixed-paternity broods of live-bearing females},
	volume = {439},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04260},
	number = {7073},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Zeh, Jeanne A. and Zeh, David W.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {female, FEMALES},
	pages = {201--203}
}

@article{traslerEpigeneticsSpermatogenesis2009,
	title = {Epigenetics in spermatogenesis},
	volume = {306},
	issn = {0303-7207},
	url = {://WOS:000267464000006},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.018},
	abstract = {DNA methylation is a heritable epigenetic modification of cytosine residues within CpG dinucleotides associated with the modulation of gene expression and found at 20-30 million sites throughout the mammalian genome. The methylation of DNA is catalyzed by DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases (DNMTs), regulates genes during development and plays a role in genomic imprinting and X inactivation. Abnormalities in DNA methylation lead to growth and behavioral abnormalities as well as cancer. Genomic methylation patterns are acquired in the germline and then further modified during embryogenesis. Methylation in the male germline is unique in comparison to that in somatic tissues, begins in the fetal gonad before birth, and is completed during postnatal spermatogenesis. in rodents, altered expression of the DNMTs through gene-targeting or drug treatment is associated with abnormal DNA methylation patterns in germ cells and perturbations in spermatogenesis. In man altered sperm DNA methylation patterns have been reported in individuals with oligospermia. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology},
	author = {Trasler, J. M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {epigenetics, DNA methylation, mouse, spermatogenesis, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, de-novo methylation, dnmt3a, germ-cell development, Male germ cell, mammalian development, methyltransferase, parental alleles, preimplantation development},
	pages = {33--36}
}

@article{tuckerSexbiasedDispersalLonglived1998,
	title = {Sex-biased dispersal in a long-lived polygynous reptile ({Crocodylus} johnstoni)},
	volume = {44},
	url = {ISI:000077143200002},
	abstract = {We compared natal dispersals of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) against the prediction of male dispersal bias for a polygynous mating system. The crocodiles inhabited a linear series of pools and we calculated the net distances from natal pools to recapture locations some 12-18 years later, at maturity. Philopatry was assessed in terms of adult social distances. A female social distance was 0.46 pools and a male social distance was 1.0 pool. By these criteria, both sexes showed low levels of philopatry (7-12\%). However, individuals of both sexes dispersed from the natal site long before they were sexually mature. Divergence in dispersal patterns by sex occurred after the maturity threshold, as males dispersed two to three times farther than females. Intrasexual competition by males is resolved by a size-based hierarchy. The displacement of small males from local mating access is a probable cause of the longer dispersals undertaken by males. Competition, rather than inbreeding avoidance, is driving dispersal in this population of freshwater crocodiles},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Tucker, A. D. and McCallum, H. I. and Limpus, C. J. and McDonald, K. R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, population, selection, sex, mating, natal dispersal, INDIVIDUALS, DISPERSAL, HOME-RANGE, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, social, AVOIDANCE, birds, mating system, mating systems, philopatry, lizard, patterns, threshold, movement, DNA, divergence, DISTANCE, sex-biased dispersal, MATURITY, NT, AMERICAN ALLIGATOR, crocodile, crocodiles, Crocodylus johnstoni, LYND RIVER, MCKINLAY RIVER AREA},
	pages = {85--90}
}

@article{forsmanExperimentalManipulationReveals1999,
	title = {Experimental manipulation reveals differential effects of colour pattern on survival in male and female pygmy grasshoppers},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Forsman, A. and {Appelqvist}},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {survival, call, colour, grasshopper, colour polymorphism,habitat choice,natural selection,predation,sexual dimorphism},
	pages = {391--401}
}

@article{lailvauxPerformanceNoProxy2010,
	title = {Performance is no proxy for genetic quality: trade-offs between locomotion, attractiveness, and life history in crickets},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000277867600028},
	doi = {10.1890/09-0963.1},
	abstract = {The genetic relationships among traits contributing to overall fitness are an important subject of inquiry because such relationships influence how suites of traits respond to selection. Within the field of sexual selection, these relationships are also of interest for assessing whether any given trait can be used as a proxy for total fitness. A growing number of studies have demonstrated close links between whole-organism performance traits and determinants of individual fitness; however, an understanding of the genetic relationships between performance and important aspects of genetic quality is currently lacking. We present the results of a quantitative genetic study in which we estimate covariation between a locomotor performance trait (maximal jumping ability), calling effort, sexual attractiveness, and life-history traits in male Teleogryllus commodus crickets. We show that the major axis of genetic variation (g(max)) is characterized by a contrast between jump performance and life-history traits associated with mating success. Moreover, two additional axes of significant multivariate genetic variation exist, each characterized by strong contrasts among traits. These results argue against the existence of a single axis representing genetic quality, favoring instead the idea that resource allocation strategies shape multiple dimensions of genetic quality through trade-offs among key life-history traits, including performance.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Hall, M. D. and Brooks, R. C.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1530--1537}
}

@article{parschEvolutionaryCausesConsequences2013,
	title = {The evolutionary causes and consequences of sex-biased gene expression},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3376},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3376},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Parsch, John and Ellegren, Hans},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Male, Animals, Female, *Sex Characteristics, *Evolution, Molecular, Dosage Compensation, Genetic, Gene Duplication, Gene Expression, Sex Chromosomes/genetics},
	pages = {83--87}
}

@article{polakRelationshipGenotypeDevelopmental2004,
	title = {The relationship between genotype, developmental stability and mating performance: disentangling the epigenetic causes},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000223637200008},
	abstract = {Developmental stability (DS) may confer an advantage in competition for mates. The present study tests this hypothesis using Drosophila immigrans, and proposes a novel approach to help broadly define the epigenetic factors causing such an effect. We first estimated the magnitude of isofemale heritability in sternopleural bristle fluctuating asymmetry (FA), using replicate genetic lines extracted from nature. Positional FA (PFA) exhibited significant among-line variation, and the heritability estimate of 0.10 (0.046 s.e.m.) was statistically significant. Among individual males, there was a significant positive relationship between PFA and copulation latency (time elapsed between introduction of females and copulation) and duration, but not copulation frequency. Moreover, high-DS lines exhibited significantly shorter copulation latency and duration compared with low-DS lines. When these components of sexual performance were again contrasted between lines with among-individual differences in bristle asymmetry controlled statistically, significant line effects on copulation latency and duration disappeared. The results suggest that deficits in the developmental apparatus underlying one particular trait can compromise individual sexual performance, and weaken the hypothesis that FA is a cue of overall 'genetic quality'},
	number = {1550},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Polak, M. and Stillabower, E. M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, P1, PERFORMANCE, quality, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, size, heritability, insect, mating, plasticity, parasites, symmetry, genetic quality, STRATEGIES, COMPONENTS, pathogen, asymmetry, STRATEGY, fluctuating asymmetry, TESTS, STABILITY, FA, COMPETITION FOR MATES, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, Drosophila immigrans, epigenetic control, POSITIONAL FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY, TEMPERATURES},
	pages = {1815--1821}
}

@article{kirkpatrickSexualSelectionFemale1987,
	title = {Sexual selection by female choice in polygynous animals},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, selection, call, female choice,female preference,Fisher's runaway process,good genes,sexual selection},
	pages = {43--70}
}

@article{edwardsDisplayBehaviorHabitat2010,
	title = {Display behavior and habitat use in single and mixed populations of {Anolis} carolinensis and {Anolis} sagrei lizards},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000280297000190},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Edwards, J. R. and Lailvaux, S. P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {E48--E48}
}

@incollection{gardnerEvolutionaryBehvioralEcology2010,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Evolutionary {Behvioral} {Ecology}},
	shorttitle = {Altruism and {Cooperation}},
	booktitle = {Altruism and {Cooperation}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Gardner, A. and Griffin, A.S. and West, S.},
	editor = {Westneat, D.F. and Fox, C.W.},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{schwartzBothGeographyEcology2010,
	title = {Both {Geography} and {Ecology} {Contribute} to {Mating} {Isolation} in {Guppies}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {://WOS:000285340000029},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0015659},
	abstract = {Local adaptation to different environments can promote mating isolation - either as an incidental by-product of trait divergence, or as a result of selection to avoid maladaptive mating. Numerous recent empirical examples point to the common influence of divergent natural selection on speciation based largely on evidence of strong pre-mating isolation between populations from different habitat types. Accumulating evidence for natural selection's influence on speciation is therefore no longer a challenge. The difficulty, rather, is in determining the mechanisms involved in the progress of adaptive divergence to speciation once barriers to gene flow are already present. Here, we present results of both laboratory and field experiments with Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from different environments, who do not show complete reproductive isolation despite adaptive divergence. We investigate patterns of mating isolation between populations that do and do not exchange migrants and show evidence for both by-product and reinforcement mechanisms depending on female ecology. Specifically, low-predation females discriminate against all high-predation males thus implying a by-product mechanism, whereas high-predation females only discriminate against low-predation males from further upstream in the same river, implying selection to avoid maladaptive mating. Our study thus confirms that mechanisms of adaptive speciation are not necessarily mutually exclusive and uncovers the complex ecology-geography interactions that underlie the evolution of mating isolation in nature.},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Schwartz, A. K. and Weese, D. J. and Bentzen, P. and Kinnison, M. T. and Hendry, A. P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {sexual selection, female, mate-choice, POECILIA-RETICULATA, preference, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, NATURAL-SELECTION, MALE PREDATION RISK, reproductive isolation, MALE COLOR, parallel evolution},
	pages = {7}
}

@article{hoffmanFemaleFurSeals2007,
	title = {Female fur seals show active choice for males that are heterozygous and unrelated},
	volume = {445},
	url = {CCC:000244341200048},
	abstract = {Much debate surrounds the exact rules that influence mating behaviour, and in particular the selective forces that explain the evolution of female preferences. A key example is the lek paradox, in which female choice is expected rapidly to become ineffective owing to loss of additive genetic variability for the preferred traits(1-3). Here we exploit a remarkable system in which female fur seals exert choice by moving across a crowded breeding colony to visit largely static males. We show that females move further to maximize the balance between male high multilocus heterozygosity and low relatedness. Such a system shows that female choice can be important even in a strongly polygynous species, and at the same time may help to resolve the lek paradox because heterozygosity has low heritability and inbreeding avoidance means there is no single 'best' male for all females},
	number = {7130},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hoffman, J. I. and Forcada, J. and Trathan, P. N. and Amos, W.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, heritability, mating, PREFERENCES, female preference, preference, heterozygosity, relatedness, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, AVOIDANCE, mating behaviour, lek, SYSTEM, inbreeding-avoidance, LEK PARADOX, VARIABILITY, paradox, COLONIES, COLONY, RULES, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, active choice, MULTILOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY},
	pages = {912--914}
}

@incollection{haskinsVertebrateSpeciation1961,
	title = {Vertebrate {Speciation}},
	shorttitle = {Polymorphism and population structure in {Lebistes} reticulatus, an ecological study},
	booktitle = {Polymorphism and population structure in {Lebistes} reticulatus, an ecological study},
	publisher = {University of Texas Press},
	author = {Haskins, C. P. Haskins E. F. McLaughlin J. J. A. and Blair, W. F.},
	year = {1961},
	keywords = {population, polymorphism, Lebistes, speciation, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, population structure, Lebistes reticulatus},
	pages = {320--395}
}

@article{burtonCanEnvironmentalConditions2014,
	title = {Can environmental conditions experienced in early life influence future generations?},
	volume = {281},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1785/20140311.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.0311},
	abstract = {The consequences of early developmental conditions for performance in later life are now subjected to convergent interest from many different biological sub-disciplines. However, striking data, largely from the biomedical literature, show that environmental effects experienced even before conception can be transmissible to subsequent generations. Here, we review the growing evidence from natural systems for these cross-generational effects of early life conditions, showing that they can be generated by diverse environmental stressors, affect offspring in many ways and can be transmitted directly or indirectly by both parental lines for several generations. In doing so, we emphasize why early life might be so sensitive to the transmission of environmentally induced effects across generations. We also summarize recent theoretical advancements within the field of developmental plasticity, and discuss how parents might assemble different ‘internal’ and ‘external’ cues, even from the earliest stages of life, to instruct their investment decisions in offspring. In doing so, we provide a preliminary framework within the context of adaptive plasticity for understanding inter-generational phenomena that arise from early life conditions.},
	number = {1785},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Burton, Tim and Metcalfe, Neil B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014}
}

@article{zukExploitationSexualSignals1998,
	title = {Exploitation of sexual signals by predators and parasitoids},
	volume = {73},
	journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {Zuk, M. and Kolluru, G. R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {signals, call, pheromones,signals,sexual ornaments,sexual selection,signal honesty},
	pages = {415--438}
}

@article{zajitschekIndependentEffectsFamiliarity11,
	title = {Independent effects of familiarity and mating preferences for ornamental traits on mating decisions in guppies},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/6/911},
	abstract = {The avoidance of familiar individuals as mates can act to maximize the benefits of polyandry or might help to minimize inbreeding in small or highly philopatric populations. As previous mates are also familiar, the effects of familiarity and mating history can often be confounded. Here, we disentangle these effects on mating decisions in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and examine their influence on sexual selection. In 3 experiments, males and females were 1) able to mate, 2) had visual and olfactory contact, or 3) had visual contact only. Familiarity was successfully acquired via visual cues, and females were in all cases more likely to mate with unfamiliar than with familiar males, indicating that familiarity is a more important determinant of mating outcome than mating history. Males did not court unfamiliar females any more than familiar females and did not differentially allocate sperm. Familiarity did not alter the strength of sexual selection on male coloration: we found overall positive selection for bright, large males. Female preferences for unfamiliar males and ornamental traits may therefore be largely independent},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Susanne R. K. and Evans, Jonathan P. and Brooks, Robert},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {sexual selection, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, sperm, TRAITS, BENEFITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, PREFERENCES, experiment, female preference, HISTORIES, HISTORY, mating preferences, preference, MATES, polyandry, INDIVIDUALS, mating preference, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, AVOIDANCE, FAMILIARITY, COLORATION, mating decision, POSITIVE SELECTION, mating decisions, mating history, VISUAL CUES},
	pages = {911--916}
}

@article{broEffectsRadiotransmittersSurvival1999,
	title = {Effects of radiotransmitters on survival and reproductive success of gray partridge},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {://WOS:000081441500032},
	doi = {10.2307/3802820},
	abstract = {Because of the recent decline in gray partridge (Perdix perdix) populations in northern France, we conducted a field study in 1995-97 by using radiotelemetry to examine mortality causes. We investigated the effects of radiotransmitters on survival, reproductive success, and body mass of gray partridge. We captured 260 hens in spring 1995, 99 in autumn 1995, and 358 in spring 1996 and tagged them with a 10-g necklace radiotransmitter. We found no effects of radiotags on survival (P = 0.101), reproductive success (P = 0.375), and body mass (P = 0.990) in spring 1995. In contrast, adverse effects were observed in spring 1996 on survival (P {\textless} 0.001), reproductive success (P = 0.006), and body mass (P = 0.013). The postrelease effect on survival observed in spring 1996 varied among populations (P {\textless} 0.001), between radio types (P = 0.036), and with regard to body mass at time of capture (P = 0.046). The difference observed between years and across study areas were correlated to weather and predator abundance but not to habitat features we measured. Our findings suggest that radiotelemetry data must be carefully interpreted with regard to potential radiotag effects, all the more that these effects are influenced by environmental conditions.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Bro, E. and Clobert, J. and Reitz, F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1044--1051}
}

@article{reedInbreedingExtinctionEffects2003,
	title = {Inbreeding and extinction: {Effects} of rate of inbreeding},
	volume = {4},
	url = {ISI:000183322800013},
	abstract = {Deleterious alleles may be removed (purged) by natural selection in populations undergoing inbreeding. However, there is controversy regarding the effectiveness of selection in reducing the risk of extinction due to inbreeding, especially in relation to the rate of inbreeding. We evaluated the effect of the rate of inbreeding on reducing extinction risk, in populations of Drosophila melanogaster maintained using full-sib mating (160 replicates), or at effective population sizes (N-e) of 10 (80) or 20 (80). Extinction rates in the populations maintained using full-sib mating occurred at lower levels of inbreeding than in the larger populations, whereas the two larger populations did not differ significantly from each other. Inbreeding coefficients at 50\% extinction were 0.62, 0.79 and 0.77 for the full-sib (N-e=2.6), N-e=10 and N-e=20 treatments, respectively. Populations of N-e=20 that remained extant after 60 generations, showed inbreeding depression, with the mean fitness of these populations being only 45\% of the outbred controls. There was considerable variation among the 31 inbred populations in fitness, but none of the N-e=20 populations had fitness that was higher than the outbred control. We conclude that purging may slow the rate of extinction slightly, but it cannot be relied on to eliminate the deleterious effects of inbreeding},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics},
	author = {Reed, D. H. and Lowe, E. H. and Briscoe, D. A. and Frankham, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, genes, i, population, selection, variation, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, mating, lande, natural selection, allele, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, risk, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, GENERATIONS, GENETIC LOAD, purging, PROBABILITY, alleles, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS, EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE, inbreeding rate},
	pages = {405--410}
}

@article{johannessenManipulationMaleQuality7,
	title = {Manipulation of male quality in wild tits: effects on paternity loss},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/747},
	abstract = {Extrapair paternity (EPP) has proved to be widespread and highly variable among birds and other taxa, including socially monogamous species. A multitude of hypotheses have been put forward to explain this variation, but its occurrence is not fully understood. Male age, social dominance rank, song and breeding density or synchrony have been among the suggested correlates of EPP, but results so far are inconclusive. We interspecifically cross-fostered blue tits (Parus caeruleus) and great tits (Parus major) in the wild, thus manipulating males to exhibit reduced social dominance rank, sing aberrant songs, and consequently be perceived as low-quality males as compared to controls. This allowed us to test if male quality had an influence on loss of paternity. We found no statistically significant differences between cross-fostered and control males of either species, neither with respect to levels of cuckoldry nor proportions of extrapair young (EPY) in the broods. Paternity levels were comparable to other studies on the same species. No effect of density could be detected on levels of EPP either, while an age effect seemed to be present at least in the blue tit, EPY being almost absent in broods of older blue tit males. We conclude that the effects of male quality on paternity loss are minor, if any, in these populations},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Johannessen, Lars Erik and Slagsvold, Tore and Hansen, Bo Terning and Lifjeld, Jan T.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {MALES, population, quality, variation, age, POPULATIONS, social, WILD, bird, birds, BLUE TITS, great tits, Parus major, song, dominance, blue tit, paternity, GREAT TIT, parus-major, dominance rank, male age, extrapair paternity, RANK, GREAT-TIT, cuckoldry, SOCIAL-DOMINANCE},
	pages = {747--754}
}

@article{johnstoneSignallingNeedSibling1999,
	title = {Signalling of need, sibling competition, and the cost of honesty},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {competition, call, signalling, cost, competition,honesty,signal costs},
	pages = {12644--12649}
}

@article{bennettThermaldependenceLizardBehavior1980,
	title = {The thermal-dependence of lizard behavior},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:A1980KG60100011},
	doi = {10.1016/s0003-3472(80)80135-7},
	language = {English},
	number = {AUG},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bennett, A. F.},
	year = {1980},
	pages = {752--762}
}

@article{bartonEffectsGeneticDrift2004,
	title = {Effects of genetic drift on variance components under a general model of epistasis},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000224793200001},
	abstract = {We analyze the changes in the mean and variance components of a quantitative trait caused by changes in allele frequencies, concentrating on the effects of genetic drift. We use a general representation of epistasis and dominance that allows an arbitrary relation between genotype and phenotype for any number of diallelic loci. We assume initial and final Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium in our analyses of drift-induced changes. Random drift generates transient linkage disequilibria that cause correlations between allele frequency fluctuations at different loci. However, we show that these have negligible effects, at least for interactions among small numbers of loci. Our analyses are based on diffusion approximations that summarize the effects of drift in terms of F, the inbreeding coefficient, interpreted as the expected proportional decrease in heterozygosity at each locus. For haploids, the variance of the trait mean after a population bottleneck is var(Delta(z) over bar) = Sigma(k)(=1)(n) (FVA(k))-V-k, where n is the number of loci contributing to the trait variance, V-A(1) = V-A is the additive genetic variance, and V-A(k) is the kth-order additive epistatic variance. The expected additive genetic variance after the bottleneck, denoted {\textless}V-A(*){\textgreater} is closely related to var(Delta(z) over bar); {\textless}V-A(*){\textgreater} = (1 - F) Sigma(k)(=1)(n) kF(k-1) V-A(k). Thus, epistasis inflates the expected additive variance above V-A(1 - F), the expectation under additivity. For haploids (and diploids without dominance), the expected value of every variance component is inflated by the existence of higher order interactions (e.g., third-order epistasis inflates {\textless}V-AA(*){\textgreater}). This is not true in general with diploidy, because dominance alone can reduce {\textless}VA(*){\textgreater} below V-A(1 - F) (e.g., when dominant alleles are rare). Without A dominance, diploidy produces simple expressions: var(Delta(z) over bar) = Sigma(k)(=1)(n) (2F)(k) V-k(A(k)) and {\textless}V-A(*){\textgreater} = (1 - F) Sigma(k)(=1)(n) k(2F)V-k-1(A(k).) k With dominance (and even without epistasis), var(Delta(z) over bar) and no longer depend solely on the variance components in the base population. For small F, the expected additive variance simplifies to {\textless}V-A(*){\textgreater} similar or equal to (1 - F)V-A +4FV(AA) + 2FV(D) + 2FC(AD), where C-AD is a sum of two terms describing covariances between additive effects and dominance and additive X dominance interactions. Whether population bottlenecks lead to expected increases in additive variance depends primarily on the ratio of nonadditive to additive genetic variance in the base population, but dominance precludes simple predictions based solely on variance components. We illustrate these results using a model in which genotypic values are drawn at random, allowing extreme and erratic epistatic interactions. Although our analyses clarify the conditions under which drift is expected to increase V-A, we question the evolutionary importance of such increases},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Barton, N. H. and Turelli, M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, EXPRESSION, Fisher, population, selection, INCREASE, model, lande, theory, Y, phenotype, quantitative genetics, allele, heterozygosity, human, loci, condition, inbreeding, X, adaptation, genetics, COMPONENTS, related, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, VARIANCE, SCOTLAND, bottleneck, DISEQUILIBRIUM, linkage, linkage disequilibrium, population bottlenecks, INCREASES, RATIO, covariance, dominance, Additive genetic variance, genetic variance, alleles, locus, haploid, PERSPECTIVE, epistasis, ARCHITECTURE, genetic drift, additive variance, HARDY-WEINBERG, ALLELE FREQUENCIES, founder events, genotypic values, multilocus diffusion approximations, shifting balance},
	pages = {2111--2132}
}

@article{sharpDispersalSiblingCoalitions2008,
	title = {Dispersal of sibling coalitions promotes helping among immigrants in a cooperatively breeding bird},
	volume = {275},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000258091800009},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.0398},
	abstract = {Kin selection is a major force in social evolution, but dispersal is often assumed to reduce its impact by diluting kinship. In most cooperatively breeding vertebrates, in which more than two individuals care for young, juveniles delay dispersal and become helpers in family groups. In long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus), however, offspring disperse to breed and helpers are failed breeders that preferentially aid kin. Helping also occurs among immigrants, but their origins are unknown and cooperation in these cases is poorly understood. Here, we combine long-term demographic and genetic data from our study population to investigate immigration and helping in this species. We first used a novel application of parentage analysis to discriminate between immigrants and unknown philopatric recruits. We then cross-checked sibship reconstruction with pairwise relatedness estimates to show that immigrants disperse in sibling coalitions and helping among them is kin biased. These results indicate that dispersal need not preclude sociality, and dispersal of kin coalitions may help maintain kin-selected cooperation in the absence of delayed dispersal.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1647},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Sharp, S. P. and Simeoni, M. and Hatchwell, B. J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, kin, kin discrimination, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, cooperative breeding, immigration, VERTEBRATES, GENETIC-MARKERS, Aegithalos caudatus, AEGITHALOS-CAUDATUS, BIASED, long-tailed tit, LONG-TAILED TITS, SIBSHIP RECONSTRUCTION},
	pages = {2125--2130}
}

@article{butlinSexualSelectionIntermediate1985,
	title = {Sexual selection for intermediate optimum in  {Chorthippus} brunneus  ({Orthoptera}: {Acrididae})},
	volume = {1985},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Butlin, R. K. and Hewitt, G. M. and Webb, S. F.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, grasshopper, calling songs},
	pages = {1281--1292}
}

@article{riceGeneticHitchikingEvolution1987,
	title = {Genetic hitchiking and the evolution of reduced genetic activity of the {Y} sex chromosome},
	volume = {116},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, call, Y, muller's ratchet,hitchiking,clonal,Y chromosome},
	pages = {161--167}
}

@article{lebretonSTATISTICALANALYSISSURVIVALANIMAL1993,
	title = {{THE} {STATISTICAL}-{ANALYSIS} {OF} {SURVIVAL} {IN} {ANIMAL} {POPULATIONS}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://WOS:A1993KP12600005},
	doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(93)90058-w},
	abstract = {Estimating, comparing and modelling survival rates are central to population biology. However, there are many difficulties in measuring these rates in animal populations in the wild. The Most relevant information is based on samples of marked individuals, i.e. capture-recapture data. In recent years, a number of new statistical approaches to the analysis of such data have been developed, permitting more sophisticated and precise measurement of survival rates.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Lebreton, J. D. and Pradel, R. and Clobert, J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {91--95}
}

@article{hamiltonDispersalStableHabitats1977,
	title = {Dispersal in stable habitats},
	volume = {269},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:A1977DX53700026},
	doi = {10.1038/269578a0},
	number = {5629},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hamilton, W. D. and May, R. M.},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {578--581}
}

@article{anderssonSexualSelectionCues1989,
	title = {Sexual selection and cues for female choice in leks of {Jackson}'s widowbird  {Euplectes} jacksoni},
	volume = {25},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Andersson, S.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, selection, lek, leks, Jackson's widowbird},
	pages = {403--410}
}

@article{crnokrakInbreedingDepressionWild1999,
	title = {Inbreeding depression in the wild},
	volume = {83},
	url = {ISI:000083395400006},
	abstract = {Despite its practical application in conservation biology and evolutionary theory, the cost of inbreeding in natural populations of plants and animals remains to a large degree unknown. In this review we have gathered estimates of inbreeding depression (delta) from the literature for wild species monitored in the held. We have also corrected estimates of delta by dividing by F (coefficient of; inbreeding), to take into account the influence that the variation in F will have on delta. Our data set includes seven bird species, nine mammal species, four species of poikilotherms (snakes, fish and snails) and 15 plant species. In total we obtained 169 estimates of inbreeding depression for 137 traits; 81 of those estimates included estimates of F. We compared our mammalian data (limited to those traits related to juvenile mortality) to the estimates for captive zoo species published by Rails et al. (1988) to determine if, as predicted from the literature, natural estimates of inbreeding depression are higher than captive estimates. The mean delta +/- SE (significantly different from zero and not corrected for F) for homeotherms was 0.509 +/- 0.081; for poikilotherms, 0.201 +/- 0.039; and for plants, 0.331 +/- 0.038. Levels of inbreeding depression this high in magnitude will be biologically important under natural conditions. When we limited our data set to mortality traits for mammals and corrected for F = 0.25 las is the case for the Rails et al. data set), we found a significant difference between the two data sets; wild estimates had a substantially higher mean cost of inbreeding at F = 0.25: 2.155 (captive species: 0.314). Of the 169 estimates of delta, 90 were significantly different from zero, indicating that inbred wild species measured under natural conditions frequently exhibit moderate to high levels of inbreeding depression in fitness traits},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Crnokrak, P. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, i, population, TRAITS, variation, fitness, ANIMALS, lande, theory, natal dispersal, BEHAVIOR, condition, cost, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, WILD, CONSERVATION, bird, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, SONG SPARROWS, related, GENETIC LOAD, SELF-FERTILIZATION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, mortality, conservation biology, RESISTANCE, BREEDING SYSTEM, JUVENILE MORTALITY, GREAT-TIT, OUTCROSSED PROGENY, AMBYSTOMA-TIGRINUM, coefficient of inbreeding},
	pages = {260--270}
}

@article{heywoodSexualSelectionHandicap1989,
	title = {Sexual selection by the handicap mechanism},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Heywood, J. S.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, handicap, direct benefits},
	pages = {1387--1397}
}

@article{sheldonPaternalGeneticContribution1997,
	title = {Paternal genetic contribution to offspring condition predicted by size of male secondary sexual character},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Sheldon, B. C. and Meril„, J. and Qvarnstr”m, A. and Gustafsson, L. and Ellegren, H.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {offspring, size, condition, secondary sexual character, sexual selection,genetic benefits,paternal contribution,good genes},
	pages = {297--302}
}

@article{moshkinRoleImmuneSystem2003,
	title = {The role of the immune system in behavioural strategies of reproduction under parasitic pressure},
	volume = {64},
	url = {ISI:000181199500002},
	abstract = {Since both reproduction and immunocompetence are costly, the negative reciprocal relationships between function were found in many species. Due to reproductive immunosuppression, some fraction of seasonally breeding populations of small mammals reproduces in the first breeding season, while others reproduce in the next one. Enhancement of breeding efforts under the increased risk of mortality and the reproductive delay until recovery are the polar variants of mating behavior of parasitized individuals. However the parasite-induced changes of odor, visual or acoustic signals limit the mating success of the infected hosts. The direct influence of the immune system, regularly activated by infections, to chemicals signals can be answer to the question: why these signals are honest? Decrease in strange infection risk by kin breeding can be a satisfactory strategy of an isolated population. Nevertheless, many species follow the inbreeding avoidance strategy, where the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play key role in kin recognition. The advantage of MHC heterozygosity was found at the all steps of the breeding cycle; including mating choice, fertilization, pre- and postnatal development. So, the relationships between immune system and neuroendocrine regulation of behavior give proximal explanations of the evolutionary stable strategies of breeding behavior},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii},
	author = {Moshkin, M. P. and Gerlinskaya, L. A. and Evsikov, V. I.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, genes, i, mate choice, population, signals, mating, SUCCESS, mating preferences, reproduction, theory, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, SMALL MAMMALS, X, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, genetics, P2, MHC, risk, host, mating success, RECOGNITION, STRATEGY, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, FEMALE MICE, mortality, odor, ISOLATED POPULATION, immunocompetence, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, cycle, MATING-BEHAVIOR, RED JUNGLE FOWL, BARN SWALLOW, immune system, MALE LABORATORY MICE, MICE MUS MUSCULUS, RECOVERY, steroid-hormones},
	pages = {23--44}
}

@article{frankFisherFundamentalTheorem1992,
	title = {Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Frank, S. A. and Slatkin, M.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Fisher, selection, call, natural selection, fisher's fundamental theorem,natural selection},
	pages = {92--95}
}

@article{boulinierExperimentalStudyCosts1997,
	title = {An experimental study of the costs of reproduction in the {Kittiwake} {Rissa} tridactyla: {Comment}},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:A1997XB14400031},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1284:aesotc]2.0.co;2},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Boulinier, T. and Sorci, G. and Clobert, J. and Danchin, E.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1284--1287}
}

@article{spenceInnateLearnedColour2008,
	title = {Innate and learned colour preference in the zebrafish, {Danio} rerio},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0179-1613},
	url = {://000255917600007},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01515.x},
	abstract = {Receiver biases towards specific sensory signals have been demonstrated in insects, birds and fish, both in the context of foraging and mate choice. In some cases, signals important in sexual selection appear to have evolved by exploiting a pre-existing bias in the sensory system. For instance, female preferences for male nuptial colouration may have arisen from selection on foraging practices. Using the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a species in which red is not a factor in mate choice, we tested for a foraging bias towards the colour red. We further investigated the plasticity of foraging biases by raising groups of fish on diets consisting solely of red, blue, green or white food. When we subsequently tested their colour preferences in a foraging context, each group responded most strongly to red, irrespective of the colour of food with which they had been conditioned. We also detected a significant effect of conditioning on colour preferences; fish responded more strongly to the colour that matched diet colour than to other colours. The observed receiver bias towards red may have evolved as an adaptive preference for carotenoid compounds in their diet. While the bias to red appears to be innate, our results indicate that learning is also important in shaping foraging biases.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Spence, R. and Smith, C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {sexual selection, displays, trade-off, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, 3-SPINED STICKLEBACK, ANIMAL SIGNALS, DOMESTIC CHICKS, PHOTOPIC SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY, receiver psychology, SIGNAL EVOLUTION, WARNING},
	pages = {582--588}
}

@article{whitmanSustainableTrophyHunting2004,
	title = {Sustainable trophy hunting of {African} lions},
	volume = {428},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://000220103600047},
	language = {English},
	number = {6979},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Whitman, K. and Starfield, A. M. and Quadling, H. S. and Packer, C.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {infanticide, MAMMALS, kinship, cooperation},
	pages = {175--178}
}

@article{filippi-codaccioniEffectsAgeIntensity2008,
	title = {Effects of age and intensity of urbanization on farmland bird communities},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {://WOS:000260939200004},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.006},
	abstract = {Urban sprawl is now occurring worldwide and considered as a major large-scale perturbation on ecosystems. Consequently, urban territory is replacing other habitats such as agricultural areas. As farmland biotic communities are already reported to be declining, it seems necessary to assess the urbanization impact on them. We conducted a bird survey on 92 plots of 1 x 1 km chosen after stratification on the proportion of urban area and farmland habitat (either 0\%, 25\%, 50\%, 75\%), focusing on farmland habitat. Two aspects of urbanization were studied: its intensity and its age. We found that farmland bird species richness did not vary with increasing proportion of urbanized habitat. Non-farmland bird species richness increased from 0\% to 25\% classes and was constant for other classes. No effect of the urbanization age on farmland bird species richness was found, whereas a positive one was found on the non-farmland birds' species richness. Abundance of the most specialized farmland birds decreases with urbanization intensity and age. We also found that, the more urbanized and the more recently urbanized the plots, the more similar bird communities. A strong difference in farmland bird's communities' compositions was found between 0\% and 25\% of urbanization, whereas no distinction was found between 50\% and 75\%. Altogether, our results suggest that to maintain for farmland birds, it is better to add new urban habitat in place where it already exist, rather than to spread it in small lots throughout the landscape. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Filippi-Codaccioni, O. and Devictor, V. and Clobert, J. and Julliard, R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2698--2707}
}

@article{vilaRescueSeverelyBottlenecked2003,
	title = {Rescue of a severely bottlenecked wolf ({Canis} lupus) population by a single immigrant},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000180559300012},
	abstract = {The fragmentation of populations is an increasingly important problem in the conservation of endangered species. Under these conditions, rare migration events may have important effects for the rescue of small and inbred populations. However, the relevance of such migration events to genetically depauperate natural populations is not supported by empirical data. We show here that the genetic diversity of the severely bottlenecked and geographically isolated Scandinavian population of grey wolves (Canis lupus), founded by only two individuals, was recovered by the arrival of a single immigrant. Before the arrival of this immigrant, for several generations the population comprised only a single breeding pack, necessarily involving matings between close relatives and resulting in a subsequent decline in individual heterozygosity. With the arrival of just a single immigrant, there is evidence of increased heterozygosity, significant outbreeding (inbreeding avoidance), a rapid spread of new alleles and exponential population growth. Our results imply that even rare interpopulation migration can lead to the rescue and recovery of isolated and endangered natural populations},
	number = {1510},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Vila, C. and Sundqvist, A. K. and Flagstad, O. and Seddon, J. and Bjornerfeldt, S. and Kojola, I. and Casulli, A. and Sand, H. and Wabakken, P. and Ellegren, H.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, i, population, mating, GROWTH, lande, allele, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, condition, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, wolf, WOLVES, extinction, metapopulation, migration, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, bottleneck, GENERATIONS, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, genetic diversity, GENETIC RESCUE, INBRED POPULATIONS, MARKERS, alleles, CONSERVATION GENETICS, FOUNDER, founding effect, GRAY WOLF, Scandinavia},
	pages = {91--97}
}

@article{mclainSeasonVariationIntensity1993,
	title = {Within season variation in the intensity of sexual selection on body size in the bug  {Margus} obscurator  ({Hemiptera} {Coreidae})},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Ethology Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {McLain, D. K. and Burnette, L. B. and Deeds, D. A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, variation, size, body size, insect, mating success, selection intensity, intensity, opportunity for selection, selection differential},
	pages = {75--86}
}

@article{gaillardANALYSISDEMOGRAPHICTACTICS1989,
	title = {{AN} {ANALYSIS} {OF} {DEMOGRAPHIC} {TACTICS} {IN} {BIRDS} {AND} {MAMMALS}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:A1989AQ56300007},
	doi = {10.2307/3566088},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Gaillard, J. M. and Pontier, D. and Allaine, D. and Lebreton, J. D. and Trouvilliez, J. and Clobert, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {59--76}
}

@article{houdeEvolutionSexualSelection1993,
	title = {Evolution by sexual selection: what can population comparisons tell us?},
	volume = {141},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, population, selection, call, Fisherian model},
	pages = {796--803}
}

@article{wilsonFemaleGenotypeAffects1997,
	title = {Female genotype affects male success in sperm competition},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Wilson, N. and Tubman, S. C. and Eady, P. E. and Robertson, G. W.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {competition, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, call, sperm competition,sexual selection},
	pages = {1491--1495}
}

@article{camachoBchromosomeEvolution2000,
	title = {B-chromosome evolution},
	volume = {355},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Camacho, J. P. M. and Sharbel, T. F. and Beukeboom, L. W.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, transposons, B chromosomes, heterochromatin, muller's ratchet, repetitive DNA},
	pages = {163--178}
}

@article{devillardDoesSocialComplexity2004,
	title = {Does social complexity lead to sex-biased dispersal in polygynous mammals? {A} test on ground-dwelling sciurids},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000189345400009},
	abstract = {Mating systems are well known to influence the dispersing sex, but the magnitude of the sex-biased dispersal has not actually been measured, whereas many theoretical predictions have been made. In this study, we tested a new prediction about the coevolution between natal dispersal and sociality from a recent evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) approach. From a comparative approach, we showed that, in agreement with the model, the male-biased dispersal increases with increasing level of sociality in polygynous ground-dwelling sciurids. In addition, the increase in male-biased dispersal with increasing sociality results from an increase in male dispersal rates, whereas female dispersal rates remain constant, contrary to what is expected from the ESS model. Although the mating system through the level of polygyny could act as a confounding factor, our results strengthen previous work that states that inbreeding avoidance plays a major role in the evolution of dispersal for the most social mammalian species},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Devillard, S. and Allaine, D. and Gaillard, J. M. and Pontier, D.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, sex, model, CONSEQUENCES, mating, natal dispersal, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, social, genetics, mating system, mating systems, philopatry, sociality, polygyny, coevolution, ESS, SQUIRRELS, sex-biased dispersal, INDEPENDENT CONTRASTS, PHYLOGENIES, ORGANIZATION, comparative analysis, dispersal rates, ground-dwelling sciurids},
	pages = {83--87}
}

@article{mooreSexualSelectionNauphoeta1989,
	title = {Sexual selection in  {Nauphoeta} cinerea : inherited mating preference?},
	volume = {19},
	journal = {Behavior Genetics},
	author = {Moore, A. J.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, mating, call, preference, mating preference, assortative preferences,cockroach,mate choice,Nauphoeta cinerea,pheromones,sexual selection,social dominance},
	pages = {717--724}
}

@article{vehrencampEnergeticCostsDisplay1989,
	title = {The energetic costs of display in male sage grouse},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Vehrencamp, S. L. and Bradbury, K. W. and Gibson, R. M.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sexual selection, display, cost, costs, sage grouse},
	pages = {885--896}
}

@article{calisiSteroidCorrelatesMultiple2007,
	title = {Steroid correlates of multiple color traits in the spiny lizard, {Sceloporus} pyrocephalus.},
	volume = {177},
	doi = {10.1007/s00360-007-0162-7},
	abstract = {Conspicuous coloration in females is less well studied compared to that in males. Adult female Mexican boulder spiny lizards (Sceloporus pyrocephalus) have conspicuously colored throat, or gular, regions, ranging from red to yellow, while adult males only weakly express such color in their gular region. Both sexes have dark blue-black gular stripes and venter stripes. Understanding proximate mechanisms underlying trait expression can aid in understanding trait function. To characterize the proximate mechanisms potentially influencing color variation among field-captured male and female S. pyrocephalus, we quantified three aspects of color (hue, saturation, brightness) for three body locations (gular region, gular stripes, venter stripes) and then assessed how color was related to reproductive state and concentrations of the plasma steroid hormones testosterone (T) and corticosterone (CORT) in males and T, CORT, and 17-beta estradiol (E(2)) in females. Testes volume was not related to variation in color or in hormones, perhaps because most males were in peak reproductive condition. Large vitellogenic follicles as opposed to oviductal eggs were associated with higher E(2) in females. Males with more dull gular stripes and females with dull venter stripes had significantly higher CORT. Females with red gular regions and pale grey gular stripes had higher T and E(2) concentrations compared to females with a more yellow gular region and darker gular stripes. Thus, gular region color in females could communicate reproductive state; dull gular stripes in males and dull venter stripes in females could communicate stress status.},
	journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology},
	author = {Calisi, Rebecca M and Hews, Diana K},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {female, testosterone, ANIMALS, Estradiol, LIZARDS, Male, Skin Pigmentation, Skin Pigmentation: physiology, Sex Characteristics, Lizards: physiology, Testosterone: blood, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Estradiol: blood},
	pages = {641--54}
}

@article{schulerFunctionWarningColoration1985,
	title = {On the function of warning coloration: a black and yellow pattern inhibits prey-attack by naive domestic chicks},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Schuler, W. and Hesse, E.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {avoidance reaction, chicks, warning colourations},
	pages = {249--255}
}

@article{alexanderParallelEvolutionVicariance2006,
	title = {Parallel evolution and vicariance in the guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata) over multiple spatial and temporal scales},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000243031000014},
	doi = {10.1554/06-288.1},
	abstract = {Well-studied model systems present ideal opportunities to understand the relative roles of contemporary selection versus historical processes in determining population differentiation and speciation. Although guppy populations in Trinidad have been a model for studies of evolutionary ecology and sexual selection for more than 50 years, this work has been conducted with little understanding of the phylogenetic history of this species. We used variation in nuclear (X-src) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences to examine the phylogeographic history of Poecilia reticulata Peters (the guppy) across its entire natural range, and to test whether patterns of morphological divergence are a consequence of parallel evolution. Phylogenetic, nested clade, population genetic, and demographic analyses were conducted to investigate patterns of genetic structure at several temporal scales and are discussed in relation to vicariant events, such as tectonic activity and glacial cycles, shaping northeast South American river drainages. The mtDNA phylogeny defined five major lineages, each associated with one or more river drainages, and analysis of molecular variance also detected geographic structuring among these river drainages in an evolutionarily conserved nuclear (X-src) locus. Nested clade and other demographic analyses suggest that the eastern Venezuela/ western Trinidad region is likely the center of origin of P. reticulata. Mantel tests show that the divergence of morphological characters, known to differentiate on a local scale in response to natural and sexual selection pressures, is not associated with mtDNA genetic distance; however, TreeScan analysis identified several significant associations of these characters with the haplotype tree. Parallel upstream/downstream patterns of morphological adaptation in response to selection pressures reported in P. reticulata within Trinidad rivers appears to persist across the natural range. Our results together with previous studies suggest that, although morphological variation in P. reticulata is primarily attributed to selection, phylogeographic history may also play a role.},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Alexander, H. J. and Taylor, J. S. and Wu, S. S. T. and Breden, F.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Poecilia reticulata, selection, NATURAL-SELECTION, MALE PREDATION RISK, population genetics, gene flow, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, morphology, mitochondrial DNA, parallel evolution, CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS, FRESH-WATER FISHES, NORTHERN SOUTH-AMERICA, PARTIAL MANTEL TESTS, phylogeography, TRINIDAD GUPPY, vicariance},
	pages = {2352--2369}
}

@article{hendryHumanInfluencesRates2008,
	title = {Human influences on rates of phenotypic change in wild animal populations},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000251740500003},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03428.x},
	abstract = {Human activities can expose populations to dramatic environmental perturbations, which may then precipitate adaptive phenotypic change. We ask whether or not phenotypic changes associated with human-disturbed (anthropogenic) contexts are greater than those associated with more 'natural' contexts. Our meta-analysis is based on more than 3000 rates of phenotypic change in 68 'systems', each representing a given species in a particular geographical area. We find that rates of phenotypic change are greater in anthropogenic contexts than in natural contexts. This difference may be influenced by phenotypic plasticity - because it was evident for studies of wild-caught individuals (which integrate both genetic and plastic effects) but not for common-garden or quantitative genetic studies (which minimize plastic effects). We also find that phenotypic changes in response to disturbance can be remarkably abrupt, perhaps again because of plasticity. In short, humans are an important agent driving phenotypic change in contemporary populations. Although these changes sometimes have a genetic basis, our analyses suggest a particularly important contribution from phenotypic plasticity.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Hendry, A. P. and Farrugia, T. J. and Kinnison, M. T.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {plasticity, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, contemporary evolution, microevolution, rapid evolution, CLIMATE-CHANGE, invasion, directional selection, adaptive evolution, CONTEMPORARY MICROEVOLUTION, Darwins, darwins finches, genetic assimilation, Haldanes, modern life},
	pages = {20--29}
}

@article{jacksonDorsalPigmentationPattern1976,
	title = {The dorsal pigmentation pattern of snakes as an antipredator strategy: a multivariate approach},
	volume = {110},
	doi = {10.1086/283125},
	abstract = {Each species of the snake fauna of North America north of Mexico was qualitatively scored into one of five dorsal pattern classes and according to 16 behavioral-ecological variables that express the degree of exposure to visually oriented predators and the characteristic response to threatened predation. Multiple discriminant analysis was employed to identify the variables that best distinguish between the pattern types. These most important variables were, in general, behavioral as opposed to habitat variables. Irregularly banded and blotched-spotted patterns are associated with an antipredator strategy of defense rather than flight, and these patterns likely function disruptively to minimize initial detection by predators. Striped and unicolored-speckled patterns are associated with antipredator strategies emphasizing flight more than defense. The advantages of these patterns for a strategy of flight probably lie in their elevation of the threshold velocity for detection of movement and in their reduction of apparent velocity, because these visual effects retard the forward shift of predator visual focus necessary to keep the fleeing snake in sight. On the behavioral-ecological axes, the regularly banded pattern is generally intermediate between the antipredator strategies of defense and flight, and it may combine the advantages of disruptive coloration with those of a uniform pattern through the phenomenon of flicker fusion of the successively identical bands. As predicted, if flicker fusion is an adaptive function of the regularly banded pattern, interspecific variation in band number is negatively correlated with a morphological index of escape speed, positively correlated with body size, and curvilinearly related to (though nonsignificantly) the light-dark ratio of the band cycle. Furthermore, intraindividual variation in band packing is in the direction predicted by speed differentials between middle and rear portions of the body. The multiple discriminant analysis was almost three times as successful in classifying taxa to pattern type as would be expected by chance.},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Jackson, James F and Iii, William Ingram and Campbell, Howard W},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1029--1053}
}

@article{kellerInbreedingItsFitness1998,
	title = {Inbreeding and its fitness effects in an insular population of song sparrows ({Melospiza} melodia)},
	volume = {52},
	url = {ISI:000072433200026},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression is thought to be a major factor affecting the evolution of mating systems and dispersal. While there is ample evidence for inbreeding depression in captivity, it has rarely been documented in natural populations. In this study, I examine data from a long-term demographic study of an insular population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and present evidence for inbreeding depression. Forty-four percent of all matings on Mandarte Island, British Columbia, were among known relatives. Offspring of a full-sib mating (f = 0.25) experienced a reduction in annual survival rate of 17.5\% on average. Over their lifetime, females with f = 0.25 produced 48\% fewer young that reached independence from parental care. In contrast, male lifetime reproductive success was not affected by inbreeding. Reduced female lifetime reproductive success was mostly due to reduced hatching rates of the eggs of inbred females. Relatedness among the parents did not affect their reproductive success. Using data on survival from egg stage to breeding age, I estimated the average song sparrow egg on Mandarte Island to carry a minimum of 5.38 lethal equivalents (the number of deleterious genes whose cumulative effect is equivalent to one lethal); 2.88 of these lethal equivalents were expressed from egg stage to independence of parental care. This estimate is higher than most estimates reported for laboratory populations and lower than those reported for zoo populations. Hence, the costs of inbreeding in this population were substantial and slightly above those expected from laboratory studies. Variability in estimates of lethal equivalents among years showed that costs of inbreeding were not constant across years},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Keller, L. F.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {egg, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, i, offspring, PERFORMANCE, population, fitness, parental care, survival, CONSEQUENCES, FULL-SIB, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, Darwin, lande, age, GENETIC SIMILARITY, human, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, bird, DEPRESSION, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, mating system, mating systems, NATURAL-POPULATION, SONG SPARROWS, song, ISLAND, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, VARIABILITY, FINCHES, pedigree, demography, GREAT-TIT, song sparrow, lethal equivalents},
	pages = {240--250}
}

@incollection{verrellGeographicVariationBehaviour1999,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Geographic {Variation} in {Behaviour}},
	shorttitle = {Geographic variation in sexual behaviour: sex, signals and speciation.},
	booktitle = {Geographic variation in sexual behaviour: sex, signals and speciation.},
	publisher = {Oxfor University Press.},
	author = {Verrell, P.A.},
	editor = {Foster, S.A. and Endler, J.A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {behaviour, sex, variation, signals, speciation, geographic variation, sexual behaviour},
	pages = {262--286}
}

@article{orrSpermStorage2012,
	title = {Sperm storage},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211012528},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Orr, Teri J. and Zuk, Marlene},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {R8--R10}
}

@article{godinFitnessCostForaging1988,
	title = {A fitness cost of foraging in the guppy},
	volume = {333},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Godin, J. G. J. and Smith, S. A.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, fitness, call, cost, foraging, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,predation,predator-prey},
	pages = {69--71}
}

@article{krawetzPaternalContributionNew2005,
	title = {Paternal contribution: {New} insights and future challenges},
	volume = {6},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Genetics},
	author = {Krawetz, SA},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {633--642}
}

@article{apaniusNatureSelectionMajor1997,
	title = {The nature of selection on the major histocompatibility complex},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:A1997WR04600004},
	abstract = {Only natural selection can account for the extreme genetic diversity of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Although the structure and function of classic MHC genes is well understood at the molecular and cellular levels, there is controversy about how MHC diversity is selectively maintained. The diversifying selection can be driven by pathogen interactions and inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Pathogen-driven selection can maintain MHC polymorphism based on heterozygote advantage or frequency-dependent selection due to pathogen evasion of MHC-dependent immune recognition. Empirical evidence demonstrates that specific MHC haplotypes are resistant to certain infectious agents, while susceptible to others. These data are consistent with both heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent models. Additional research is needed to discriminate between these mechanisms. Infectious agents can precipitate autoimmunity and can potentially contribute to MHC diversity through molecular mimicry and by favoring immunodominance. MHC-dependent abortion and mate choice, based on olfaction, can also maintain MHC diversity and probably functions both to avoid genome-wide inbreeding and produce MHC-heterozygous offspring with increased immune responsiveness. Although this diverse set of hypotheses are often treated as competing alternatives, we believe that they all fit into a coherent, internally consistent thesis. It is likely that at least in some species, all of these mechanisms operate, leading to the extreme diversification found in MHC genes},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Critical Reviews in Immunology},
	author = {Apanius, V. and Penn, D. and Slev, P. R. and Ruff, L. R. and Potts, W. K.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, genes, i, MATE, mate choice, offspring, selection, sex, model, MODELS, signals, life history, Y, natural selection, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, polymorphism, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, NATURAL-SELECTION, adaptation, AVOIDANCE, genetics, MHC, heterozygote advantage, HLA, host, pathogen, RECOGNITION, SELFISH, KIN RECOGNITION, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, MICE, RESISTANCE, immunogenetics, MHC POLYMORPHISM, odor, host-parasite coevolution, diversification, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, olfaction, ANTIGENS, placenta, responsiveness, BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN DEFICIENT MICE, CAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMS, CD8+ T-CELLS, HUMAN-LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN, KNOCK-OUT MICE, MHC CLASS-I, RECURRENT SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION, STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS CHALLENGE, TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI INFECTION},
	pages = {179--224}
}

@article{hsiehSelffertilizationPotentialFertilization1997,
	title = {Self-fertilization: {A} potential fertilization mode in an estuarine sabellid polychaete},
	volume = {147},
	url = {ISI:A1997WP96900013},
	abstract = {The simultaneously hermaphroditic sabellid Laonome albicingillum Hsieh is the most dominant polychaete species in a mangrove estuary in northern Taiwan. Isolated individuals produced fertilized eggs which developed into normal larvae. Seminal receptacles were not found, indicating that individuals cannot store sperm. Ova, which were obtained directly from the coelom and inseminated by the same individual, developed into viable larvae and then settled successfully. The viability of embryos and newly settled larvae did not differ between self- and outcross fertilizations, indicating that self-fertilization has no immediate deleterious effects. Hypoosmotic seawater (salinity below 10 parts per thousand) severely damaged sperm, resulting in stretched, perforated, or torn membranes. In contrast, seawater with 20 to 30 parts per thousand salinity did not injure sperm morphology. In estuarine environments, hyposaline ambient water presents such great constraints that selfing may be an advantageous fertilization alternative for this simultaneously hermaphroditic species that is sessile and has broadcast spawning},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-Progress Series},
	author = {Hsieh, H. L.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {egg, evolution, i, sex, sperm, FERTILIZATIONS, SUCCESS, GROWTH, reproduction, INDIVIDUALS, ENVIRONMENT, viability, SELF-FERTILIZATION, selfing, larvae, SPERM TRANSFER, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, constraints, morphology, polychaete, SPERM MORPHOLOGY, hyposaline effects, sabellid polychaete, simultaneous hermaphrodite, TAIWAN},
	pages = {143--148}
}

@article{westerdahlNoEvidenceMHCbased2004,
	title = {No evidence of an {MHC}-based female mating preference in great reed warblers},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:000222521300032},
	abstract = {Female mate-choice based on genetic compatibility is an area of growing interest. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are likely candidates for such mate-choice since these highly polymorphic genes may both increase offspring viability and also provide direct cues for mate-choice. In great reed warblers, females actively choose a breeding partner out of a handful of males that they visit and evaluate; thus, female preference for compatible or heterozygous MHC genes could have evolved. Here, I investigate whether great reed warbler females preferentially mate with males with dissimilar MHC class I alleles or with males that are heterozygous at MHC class I. Despite favourable conditions, a thorough screening method and a large sample size, there was no evidence of an MHC-based female mating preference based on either genetic compatibility or heterozygosity in this population. Power analyses of the data sets revealed that relatively small differences (15\% and 8\%, respectively) between true and random pairs should have been detected},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Westerdahl, H.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, PAIR, population, selection, female mate choice, fitness, INCREASE, size, mating, female preference, preference, allele, genetic compatibility, heterozygosity, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, polymorphism, condition, birds, MHC, viability, DIVERSITY, female mating preference, GENETIC-VARIATION, alleles, immunogenetics, NO EVIDENCE, ACROCEPHALUS-ARUNDINACEUS, GREAT REED WARBLER, PCR, CLASS-I, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, passerine},
	pages = {2465--2470}
}

@article{snookQUANTITATIVEGENETICSCOEVOLUTION2010,
	title = {{THE} {QUANTITATIVE} {GENETICS} {AND} {COEVOLUTION} {OF} {MALE} {AND} {FEMALE} {REPRODUCTIVE} {TRAITS}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000279617800005},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00958.x},
	abstract = {Studies of experimental sexual selection have tested the effect of variation in the intensity of sexual selection on male investment in reproduction, particularly sperm. However, in several species, including Drosophila pseudoobscura, no sperm response to experimental evolution has occurred. Here, we take a quantitative genetics approach to examine whether genetic constraints explain the limited evolutionary response. We quantified direct and indirect genetic variation, and genetic correlations within and between the sexes, in experimental populations of D. pseudoobscura. We found that sperm number may be limited by low heritability and evolvability whereas sperm quality (length) has moderate V(A) and CV(A) but does not evolve. Likewise, the female reproductive tract, suggested to drive the evolution of sperm, did not respond to experimental sexual selection even though there was sufficient genetic variation. The lack of genetic correlations between the sexes supports the opportunity for sexual conflict over investment in sperm by males and their storage by females. Our results suggest no absolute constraint arising from a lack of direct or indirect genetic variation or patterns of genetic covariation. These patterns show why responses to experimental evolution are hard to predict, and why research on genetic variation underlying interacting reproductive traits is needed.},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Snook, R. R. and Bacigalupe, L. D. and Moore, A. J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {indirect genetic effects, sexual selection, competition, evolution, sperm, quantitative genetics, conflict, experimental evolution, EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL, LEK PARADOX, phenotypes, female reproductive tract, GENETIC ARCHITECTURE, INTERACTING, interacting phenotype, MANIPULATION, PSEUDOOBSCURA, SPERM-HETEROMORPHIC DROSOPHILA},
	pages = {1926--1934}
}

@article{olssonMatingSystemVariation2007,
	title = {Mating system variation and morph fluctuations in a polymorphic lizard},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000251671700018},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03578.x},
	abstract = {In polymorphic male painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus), red males win staged contests for females over yellow males, and yellow males have greater success in staged sperm competition trials than red males. This predicts different reproductive strategies in the wild with red males being more coercive or better mate guarders than yellow males. Yellow males would be expected to sire more offspring per copulation and have a greater proportion of offspring from clutches with mixed paternity. However, here we show using microsatellites that the frequency of mixed paternity in the wild is low ({\textless} 20\% on average across years), that all morphs on average have the same number of offspring sired per year, and that mating system variation (polyandry vs. monandry) is strongly correlated with perch density on male territories. Furthermore, a logistic regression on male successful vs. unsuccessful mate acquisition showed that red males were under negative selection when they dominated the population, which suggests ongoing frequency dependent selection on male colouration.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Healey, Mo and Wapstra, Erik and Schwartz, Tonia and Lebas, Natasha and Uller, Tobias},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {5307--5315}
}

@article{stockleyFemaleMultipleMating2003,
	title = {Female multiple mating behaviour, early reproductive failure and litter size variation in mammals},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000181064200007},
	abstract = {Female promiscuity is widespread among mammals, although its function is poorly understood. Recently, much interest has been generated by the hypothesis that female promiscuity, combined with post-copulatory paternity-biasing mechanisms, may function to reduce the costs of reproductive failure resulting from genetic incompatibility. Here, a comparative approach is used to determine if average rates of reproductive failure differ for polytocous mammal species with contrasting levels of female multiple-mating behaviour. After control for phylogeny, promiscuous species were found to have significantly lower rates of early reproductive failure than monogamous and polygynous species, in which females are relatively monandrous. Monandrous females appear to compensate for higher early reproductive failure with increased ova production, and thus produce comparable average litter sizes to those of more promiscuous females. However, there is significantly more variation around the average litter sizes produced by relatively monandrous females. These findings are broadly consistent with predictions of the genetic incompatibility avoidance hypothesis, although it is emphasized that alternative explanations cannot be ruled out on the basis of the comparative evidence presented. Further studies are needed to explore ecological correlates of multiple-mating behaviour, to investigate potential post-copulatory paternity-biasing mechanisms, and to identify the causes of reproductive failure in natural mammal populations},
	number = {1512},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Stockley, P.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, mate choice, population, variation, BENEFITS, size, mating, lande, LIFE-HISTORIES, multiple mating, polyandry, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, cost, costs, inbreeding, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, AVOIDANCE, mating behaviour, patterns, meiotic drive, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, post-copulatory sexual selection, NO EVIDENCE, promiscuity, phylogeny, sperm selection, INCOMPATIBILITY, PHYLOGENIES, monandrous females, PLACENTAL MAMMALS},
	pages = {271--278}
}

@article{mazalovAdaptiveSearchInformation1996,
	title = {Adaptive search and information updating in sequential mate choice},
	volume = {148},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Mazalov, V. and Perrin, N. and Dombrovsky, Y.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, call, choosy sex,mate choice},
	pages = {123--137}
}

@article{partridgeSexualActivityReduces1981,
	title = {Sexual activity reduces lifespan of male fruitflies},
	volume = {294},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Partridge, L. and Farquhar, M.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {sex, mating, reproduction, cost, cost of reproduction, cost of display},
	pages = {580--582}
}

@article{prosserInfluenceFemaleAge1997,
	title = {The influence of female age on phonotaxis during single and multiple song presentations in the field cricket,  {Gryllus} integer  ({Orthoptera}: {Gryllidae})},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behaviour},
	author = {Prosser, M. R. and Murray, A. M. and Cade, W. H.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {cricket, field, age, song, aim, Gryllus integer},
	pages = {437--449}
}

@article{meylanCorticosteronemediatedPhenotypeDevelopment2005,
	title = {Is corticosterone-mediated phenotype development adaptive? - {Maternal} corticosterone treatment enhances survival in male lizards},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0018-506X},
	url = {://WOS:000229708200005},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.11.022},
	abstract = {Hormones are an important interface between genome and environment, because of their ability to modify the phenotype. More particularly, glucocorticoids are known to affect both morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. Many studies suggest that prenatal stress (associated with an elevation of corticosterone) has deleterious effects on offspring, an altered physiology resulting in retardation of fetal growth and higher percentage of dead neonates. In this study, we investigate the consequences of an artificial increase of corticosterone in pregnant female Lacerta vivipara on two important fitness components: growth and survival. Do stressed females decrease or enhance offspring survival? In 2000 and 2001, we collected pregnant females from four populations of the Cevennes and kept them in the laboratory until parturition. We applied a corticosterone solution daily onto the backs of some females. A similar solution, but without corticosterone, was applied to the remaining females as a control. Immediately after birth, we measured juveniles' morphological characteristics and released them on the field. In September of the year of release and in May of the following year, we recaptured offspring to estimate growth and survival. The elevation of the corticosterone level in pregnant females L. vivipara had a profound impact on juvenile traits. The size, the body condition and the growth of juveniles were decreased by the corticosterone treatment. In contrast, in male juveniles, survival was higher for juveniles from corticosterone-treated females than from placebo females. Thus, corticosterone does not seem to have detrimental effects on offspring survival, suggesting that it may have an adaptive function. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
	author = {Meylan, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {44--52}
}

@article{parkerSpermCompetitionIts1970,
	title = {Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in insects},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0006-3231},
	url = {://A1970H780600003},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Parker, G. A.},
	year = {1970},
	pages = {525--\&}
}

@article{arnoldLimitsStabilizingDisruptive1986,
	title = {Limits on stabilizing, disruptive, and correlational selection set by the opportunity for selection},
	volume = {128},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Arnold, S. J.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {selection},
	pages = {143--146}
}

@article{mollerViabilityPositivelyRelated1991,
	title = {Viability is positively related to degree of ornamentation in male swallows},
	volume = {243},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {ornamentation, sexual selection, good genes, swallow, viability, swallows, male ornamentation},
	pages = {145--148}
}

@article{grayIntrinsicFactorsAffecting1999,
	title = {Intrinsic factors affecting female choice in house crickets: time costs, female age, nutritional condition, body size and size-relative reproductive investment},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behaviour},
	author = {Gray, D. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, size, body size, cricket, age, condition, cost, costs, nutritional condition},
	pages = {691--700}
}

@article{lozanoCarotenoidsParasitesSexual1994,
	title = {Carotenoids, parasites, and sexual selection},
	volume = {70},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Lozano, G. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, guppies, Poecilia reticulata, selection, female mate choice, female preference, parasites, carotenoid, carotenoids},
	pages = {309--311}
}

@article{rosenthalChaseAwaySexual1999,
	title = {Chase away sexual selection: {Resistance} to "{Resistance}"},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rosenthal, G. and Servedio, M. R.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, chase-away},
	pages = {296--299}
}

@article{pizzariSexualConflictSexual2003,
	title = {Sexual conflict and sexual selection: chasing away paradigm shifts},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pizzari, T. and Snook, R. R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, sexual conflict, conflict, sexually antagonistic, chase-away},
	pages = {1223--1236}
}

@article{schluterFrequencyDependentNatural2003,
	title = {Frequency dependent natural selection during character displacement in sticklebacks},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Schluter, D.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {selection, stickleback, sticklebacks, natural selection, frequency dependence},
	pages = {1142--1150}
}

@article{lileyEthologicalIsolatingMechanisms1966,
	title = {Ethological isolating mechanisms in four sympatric species of poeciliid fishes},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Behaviour (suppl)},
	author = {Liley, N. R.},
	year = {1966},
	keywords = {fishes, Poecilia, reticulata, vivipara, parae, picta},
	pages = {1--197}
}

@article{watsonFluctuatingAsymmetrySexual1994,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry and sexual selection},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Watson, P. J. and Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, fisherian,directional selection,fluctuating asymmetry,good genes,sexual selection},
	pages = {21--25}
}

@article{qvarnstrmDifferentReproductiveTactics1999,
	title = {Different reproductive tactics in male collared flycatchers signalled by size of secondary sexual character},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Qvarnstr”m, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {size, flycatcher, trade-offs, mating strategy, reproductive tactics, honest signalling, collared flycatcher, parental investment, secondary sexual character},
	pages = {2089--2093}
}

@article{lebasMateChoiceGenetic2002,
	title = {Mate choice, genetic incompatibility, and outbreeding in the ornate dragon lizard, {Ctenophorus} ornatus},
	volume = {56},
	url = {ISI:000174486200016},
	abstract = {There has been recent interest in the role genetic incompatibility may play in mate or sperm choice. One source of incompatibility may be too similar or disparate genomes. An isolated population of the ornate dragon lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, was followed over a breeding season and parentage assigned to the offspring using microsatellites. It was found that the adults in the population had an eight per cent chance of mating with a relative. I examined whether C. ornatus mate (or fertilize their eggs) with respect to genetic similarity. There was no difference in a female's relatedness to the male in whose territory she resided and her average relatedness to all other males. Neither was there a difference in the relatedness of the male that sired a female's offspring and the female's average relatedness to all other males. There was no evidence of a cost to mating with a more genetically similar mate, because offspring survival was not influenced by degree of inbreeding or outbreeding. However, females that were more outbred had fewer offspring survive. In this small population there are two possible explanations for the decreased fitness associated with outbreeding. First, the species may have an evolutionary history of inbreeding and thus may be susceptible to outbreeding depression. Second, as fitter individuals produce more offspring, these offspring have an increased probability of breeding with relatives, leading to an indirect relationship between fitness and outbreeding},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {LeBas, N. R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, egg, evolution, female, i, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, sperm, fitness, survival, mating, GENETIC SIMILARITY, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, relatedness, cost, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, red deer, territory, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, microsatellites, philopatry, lizard, SCOTLAND, outbreeding, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, RECOGNITION, PROBABILITY, PARENTAGE, MARKERS, NO EVIDENCE, outbreeding depression, ISOLATED POPULATION, TILIQUA-RUGOSA, agamidae},
	pages = {371--377}
}

@article{grosboisAssessingImpactClimate2008,
	title = {Assessing the impact of climate variation on survival in vertebrate populations},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1464-7931},
	url = {://WOS:000257796900007},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00047.x},
	abstract = {The impact of the ongoing rapid climate change on natural systems is a major issue for human societies. An important challenge for ecologists is to identify the climatic factors that drive temporal variation in demographic parameters, and, ultimately, the dynamics of natural populations. The analysis of long-term monitoring data at the individual scale is often the only available approach to estimate reliably demographic parameters of vertebrate populations. We review statistical procedures used in these analyses to study links between climatic factors and survival variation in vertebrate populations. We evaluated the efficiency of various statistical procedures from an analysis of survival in a population of white stork, Ciconia ciconia, a simulation study and a critical review of 78 papers published in the ecological literature. We identified six potential methodological problems: (i) the use of statistical models that are not wellsuited to the analysis of long-term monitoring data collected at the individual scale; (ii) low ratios of number of statistical units to number of candidate climatic covariates; (iii) collinearity among candidate climatic covariates; (iv) the use of statistics, to assess statistical support for climatic covariates effects, that deal poorly with unexplained variation in survival; (v) spurious detection of effects due to the co-occurrence of trends in survival and the climatic covariate time series; and (vi) assessment of the magnitude of climatic effects on survival using measures that cannot be compared across case studies. The critical review of the ecological literature revealed that five of these six methodological problems were often poorly tackled. As a consequence we concluded that many of these studies generated hypotheses but only few provided solid evidence for impacts of climatic factors on survival or reliable measures of the magnitude of such impacts. We provide practical advice to solve efficiently most of the methodological problems identified. The only frequent issue that still lacks a straightforward solution was the low ratio of the number of statistical units to the number of candidate climatic covariates. In the perspective of increasing this ratio and therefore of producing more robust analyses of the links between climate and demography, we suggest leads to improve the procedures for designing field protocols and selecting a set of candidate climatic covariates. Finally, we present recent statistical methods with potential interest for assessing the impact of climatic factors on demographic parameters.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Grosbois, V. and Gimenez, O. and Gaillard, J. M. and Pradel, R. and Barbraud, C. and Clobert, J. and Moller, A. P. and Weimerskirch, H.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {357--399}
}

@article{gambleEnvironmentalVariationMaintenance2003,
	title = {Environmental variation and the maintenance of polymorphism: {The} effect of ambient light spectrum on mating behaviour and sexual selection in guppies},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Gamble, S. and Lindholm, A. K. and Endler, J. A. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, guppies, guppy, selection, variation, mating, polymorphism, mating behaviour, spectra, light},
	pages = {463--472}
}

@article{herdmanMaleMateChoice2004,
	title = {Male {Mate} {Choice} in the {Guppy} ( {Poecilia} reticulata ): {Do} {Males} {Prefer} {Larger} {Females} as {Mates}?},
	volume = {110},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2003.00960.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Although females are the choosier sex in most species, male mate choice is expected to occur under certain conditions. Theoretically, males should prefer larger females as mates in species where female fecundity increases with body size. However, any fecundity-related benefits accruing to a male that has mated with a large female may be offset by an associated fitness cost of shared paternity if large females are more likely to be multiply mated than smaller females in nature. We tested the above hypothesis and assumption using the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) by behaviourally testing for male mate choice in the laboratory and by ascertaining (with the use of microsatellite DNA genotyping) patterns of male paternity in wild-caught females. We observed significant positive relationships between female body length and fecundity (brood size) and between body length and level of multiple paternity in the broods of females collected in the Quare River, Trinidad. In laboratory tests, a preference for the larger of two simultaneously-presented virgin females was clearly expressed only when males were exposed to the full range of natural stimuli from the females, but not when they were limited to visual stimuli alone. However, as suggested by our multiple paternity data, males that choose to mate with large females may incur a larger potential cost of sperm competition and shared paternity compared with males that mate with smaller females on average. Our results thus suggest that male guppies originating from the Quare River possess mating preferences for relatively large females, but that such preferences are expressed only when males can accurately assess the mating status of encountered females that differ in body size},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Herdman, Emily J. E. and Kelly, Clint D. and Godin, Jean Guy},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, competition, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, BENEFITS, fitness, INCREASE, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, fecundity, mating, PREFERENCES, mating preferences, preference, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, MATES, mating preference, microsatellite, condition, cost, pattern, patterns, INCREASES, SEXES, TRINIDAD, paternity, LENGTH, MALE GUPPIES, DNA, TESTS, multiple paternity, male mate choice, brood size, microsatellite DNA, SHARED PATERNITY},
	pages = {97--111}
}

@article{grouiosHandednessSport2002,
	title = {Handedness in sport},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Journal of Human Movement Studies},
	author = {Grouios, G. and Koidou, I. and Tsorbatzouidis, H. and Alexandris, K.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {347--361}
}

@article{maynardsmithGamesLizardsPlay1996,
	title = {The games lizards play},
	volume = {380},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Maynard Smith, J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {LIZARDS, polymorphism, lizard, ESS},
	pages = {198--199}
}

@article{barrettEffectsChangeLevel1991,
	title = {Effects of a change in the level of inbreeding on the genetic load},
	volume = {352},
	url = {ISI:A1991GA22600060},
	abstract = {"THE effects of inbreeding may not be as noticeable in the first generation as the invigoration immediately apparent after crossing" 1. This statement, published in 1919, has received little attention, and has apparently never been tested empirically, although the reduction of the genetic load of populations by inbreeding is well known in theoretical terms 2-5. Because inbreeding increases homozygosity, and hence the effectiveness of selection against recessive or partially recessive detrimental alleles, changes in levels of inbreeding can lead to a reduction in the frequencies of such mutant alleles. This results in equilibration at higher population mean fitness 6 and is referred to as 'purging' populations of their genetic load. Severe inbreeding can also reduce genetic load due to overdominant alleles, provided selection coefficients are not symmetrical at all loci, because alleles giving lower fitness will be reduced in frequency at equilibrium 7-8. With either fitness model, however, reduction in genetic load takes time, and the initial effect of an increase in inbreeding is reduced fitness due to homozygosity. There are few data relating to the extent to which fitness is reduced during inbreeding in a set of lines and to how long the reduction lasts before increasing again to the initial level, or higher. Inbreeding experiments involving sib mating in mice and Drosophila subobscura 10, and successive bottlenecks in house flies 11 have yielded some evidence consistent with the purging hypothesis. Here, we report results of an experiment demonstrating a prolonged time-course of recovery of mean fitness under self-fertilization of a naturally outcrossing plant, and also compare our results with expectations derived by computer calculations. Our results show that the genetic load present in an outcrossing population can be explained only with a high mutation rate to partially recessive deleterious alleles, and that inbreeding purges the population of mutant alleles},
	number = {6335},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Barrett, S. C. H. and Charlesworth, D.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, P1, population, selection, fitness, INCREASE, model, mating, flies, ENGLAND, experiment, lande, allele, loci, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, genetics, bottleneck, bottlenecks, deleterious mutations, GENETIC LOAD, load, mutation, mutation rate, outcrossing, purging, SELF-FERTILIZATION, INCREASES, RATES, MICE, alleles, locus, SET, FREQUENCIES, heterosis, COEFFICIENTS, RECOVERY, HOUSE-FLY, PLANT-POPULATIONS},
	pages = {522--524}
}

@article{hoffmanMaleReproductiveStrategy2003,
	title = {Male reproductive strategy and the importance of maternal status in the antarctic fur seal {Arctocephalus} gazella},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000185073500019},
	abstract = {Although mammalian mating systems are classically characterized in terms of male competition and polygyny, it is becoming increasingly apparent that alternative male strategies and female choice may play important roles. For example, females who mate with males from a dominant dynasty risk producing inbred offspring. Many pinnipeds are highly polygynous, but in some species alternative male strategies such as aquatic mating appear to be important, even when behavioral observations suggest strong polygyny. Here, we analyze male reproductive success in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella, an otariid described behaviorally as being highly polygynous, by combining a microsatellite paternity analysis spanning seven consecutive breeding seasons with detailed behavioral data on both sexes. Territorial males fathered 59\% of 660 pups analyzed from our study colony. Male reproductive skew was considerable, with a quarter of all paternities assigned to just 12 top individuals on a beach where mean annual pup production was 635. Most males were successful for only a single season, but those able to return over successive years enjoyed rapidly increasing success with each additional season of tenure. We found no evidence of alternative male reproductive tactics such as aquatic or sneaky terrestrial mating. However, paternity was strongly influenced by maternal status. Females observed on the beach without a pup were significantly less likely to conceive to a sampled territorial male than equivalent females that did pup. In addition, their pups carried combinations of paternal alleles that were less likely to be found on the study beach and exhibited lower levels of shared paternity. Thus, from a territorial male's perspective, not all females offer equal opportunities for fertilization},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hoffman, J. I. and Boyd, I. L. and Amos, W.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, sex, FERTILIZATION, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, allele, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, ELEPHANT SEALS, STRATEGIES, mating system, mating systems, risk, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, polygyny, male mating success, SYSTEMS, MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS, STRATEGY, reproductive tactics, paternity, male competition, alleles, NO EVIDENCE, PERSPECTIVE, COLONIES, COLONY, HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS, SKEW, PATERNITY INFERENCE, SHARED PATERNITY, BIRD ISLAND, female behavior,inbreeding,microsatellite,paternity analysis,pinniped,polygyny, GREY SEALS, HARBOR SEALS, paternity analysis, PHOCA-VITULINA, pinniped, SOUTH-GEORGIA},
	pages = {1917--1930}
}

@article{gosdenBmatrixHarboursSignificant2012,
	title = {The {B}-matrix harbours significant and sex-specific constraints on the evolution of multi-character sexual dimorphism},
	number = {66},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Gosden, T. P. and Shastri, K. and Innocenti, Paolo and Chenoweth, S. F.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {2106--2116}
}

@article{becherMultipleMatingReproductive2004,
	title = {Multiple mating and reproductive skew in {Trinidadian} guppies},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000221476900003},
	abstract = {Male offspring production in promiscuously mating species is typically more skewed than female offspring production. It is therefore advantageous for males to seek as many mating partners as possible. However, given the documented benefits of polyandry we expect females, as well as males, to mate multiply. We tested these ideas using Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata. Fishes were collected from the wild, housed in groups of 10 males and 10 females and allowed to reproduce freely over a period of three months. We used hypervariable microsatellite loci to identify the parents of 840 offspring and to quantify the variance in mating success. As anticipated, and in line with the Bateman gradient, there was greater skew in the number of progeny produced by males. By contrast, we found no sex difference in mating partner number over the duration of the experiment. A median of two males fathered each brood and there was marked turnover in the identities of the sires of successive broods. Female partner turnover was, however, less than expected under random mating. We suggest that partner switching over time, as well as polyandry within broods, could contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity in guppy populations},
	number = {1543},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Becher, S. A. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, fishes, genetic benefits, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, INSEMINATION, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, sex, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, BENEFITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, MAINTENANCE, mating, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, Darwin, ENGLAND, experiment, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, multiple mating, NUMBER, polyandry, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, POPULATIONS, WILD, predation, microsatellites, VARIANCE, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, SCOTLAND, mating success, SEXES, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, paternity, SPERM TRANSFER, polyandrous females, promiscuity, SKEW, random mating, FEMALE MATE PREFERENCE, PROGENY},
	pages = {1009--1014}
}

@article{balmfordCorrelatesFemaleChoice1992,
	title = {Correlates of female choice in resource-defending antelope},
	volume = {31},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Balmford, A. and Rosser, A. M. and Albon, S. D.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {female choice, polygyny, mate choice criteria, territory quality, antelope, puku, topi},
	pages = {107--114}
}

@book{magurranEvolutionaryEcologyTrinidadian2005,
	series = {Oxford {Series} in {Evolutionary} {Ecology}},
	title = {Evolutionary {Ecology}: {The} {Trinidadian} {Guppy}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Magurran, A. E.},
	editor = {Harvey, P. H. and May, R. M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, guppies, guppy, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, EVOLUTIONARY}
}

@article{candolinRelationshipSignalQuality1999,
	title = {The relationship between signal quality and physical condition: is sexual signalling honest in the three-spined stickleback?},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Candolin, U.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {quality, stickleback, signalling, condition, lipid, sexual signalling, fat content},
	pages = {1261--1267}
}

@article{eklundMajorHistocompatibilityComplex1997,
	title = {The major histocompatibility complex and mating preferences in wild house mice ({Mus} domesticus)},
	volume = {8},
	url = {ISI:000071042400008},
	abstract = {This study examined the relationship between the major histocompatibility complex (MHG) genes and mate choice by wild house mice in a controlled laboratory setting in an attempt to understand the mechanisms maintaining natural MHC diversity. Three rearing groups of wild test mice were produced: nonfostered control mice, mice fostered into families of an inbred laboratory mouse strain, and mice fostered into families of a second mouse strain differing genetically from the first only within the MHC region. At maturity test mice were given a choice of two opposite-sex stimulus mice of the two MHC-congenic strains used for fostering. Test mice were scored for several measures of preference including amount of time spent with either stimulus mouse, and ejaculation with a stimulus mouse. Females in mio of three rearing groups spent more time with one MHC type regardless of rearing environment, suggesting that females did not prefer mates dissimilar from family MHC type. Time preferences tended to he: stronger in females than in males. Male test mice ejaculated indiscriminately. Female wild mice mated to ejaculation more often in longer trials, but these matings were still too infrequent to assess preferences. Fostering had little or no effect on MHC-based mate preferences of wild house mice, and no evidence suggested that MHC was used to avoid inbreeding. Wild female mice may still choose mates based on MHC haplotypes (but do not necessarily prefer MHC-dissimilar mates); other cues are probably also used. Based on these results, inbreeding avoidance does not seem a strong mechanism for maintaining natural MHC diversity},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Eklund, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female, FEMALES, genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, signals, mating, PREFERENCES, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, Y, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, WILD, AVOIDANCE, genetics, kinship, MHC, FAMILY, ENVIRONMENT, KIN RECOGNITION, HOUSE MICE, MICE, MUS-DOMESTICUS, FINCH, FINCHES, NO EVIDENCE, MATURITY, WILD HOUSE MICE, olfaction, Mus domesticus, stimulus},
	pages = {630--634}
}

@article{reznickEvolutionSenescencePostreproductive2006,
	title = {The evolution of senescence and post-reproductive lifespan in guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata)  - art. no. e7},
	url = {CCC:000234663000014},
	journal = {Plos Biology},
	author = {Reznick, D. and Bryant, M. and Holmes, D.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, evolution of senescence, senescence},
	pages = {136--143}
}

@article{godinFemaleMatingPreference1996,
	title = {Female mating preference for bold males in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {93},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Godin, J. G. J. and Dugatkin, L. E.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, mating, call, preference, mating preference, boldness,colour pattern,fish,fleeing,mate choice,Poecilia reticulata,predator inspection},
	pages = {10262--10267}
}

@article{doligezAvailabilityUsePublic2004,
	title = {Availability and use of public information and conspecific density for settlement decisions in the collared flycatcher},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000187847400008},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2004.00782.x},
	abstract = {1. Public information, i.e. local reproductive performance of conspecifics, is expected to be a highly valuable cue for breeding habitat selection. However, the access to this cue may be spatially and temporally constrained. When public information is unavailable, individuals may use other integrative cues, such as the local density of breeders. 2. Departure decisions of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) were shown previously to be related to both public information and breeding density, in a long-term correlative study of a fragmented population. Here, we tested whether flycatchers also use public information (number and condition of fledglings produced locally) and breeding density to make individual settlement decisions in the following year. 3. Immigration rates were computed to measure the degree of attractiveness of patches to new breeders. We investigated the relative influence of public information and breeding density on immigration rates of yearlings and older adults separately. The access to public information for settlement decisions may indeed be more limited for yearlings. 4. Immigration rate in a patch increased with mean fledgling number in the previous year for older adults but not for yearlings. Yearling immigration rate was correlated positively to mean fledgling condition when patch breeding density in the previous year was low, but negatively when density was high. 5. Immigration rates of both yearlings and older adults increased with breeding density in the previous year. Breeding density explained a larger part of the variance in immigration rate than patch reproductive success. 6. The proportion of yearlings among breeders decreased with increasing patch reproductive success and breeding density in the previous year, suggesting that local competition was high in attractive patches. 7. Our results thus suggest that public information is also used for immigration decisions. However, decisions of yearlings are more complex than those of older adults, due to their more limited access to public information and the higher impact of intraspecific competition. Conversely, all individuals seemed to cue on breeding density in a similar way. Density is correlated to patch reproductive success, and may be a more easily accessible cue. We discuss the potential advantages of using conspecific density over conspecific reproductive performance for future immigration decisions.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Doligez, B. and Part, T. and Danchin, E. and Clobert, J. and Gustafsson, L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {75--87}
}

@article{lanceSexDeterminationReptiles1997,
	title = {Sex determination in reptiles: {An} update},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Lance, V. A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {sex, reptiles, Y chromosome, sex determination, sex differentiation, SYR, TSD},
	pages = {504--513}
}

@article{russellKinStructureShoal2004,
	title = {Kin structure and shoal composition dynamics in the guppy, {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {106},
	url = {ISI:000222722200010},
	abstract = {Although kin associations between fish can develop in the laboratory, the importance of kin structure in natural social groups remains uncertain. Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) possess many behavioural and life-history traits that promote kin structure, and so constitute ideal candidates for testing its general significance amongst fish. We collected 25 adult only shoals from similar to150 m stretches along two Trinidadian rivers. The 272 sampled fish were genotyped from a pool of seven hypervariable microsatellite loci. Although mark-recapture experiments have previously detected male-biased dispersal, which is predicted from the guppy mating system and which may have important implications for population differentiation, we found no sex-biases in dispersal between shoals. Because sex-biased dispersal was not evident, males and females were pooled in analyses of kin structure. Relatedness levels within each shoal did not differ significantly from zero, indicating that kin selection does not contribute to gross structure. Instead, our data is more consistent with the hypothesis that individual-level selection underlies shoal composition dynamics. These dynamics have important implications for the evolution of cooperative behaviour in guppies},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Russell, S. T. and Kelley, J. L. and Graves, J. A. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, fishes, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, sex, TRAITS, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, variation, mating, ANIMALS, experiment, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, sexual conflict, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, relatedness, DISPERSAL, social, SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION, DYNAMICS, mating system, ASSOCIATIONS, FAMILIARITY, kin, SCOTLAND, SYSTEM, RECOGNITION, SEXES, cooperation, mark-recapture, geographic variation, differentiation, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, kin selection, sex-biased dispersal, cooperative behaviour, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, shoal, SHOALS, ATLANTIC SALMON JUVENILES, FISH SHOALS, population differentiation, SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR, WILD GUPPY},
	pages = {520--526}
}

@article{riceIntersexualOntogeneticConflict2001,
	title = {Intersexual ontogenetic conflict},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Rice, W. R. and Chippendale, A. K.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {conflict, sexual dimorphism, ontogeny, intersexual conflict, genomic conflict},
	pages = {685--693}
}

@article{mathewsMaleDisplayRate1997,
	title = {Male display rate reveals ejaculate characteristics in the {Trinidadian} guppy  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Mathews, I. M. and Evans, J. P. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, display, display rate, female choice,'good genes' ,sneaky mating,sperm number},
	pages = {695--700}
}

@article{lecomteSHIFTBEHAVIORRELATED1993,
	title = {{SHIFT} {IN} {BEHAVIOR} {RELATED} {TO} {PREGNANCY} {IN} {LACERTA}-{VIVIPARA}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0249-7395},
	url = {://WOS:A1993KW41700002},
	abstract = {The reduction of activity during pregnancy in live-bearing females of reptiles is mostly interpreted in the literature as a predator avoidance behaviour. We compared the daily behaviour in the absence of predators and the reaction to a threatening stimulus in gravid and post-gravid female Lacerta vivipara. Some results seem to indicate that thermoregulatory activity did not show a similar pattern in gravid and post-gravid females. As for the reaction to a threatening stimulus there were no differences between the two types of females. Although only indicative, these data are difficult to explain by the anti-predator hypothesis but could be better understood if the physiological requirements of the embryonic development were taken into account. The relationship between thermoregulatory behaviour and viviparity is also discussed from an evolutionary point of view.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie},
	author = {Lecomte, J. and Clobert, J. and Massot, M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {99--107}
}

@article{ballouxDoesHeterozygosityEstimate2004,
	title = {Does heterozygosity estimate inbreeding in real populations?},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:000223863000013},
	abstract = {Many recent studies report that individual heterozygosity at a handful of apparently neutral microsatellite markers is correlated with key components of fitness, with most studies invoking inbreeding depression as the likely underlying mechanism. The implicit assumption is that an individual's inbreeding coefficient can be estimated reliably using only 10 or so markers, but the validity of this assumption is unclear. Consequently, we have used individual-based simulations to examine the conditions under which heterozygosity and inbreeding are likely to be correlated. Our results indicate that the parameter space in which this occurs is surprisingly narrow, requiring that inbreeding events are both frequent and severe, for example, through selfing, strong population structure and/or high levels of polygyny. Even then, the correlations are strong only when large numbers of loci (similar to200) can be deployed to estimate heterozygosity. With the handful of markers used in most studies, correlations only become likely under the most extreme scenario we looked at, namely 20 demes of 20 individuals coupled with strong polygyny. This finding is supported by the observation that heterozygosity is only weakly correlated among markers within an individual, even in a dataset comprising 400 markers typed in diverse human populations, some of which favour consanguineous marriages. If heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient are generally uncorrelated, then heterozygosity-fitness correlations probably have little to do with inbreeding depression. Instead, one would need to invoke chance linkage between the markers used and one or more gene(s) experiencing balancing selection. Unfortunately, both explanations sit somewhat uncomfortably with current understanding. If inbreeding is the dominant mechanism, then our simulations indicate that consanguineous mating would have to be vastly more common than is predicted for most realistic populations. Conversely, if heterosis provides the answer, there need to be many more polymorphisms with major fitness effects and higher levels of linkage disequilibrium than are generally assumed},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Balloux, F. and Amos, W. and Coulson, T.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, Fisher, population, selection, fitness, mating, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, NUMBER, heterozygosity, human, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, polymorphism, condition, inbreeding, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, SPACE, X, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating systems, microsatellites, COMPONENTS, COMMON, EFFECTIVE SIZE, polygyny, DISEQUILIBRIUM, linkage, linkage disequilibrium, selfing, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, MARKERS, MARRIAGE, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, heterosis, SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS, GENETIC-MARKERS, population structure, BALANCING SELECTION, ASSOCIATIVE OVERDOMINANCE, FITNESS CORRELATIONS, GENOME SCANS, heterozygosity-fitness correlations, MICROSATELLITE MUTATIONS},
	pages = {3021--3031}
}

@article{gallardoEnvironmentalDependenceInbreeding2005,
	title = {Environmental dependence of inbreeding depression in cultured {Coho} salmon ({Oncorhynchus} kisutch): aggressiveness, dominance and intraspecific competition},
	volume = {95},
	url = {ISI:000233463900008},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Gallardo, J. A. and Neira, R.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {competition, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, COHO SALMON, Oncorhynchus, ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, dominance, intraspecific competition},
	pages = {449--456}
}

@article{stuart-smithFecundityUltimateCause2007,
	title = {Is fecundity the ultimate cause of female-biased size dimorphism in a dragon lizard?},
	volume = {273},
	issn = {0952-8369},
	url = {://WOS:000250272600006},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00324.x},
	abstract = {Fecundity selection is one of the most influential underlying driving forces responsible for body size differences between the sexes of a species. Reproductive output is one of the most important aspects of an animal's life-history strategy, and any trait that acts to improve this will be under strong selection. Body size is one potential trait that can influence fecundity and when a species exhibits female-biased size dimorphism, fecundity provides an ideal starting point for understanding why dimorphism in body size exists. Female-biased sexual size dimorphism is uncommon in vertebrates, including lizards. To explore the relationship between female-biased size dimorphism and fecundity, we examined maternal size and clutch data collected over four years from a temperate-zone agamid, Rankinia (Tympanocryptis) diemensis. We measured the following descriptors of reproductive output: clutch size and mass, relative clutch mass (RCM), average egg mass and offspring size. We found a positive relationship between maternal size and clutch size and mass, but no relationship between maternal size and RCM, average egg mass or hatchling size, demonstrating that the relative reproductive output is not influenced by female size, and that the only way to increase reproductive output is for the female to attain a greater body size. There exists an overall strong relationship between maternal body size and fecundity, thereby providing a potential explanation as to why female size is under selection in this species.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Stuart-Smith, J. and Swain, R. and Stuart-Smith, R. D. and Wapstra, E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {266--272}
}

@article{meylanStressBodyCondition2002,
	title = {Stress and body condition as prenatal and postnatal determinants of dispersal in the common lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0018-506X},
	url = {://WOS:000179599300008},
	doi = {10.1006/hbeh.2002.1827},
	abstract = {Dispersal is a complex phenomenon affected by multiple factors. Among the factors that influence dispersal in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), poor maternal body condition and stress are known to decrease dispersal propensity of juveniles. But the effect of individual factors on dispersal could change when several of them act concurrently or at different developmental stages. Prenatal factors can affect clutch and/or juvenile characteristics that later affect dispersal. Postnatal influences are mainly exerted on juvenile dispersal behavior. We investigated the role of body condition and stress on dispersal at a prenatal and a postnatal stage. Stress was mimicked by experimentally increasing corticosterone levels in pregnant females and recently born juveniles. We considered (1) the influence of maternal body condition and prenatal corticosterone treatment on clutch, juvenile characteristics and on dispersal behavior and (2) the influence of juvenile body condition and postnatal corticosterone treatment on juvenile dispersal behavior. There was an interaction between maternal condition and prenatal corticosterone treatment on juvenile dispersal. Dispersal decreased with maternal corticosterone increase only in juveniles from the more corpulent females, while it increased with juvenile body condition. Good maternal body condition affected clutch and juvenile characteristics favoring dispersal, while elevation of corticosterone level (stress) exerted the opposite effect. Juvenile body condition favored dispersal, while there was no effect of postnatal corticosterone treatment on juvenile dispersal propensity. (C)2002 Elsevier Science (USA).},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
	author = {Meylan, S. and Belliure, J. and Clobert, J. and de Fraipont, M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {319--326}
}

@article{goslingLifeHistoryCosts2000,
	title = {Life history costs of olfactory status signalling in mice},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Gosling, L. M. and Roberts, S. C. and Thornton, E. A. and Andrew, M. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {life history, signalling, cost, costs},
	pages = {328--332}
}

@article{meyerEstimatingCovarianceFunctions1998,
	title = {Estimating covariance functions for longitudinal data using a random regression model},
	volume = {30},
	journal = {Genetics Selection Evolution},
	author = {Meyer, K.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {model, call, covariance, covariance functions,genetic parameters,longitudinal data,random regression model,restricted maximum likelihood},
	pages = {221--240}
}

@article{andradeRiskyMateSearch2003,
	title = {Risky mate search and male self-sacrifice in redback spiders},
	volume = {14},
	url = {ISI:000184534600013},
	abstract = {Male redback spiders twist their abdomens onto the fangs of their mates during copulation and, if cannibalized (65\% of matings), increase their paternity relative to males that are not cannibalized. The adaptive male sacrifice hypothesis proposes that this increased reproductive payoff from a single mating outweighs the residual reproductive value of a cannibalized male, because high mortality during mate searching restricts alternative mating opportunities. It has been reported that redback male residual reproductive value is low because males are functionally sterile after one mating-a putative intrinsic constraint that could arguably favor self-sacrifice in the absence of ecological restrictions on multiple mating. However, sterility and self-sacrifice may both arise as aspects of a terminal investment strategy if the probability of multiple mating is sufficiently low. Here I report field data that support the adaptive male sacrifice hypothesis. More than 80\% of redback males die without finding a potential mate in nature. Data from two observational field studies and one release experiment suggest that in the absence of cannibalism, male redbacks would expect fewer than one mating opportunity in a lifetime. This expectation was not significantly higher for a large male or one in good condition. A simple quantitative analysis confirms that even if males are assumed to be fertile throughout life, the measured mortality rate during mate search in combination with previously documented paternity benefits of cannibalism is sufficient to ensure that self-sacrifice is adaptive for male redback spiders},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Andrade, M. C. B.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, P1, selection, BENEFITS, INCREASE, mating, field, multiple mating, BEHAVIOR, condition, intrinsic, adaptation, STRATEGIES, STRATEGY, Canada, PROBABILITY, paternity, reproductive value, mortality, phylogeny, PHYLOGENIES, RESTRICTION, spider, mate searching, cannibalism, constraint, ARANEAE, BLACK-WIDOW SPIDER, Latrodectus, redback, redback spider, residual reproductive value, self-sacrifice, sexual cannibalism, THERIDIIDAE},
	pages = {531--538}
}

@article{fribergFitnessEffectsFemale2003,
	title = {Fitness effects of female mate choice: preferred males are detrimental for  {Drosophila} melanogaster  females},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Friberg, U. and Arnqvist, G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, Drosophila, mate choice, female mate choice, fitness},
	pages = {797--811}
}

@article{gettySearchDiscriminationSelection1995,
	title = {Search, discrimination, and selection: mate choice by pied flycatchers},
	volume = {145},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Getty, T.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, good genes, mate choice, selection, discrimination, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, search and settle model},
	pages = {146--154}
}

@article{gignouxAlternativeFireResistance1997,
	title = {Alternative fire resistance strategies in savanna trees},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://WOS:A1997XD21000019},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420050198},
	abstract = {Bark properties (mainly thickness) are usually presented as the main explanation for tree survival in intense fires. Savanna fires are mild, frequent, and supposed to affect tree recruitment rather than adult survival: trunk profile and growth rate of young trees between two successive fires can also affect survival. These factors and fire severity were measured on a sample of 20 trees near the recruitment stage of two savanna species chosen for their contrasted fire resistance strategies (Crossopteryx febrifuga and Piliostigma thonningii). Crossopteryx has a higher intrinsic resistance to fire (bark properties) than Piliostigma: a 20-mm-diameter stem of Crossopteryx survives exposure to 650 degrees C; while Piliostigma needs a diameter of at least 40 mm to survive. Crossopteryx has a thicker trunk than Piliostigma for two trees of the same height, the basal diameter of Crossopteryx will be 1.6 times greater. Piliostigma grows 2.26 times faster than Crossopteryx between two successive fires. The two species have different fire resistance strategies: one relies on resistance of aboveground structures to fire, while the other relies on its ability to quickly re-build aboveground structures. Crossopteryx is able to recruit in almost any fire conditions while Piliostigma needs locally or temporarily milder fire conditions. In savannas, lire resistance is a complex property which cannot be assessed simply by measuring only one of its components, such as bark thickness. Bark, properties, trunk profile and growth rate define strategies of fire resistance. Fire resistance may interact with competition: we suggest that differences in fire resistance strategies have important effects on the structure and dynamics of savanna ecosystems.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {OECOLOGIA},
	author = {Gignoux, J. and Clobert, J. and Menaut, J. C.},
	month = may,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {576--583}
}

@article{choudhuryHumanReproductiveFailure2001,
	title = {Human reproductive failure {II}: immunogenetic and interacting factors},
	volume = {7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/7.2.135},
	journal = {Human Reprod.Update},
	author = {Choudhury, S. R. and Knapp, L. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {human},
	pages = {135--160}
}

@article{hauserInbreedingOutbreedingEffects2000,
	title = {Inbreeding and outbreeding effects on pollen fitness and zygote survival in {Silene} nutans ({Caryophyllaceae})},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:000087030000009},
	abstract = {In plants, selfing and outcrossing may be affected by maternal mate choice and competition among pollen and zygotes. To evaluate this in Silene nutans, we pollinated plants with mixtures of (1) self- and outcross pollen and (2) pollen from within a population and from another population. Pollen fitness and zygote survival was estimated from the zygote survival and paternity of seeds. Self pollen had a lower fitness than outcross pollen, and selfed zygotes were less likely, or as likely, to develop into seeds. Hybrid zygotes survived as frequently or more than local zygotes, and pollen from one of the populations fertilized most ovules in both populations. Our results thus indicate strong maternal discrimination against selfing, whereas the success of outbreeding seems mostly affected by divergent pollen performance. The implications for the evolution of maternal mate choice are discussed},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hauser, T. P. and Siegismund, H. R.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, competition, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, PERFORMANCE, population, sex, fitness, survival, SUCCESS, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, genetics, inbreeding depression, discrimination, speciation, hybrid, outbreeding, outcrossing, PLANTS, selfing, paternity, GENETIC-VARIATION, DELPHINIUM-NELSONII, OFFSPRING FITNESS, COMPETITIVE ABILITY, DIFFERENTIAL SUCCESS, EICHHORNIA-PANICULATA, ERYTHRONIUM-GRANDIFLORUM LILIACEAE, HIBISCUS-MOSCHEUTOS, LOBELIA-CARDINALIS, outbreeding effects, pollen fitness, Silene nutans, TUBE GROWTH, zygote survival},
	pages = {446--454}
}

@article{clarkProtamineWars2000,
	title = {Protamine wars},
	volume = {403},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Clark, A. G. and Civetta, A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {DNA, chromosomes, protamines},
	pages = {261--263}
}

@article{grafenBiologicalSignalsHandicaps1990,
	title = {Biological signals as handicaps},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Grafen, A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {signals, call, handicap, sexual selection,signals,Zahavi's handicap principle},
	pages = {517--546}
}

@article{jennionsSymmetrySexualSelection1994,
	title = {Symmetry and sexual selection},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Oakes, E. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, female choice,female preference,good genes,symmetry,sexual selectioin},
	pages = {440}
}

@article{ramachandranSupportRelationshipGenetic2005,
	title = {Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in {Africa}},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {://WOS:000233090900042},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0507611102},
	abstract = {Equilibrium models of isolation by distance predict an increase in genetic differentiation with geographic distance. Here we find a linear relationship between genetic and geographic distance in a worldwide sample of human populations, with major deviations from the fitted line explicable by admixture or extreme isolation. A close relationship is shown to exist between the correlation of geographic distance and genetic differentiation (as measured by F-ST) and the geographic pattern of heterozygosity across populations. Considering a worldwide set of geographic locations as possible sources of the human expansion, we find that heterozygosities in the globally distributed populations of the data set are best explained by an expansion originating in Africa and that no geographic origin outside of Africa accounts as well for the observed patterns of genetic diversity. Although the relationship between F-ST and geographic distance has been interpreted in the past as the result of an equilibrium model of drift and dispersal, simulation shows that the geographic pattern of heterozygosities in this data set is consistent with a model of a serial founder effect starting at a single origin. Given this serial-founder scenario, the relationship between genetic and geographic distance allows us to derive bounds for the effects of drift and natural selection on human genetic variation.},
	language = {English},
	number = {44},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Ramachandran, S. and Deshpande, O. and Roseman, C. C. and Rosenberg, N. A. and Feldman, M. W. and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {microsatellites, DIVERSITY, genetic drift, genetic distance, haplotypes, HGDP-CEPH, human origins, human-evolution},
	pages = {15942--15947}
}

@article{cottonSexualOrnamentsDemonstrate2004,
	title = {Do sexual ornaments demonstrate heightened condition-dependent expression as predicted by the handicap hypothesis?},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000220900800001},
	abstract = {The handicap hypothesis of sexual selection predicts that sexual ornaments have evolved heightened condition-dependent expression. The prediction has only recently been subject to experimental investigation. Many of the experiments are of limited value as they: (i) fail to compare condition dependence in sexual ornaments with suitable non-sexual trait controls; (ii) do not adequately account for body size variation; and (iii) typically consider no stress and extreme stress manipulations rather than a range of stresses similar to those experienced in nature. There is also a dearth of experimental studies investigating the genetic basis of condition dependence. Despite the common claim that sexual ornaments are condition-dependent, the unexpected conclusion from our literature review is that there is little support from well-designed experiments},
	number = {1541},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Cotton, S. and Fowler, K. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, EXPRESSION, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, i, selection, variation, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, stalk-eyed flies, BIOLOGY, mate preferences, male-male competition, condition, inbreeding depression, COMMON, STRESS, fluctuating asymmetry, condition dependence, condition-dependence, handicap, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, BODY CONDITION INDEXES, condition,condition dependence,handicap,ornament,sexual selection, MALE HOUSE FINCHES, VARIABLE FIELD CRICKET},
	pages = {771--783}
}

@article{trouveSynergisticEpistasisAlternative11,
	title = {Synergistic epistasis and alternative hypotheses},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00755.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract Inbreeding generally results in deleterious shifts in mean fitness. If the fitness response to increasing inbreeding coefficient is non-linear, this suggests a contribution of epistasis to inbreeding depression. In a cross-breeding experiment, Salathe\& Ebert (2003. J. Evol. Biol. 16: 976-985) tested and found the presence of this non-linearity in Daphnia magna. They argue that epistatic interactions cause this non-linearity. We argue here that their experimental protocol does not allow disentangling the effect of synergistic epistasis from two alternative hypotheses, namely hybrid vigour and statistical non-independence of data},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Trouve, S. and Ding, A. and Goudet, J.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {response, fitness, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, hybrid, epistasis, Daphnia},
	pages = {1400--1401}
}

@article{dugatkinGuppiesTitfortatStrategy1991,
	title = {Guppies and the tit-for-tat strategy - preference based on past interaction},
	volume = {28},
	url = {ISI:A1991FJ39100003},
	abstract = {The evolution of cooperation requires either (a) nonrandom interactions, such that cooperators preferentially interact with other cooperators, or (b) conditional behaviors, such that individuals act cooperatively primarily towards other cooperators. Although these conditions can be met without assuming sophisticated animal cognition, they are more likely to be met if animals can remember individuals with whom they have interacted, associated past interactions with these individuals, and base future behavior on this information. Here we show that guppies (Poecilia reticulata), in the context of predator inspection behavior, can identify and remember (for at least 4 h) the "more cooperative" among two conspecifics and subsequently choose to be near these individuals in future encounters},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. A. and Alfieri, M.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, guppies, guppy, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, model, ANIMALS, preference, theory, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, condition, predation, STRATEGIES, RECOGNITION, STRATEGY, CONSPECIFICS, TIT-FOR-TAT, cooperation, dominance, context, INFORMATION, SHOALS, PREDATOR INSPECTION},
	pages = {243--246}
}

@article{petrieDegreeExtrapairPaternity1998,
	title = {The degree of extra-pair paternity increases with genetic variability},
	volume = {95},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Petrie, M. and Doums, C. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, genetic variability, bird,extrapair paternity,monogamy,outbreeding,RAPD,comparitive method},
	pages = {9390--9395}
}

@article{manierAdaptiveDivergenceEcotypes2007,
	title = {Adaptive divergence within and between ecotypes of the terrestrial garter snake, {Thamnophis} elegans, assessed with {F}-{ST}-{Q}({ST}) comparisons},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000249166200007},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01401.x},
	abstract = {Populations of the terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans) around Eagle Lake in California exhibit dramatic ecotypic differentiation in life history, colouration and morphology across distances as small as a few kilometres. We assayed the role of selection in ecotypic differentiation in T. elegans using F-ST-Q(ST) analysis and identified selective agents using direct and indirect observations. We extended the conventional implementation of the F-ST-Q(ST) approach by using three-level analyses of genetic and phenotypic variance to assess the role of selection in differentiating populations both within and between ecotypes. These results suggest that selection has driven differentiation between as well as within ecotypes, and in the presence of moderate to high gene flow. Our findings are discussed in the context of previous correlational selection analyses which revealed stabilizing and correlational selection for some of the traits examined.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Manier, M. K. and Seyler, C. M. and Arnold, S. J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {variation, heritability, NATURAL-SELECTION, microsatellites, QUANTITATIVE TRAITS, colouration, multiple paternity, behavioral, gene flow, scalation, color-pattern variation, diversifying selection, ecotypic variation, erie water snakes, F-SC, g-matrix, lake-erie, Q-statistics, Q(SC), rana-temporaria},
	pages = {1705--1719}
}

@article{marshallContextdependentGeneticBenefits2007,
	title = {Context-dependent genetic benefits of polyandry in a marine hermaphrodite},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/6/685.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2007.0438},
	abstract = {Numerous studies emphasize the potential indirect (genetic) benefits of polyandry in animals with resource-free mating systems. In this paper, we examine the potential for these benefits to fuel sexual selection and polyandry in the hermaphroditic ascidian Pyura stolonifera. Individuals were designated either sire (sperm producers) or dam (egg producers) at random and crossed in a North Carolina II breeding design to produce both paternal and maternal half siblings for our quantitative genetic analysis. We then partitioned the phenotypic variance in fertilization and hatching rates into additive and non-additive variance components. We found significant additive variance attributable to sire and dam effects at fertilization and hatching, suggesting the potential for selection to favour individuals carrying intrinsically â€˜good genesâ€™ for these traits. In separate analyses involving monandrous and polyandrous clutches, we found that both traits were elevated under polyandry, but the difference in hatching rates was due entirely to the difference in fertilization rates between treatments. When the hatching rates were standardized to account for variance at fertilization, there was no overall net benefit of polyandry for this trait. Despite this, we found that hatching success declined with increasing embryo densities, and that the slope of this decline was significantly greater in monandrous than polyandrous clutches. Hence, selection on embryo viability may still favour polyandry under restricted environmental conditions. Nevertheless, our results caution against interpreting elevated hatching success as an indirect genetic benefit of polyandry when variance in fertilization is not controlled.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Marshall, Dustin J. and Evans, Jonathan P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {685--688}
}

@article{coteDensitySocialInformation2008,
	title = {Density, social information, and space use in the common lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000252305000022},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arm119},
	abstract = {Socially acquired information is widespread in the animal kingdom. Many individuals make behavioral decisions based on such social information. In particular, individuals may decide to leave or select their habitat based on social information. Few studies have investigated the role of density-related information, a potential social cue about habitat quality in dispersal. Here, we tested for the possibility that the phenotype of intruder common lizards (Lacerta vivipara) may inadvertently carry information about their natal population density. We found that such information use is likely. The behavior of focal lizard was influenced by the natal population density of the intruder it was interacting with. This suggests that individuals may use the behavior of others to acquire appropriate information about surroundings and to base spatial decisions on this information. Density-related information may then affect individual movement decisions and thus metapopulation dynamics.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Cote, J. and Boudsocq, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {163--168}
}

@article{kotiahoTestingAssumptionsConditional2000,
	title = {Testing the assumptions of conditional handicap theory: costs and condition dependence of a sexually selected trait},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kotiaho, J. S.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {theory, condition, cost, costs, condition dependence, condition-dependence, handicap, spider, conditional handicap, WOLF SPIDER},
	pages = {188--194}
}

@article{rettigFluctuatingAsymmetryIndicates1997,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry indicates levels of competition in an even-aged poplar clone},
	volume = {80},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Rettig, J. E. and Fuller, R. C. and Corbett, A. L. and Getty, T.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {competition, call, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, competition,fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {123--127}
}

@incollection{kellerAdvancesStudyBehavior1995,
	edition = {24},
	series = {Why do females mate with multiple males - the sexually selected sperm hypothesis},
	title = {Advances in the {Study} of {Behavior}, {Vol} 24},
	isbn = {0065-3454},
	shorttitle = {Why do females mate with multiple males - the sexually selected sperm hypothesis},
	url = {://A1995BD99F00007},
	booktitle = {Advances in the {Study} of {Behavior}},
	author = {Keller, L. and Reeve, H. K.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, competition, evolution, size, INSECTS, quantitative genetics, BEHAVIOR, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA, spermatozoa},
	pages = {291--315}
}

@article{yamahiraInterIntrapopulationVariation2007,
	title = {Inter- and intrapopulation variation in thermal reaction norms for growth rate: evolution of latitudinal compensation in ectotherms with a genetic constraint.},
	volume = {61},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00130.x},
	abstract = {In ectotherms, lower temperatures in high-latitude environments would theoretically reduce the annual growth rates of individuals. If slower growth and resultant smaller body size reduce fitness, individuals in higher latitudes may evolve compensatory responses. Two alternative models of such latitudinal compensation are possible: Model I: thermal reaction norms for growth rates of high-latitude individuals may be horizontally shifted to a lower range of temperatures, or Model II: reaction norms may be vertically shifted so that high-latitude individuals can grow faster across all temperatures. Model I is expected when annual growth rates in the wild are only a function of environmental temperatures, whereas Model II is expected when individuals in higher latitudes can only grow during a shorter period of a year. A variety of mixed strategies of these two models are also possible, and the magnitude of horizontal versus vertical variation in reaction norms among latitudinal populations will be indicative of the importance of "temperature" versus "seasonality" in the evolution of latitudinal compensation. However, the form of latitudinal compensation may be affected by possible genetic constraints due to the genetic architecture of reaction norms. In this study, we examine the inter- and intrapopulation variations in thermal reaction norms for growth rate of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. Common-environment experiments revealed that average reaction norms differed primarily in elevation among latitudinal populations in a manner consistent with Model II (adaptation to "seasonality"), suggesting that natural selection in high latitudes prefers individuals that grow faster even within a shorter growing season to individuals that have longer growing seasons by growing at lower temperatures. However, intrapopulation variation in reaction norms was also vertical: some full-sibling families grew faster than others across all temperatures examined. This tendency in intrapopulation genetic variation for thermal reaction norms may have restricted the evolution of latitudinal compensation, irrespective of the underlying selection pressure.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {Yamahira, Kazunori and Kawajiri, Maiko and Takeshi, Kenichi and Irie, Takahiro},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {evolution, ANIMALS, Breeding, Analysis of Variance, Seasons, temperature, Oryzias, Oryzias: genetics, Oryzias: growth \& development, Oryzias: physiology},
	pages = {1577--89}
}

@article{kruukSevereInbreedingDepression2002,
	title = {Severe inbreeding depression in collared flycatchers ({Ficedula} albicollis)},
	volume = {269},
	url = {ISI:000177508300009},
	abstract = {The causes and magnitude of inbreeding depression are of considerable importance for a wide range of issues in evolutionary and conservation biology, but we have only a limited understanding of inbreeding depression in natural populations. Here, we present a study of inbreeding in a large wild population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). Inbreeding was rare, to the extent that we detected only 1.04\% of 2139 matings over 18 years that resulted in offspring with a non-zero inbreeding coefficient, f {\textgreater} 0. When it did occur, inbreeding caused a significant reduction in the egg-hatching rate, in fledgling skeletal size and in post-fledging juvenile survival, with the number of offspring being recruited to the breeding population from a nest of f = 0.25 being reduced by 94\% relative to a non-inbred nest. A maximum-likelihood estimate of the number of lethal equivalents per gamete was very high at B = 7.47, indicating a substantial genetic load in this population. There was also a non-significant tendency for inbreeding depression to increase with the strength of selection on a trait. The probability of mating between close relatives (f = 0.25) increased throughout the breeding season, possibly reflecting increased costs of inbreeding avoidance. Our results illustrate how severe inbreeding depression and considerable genetic load may exist in natural populations, but detecting them may require extensive long-term datasets},
	number = {1500},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kruuk, L. E. B. and Sheldon, B. C. and Merila, J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, fitness, INCREASE, size, survival, mating, GENETIC SIMILARITY, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, WILD, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, SPARROWS MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, WILD POPULATION, SCOTLAND, flycatcher, GENETIC LOAD, load, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, PROBABILITY, maximum likelihood, conservation biology, collared flycatcher, GREAT-TIT, dominance variance, lethal equivalents, ficedula, Ficedula albicollis, FICEDULA-ALBICOLLIS},
	pages = {1581--1589}
}

@article{kilnerSignalsNeedParentoffspring1999,
	title = {Signals of need in parent-offspring communication and their exploitation by the common cuckoo},
	volume = {397},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kilner, R. M. and Noble, D. G. and Davies, N. B.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {signals, call, communication, multiple signals,cuckoo,brood parasite,exploitation},
	pages = {667--672}
}

@article{margulisEffectsInbreedingTesticular2002,
	title = {The effects of inbreeding on testicular sperm concentration in {Peromyscus} polionotus},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1031-3613},
	url = {://000173957900009},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Reproduction Fertility and Development},
	author = {Margulis, S. W. and Walsh, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {quality, selection, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, MICE, fluctuating asymmetry, SMALL POPULATIONS, FERTILITY, JUVENILE MORTALITY, COUNT, OLDFIELD},
	pages = {63--67}
}

@article{smithDisruptiveSelectionGenetic1993,
	title = {Disruptive selection and the genetic basis of bill size polymorphism in the {African} finch  {Pyrenestes}.},
	volume = {363},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Smith, T. B.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {selection, size, polymorphism, disruptive selection, FINCH},
	pages = {619--620}
}

@article{groothuisHormonemediatedMaternalEffects2008,
	title = {Hormone-mediated maternal effects in birds: mechanisms matter but what do we know of them?},
	volume = {363},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	url = {://WOS:000254577400007},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2007.0007},
	abstract = {Over the past decade, birds have proven to be excellent models to study hormone-mediated maternal effects in an evolutionary framework. Almost all these studies focus on the function of maternal steroid hormones for offspring development, but lack of knowledge about the underlying mechanisms hampers further progress. We discuss several hypotheses concerning these mechanisms, point out their relevance for ecological and evolutionary interpretations, and review the relevant data. We first examine whether maternal hormones can accumulate in the egg independently of changes in hormone concentrations in the maternal circulation. This is important for Darwinian selection and female physiological trade-offs, and possible mechanisms for hormone accumulation in the egg, which may differ among hormones, are reviewed. Although independent regulation of plasma and yolk concentrations of hormones is conceivable, the data are as yet inconclusive for ovarian hormones. Next, we discuss embryonic utilization of maternal steroids, since enzyme and receptor systems in the embryo may have coevolved with maternal effect mechanisms in the mother. We consider dose response relationships and action pathways of androgens and argue that these considerations may help to explain the apparent lack of interference of maternal steroids with sexual differentiation. Finally, we discuss mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic actions of maternal steroids, since linked effects may influence the coevolution of parent and offspring traits, owing to their role in the mediation of physiological trade-offs. Possible mechanisms here are interactions with other hormonal systems in the embryo. We urge endocrinologists to embark on suggested mechanistic studies and behavioural ecologists to adjust their interpretations to accommodate the current knowledge of mechanisms.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1497},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Groothuis, T. G. G. and Schwabl, H.},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Maternal effects, transfer, birds, FINCHES, ZEBRA FINCHES, GALLUS-DOMESTICUS, SEX-DIFFERENCES, TAENIOPYGIA-GUTTATA, steroid-hormones, androgen receptor, binding-cassette transporter, embryonic-development, hormone, hormone action, japanese-quail eggs, maternal hormones, yolk steroids, yolk testosterone levels},
	pages = {1647--1661}
}

@article{endlerGeneticVarianceCovariance2001,
	title = {Genetic variance and covariance structure of vision in guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Endler, J. A. and Basolo, A. and Glowacki, S. and Zerr, J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, covariance}
}

@article{nakagawaRelatednessDoesNot2002,
	title = {Relatedness does not affect the mating effort of {Eisenia} fetida {Sav}. ({Oligochaeta}) despite evidence for outbreeding depression},
	volume = {35},
	url = {ISI:000176927800011},
	abstract = {Animals that can distinguish kin from non-kin may enhance their breeding success through "optimal outbreeding". Although relatedness can influence the breeding success of earthworms, no studies of kin discrimination have been conducted in any Oligochaeta species. We determined whether Eisenia fetida Sav. would discriminate kin and change breeding effort with them. The number of cocoons produced (fecundity), viable cocoons, and hatchlings produced by full sibling (inbreeding) and non-sibling (outbreeding) pairs, from different populations, were compared; in this species, fecundity is a reliable indicator of the occurrence and frequency of mating. There were no significant differences in fecundity: between inbreeding and outbreeding pairs, so we obtained no evidence for differential investment based on kinship. However, sibling pairs hatched a significantly greater proportion of their cocoons than non-sibling pairs, suggesting that outbreeding depression may reduce reproductive success. We also provide the first evidence for the possibility of parthenogenesis in this species},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils},
	author = {Nakagawa, S. and Bannister, T. D. and Jensen, F. R. and McLean, D. A. and Waas, J. R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, mate choice, population, fecundity, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, relatedness, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, BREEDING SUCCESS, DEPRESSION, genetics, kinship, discrimination, kin discrimination, outbreeding, indicator, NO EVIDENCE, LIFE-CYCLE, EARTHWORM, earthworms, parthenogenesis},
	pages = {390--392}
}

@article{bjorklundConstancyMatrixEcological2004,
	title = {Constancy of the {G} matrix in ecological time},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000222513900002},
	abstract = {The constancy of the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G matrix) across environments and populations has been discussed and tested empirically over the years but no consensus has so far been reached. In this paper, I present a model in which morphological traits develop hierarchically, and individuals differ in their resource allocation and acquisition patterns. If the variance in resource acquisition is many times larger than the variance in resource allocation then strong genetic correlations are expected, and with almost isometric relations among traits. As the variation in resource acquisition decreases below a certain threshold, the correlations decrease overall and the relations among traits become a function of the allocation patterns, and in particular reflecting the basal division of allocation. A strong bottleneck can break a pattern of strong genetic correlation, but this effect diminishes rapidly with increasing bottleneck size. This model helps to understand why some populations change their genetic correlations in different environments, whereas others do not, since the key factor is the relation between the variances in resource acquisition and allocation. If a change in environment does not lead to a change in this ratio, no change can be expected, whereas if the ratio is changed substantially then major changes can be expected. This model can also help to understand the constancy of morphological patterns within larger taxa as a function of constancy in resource acquisition patterns over time and environments. When this pattern breaks, for example on islands, larger changes can be expected},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bjorklund, M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, i, P1, population, selection, TRAITS, variation, model, size, BIOLOGY, GROWTH, HISTORY, lande, allocation, quantitative genetics, INDIVIDUALS, POPULATIONS, STRATEGIES, bird, birds, genetics, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, ENVIRONMENT, pattern, patterns, VARIANCE, threshold, bottleneck, ISLAND, islands, RATIO, STRATEGY, genetic variance-covariance matrix, genetic correlation, genetic correlations, IMPATIENS-CAPENSIS, acquisition, ARCHITECTURE, G matrix, constancy, GENETIC COVARIANCE-MATRIX},
	pages = {1157--1164}
}

@article{moritzIntegratingPhylogeographyPhysiology2012,
	title = {Integrating phylogeography and physiology reveals divergence of thermal traits between central and peripheral lineages of tropical rainforest lizards},
	volume = {367},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	url = {://WOS:000303799900006},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2012.0018},
	abstract = {Tropical ectotherms are regarded as being especially threatened by global warming, but the extent to which populations vary in key thermal physiological traits is little known. In general, central and peripheral populations are most likely to differ where divergent selection pressures are un-opposed by gene flow. This leads to the prediction that persistent and long-isolated lineages in peripheral regions, as revealed by phylogeography, may differ physiologically from larger centrally located lineages. We test this prediction through comparative assays of critical thermal limits (minimum and maximum critical thermal limits, CTmin, CTmax) and optimal performance parameters (B80 and T-opt) across central and peripheral lineages of three species of ground-dwelling skinks endemic to the rainforests of northeast Australia. Peripheral lineages show significantly increased optimal performance temperatures (T-opt) relative to central populations as well as elevated CTmin, with the latter trait also inversely related to elevation. CTmax did not vary between central and peripheral lineages, but was higher in a forest edge species than in the forest interior species. The results suggest that long-isolated populations in peripheral rainforests harbour genotypes that confer resilience to future warming, emphasizing the need to protect these as well as larger central habitats.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1596},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Moritz, C. and Langham, G. and Kearney, M. and Krockenberger, A. and VanDerWal, J. and Williams, S.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {AUSTRALIA, evolution, adaptation, PERSISTENCE, ECTOTHERMS, climate change, CLIMATE-CHANGE, wet tropics, mountain passes, ecophysiology, niche conservatism, niche evolution, species ranges},
	pages = {1680--1687}
}

@incollection{yamamotoHandbookGenetics1975,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Handbook of {Genetics}},
	shorttitle = {The {Medaka},  {Oryzias} latipes , and the {Guppy},  {Lebistes} reticularis},
	booktitle = {The {Medaka},  {Oryzias} latipes , and the {Guppy},  {Lebistes} reticularis},
	publisher = {Plenum Press},
	author = {Yamamoto, T. and King, R. C.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, genetics, Lebistes},
	pages = {133--149}
}

@article{hedrickFemaleChoiceHeritability1988,
	title = {Female choice and the heritability of attractive male traits: an empirical study},
	volume = {132},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Hedrick, A. V.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, mate choice, heritability, cricket, quantitative genetics, male ornaments, preference evolution},
	pages = {267--276}
}

@article{gullbergMaleMatingSuccess1997,
	title = {Male mating success, reproductive success and multiple paternity in a natural population of sand lizards: {Behavioural} and molecular genetics data},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:A1997WH76700002},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.t01-1-00156.x},
	abstract = {Sand lizard Lacerta agilis females characteristically mate with several males which, in staged mating experiments, results in multiple paternity of the offspring. In order to investigate multiple paternity in a natural population and interpret male reproductive behaviours in terms of sired young, we sampled the blood of females, potential fathers and hatchlings, and determined paternity using multilocus DNA fingerprinting as well as the variation at a single locus detected by the probe (TC)(n). The paternity analyses were preceded by a laboratory experiment in which we established that the parental alleles identified by the single locus probe were inherited in a Mendelian way. Our molecular data demonstrated that 12 out of 13 males (92\%) that sired offspring were correctly identified from the 56 sexually mature males in the population. Also smaller males were accepted as sexual partners by the females, but sired fewer young in competition with larger males and were less able to maintain prolonged post-copulatory mate guarding. This may result in that some sexually successful males are only observed inside a female's home range, but never in pair-association with the female.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Gullberg, A. and Olsson, M. and Tegelstrom, H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {105--112}
}

@article{hamiltonMateChoiceFar1990,
	title = {Mate choice near or far},
	volume = {30},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Hamilton, W. D.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, call, good genes,mate choice,polyandry,sosigonic},
	pages = {341--352}
}

@article{jonesAsynchronousMaleFemale1997,
	title = {Asynchronous male and female gonadal cycles and plasma steroid concentrations in a viviparous lizard, {Niveoscincus} ocellatus ({Scincidae}), from {Tasmania}},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0016-6480},
	url = {://WOS:A1997YF50500010},
	doi = {10.1006/gcen.1997.6971},
	abstract = {The reproductive cycle in males of the skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, is characterised by testicular development during summer, followed by mating in autumn. Plasma testosterone concentrations show a bimodal seasonal cycle, with the major peak (18.6 +/- 1.2 ng/ml) in late summer/autumn and a minor peak (7.4 +/- 1.0 ng/ml) at spring emergence. In contrast to the males, the females have a gonadal cycle in which mating is temporally dissociated from peak development of the gonads: ovulation occurs in spring and the young are born in summer. Fresh mating marks on females in spring indicate that at least part of the population mates for a second time after spring emergence. In females, plasma estradiol concentrations are significantly elevated (956 +/- 214 pg/ml) through vitellogenesis and are highest (1241 +/- 175 pg/ml) during the preovulatory phase. Plasma progesterone concentrations rise during gestation to 6.5 +/- 1.5 ng/ml, but fall in the final stage of gestation to 1.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml. There is minimal atresia of vitellogenic follicles, suggesting that clutch size is determined when the follicles are recruited for vitellogenesis. (C) 1997 Academic Press.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Jones, S. M. and Wapstra, E. and Swain, R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {271--281}
}

@article{schwartzStrongMaterialBenefits11,
	title = {Strong material benefits and no longevity costs of multiple mating in an extremely polyandrous leaf beetle,  {Chrysochus} cobaltinus  ({Coleoptera}: {Chrysomelidae})},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/6/1004},
	abstract = {It is well established that females of many species exhibit polyandry. Although such behavior often increases female fitness by augmenting fecundity or enhancing the genetic diversity and vigor of their offspring, it often reduces female longevity. It has been argued that trade-offs between these costs and benefits should limit the degree to which females remate. However, the existence of highly polyandrous species suggests substantial polyandry benefits and/or minimal costs in some systems. Females of the leaf beetle, Chrysochus cobaltinus, are extremely polyandrous, providing an opportunity to examine the factors influencing the evolution of such behaviors. We compared the fecundity and longevity of singly mated females, females that mated multiple times with the same male, and females that mated multiple times with different males. Compared with females in the single mating treatment, females in both multiple mating treatments exhibited a significant reduction in latency to oviposition and, due to an increase in daily egg production, significant increases in lifetime fecundity. This difference diminished as the time since last mating increased. There were no differences in fecundity between the 2 multiple mating treatments, indicating that mate identity does not influence the material benefits of multiple mating. Surprisingly, female longevity did not differ among treatments. The pronounced fecundity benefits that females gain from multiple mating, coupled with a lack of longevity costs, apparently explains the extreme polyandry in this species. In addition, the existence of material fitness benefits via conspecific matings raises the intriguing possibility that in a C. cobaltinus-Chrysochus auratus hybrid zone, heterospecific matings may confer similar benefits to Chrysochus females},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Schwartz, Steven K. and Peterson, Merrill A.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {egg, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, BENEFITS, fitness, INCREASE, fecundity, longevity, mating, OVIPOSITION, multiple mating, polyandry, EGG-PRODUCTION, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, hybrid, trade-off, trade-offs, INCREASES, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, COLEOPTERA, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, LIMIT},
	pages = {1004--1010}
}

@article{cooperOptimalEscapeTheory2007,
	title = {Beyond optimal escape theory: microhabitats as well as predation risk affect escape and refuge use by the phrynosomatid lizard {Sceloporus} virgatus},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Cooper, W E and Wilson, D S},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1235--1254}
}

@article{libergSevereInbreedingDepression2005,
	title = {Severe inbreeding depression in a wild wolf ({Canis} lupus) population},
	volume = {1},
	doi = {10.1098/rsb.2004.0266},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Liberg, O. and Andren, H. and Pedersen, H.-C. and Sand, H. and Sejberg, D. and Wabakken, P. and Akesson, M. and Bensch, S.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {survival, microsatellite, inbreeding, wolf, CONSERVATION, inbreeding depression, conservation biology, pedigree, canis lupus, lethal equivalents, inbreeding coefficient, offspring survival},
	pages = {17--20}
}

@article{denboerSeminalFluidMediates2010,
	title = {Seminal fluid mediates ejaculate competition in social insects.},
	volume = {327},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1184709},
	abstract = {Queens of ants and bees normally obtain a lifetime supply of sperm on a single day of sexual activity, and sperm competition is expected to occur in lineages where queens receive sperm from multiple males. We compared singly mated (monandrous) and multiply mated (polyandrous) sister groups of ants and bees and show that seminal fluid of polyandrous species has a more positive effect on the survival of a male's own sperm than on other males' sperm. This difference was not observed in the monandrous species, suggesting that incapacitation of competing sperm may have independently evolved in both bees and ants. In Atta leafcutter ants, the negative effect of the seminal fluid of other males was negated by secretion from the queen sperm-storage organ, suggesting that queens may control ejaculate competition after sperm storage.},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {den Boer, Susanne P a and Baer, Boris and Boomsma, Jacobus J},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {female, FERTILIZATION, ANIMALS, Male, reproduction, Sexual Behavior, Animal, spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: physiology, Ants, Ants: physiology, Bees, Bees: physiology, Cell Survival, Genitalia, Female, Genitalia, Female: physiology, Genitalia, Male, Genitalia, Male: physiology, semen, Semen: chemistry, Semen: physiology},
	pages = {1506--9}
}

@article{briggsMatechoiceCopyingPredation1996,
	title = {Mate-choice copying under predation risk in the {Trinidadian} guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Briggs, S. E. and Godin, J. G. J. and Dugatkin, L. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, guppies, guppy, mate choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, predation risk, call, risk, copying},
	pages = {151--157}
}

@article{taiInbreedingAvoidanceMate2000,
	title = {Inbreeding avoidance and mate choice in the mandarin vole ( {Microtus} mandarinus )},
	volume = {78},
	url = {ISI:000165450400008},
	abstract = {Five experiments were conducted to test the performance of adult mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus) in discriminating and preferring siblings versus nonsiblings raised in different conditions. The results indicate that adult males and estrous females displayed a significant preference for individuals raised by other parents over those raised by the same parent, regardless of genetic relatedness. The effect appears to depend on the presence of siblings during development. This shows that familiarity through association before weaning plays an important role in kin recognition. The preference of reproductively active mandarin voles for unfamiliar voles is interpreted as inbreeding avoidance. Although Wilcoxon's matched-pair tests showed no significant preferences of adult mandarin voles for siblings over nonsiblings raised by the same parents or by other parents, mean durations of visiting, mounting, and lying near nonsiblings were higher than those for siblings. This implies that genetic relatedness may have some effect on kin recognition, although familiarity is the main mechanism},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Tai, F. D. and Wang, T. Z. and Zhao, Y. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, association, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, PERFORMANCE, signals, PREFERENCES, preference, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, condition, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, AVOIDANCE, FAMILIARITY, genetic relatedness, RECOGNITION, Canada, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, siblings, GOLDEN-HAMSTERS, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, MEADOW VOLES, voles, China, OCHROGASTER, MONTANUS, PINE VOLES, PINETORUM},
	pages = {2119--2125}
}

@article{connerPrecopulatorySexualInteraction1981,
	title = {Precopulatory sexual interaction in an {Arctiid} moth ({Utetheisa} ornatrix): {Role} of a pheromone derived from dietary alkaloids},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Conner, W. E. and Eisner, T. and Vander Meer, R. K. and Guerrero, A. and Meinwald, J.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {pheromone, Arctiid moth, alkaloid, coremata, pyrrolizine, Utetheisa ornatrix},
	pages = {227--235}
}

@article{coyneWeNeedNew1988,
	title = {Do we need a new species concept?},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Systematic Zoology},
	author = {Coyne, J. A. and Orr, H. A. and Futuyma, D. J.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {mate recognition, biological species concept, recognition concept, isolation concept, postmating isolation},
	pages = {190--200}
}

@article{morrisMalemaleCompetitionAccess1992,
	title = {Male-male competition and access to females in the {Swordtail} {Xiphophorus} nigrensis {VL}  -? 4 ??},
	shorttitle = {Male-male competition and access to females in the {Swordtail} {Xiphophorus} nigrensis},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Morris, M. R. and Batra, P. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {competition, call, male-male competition, female choice,reproductive success,sexual selection},
	pages = {980--986}
}

@article{howellGenomicImprintingDisrupted2001,
	title = {Genomic imprinting disrupted by a maternal effect mutation in the {Dnmt1} gene},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0092-8674},
	url = {://WOS:000167869200006},
	doi = {10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00280-x},
	abstract = {Maintenance of genomic methylation patterns in mammalian somatic cells depends on DNA methyltransferase-1 (Dnmt1). Mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos lack Dnmt1 but express a variant of this protein called Dnmt1o. We eliminated Dnmt1o by deletion of the oocyte-specific promoter and first exon from the Dnmt1 locus. Homozygous animals were normal, but most heterozygous fetuses of homozygous females died during the last third of gestation. Although genomic methylation patterns were established normally in Dnmt1o-deficient oocytes, embryos derived from such oocytes showed a loss of allele-specific expression and methylation at certain imprinted loci. Transient nuclear localization of Dnmt1o in 8-cell embryos suggests that this variant of Dnmt1 provides maintenance methyltransferase activity specifically at imprinted loci during the fourth embryonic S phase.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Cell},
	author = {Howell, C. Y. and Bestor, T. H. and Ding, F. and Latham, K. E. and Mertineit, C. and Trasler, J. M. and Chaillet, J. R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {mammalian development, preimplantation development, cytosine methylation, dna methyltransferase gene, epigenetic modifications, gene, mouse h19, oocyte growth, parental-specific methylation, parthenogenetic development, paternal methylation},
	pages = {829--838}
}

@article{gageReducedHeterozygosityDepresses2006,
	title = {Reduced heterozygosity depresses sperm quality in wild rabbits, {Oryctolagus} cuniculus},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {://000236480400030},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Gage, M. J. G. and Surridge, A. K. and Tomkins, J. L. and Green, E. and Wiskin, L. and Bell, D. J. and Hewitt, G. M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {CONSEQUENCES, POPULATIONS, inbreeding depression, STRESS, FLORIDA, FERTILITY, spermatozoa, MORPHOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES},
	pages = {612--617}
}

@article{simonsEffectEnvironmentalVariability1994,
	title = {The effect of environmental variability on the heritabilities of traits of a field cricket},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Simons, A. M. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {heritability, call, cricket, field, cricket,environmental variability,genetic variance,Gryllus pennsylvanicus,heritability,life-history characters},
	pages = {1637--1649}
}

@article{wheelwrightAsymmetricalIncestAvoidance3,
	title = {Asymmetrical incest avoidance in the choice of social and genetic mates},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4J8JVRW-3/2/02fdffc079511310b8572edc06bb7dba},
	abstract = {Mating with close relatives generally results in reduced reproductive success (inbreeding depression) because it increases the risk that rare deleterious recessive alleles will be expressed in offspring. None the less, incest may occur when animals have incomplete knowledge about relatedness or when the costs of avoiding inbreeding are high. Over a 17-year period, Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis, in an island population rarely paired incestuously (9 of 1110 pairs, 15 of 1609 nesting attempts). All but one case of close inbreeding (coefficient of inbreeding, F {\textgreater}= 0.25) involved 1-year-old males breeding for the first time, whereas more than half of the cases involved females that were 3 years old or older. Father-daughter matings were avoided completely. Incest avoidance was apparent in the choice of genetic as well as social mates. Paternity analysis using microsatellites revealed that birds nearly always refrained from choosing close relatives as genetic mates. These results support a model of asymmetrical incest avoidance, which predicts differences in the likelihood of incestuous matings as a function of sex, age and relationship, even when coefficients of inbreeding are identical. The model and results also emphasize the importance of distinguishing types of inbreeding and considering the social and historical context of animals' mating choices. The model may help to explain such patterns as female-biased natal dispersal in birds},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. and Freeman-Gallant, Corey R. and Mauck, Robert A.},
	keywords = {choice, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, PAIR, population, sex, INCREASE, model, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, MATES, age, natal dispersal, allele, microsatellite, relatedness, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, social, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, choosing, risk, pattern, patterns, ISLAND, INCREASES, SEXES, paternity, alleles, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, context, ISLAND POPULATION, COEFFICIENTS, Passerculus sandwichensis, PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS, Savannah Sparrow, coefficient of inbreeding, paternity analysis},
	pages = {631--639}
}

@article{bretmanMolecularEvidencePostcopulatory2004,
	title = {Molecular evidence of post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance in the field cricket {Gryllus} bimaculatus},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000188171300007},
	abstract = {Female promiscuity has broad implications for individual behaviour, population genetics and even speciation. In the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, females will mate with almost any male presented to them, despite receiving no recorded direct benefits. Previous studies have shown that female crickets can benefit from polyandry through increased hatching success of their eggs. There is evidence that this effect is driven by the potential of polyandrous females to avoid fertilizing eggs with sperm from genetically incompatible males. We provide direct evidence supporting the hypothesis that polyandry is a mechanism to avoid genetic incompatibilities resulting from inbreeding. Using microsatellite markers we examined patterns of paternity in an experiment where each female mated with both a related and an unrelated male in either order. Overall, unrelated males were more successful in gaining paternity than were related males, but this effect was driven by a much greater success of unrelated males when they were the first to mate},
	number = {1535},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Bretman, A. and Wedell, N. and Tregenza, T.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, egg, behaviour, competition, evolution, mate choice, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, reproductive success, SUCCESS, cricket, field, Gryllus bimaculatus, Y, polyandry, microsatellite, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, AVOIDANCE, genetics, related, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, speciation, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, paternity, Cryptic female choice, multiple paternity, polyandrous females, Orthoptera, direct benefits, hatching success, BUSH-CRICKETS},
	pages = {159--164}
}

@article{petersCarotenoidbasedBillColour2004,
	title = {Carotenoid-based bill colour as an indicator of immunocompetence and sperm performance in male mallards},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:000223281200018},
	abstract = {Female mate choice is often based on exaggerated sexual traits, signals of male qualities that females cannot assess directly. Two such key qualities are male immune and/or sexual competence, whereby honesty in signalling could be maintained by physiological trade-offs. Carotenoid-based ornaments likely constitute such honest signals, as there is direct competition for (limited) carotenoids between ornament deposition and anti-oxidant support of immune or sperm functioning. Using spectrometry, we assessed the potential signalling function of the yellow, carotenoid-based colour of the bill of male mallards, a target of female mate choice. Here we demonstrate that bill reflectance varied with plasma carotenoid level, indicating antioxidant reserves. Moreover, lower relative UV reflectance during autumn pairing predicted immune responsiveness and correlated positively with sperm velocity during breeding, a trait that affects fertility. Our data provide support for current theories that females could use carotenoid-based sexual signals to detect immune vigour and fertilizing ability of prospective mates},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Peters, A. and Denk, A. G. and Delhey, K. and Kempenaers, B.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, MALE PHENOTYPE, mate choice, PERFORMANCE, quality, sperm, TRAITS, female mate choice, ornament, ornaments, signals, colour, theory, signalling, trade-off, trade-offs, indicator, carotenoid, honesty, immunocompetence, carotenoids, responsiveness, ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS, MULTIPLE MALE ORNAMENTS, bill colour, BARN SWALLOW, DIETARY CAROTENOIDS, FINCH TAENIOPYGIA-GUTTATA, PLASMA CAROTENOIDS, PLUMAGE COLORATION, sexual selection,indicator,carotenoids,immunocompetence handicap,SRBC,phenotype-linked fertility,sperm velocity,antibody production,spectrometry,ornament colour, UV},
	pages = {1111--1120}
}

@article{nusseyEvolutionaryEcologyIndividual2007,
	title = {The evolutionary ecology of individual phenotypic plasticity in wild populations},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000245989600001},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01300.x},
	abstract = {The ability of individual organisms to alter morphological and life-history traits in response to the conditions they experience is an example of phenotypic plasticity which is fundamental to any population's ability to deal with short-term environmental change. We currently know little about the prevalence, and evolutionary and ecological causes and consequences of variation in life history plasticity in the wild. Here we outline an analytical framework, utilizing the reaction norm concept and random regression statistical models, to assess the between-individual variation in life history plasticity that may underlie population level responses to the environment at both phenotypic and genetic levels. We discuss applications of this framework to date in wild vertebrate populations, and illustrate how natural selection and ecological constraint may alter a population's response to the environment through their effects at the individual level. Finally, we present future directions and challenges for research into individual plasticity.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Nussey, D. H. and Wilson, A. J. and Brommer, J. E.},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {population, life-history, phenotypic plasticity, red deer, bird, WILD POPULATION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, reaction norm, CLIMATE-CHANGE, global, Environmental change, HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS, heritable variation, labile trait, mixed model, quantitative genetic model, random regression, random regression-models, reaction norms, Vertebrate},
	pages = {831--844}
}

@article{lailvauxEffectsTemperatureSex2007,
	title = {Effects of temperature and sex on jump performance and biomechanics in the lizard {Anolis} carolinensis},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01263.x},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Irschick, D. J.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {534--543}
}

@article{soderquistNatalDispersalPhilopatry1995,
	title = {Natal dispersal and philopatry in the carnivorous marsupial  {Phascogale} tapoatafa  ({Dasyuridae})},
	volume = {99},
	url = {ISI:A1995RA39200004},
	abstract = {The proximate and ultimate causes of dispersal in semelparous carnivorous marsupials (Phascogalinae) have previously been hypothesized to be maternal aggression and inbreeding avoidance, respectively. This study tests these hypotheses by exposing 26 litters of Phascogale tapoatafa to a diverse range of social and environmental conditions that: potentially affect dispersal(e. g. supplemental feeding, post-weaning desertion by the mother, orphaning, and release of subadults into unoccupied habitat). The mean dispersal age was 162 +/- 5.6 d, which is about 3 wk after weaning is complete. Juvenile dispersal was strongly male biased under all conditions, suggesting that extrinsic proximate causes do not adequately account for male emigration. Home range establishment by males was contingent on the presence of females. Half of the monitored daughters were philopatric, and others typically settled adjacent to the natal site, thus possibly enhancing their reproductive potential by occupying an area of known resource quality. Because philopatry increases the risk of incest, females may be selected to preferentially mate with unrelated males (immigrants), when they are available, to avoid inbreeding. If so, the presence of immigrant males would reduce the probability of locally born, related males reproducing at their natal site. Thus inbreeding avoidance by females may create local mate competition among males and select for male dispersal. Emigration also ensured that males avoided inbreeding, but, if they dispersed into unoccupied habitat, male P. tapoatafa often returned to the natal area. This 'boomerang strategy' of returning to mate with related females suggests that, in the absence of conspecifics along the dispersal path of a male, mate competition will be weak at the natal site and female mate choice will not preclude related males. Thus while inbreeding avoidance by either or both sexes is perhaps the most parsimonious explanation of male-biased emigration, dispersal patterns were apparently strongly influenced by additional factors, so that the ultimate causation of the dispersal regime may be more complex},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Soderquist, T. and Lill, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, quality, sex, female mate choice, INCREASE, size, age, natal dispersal, COMPLEX, condition, DISPERSAL, extrinsic, HOME-RANGE, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, JUVENILE DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, social, SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION, HABITAT, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, genetics, philopatry, risk, related, pattern, patterns, INCREASES, STRATEGY, CONSPECIFICS, inbreeding-avoidance, AGGRESSION, mate competition, PROBABILITY, TESTS, incest, male dispersal, ANTECHINUS, BRUSHTAIL POSSUMS, DASYURIDAE, HOME RANGE, horn, local mate competition, TRICHOSURUS-VULPECULA},
	pages = {297--312}
}

@article{parkerSexualConflictSpeciation1998,
	title = {Sexual conflict and speciation},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Parker, G. A. and Partridge, L.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual conflict, conflict, speciation, meiotic drive, antagonistic genes},
	pages = {261--274}
}

@article{patricelliMultipleMaleTraits2003,
	title = {Multiple male traits interact: attractive bower decorations facilitate attractive behavioural displays in satin bowerbirds},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000186705200011},
	number = {1531},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Patricelli, G. L. and Uy, J. A. C. and Borgia, G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {TRAITS, display, displays, MALE TRAITS, behavioural display, bowerbird, DECORATIONS, SATIN BOWERBIRD},
	pages = {2389--2395}
}

@article{houleDispatchMultivariateFrontier2007,
	title = {A dispatch from the multivariate frontier},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01237.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Houle, D.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {multivariate},
	pages = {22--23}
}

@article{yaacobiEffectsInteractiveScaledependent2007,
	title = {Effects of interactive scale-dependent variables on beetle diversity patterns in a semi-arid agricultural landscape},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0921-2973},
	url = {://000246111800005},
	doi = {10.1007/s10980-006-9061-7},
	abstract = {Understanding species-diversity patterns in heterogeneous landscapes invites comprehensive research on how scale-dependent processes interact across scales. We used two common beetle families (Tenebrionidae, detrivores; Carabidae, predators) to conduct such a study in the heterogeneous semi-arid landscape of the Southern Judean Lowland (SJL) of Israel, currently undergoing intensive fragmentation. Beetles were censused in 25 different-sized patches (500-40,000 m(2)). We used Fisher's alpha and non-parametric extrapolators to estimate species diversity from 11,125 individuals belonging to 56 species. Patch characteristics (plant species diversity and cover, soil cover and degree of stoniness) were measured by field transects. Spatial variables (patch size, shape, physiognomy and connectivity) and landscape characteristics were analyzed by GIS and remote-sensing applications. Both patch-scale and landscape-scale variables affected beetle species diversity. Path-analysis models showed that landscape-scale variables had the strongest effect on carabid diversity in all patches. The tenebrionids responded differently: both patch-scale and landscape-scale variables affected species diversity in small patches, while mainly patch-scale variables affected species diversity in large patches. Most of the paths affected species diversity both directly and indirectly, combining the effects of both patch-scale and landscape-scale variables. These results match the biology of the two beetle families: Tenebrionidae, the less mobile and more site-attached family, responded to the environment in a fine-grained manner, while the highly dispersed Carabidae responded to the environment in a coarse-grained manner. We suggest that understanding abiotic and biotic variable interactions across scales has important consequences for our knowledge of community structure and species diversity patterns at large spatial scales.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	author = {Yaacobi, G. and Ziv, Y. and Rosenzweig, M. L.},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {path analysis, HABITAT, PATCH SIZE, DARKLING BEETLES, fragmentation, DIVERSITY, POPULATION-SIZE, landscape, COEFFICIENTS, SIMULATION-MODEL, ARTHROPOD DIVERSITY, CARABIDAE, GIS, habitat variability, heterogeneity, PATH, PLANT DIVERSITY, RANDOM SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS, remote sensing, SHORTGRASS STEPPE, species, SPECIES-DIVERSITY, Tenebrionidae},
	pages = {687--703}
}

@article{batesonSexualImprintingOptimal1978,
	title = {Sexual imprinting and optimal outbreeding},
	volume = {273},
	url = {ISI:A1978FD15700043},
	number = {5664},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bateson, P.},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {behaviour, P1, ENGLAND, outbreeding, imprinting, sexual imprinting},
	pages = {659--660}
}

@article{filippi-codaccioniSpecialistResponseProportion2009,
	title = {Specialist response to proportion of arable land and pesticide input in agricultural landscapes},
	volume = {143},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {://WOS:000276425400009},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.035},
	abstract = {Increases in farming practice intensity and landscape simplification are two well-known threats for many farmland bird species. Nevertheless, the effects of these two factors may differ strongly among species Here, we propose to use the specialist-generalist concept to assess which bird species are most affected by these two factors Bird density and intensity of farming practices were assessed within a sample of 58 farms across the Seine-et-Marne region in France, using point counts and a standardised farmer survey The local abundance of 41 farmland and non-farmland species was related to farming intensity (pesticide applications) and landscape simplification (proportion of arable land), which was quantified using generalised least square models to account for spatial autocorrelation The more specialised the farmland and non-farmland birds were, the more negatively affected they were by the intensity of farming practices, relative to the generalist bird species Local habitat simplification had a more positive effect on abundance of the most specialist farmland bird species This latter relationship was not significant when tested at a landscape scale, which strongly suggests that the sensitivity of farmland specialists to landscape simplification is scale-dependent. Some non-farmland species' abundance was also reduced by farming intensity and local landscape simplification suggesting that low-input agri-environmental measures could benefit both farmland and non-farmland specialists, regardless of local and landscape habitat context. However, if diversity-enhancing measures should benefit non-farmland populations, it is likely that they do not favour farmland specialist species which are more at risk. We suggest designing of priority areas areas for farmland specialist birds, and landscape managing accordingly (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Filippi-Codaccioni, O. and Devictor, V. and Bas, Y. and Clobert, J. and Julliard, R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {883--890}
}

@article{saccheriInbreedingExtinctionButterfly1998,
	title = {Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation},
	volume = {392},
	url = {ISI:000072875200057},
	abstract = {It has been proposed that inbreeding contributes to the decline and eventual extinction of small and isolated populations(1,2), There is ample evidence of fitness reduction due to inbreeding (inbreeding depression) in captivity(3-7) and from a few experimental(8,9) and observational field studies(10,11), but no field studies on natural populations have been conducted to test the proposed effect on extinction, It has been argued that in natural populations the impact of inbreeding depression on population survival will be insignificant in comparison to that of demographic and environmental stochasticity(12,13). We have now studied the effect of inbreeding on local extinction in a large metapopulation(14) of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia)(15). We found that extinction risk increased significantly with decreasing heterozygosity, an indication of inbreeding(6), even after accounting for the effects of the relevant ecological factors, Larval survival, adult longevity and egg-hatching rate were found to be adversely affected by inbreeding and appear to be the fitness components underlying the relationship between inbreeding and extinction. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an effect of inbreeding on the extinction of natural populations. Our results are particularly relevant to the increasing number of species with small local populations due to habitat loss and fragmentation(16)},
	number = {6675},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Saccheri, I. and Kuussaari, M. and Kankare, M. and Vikman, P. and Fortelius, W. and Hanski, I.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, i, population, fitness, model, survival, butterfly, longevity, field, lande, heterozygosity, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, DYNAMICS, extinction, HABITAT, metapopulation, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, EXTINCTION RISK, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, risk, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, PERSISTENCE, fitness components},
	pages = {491--494}
}

@article{lailvauxRumbleJungleBite2004,
	title = {Rumble in the jungle: {Bite} force, dewlap size, and male fighting ability in two species of {Caribbean} {Anolis} lizards},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000226721400307},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Irschick, D. J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {587--587}
}

@article{jorgensenRoleEndogenousFactors1988,
	title = {The role of endogenous factors in seasonal maturation in temperate zone female toads,  {Bufo} bufo},
	volume = {22},
	journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
	author = {Jorgensen, C. B.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {Bufo, toad, Bufo bufo, ovarian cycle},
	pages = {295--300}
}

@article{candolinIncreasedSignallingEffort2000,
	title = {Increased signalling effort when survival prospects decrease: male-male competition ensures honesty},
	volume = {60},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Candolin, U.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {competition, survival, male-male competition, ABVI, age, signalling, aim},
	pages = {417--422}
}

@article{zajitschekImportanceHabitatResistance2012,
	title = {The importance of habitat resistance for movement decisions in the common lizard, {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {12},
	number = {13},
	journal = {BMC Ecology},
	author = {Zajitschek, S R K and Zajitschek, F. and Clobert, J},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{wrightQTLAnalysisBehavioral2006,
	title = {{QTL} {Analysis} of {Behavioral} and {Morphological} {Differentiation} {Between} {Wild} and {Laboratory} {Zebrafish} (\textit{{Danio} rerio})},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0001-8244},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-005-9029-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10519-005-9029-4},
	abstract = {The zebrafish is an important model organism for neuro-anatomy and developmental genetics. It also offers opportunities for investigating the functional and evolutionary genetics of behaviour but these have yet to be exploited. The ecology of anti-predator behaviour has been widely studied in fish and has been shown to vary among populations and between wild and domesticated (laboratory) fish. Here, we utilise the strong behavioural differences present between a wild-derived strain of fish from Bangladesh and the laboratory strain AB. In total, 184 F2 fish were generated and tested for shoaling tendency and willingness to approach an unfamiliar object (â€˜boldnessâ€™). Our results indicate the existence of QTL for boldness on chromosomes 9 and 16 and suggest another genomic region that influences anti-predator behaviour on chromosome 21. QTL for growth rate, weight and fat content, all of which are elevated in laboratory fish, were detected on chromosome 23. These initial results confirm the potential for QTL mapping of behavioural traits in zebrafish and also for dissecting the consequences of selection during domestication.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavior Genetics},
	author = {Wright, Dominic and Nakamichi, Reiichiro and Krause, Jens and Butlin, Roger},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Behavioral Science},
	pages = {271--284}
}

@article{belliureBehavioralSensitivityCorticosterone2004,
	title = {Behavioral sensitivity to corticosterone in juveniles of the wall lizard, {Podarcis} muralis.},
	volume = {81},
	doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.01.008},
	abstract = {Reptiles exposed to stressful conditions respond with increases in plasma levels of corticosterone (CORT). The outcome of such hormonal fluctuations can affect the organism's physiology and behavior; however, relatively few studies in reptiles have progressed past the effects of stress on the plasma levels of CORT. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CORT on lizard behavior. We focused on activity and thermoregulation of juveniles of the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis. Juveniles with experimentally elevated plasma CORT concentrations showed a higher moving rate and spent a greater amount of time moving. They also spent more time being involved in attempts to escape from a terrarium. This enhanced locomotor activity was associated with significant changes in thermoregulatory behavior, as CORT-increased individuals had reduced thermoregulatory activity than the controls. The same pattern of results was obtained in nature and under laboratory conditions. Thus, CORT levels appear to mediate an important trade-off between locomotor activity and thermoregulation. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effect of CORT on lizard thermoregulation has been examined.},
	journal = {Physiology \& behavior},
	author = {Belliure, Josabel and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Male, Behavior, Animal, Analysis of Variance, Behavior, Animal: physiology, Motor Activity, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Body Temperature Regulation, Body Temperature Regulation: physiology, Lizards: blood, Motor Activity: physiology, Random Allocation, Activity Cycles, Activity Cycles: physiology, Age Factors, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Physiological: blood, Stress, Physiological: physiopathology},
	pages = {121--7}
}

@article{angillettaCoadaptationUnifyingPrinciple2006,
	title = {Coadaptation: {A} unifying principle in evolutionary thermal biology},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {1522-2152},
	url = {://WOS:000236469800008},
	doi = {10.1086/499990},
	abstract = {Over the last 50 yr, thermal biology has shifted from a largely physiological science to a more integrated science of behavior, physiology, ecology, and evolution. Today, the mechanisms that underlie responses to environmental temperature are being scrutinized at levels ranging from genes to organisms. From these investigations, a theory of thermal adaptation has emerged that describes the evolution of thermoregulation, thermal sensitivity, and thermal acclimation. We review and integrate current models to form a conceptual model of coadaptation. We argue that major advances will require a quantitative theory of coadaptation that predicts which strategies should evolve in specific thermal environments. Simply combining current models, however, is insufficient to understand the responses of organisms to thermal heterogeneity; a theory of coadaptation must also consider the biotic interactions that influence the net benefits of behavioral and physiological strategies. Such a theory will be challenging to develop because each organism's perception of and response to thermal heterogeneity depends on its size, mobility, and life span. Despite the challenges facing thermal biologists, we have never been more pressed to explain the diversity of strategies that organisms use to cope with thermal heterogeneity and to predict the consequences of thermal change for the diversity of communities.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Physiological and Biochemical Zoology},
	author = {Angilletta, M. J. and Bennett, A. F. and Guderley, H. and Navas, C. A. and Seebacher, F. and Wilson, R. S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {282--294}
}

@article{stockleySpermCompetitionFishes1997,
	title = {Sperm competition in fishes: {The} evolution of testis size and ejaculate characteristics},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://A1997WT68500007},
	abstract = {Fishes show one of the widest ranges of sperm competition intensity of any animal group. Here we present a comparative study whose aim is to investigate the effect of relative intensity of sperm competition on investment in spermatogenesis and the number and size of sperm produced. We find that both the gonadosomatic index (GSI = [gonad weight/body weight] X 100) and sperm numbers increase with intensity of sperm competition across species but that sperm length decreases. These new findings are consistent with a raffle-based mode of sperm competition in fishes. Most of these results (positive correlation of the GSI and sperm number with sperm competition intensity) concur with the predictions of current sperm competition theory. However, we also find that sperm longevity decreases with sperm length across species. Current models for continuous fertilization suggest that if length increases a sperm's speed but decreases its longevity, sperm length should increase with sperm competition intensity, whereas models for instant fertilization suggest that sperm length should remain constant. The negative relationship found between sperm competition and sperm length therefore does not fit predictions of either model.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Stockley, P. and Gage, M. J. G. and Parker, G. A. and Moller, A. P.},
	month = may,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {BODY-SIZE, MAMMALS, spermatozoa, GAMES, Cryopreservation, semen, CHANNEL CATFISH, CRYOGENIC PRESERVATION, CYPRINUS-CARPIO, ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS},
	pages = {933--954}
}

@book{quinnExperimentalDesignData2002,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Experimental design and data analysis for biologists},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Quinn, G. P. and Keough, M. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {experimental design}
}

@article{servedioPopulationGeneticModels2006,
	title = {Population genetic models of male and mutual mate choice},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000237441300004},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Servedio, M. R. and Lande, R.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, model, MODELS, mutual, MUTUAL MATE CHOICE},
	pages = {674--685}
}

@article{luytenSexualSelectionCompetitive1991,
	title = {Sexual selection and competitive mating success of males guppies (poecilia-reticulata) from 4 trinidad populations},
	volume = {28},
	url = {ISI:A1991FQ81300005},
	abstract = {Luyten and Liley (1985) obtained evidence that in populations of Trinidad guppies from two clear headwater streams, where Rivulus hartii is the major aquatic predator, selection has favored visual aspects of male mating behavior - display activity and conspicuous coloration. Males in two lowland turbid stream populations, with numerous aquatic predators, were found to rely more heavily upon non-display components of courtship. In this study males of the four populations were placed in competition in clear water for mating with females of the same populations. Males of two populations were allowed to compete in turbid water. Mating success was determined on the basis of the frequency of insemination and the proportion of sperm attributable to males of the competing populations. The sperm of competing males were identified by radioisotope labelling and autoradiographic techniques. Males from headwater populations were more successful than lowland males in mating with headwater females in clear water. There was no difference in mating success of headwater and lowland males in competition for lowland females in clear water, but in turbid water lowland males were more successful in inseminating lowland females. Males were more successful in mating with females of their own population when the two headwater population were in competition. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that conspicuous coloration and high frequency and duration of display are adaptations to clear water conditions, and that non-display tactics are adapted to turbid water. Evidence of intrapopulation preferences suggest that male traits and female sexual responses in the guppy have evolved in parallel as predicted by sexual selection theory},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Luyten, P. H. and Liley, N. R.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, INSEMINATION, MALES, mate choice, P1, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, response, selection, sperm, TRAITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, COLOR PATTERNS, preference, theory, display, BEHAVIOR, condition, POPULATIONS, adaptation, MALE PREDATION RISK, genetics, COMPONENTS, RESPONSES, mating success, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, STREAM, TRINIDAD, mating behavior, COLORATION, DOBZHANSKY, FREQUENCIES, HIGH-FREQUENCY, MATING-BEHAVIOR, MALE TRAITS, TRINIDAD GUPPY, PETERS PISCES, PISCES-POECILIIDAE, predators},
	pages = {329--336}
}

@article{beckEvolutionFemaleMate2000,
	title = {Evolution of female mate choice based on male age: are older males better mates?},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Beck, C. W. and Powell, L. A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, mate choice, female mate choice, ABVI, age, male age},
	pages = {107--118}
}

@article{ruppImpactGeographicalOrigin1999,
	title = {Impact of geographical origin on mating behaviour in two species of {Biomphalaria} ({Planorbidae} : {Gastropoda})},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000085094300011},
	abstract = {Studies of inbreeding and outcrossing have traditionally concentrated on matings within populations. The influence of geographical origin on mate choice in animals from different populations has received less attention. We investigated whether planorbid snails mated preferentially within their own population or with snails from other populations. Snails from three Biomphalaria Pfeifferi strains and three B. glabrata strains were allowed to mate with conspecifics in the laboratory. We recorded their matings at night using time-lapse video. When they could choose between sympatric and allopatric snails, Biomphalaria snails significantly preferred the former: snails of each population mated more often with sympatric than with allopatric snails. This tendency to avoid outcrossing may indicate that, in some species, local adaptations can be more valuable than genetic novelties. (C) 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Rupp, J. C. and Woolhouse, M. E. J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, evolution, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, sex, mating, ANIMALS, COMPATIBILITY, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, adaptation, philopatry, mating behaviour, SCOTLAND, outcrossing, CONSPECIFICS, video, INFECTION, local adaptation, GASTROPODA, GLABRATA, PFEIFFERI, SCHISTOSOMES, SNAIL BULINUS-GLOBOSUS, ZIMBABWE HIGHVELD},
	pages = {1247--1251}
}

@article{shawPopulationDifferentiationTrinidadian1991,
	title = {Population differentiation in {Trinidadian} guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata ): patterns and problems},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Shaw, P. W. and Carvalho, G. R. and Magurran, A. E. and Seghers, B. H.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, call, differentiation, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,allozymes,population differentiation,genetic diversity},
	pages = {203--209}
}

@article{sharpEffectInbreedingCompetitive1984,
	title = {The effect of inbreeding on competitive male-mating ability in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {106},
	url = {ISI:A1984SK90300003},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Sharp, P. M.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, P1, inbreeding, genetics, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, GENETIC-BASIS, heterosis},
	pages = {601--612}
}

@article{hedrickAntagonisticPleiotropyGenetic1999,
	title = {Antagonistic pleiotropy and genetic polymorphism: a perspective},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Hedrick, P. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, polymorphism, pleiotropy, antagonistic pleiotropy, balancing selection,equilibrium,finite population size,life history evolution,self fertilization,sex-limited selection},
	pages = {126--133}
}

@article{pitcherSexualColourationSperm2007,
	title = {Sexual colouration and sperm traits in guppies},
	volume = {70},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01292.x},
	abstract = {The relationships among the area, hue, saturation and brightness of orange colouration and sperm traits in the guppy Poecilia reticulata were investigated. Males with greater areas of orange colouration had significantly larger sperm loads, more motile sperm and longer sperm relative to males with relatively little orange colouration. Males with greater areas of orange colouration did not possess more viable sperm than males with relatively little orange colouration. There was no evidence that any of the sperm traits were related to the hue, saturation or brightness of the orange colouration. These results are discussed in the context of the roles that direct and indirect selection might play in maintaining female preference for male guppies with large areas of orange colouration},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Pitcher, T. E. and Rodd, F. H. and Rowe, L.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {indirect selection, female, guppies, guppy, MALES, orange, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, selection, sperm, TRAITS, female preference, preference, related, load, MALE GUPPIES, NO EVIDENCE, colouration, context},
	pages = {165--177}
}

@article{sinervoGeneticMaternalDeterminants2006,
	title = {Genetic and maternal determinants of effective dispersal: {The} effect of sire genotype and size at birth in side-blotched lizards},
	volume = {168},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000239040800008},
	doi = {10.1086/505765},
	abstract = {We assessed genetic factors on progeny dispersal due to sire color morph genotypes in a field pedigree and lab crosses, and we measured maternal effects by studying both natural and experimentally induced egg size variation. Progeny were released into nature upon hatching, but we recorded dispersal distance at maturity, which reflects effective dispersal after viability selection has run its course. Progeny dispersal was significantly affected by sire genotype. Progeny from orange sires dispersed the farthest. Progeny from blue sires dispersed intermediate distances. Progeny from yellow sires were the most philopatric. Sire genotype effects interacted with egg size. In particular, enlarged progeny from orange sires dispersed farther, while enlarged progeny from yellow sires were more philopatric. Progeny from blue sires were unaffected by egg size manipulations. Egg manipulations and natural variation generally had concordant effects indicative of causation. However, asymmetry of gigantization and miniaturization on progeny dispersal from some sire genotypes suggest the involvement of maternal factors besides egg size. Results of laboratory crosses with progeny released into nature confirmed key sire genotype effects and identified additional maternal effects that modulated dispersal as a function of progeny gender. We discuss the adaptive implications of progeny dispersal in the context of male (rock-paper-scissors) and female strategies (r- and K-density cycle) that are associated with color morphs.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and Calsbeek, R. and Comendant, T. and Both, C. and Adamopoulou, C. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {88--99}
}

@article{ortegoNoRelationshipIndividual2007,
	title = {No relationship between individual genetic diversity and prevalence of avian malaria in a migratory kestrel},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://000251028200017},
	language = {English},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Ortego, J. and Cordero, P. J. and Aparicio, J. M. and Calabuig, G.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {heterozygosity, microsatellites, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, heterozygosity-fitness correlations, AMAKIHI, AMERICAN KESTRELS, BLOOD PARASITISM, BODY CONDITION, Falco naumanni, FALCO-NAUMANNI, FAMILY-LEVEL, Haemoproteus, HAWAII, LAND BIRDS, lesser kestrel, Plasmodium},
	pages = {4858--4866}
}

@article{faulkesFamilyValuesGroup2001,
	title = {Family values: group dynamics and social control of reproduction in {African} mole-rats},
	volume = {16},
	url = {ISI:000168454100012},
	abstract = {To exploit ecological niches where constraints have favoured selection for group living and cooperation, both vertebrates and invertebrates have evolved elaborate social systems. in mammals, numerous divergent taxa have converged at similar solutions to these ecological challenges (such as food distribution and predator avoidance), culminating in the social insect-like behaviour of the naked mole-rat. Characteristically, breeding is partitioned unequally in such groups, resulting in a 'reproductive skew: New research linking studies of physiology, behaviour end molecular ecology in African mole-rats is helping us to elucidate why different proximate mechanisms that control groups of cooperative breeders might have evolved},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Faulkes, C. G. and Bennett, N. C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {behaviour, selection, reproduction, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, PRIMATES, social, DYNAMICS, AVOIDANCE, genetics, COMMON, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, AFRICAN, cooperation, BATHYERGIDAE, COLONIES, cooperative breeding, INCEST AVOIDANCE, MOLE-RATS, ANIMAL SOCIETIES, food, CRYPTOMYS DAMARENSIS, constraints, Niches, NAKED MOLE-RAT, HETEROCEPHALUS-GLABER, COOPERATIVE BREEDER, EXOGENOUS GNRH, INDUCED INFERTILITY},
	pages = {184--190}
}

@article{brooksCanOlderMales2001,
	title = {Can older males deliver the good genes?},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Kemp, D. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {good-genes, genes, good genes, mate choice, life history, life-history evolution, ABVI, age, age indicator mechanism, aim},
	pages = {308--313}
}

@article{holandNoEvidenceInbreeding12,
	title = {No evidence of inbreeding avoidance in a polygynous ungulate: the reindeer ( {Rangifer} tarandus)},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0575},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Holand, ˜ and Askim, K. and R++ed, K. and Weladji, R. and Gj++stein, H. and Nieminen, M.},
	month = dec,
	keywords = {inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, ungulate, AVOIDANCE, inbreeding-avoidance, NO EVIDENCE, reindeer},
	pages = {FirstCite--FirstCite}
}

@article{bondurianskyNongeneticInheritanceEvolution2013,
	title = {Nongenetic inheritance and the evolution of costly female preference},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000312543700007},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.12028},
	abstract = {In species where males provide neither direct benefits nor paternal care, it is typically assumed that female preferences are maintained by indirect selection reflecting genetic benefits to offspring of preferred males. However, it remains unclear whether populations harbour sufficient genetic variation in fitness to support costly female preferences a problem called the lek paradox. Here, we ask whether indirect selection on female preferences can be maintained by nongenetic inheritance. We construct a general model that can be used to represent either genetic or nongenetic inheritance, depending on the choice of parameter values. Interestingly, we find that costly preference is most likely to evolve and persist when fitness depends on an environmentally induced factor that can be transmitted over a single generation only, such as an environment-dependent paternal effect. Costly preference can also be supported when fitness depends on a highly mutable factor that can persist over multiple generations, such as an epigenetic mark, but the necessary conditions are more restrictive. Our findings show that nongenetic inheritance provides a plausible hypothesis for the maintenance of costly female preferences in species where males provide no direct benefits to females. Nongenetic paternal inheritance of fitness can occur in species lacking conventional forms of paternal care. Indeed, transmission of paternal condition via sperm-borne nongenetic factors may be more likely to evolve than conventional forms of paternal investment because sperm-borne effects are protected from cuckoldry. Our results furnish a novel example of an interaction between genetic and nongenetic inheritance that can lead to otherwise unexpected evolutionary outcomes.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bonduriansky, R. and Day, T.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {76--87}
}

@article{tainakaGlassEffectInbreedingavoidance1996,
	title = {Glass effect in inbreeding-avoidance systems: {Minimum} viable population for outbreeders},
	volume = {65},
	url = {ISI:A1996VQ28400053},
	abstract = {Many animals, birds and plants have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding between close relatives. Such mating systems may have developed several methods for restricting mate choice. If fragmentation of habitats becomes serious, these methods may lead to a lack of acceptable mates. We call this ''glass effect'' which is a generalization of the so-called Allee effect. We present two inbreeding-avoidance (outbreeding) models. Both models show that outbreeders have a high risk in fragmented environments. We thus obtain the minimum viable population (MVP). It is found that the value of MVP amounts to the range from several hundred to several thousand individuals. While this value is much larger than those obtained by the previous demographic theories, it is consistent with recent empirical estimations. Moreover, we find that the glass effect is caused by dynamically induced clusters of relatives. This suggests that genetic variation will be decreased by the outbreeding in a highly fragmented environment},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Journal of the Physical Society of Japan},
	author = {Tainaka, K. and Itoh, Y.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, ECOLOGY, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, variation, model, MODELS, size, mating, call, ANIMALS, lande, theory, Y, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, DYNAMICS, extinction, HABITAT, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, mating system, mating systems, risk, genetic variation, ENVIRONMENT, pattern, outbreeding, PLANTS, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, inbreeding-avoidance, GENETIC-VARIATION, LIMIT, scale, TRANSITION, Allee effect, bottle-neck, glass effect, glass transition, habitat destruction, LOTKA-VOLTERRA MODEL, minimum viable population},
	pages = {3379--3385}
}

@incollection{lettyGibierFaneSauvage1998,
	title = {Gibier {Fane} {Sauvage} - {Game} and {Wildlife}, {Vol} 15},
	shorttitle = {Experimental test of several factors affecting reintroduction success in wild rabbit ({Oryctolagus} cuniculus)},
	url = {://WOS:000080237300017},
	abstract = {in France, wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus,, restocking is commonly practiced by hunters, but with a generally low rate of success. Therefore, we conducted several experiments in order to increase the survival rate of the released animals: restocking operations, attenuation of stress caused by handling and acclimatization in field release pens. The results show that acclimatization and territory characteristics have significant effects on the initial survival rate of individuals, which demonstrates the importance of behaviour and habitat quality for the success of reintroduction.},
	booktitle = {Experimental test of several factors affecting reintroduction success in wild rabbit ({Oryctolagus} cuniculus)},
	author = {Letty, J. and Marchandeau, S. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {453--464}
}

@article{eakleyPossibleRoleFemale2004,
	title = {Possible role of female discrimination against 'redundant' males in the evolution of colour pattern polymorphism in guppies},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000223099800014},
	abstract = {Multiple paternity of offspring can result from active preferences on the part of females or sexual harassment by males. We examined sexual responses of female guppies to a previous mate versus a novel male (experiment 1) or to a male with a colour pattern similar to that of the previous mate versus a novel male (experiment 2). Females showed significantly more sexual responses to courtship by novel males than to previous mates in experiment 1 or to males that resembled previous mates in experiment 2. These results suggest that females discriminate actively against previous mates, and extend this discrimination to males with similar colour patterns to previous mates. This could lead to negative frequency-dependent sexual selection against common colour patterns (a 'redundant male effect'), which could contribute to the maintenance of the extraordinarily high levels of genetic polymorphism in guppy colour patterns},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Eakley, A. L. and Houde, A. E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, evolution, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, POECILIA-RETICULATA, response, selection, BENEFITS, MAINTENANCE, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, colour, preference, polymorphism, conflict, COMMON, discrimination, pattern, patterns, RESPONSES, paternity, harassment, colour pattern, PISCES, multiple paternity, FOREST, MALE TRAITS, genetic polymorphism, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,multiple mating,maintenance of polymorphism,mate choice},
	pages = {S299--S301}
}

@article{sempleBehaviouralDeception1996,
	title = {Behavioural deception},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Semple, S. and McComb, K.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {call, behavioural deception,honest signalling,signals},
	pages = {434--437}
}

@article{delgadoBehavioralStatesHelp2008,
	title = {Behavioral states help translate dispersal movements into spatial distribution patterns of floaters},
	volume = {172},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://000259213600003},
	doi = {10.1086/590964},
	abstract = {Within the field of spatial ecology, it is important to study animal movements in order to better understand population dynamics. Dispersal is a nonlinear process through which different behavioral mechanisms could affect movement patterns. One of the most common approaches to analyzing the trajectories of organisms within patches is to use random-walk models to describe movement features. These models express individual movements within a specific area in terms of random-walk parameters in an effort to relate movement patterns to the distributions of organisms in space. However, only using the movement trajectories of individuals to predict the spatial spread of animal populations may not fit the complex distribution of individuals across heterogeneous environments. When we empirically tested the results from a random-walk model (a residence index) used to predict the spatial equilibrium distribution of individuals, we found that the index severely underestimated the spatial spread of dispersing individuals. We believe this is because random-walk models only account for the effects of environmental conditions on individual movements, completely overlooking the crucial influence of behavior changes over time. In the future, both aspects should be accounted for when predicting general rules of (meta) population abundance, distribution, and dynamics from patterns of animal movements.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Delgado, M. D. and Penteriani, V.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, POPULATIONS, HABITAT, STRATEGIES, PERSISTENCE, ANIMAL MOVEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL STOCHASTICITY, population dynamics, FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES, METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS, Bubo bubo, ideal free distribution, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY, movement behavior, residence index},
	pages = {475--485}
}

@article{kaufmanUtilizationSpermFemale1942,
	title = {Utilization of {Sperm} by the {Female} {Drosophila} {Melanogaster}},
	volume = {76},
	number = {766},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Kaufman, B.P. and Demerec, M.},
	year = {1942},
	pages = {445--469}
}

@article{brownTheoryMateChoice1997,
	title = {A theory of mate choice based on heterozygosity},
	volume = {8},
	url = {ISI:A1997WH70500008},
	abstract = {In theories of mate choice that rely on genetic benefits, the nature of the ''good genes'' involved has received little attention. A review of genetic studies of mate choice in a variety of species and situations suggests that individual heterozygosity is more important than previously realized. Females are predicted to value heterozygosity in their offspring and under some conditions in their males. The expression of vigor, condition-sensitive ornaments, and symmetry in males may be a direct reflection not of ''good genes'' but of individual heterozygosity at key loci or at many loci. Like sexuality itself, mate choice based on heterozygosity and genic diversity may be an adaptation that favors the production of diverse and superior competitors. Female choice is made meaningful by sexuality and the adaptive value of choice probably depends on some of the same factors that maintain sexuality},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Brown, J. L.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, genes, genetic benefits, good genes, mate choice, offspring, male sexual ornaments, ornament, ornaments, reproductive success, handicap principle, theory, symmetry, genetic quality, heterozygosity, loci, condition, adaptation, genetic benefit, fluctuating asymmetry, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, COELOPA-FRIGIDA, DIFFERENTIAL MATING SUCCESS, WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, ZONOTRICHIA-ALBICOLLIS},
	pages = {60--65}
}

@article{sundbergMaleColorationIndicator1994a,
	title = {Male coloration as an indicator of parental quality in the yellowhammer},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Sundberg, J. and Larsson, C.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, quality, parental care, indicator, colouration},
	pages = {885--892}
}

@article{pitnickHarmFemalesIncreases2002,
	title = {Harm to females increases with male body size in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Pitnick, S. and Garc¡a-Gonz lez, F.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Drosophila, size, body size, sexual conflict, sexually antagonistic},
	pages = {1821--1828}
}

@article{weirGeneticRelatednessAnalysis10,
	title = {Genetic relatedness analysis: modern data and new challenges},
	volume = {7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1960},
	abstract = {Individuals who belong to the same family or the same population are related because of their shared ancestry. Population and quantitative genetics theory is built with parameters that describe relatedness, and the estimation of these parameters from genetic markers enables progress in fields as disparate as plant breeding, human disease gene mapping and forensic science. The large number of multiallelic microsatellite loci and biallelic SNPs that are now available have markedly increased the precision with which relationships can be estimated, although they have also revealed unexpected levels of genomic heterogeneity of relationship measures.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Weir, Bruce S. and Anderson, Amy D. and Hepler, Amanda B.},
	keywords = {relatedness, genetic relatedness},
	pages = {771--780}
}

@article{nicolettoRelationshipMaleOrnamentation1991,
	title = {The relationship between male ornamentation and swimming performance in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Nicoletto, P. F.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {ornamentation, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, male ornamentation, display rate,female choice,guppy,male ornaments,pigmentation,Poecilia reticulata,sexual selection},
	pages = {365--370}
}

@article{fisherEcologicalBasisLife2001,
	title = {The ecological basis of life history variation in marsupials},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Fisher, D. O. and Owens, I. P. F. and Johnson, C. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {variation, life history},
	pages = {3531--3540}
}

@article{frischknechtBreedingColourationMale1993,
	title = {The breeding colouration of male three0spined sticklebacks ( {Gasterosteus} aculeatus ) as an indicator of energy investment in vigour},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Frischknecht, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {stickleback, sticklebacks, call, indicator, colouration, breeding colouration,carotenoids,energy,Gasterosteus aculeatus,handicap,sexual selection,signal,strategic decision},
	pages = {439--450}
}

@article{bessa-gomesDiscreteTwosexModels2010,
	title = {Discrete two-sex models of population dynamics: {On} modelling the mating function},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1146-609X},
	url = {://WOS:000282498200001},
	doi = {10.1016/j.actao.2010.02.010},
	abstract = {Although sexual reproduction has long been a central subject of theoretical ecology, until recently its consequences for population dynamics were largely overlooked. This is now changing, and many studies have addressed this issue, showing that when the mating system is taken into account, the population dynamics depends on the relative abundance of males and females, and is non-linear. Moreover, sexual reproduction increases the extinction risk, namely due to the Allee effect. Nevertheless, different studies have identified diverse potential consequences, depending on the choice of mating function. In this study, we investigate the consequences of three alternative mating functions that are frequently used in discrete population models: the minimum; the harmonic mean; and the modified harmonic mean. We consider their consequences at three levels: on the probability that females will breed; on the presence and intensity of the Allee effect; and on the extinction risk. When we consider the harmonic mean, the number of times the individuals of the least abundant sex mate exceeds their mating potential, which implies that with variable sex-ratios the potential reproductive rate is no longer under the modeller's control. Consequently, the female breeding probability exceeds 1 whenever the sex-ratio is male-biased, which constitutes an obvious problem. The use of the harmonic mean is thus only justified if we think that this parameter should be re-defined in order to represent the females' breeding rate and the fact that females may reproduce more than once per breeding season. This phenomenon buffers the Allee effect, and reduces the extinction risk. However, when we consider birth-pulse populations, such a phenomenon is implausible because the number of times females can reproduce per birth season is limited. In general, the minimum or modified harmonic mean mating functions seem to be more suitable for assessing the impact of mating systems on population dynamics. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Bessa-Gomes, C. and Legendre, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {439--445}
}

@article{carsonMateChoiceTheory2003,
	title = {Mate choice theory and the mode of selection in sexual populations},
	volume = {100},
	url = {ISI:000183190700054},
	abstract = {Indirect new data imply that mate and/or gamete choice are major selective forces driving genetic change in sexual populations. The system dictates nonrandom mating, an evolutionary process requiring both revised genetic theory and new data on heritability of characters underlying Darwinian fitness. Successfully reproducing individuals represent rare selections from among vigorous, competing survivors of preadult natural selection. Nonrandom mating has correlated demographic effects: reduced effective population size, inbreeding, low gene flow, and emphasis on deme structure. Characters involved in choice behavior at reproduction appear based on quantitative trait loci. This variability serves selection for fitness within the population, having only an incidental relationship to the origin of genetically based reproductive isolation between populations. The claim that extensive hybridization experiments with Drosophila indicate that selection favors a gradual progression of "isolating mechanisms" is flawed, because intragroup random mating is assumed. Over deep time, local sexual populations are strong, independent genetic systems that use rich fields of variable polygenic components of fitness. The sexual reproduction system thus particularizes, in small subspecific populations, the genetic basis of the grand adaptive sweep of selective evolutionary change, much as Darwin proposed},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Carson, H. L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Drosophila, competition, evolution, female, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, fitness, size, heritability, mating, field, Darwin, handicap principle, reproduction, theory, natural selection, INDIVIDUALS, loci, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, reproductive isolation, genetics, COMPONENTS, speciation, PLANTS, population genetics, VARIABILITY, effective population size, handicap, endangered, FLOW, gene flow, genetic variability, sexual reproduction, random mating, hybridization, DROSOPHILA-SILVESTRIS, nonrandom mating},
	pages = {6584--6587}
}

@article{hurlesHaploidChromosomesMolecular2001,
	title = {Haploid chromosomes in molecular ecology: lessons from the human {Y}},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Hurles, M. E. and Jobling, M. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Y, human, haploid, chromosomes, sex-linkage},
	pages = {1599--1613}
}

@article{dangRoleBodySize2004,
	title = {The role of body size in orthopteran jumping mechanics},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000226721400132},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Dang, P. D. and Vincent, S. E. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Irschick, D. J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {543--543}
}

@article{skinnerPhenotypicCorrelatesSpermatozoon1,
	title = {Phenotypic correlates of spermatozoon quality in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/47},
	abstract = {The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis suggests that a female can benefit directly from mate choice when the cues she uses indicate the quantity and/or quality of his spermatozoa. We tested the link between sperm quality and male body size and coloration in the resource-free mating system of the guppy, a tropical fish characterized by strong female choice. Larger males possessed larger testes and are therefore predicted to produce larger numbers of spermatozoa than smaller males. Larger male guppies also produced longer spermatozoa than smaller males. Degree of carotenoid coloration did not predict either the quantity or the quality of a male's spermatozoa. These results are consistent with a previous study that showed that female guppies in the study population prefer larger males to brightly colored males. The male-size directed increase in spermatozoon size may be the result of interplay between sperm competition and the coevolution of spermatozoon traits with the female reproductive tract},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Skinner, Andrew M. J. and Watt, Penelope J.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, female choice, competition, female, fish, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, quality, reticulata, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, INCREASE, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, MALE SIZE, mating, NUMBER, mating system, SYSTEM, coevolution, carotenoid, MALE GUPPIES, COLORATION, FERTILITY, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT, spermatozoa, testes},
	pages = {47--52}
}

@article{ottoBalancedPolymorphismsEvolution1999,
	title = {Balanced polymorphisms and the evolution of dominance},
	volume = {153},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Otto, S. P. and Bourguet, D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, polymorphism, deleterious mutations, dominance, insecticide resistance, balanced polymorphism, dominance modifiers, marginal overdominance, variable environments},
	pages = {561--574}
}

@article{shimminMaledrivenEvolutionDNA1993,
	title = {Male-driven evolution of {DNA} sequences},
	volume = {362},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Shimmin, L. C. and Chang, B. H. and Li, W.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {evolution, call, DNA, X-linked genes},
	pages = {745--747}
}

@article{ballSpermCompetitionGames2003,
	title = {Sperm competition games: sperm selection by females},
	volume = {224},
	url = {ISI:000184849200003},
	abstract = {We analyse a co-evolutionary sexual conflict game, in which males compete for fertilizations (sperm competition) and females operate sperm selection against unfavourable ejaculates (cryptic female choice). For simplicity, each female mates with two males per reproductive event, and the competing ejaculates are of two types, favourable (having high viability or success) or unfavourable (where progeny are less successful). Over evolutionary time, females can increase their level of sperm selection (measured as the proportion of unfavourable sperm eliminated) by paying a fecundity cost. Males can regulate sperm allocations depending on whether they will be favoured or disfavoured, but increasing sperm allocation reduces their mating rate. The resolution of this game depends on whether males are equal, or unequal. Males could be equal: each is favoured with probability, p, reflecting the proportion of females in the population that favour his ejaculate (the 'random-roles' model); different males are favoured by different sets of females. Alternatively, males could be unequal: given males are perceived consistently by all females as two distinct types, favoured and disfavoured, where p is now the frequency of the favoured male type in the population (the 'constant-types' model). In both cases, the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is for females initially to increase sperm selection from zero as the viability of offspring from unfavourable ejaculates falls below that of favourable ejaculates. But in the random-roles model, sperm selection decreases again towards zero as the unfavourable ejaculates become disastrous (i.e. as their progeny viability decreases towards zero). This occurs because males avoid expenditure in unfavourable matings, to conserve sperm for matings in the favoured role where their offspring have high viability, thus allowing females to relax sperm selection. If sperm selection is costly to females, ESS sperm selection is high across a region of intermediate viabilities. If it is uncostly, there is no ESS in this region unless sperm limitation (i.e. some eggs fail to be fertilized because sperm numbers are too low) is included into the model. In the constant-types model, no relaxation of sperm selection occurs at very low viabilities of disfavoured male progeny. If sperm selection is sufficiently costly, ESS sperm selection increases as progeny viability decreases down towards zero; but if it is uncostly, there is no ESS at the lowest viabilities, and unlike the random-roles model, this cannot be stabilized by including sperm limitation. Sperm allocations in the ESS regions differ between the two models. With random roles, males always allocate more sperm in the favoured role. With constant types, the male type that is favoured allocates less sperm than the disfavoured type. These results suggests that empiricists studying cryptic female choice and sperm allocation patterns need to determine whether sperm selection is applied differently, or consistently, on given males by different females in the same population. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Ball, M. A. and Parker, G. A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, egg, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATIONS, INCREASE, model, MODELS, fecundity, insect, mating, SUCCESS, theory, ejaculate, polyandry, allocation, sexual conflict, human, cost, conflict, patterns, viability, INCREASES, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, STRATEGY, PROBABILITY, paternity, Cryptic female choice, game theory, ESS, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT, sperm selection, MALE SUCCESS, ASCIDIAN DIPLOSOMA-LISTERIANUM, ESSs, RISK ASSESSMENT},
	pages = {27--42}
}

@article{redfieldMaleMutationRates1994,
	title = {Male mutation rates and the cost of sex for females},
	volume = {369},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Redfield, R. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sex, cost, deleterious mutations, mutation, male mutation rates},
	pages = {145--147}
}

@article{birkheadHowStupidNot2010,
	title = {How stupid not to have thought of that: post-copulatory sexual selection},
	volume = {281},
	issn = {0952-8369},
	url = {://WOS:000277920100002},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00701.x},
	abstract = {Science progresses through ideas or hypotheses; novel ways of viewing the world. If those ideas survive testing, then they are considered 'the truth', or more crucially, truth-for-now, for the essence of science is that if a new idea provides a better explanation of the way the world is, the truth changes. Darwin's idea of evolution by natural selection, published as the Origin in 1859, replaced the earlier truth of physico- or natural-theology introduced by John Ray in 1691. Despite resistance by the church, Darwin's truth gained widespread acceptance, in part due to the efforts of T. H. Huxley, who on reading the Origin said 'How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!' Despite natural selection's enormous explanatory power, there were certain phenomena it apparently could not explain, including female promiscuity. It was only in the 1960s when natural selection was viewed as operating explicitly on individuals (rather than populations or groups), that this changed. Rather than being a cooperative venture between the sexes, sexual reproduction was now viewed in terms of conflicts of interests, and in so doing provided an explanation for female promiscuity (albeit in a male-biased sort of way). Until this point, sexual selection had been concerned exclusively with mate acquisition. With an evolutionary perspective focussing on individuals, it was recognized that sexual selection might continue after insemination, and that rather than competing for partners, males compete for fertilizations. Later it was acknowledged that females, through cryptic processes can also influence the outcome of sperm competition. Today, post-copulatory sexual selection provides explanations for many previously bewildering reproductive traits, including the extraordinary diversity in male and female genitalia, the design of spermatozoa and ova, of seminal fluid and of copulation behaviour itself.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {choice, SPERM COMPETITION, mating, Darwin, MECHANISMS, birds, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, SYSTEMS, cooperation, Cryptic female choice, DOMESTIC-FOWL, DISPLACEMENT, cryptic female, Huxley, individual selection, mechanisms of post-copulatory sexual selection, PRECEDENCE},
	pages = {78--93}
}

@article{lawsonhandleyAdvancesOurUnderstanding2007,
	title = {Advances in our understanding of mammalian sex-biased dispersal},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1365-294X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03152.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03152.x},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Lawson Handley, L. J. and Perrin, N.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {competition, inbreeding avoidance, mating systems, cooperation, gene flow, kin selection, sex-biased dispersal},
	pages = {1559--1578}
}

@article{panhuisSexualSelectionSpeciation2001,
	title = {Sexual selection and speciation},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Panhuis, T. M. and Butlin, R. K. and Zuk, M. and Tregenza, T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, speciation},
	pages = {325--413}
}

@article{kelleyFamiliarityBreedsContempt1999,
	title = {Familiarity breeds contempt in guppies},
	volume = {401},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kelley, J. L. and Graves, J. A. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, call, guppy,mate choice,mate preferences,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {661}
}

@article{riceHeritableVariationFitness1988,
	title = {Heritable variation in fitness as a prerequisite for adaptive female choice: the effect of mutation-selection balance},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, variation, fitness, call, female choice,fitness,good genes,sexual selection},
	pages = {817--820}
}

@article{marietteEffectsFamiliarityGroup2010,
	title = {The effects of familiarity and group size on mating preferences in the guppy, {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://000279901400019},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02042.x},
	abstract = {In recent years, it has become evident that frequency dependence in the attractiveness of a particular phenotype to mates can contribute to the maintenance of polymorphism. However, these preferences for rare and unfamiliar male phenotypes have only been demonstrated in small, controlled experiments. Here, we tested the preference for unfamiliar mates in groups of six to 96 individuals over 13 days, in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). We observed individual behaviour in situ to test whether fish discriminate two unfamiliar individuals among many familiar ones. We found that unfamiliar males and females were preferred over the familiar fishes in all groups and that this effect decayed over time. Increasing group sizes and levels of sexual activity did not hamper the preference for unfamiliar mates, providing further support for the role of frequency dependent mate choice in the maintenance of trait polymorphism in natural populations.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Mariette, M. M. and Zajitschek, S. R. K. and Garcia, C. M. and Brooks, R. C.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1772--1782}
}

@book{immelmannAustralianFinchesBush1982,
	address = {Sydney},
	title = {Australian finches in bush and aviary},
	publisher = {Angus and Robertson},
	author = {Immelmann, K.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {gouldian finch}
}

@article{lc/pezParasitizedFemaleGuppies1999,
	title = {Parasitized female guppies do not prefer showy males},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {L¢pez, S.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, mate choice, choosiness, parasites, condition dependence, condition dependent choice},
	pages = {1129--1134}
}

@article{jonesAdaptiveFemaleChoice2000,
	title = {Adaptive female choice for middle-aged mates in a lekking sandfly},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Jones, T. M. and Balmford, A. and Quinnell, R. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, lekking, age, age indicator mechanism},
	pages = {681--686}
}

@article{wongCostsInfluenceMale2003,
	title = {Costs influence male mate choice in a freshwater fish},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Wong, B. B. M. and Jennions, M. D.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, fish, mate choice, cost, costs, male mate choice}
}

@article{bakkerSequentialFemaleChoice1991,
	title = {Sequential female choice and the previous male effect in sticklebacks},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Bakker, T. C. M. and {Milinski}},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {female choice, female choice,sexual selection,stickleback},
	pages = {205--210}
}

@article{hoffmanExploringRelationshipParental2004,
	title = {Exploring the relationship between parental relatedness and male reproductive success in the antarctic fur seal {Arctocephalus} gazella},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000224339500017},
	abstract = {Recent genetic studies of natural populations have shown that heterozygosity and other genetic estimates of parental relatedness correlate with a wide variety of fitness traits, from juvenile survival and parasite resistance to male reproductive success. Many of these traits involve health and survival, where the underlying mechanism may involve changes in the effectiveness of the immune system. However, for traits such as reproductive success, the likely mechanisms remain less obvious. In this paper, we examine the relationship between heterozygosity and a range of traits that contribute to male reproductive success, including time spent on territories and competitiveness. Our analysis is based on observational and genetic data from eight consecutive breeding seasons at a colony of the Antarctic fur seal. Arctocephalus gazella. Overall, male reproductive Success was found to correlate strongly with internal relatedness (IR, a form of heterozygosity). When different components of success were analyzed, we found that IR correlates independently with reproductive longevity, time spent ashore, and competitive ability per unit mating opportunity on the Study beach, with more heterozygous males being more successful. Behavioral observations were sufficiently detailed to allow examination of how daily mean IR values for males present on the beach varied within seasons and from year to year. Again, significant variation was found both among and within seasons, with more homozygous males appearing less able to hold territories in poor seasons when pup production is low and, within a season. at both the start of the season and to some extent around the peak of female estrus. Finally, we tested whether the benefits of high heterozygosity are due mainly to a genomewide effect (e.g. inbreeding depression) or to single locus heterosis by asking whether the relationship between IR and male success was robust to the removal of any single locus or to any pair of loci. Since the relationship remained significant in all cases, we favor a multilocus explanation for the effects we report},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hoffman, J. I. and Boyd, I. L. and Amos, W.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, fish, i, MALES, P1, PAIR, population, TRAITS, variation, BENEFITS, fitness, survival, longevity, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, Y, form, male-male competition, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, relatedness, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, red deer, territory, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, COMPONENTS, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, SYSTEM, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, GENETIC-VARIATION, duck, locus, RESISTANCE, COLONIES, COLONY, parental relatedness, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, heterosis, HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS, MIGRATORY BIRD, MALE SUCCESS, COMPETITIVE ABILITY, PATERNITY INFERENCE, immune system, pinniped, breeding behavior, PRIOR RESIDENCE, single-locus effect},
	pages = {2087--2099}
}

@article{crespiEvolutionMaladaptation2000,
	title = {The evolution of maladaptation},
	volume = {84},
	url = {ISI:000087935700001},
	abstract = {This review contains a description of a research program for the study of maladaptation, defined here in terms of deviation from adaptive peaks. Maladaptation has many genetic causes, including mutation, inbreeding, drift, gene flow, heterozygote advantage and pleiotropy. Degrees of maladaptation are determined by genetic architecture and the relationship between the rates of selective, environmental change and the nature and extent of genetic responses to selection. The empirical analysis of maladaptation requires: (1) recognition of putative maladaptation, using methods from phylogenetics, teleonomy, development and genetics, followed by an assessment of the nature and degree of deviation from adaptation, using studies of natural selection and teleonomy; (2) determination of the causes of the deviation, using analyses of genetics, development, or other methods. Conditions for unambiguously identifying maladaptation are considerably more stringent than those for demonstrating adaptation and remarkably few studies have clearly identified and characterised maladaptative traits. A thorough understanding of the nature of phenotypic variation will never be achieved without an analysis of the scope and usual causes of maladaptation},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Crespi, B. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, Fisher, P1, response, selection, TRAITS, variation, MODELS, Darwin, lande, theory, natural selection, quantitative genetics, phenotypic variation, condition, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, adaptation, genetics, heterozygote advantage, RESPONSES, mutation, RECOGNITION, Canada, RESISTANCE, phenotypes, FLOW, gene flow, constraints, allometry, pleiotropy, adaptive peaks, CORRELATED CHARACTERS, DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS, maladaptation},
	pages = {623--629}
}

@article{queirozHypothesisRolePhotoperiodism1983,
	title = {An hypothesis on the role of photoperiodism in the metabolic adaptation to drought},
	volume = {21},
	journal = {Physiologie V‚g‚tale},
	author = {Queiroz, O.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {adaptation, CAM, circadian rhythms, crassulacean acid metabolism, PEP carboxylase, photoperiodism},
	pages = {577--588}
}

@article{manierIntraspecificDivergenceSperm2008,
	title = {Intraspecific divergence in sperm morphology of the green sea urchin, {Strongylocentrotus} droebachiensis: implications for selection in broadcast spawners},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	url = {://WOS:000262179700001},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-8-283},
	abstract = {Background: Sperm morphology can be highly variable among species, but less is known about patterns of population differentiation within species. Most studies of sperm morphometric variation are done in species with internal fertilization, where sexual selection can be mediated by complex mating behavior and the environment of the female reproductive tract. Far less is known about patterns of sperm evolution in broadcast spawners, where reproductive dynamics are largely carried out at the gametic level. We investigated variation in sperm morphology of a broadcast spawner, the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis), within and among spawnings of an individual, among individuals within a population, and among populations. We also examined population-level variation between two reproductive seasons for one population. We then compared among-population quantitative genetic divergence (Q(ST)) for sperm characters to divergence at neutral microsatellite markers (F(ST)). Results: All sperm traits except total length showed strong patterns of high diversity among populations, as did overall sperm morphology quantified using multivariate analysis. We also found significant differences in almost all traits among individuals in all populations. Head length, axoneme length, and total length had high within-male repeatability across multiple spawnings. Only sperm head width had significant within-population variation across two reproductive seasons. We found signatures of directional selection on head length and head width, with strong selection possibly acting on head length between the Pacific and West Atlantic populations. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of the Q(ST)-F(ST) comparison. Conclusion: Sperm morphology in S. droebachiensis is highly variable, both among populations and among individuals within populations, and has low variation within an individual across multiple spawnings. Selective pressures acting among populations may differ from those acting within, with directional selection implicated in driving divergence among populations and balancing selection as a possible mechanism for producing variability among males. Sexual selection in broadcast spawners may be mediated by different processes from those acting on internal fertilizers. Selective divergence in sperm head length among populations is associated with ecological differences among populations that may play a large role in mediating sexual selection in this broadcast spawner.},
	journal = {Bmc Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Manier, M. K. and Palumbi, S. R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {sexual selection, DOMESTIC-FOWL, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, TESTIS SIZE, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, atlantic, SALMON, gamete recognition, larger sperm, primary determinant, social-status}
}

@article{coteFoodDeprivationModifies2009,
	title = {Food deprivation modifies corticosterone-dependent behavioural shifts in the common lizard},
	volume = {166},
	issn = {0016-6480},
	url = {://WOS:000274673500018},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.11.008},
	abstract = {Stressful events typically induce glucocorticoid production that suppresses unnecessary physiological and behavioural functions. The glucocorticoid production also temporally activates alternative behavioural and physiological pathways. These responses are generally adaptive changes to avoid the negative effects of stressors. However, under low food availability, these behavioural and physiological modifications might lead to energetic costs. We therefore predict that these responses should not be activated when there are energetic constraints (e.g., low food availability). We experimentally tested whether food deprivation modifies corticosterone-induced behavioural and physiological responses in captive male common lizards. We measured corticosterone-induced responses in terms of body mass, metabolic rate, activity level and basking behaviour. We found that corticosterone-induced various behavioural and physiological responses which were dependent on food availability. Well-fed lizards treated with corticosterone were active earlier, and increased their basking behaviour. These behavioural modifications did not occur in food-deprived lizards. This inactivation of stress-related behavioural changes probably allows the lizard to save energy. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Cote, J. and Clobert, J. and Poloni, L. M. and Haussy, C. and Meylan, S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {142--151}
}

@article{winquistSexualSelectionExaggerated1994,
	title = {Sexual selection and exaggerated male tail length in birds},
	volume = {143},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Winquist, T. and Lemon, R. E.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, bird, birds, tail length, sexual dimorphism},
	pages = {95--116}
}

@article{whileEffectsBaskingOpportunity2009,
	title = {Effects of basking opportunity on birthing asynchrony in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:000266884200015},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.03.001},
	abstract = {The optimal degree of hatching asynchrony may depend on environmental conditions, with synchrony favoured in some environments and asynchrony in others. Therefore, in such a context there should be strong selection on the ability of females to adjust their degree of asynchrony facultatively to match local conditions. While this scenario has traditionally only been of interest to avian biologists, hatching asynchrony, and processes analogous to hatching asynchrony (i.e. birthing asynchrony), have now been identified in a number of nonavian taxa. For example, in an Australian lizard genus, Egernia, birth of offspring within a litter occurs asynchronously, with females having considerable control over the degree of asynchrony. As with birds, if the advantages of birthing asynchrony depend on the environment, females should facultatively adjust the degree of birthing asynchrony based on the prevailing conditions. We examined the birthing asynchrony patterns of female White's skink, Egernia whitii, placed under different thermal environments (basking conditions) during gestation. We found that the basking conditions females experienced during gestation influenced offspring phenotype, both directly, by affecting offspring size, and indirectly, by affecting birthing asynchrony patterns. Specifically, we showed that females held under reduced basking conditions increased the spread over which they gave birth compared to females held under extended basking conditions. As birth spread can influence both offspring growth and survival, our results suggest strong selection on female behaviour (e. g. basking and birthing) in order to maximize offspring and/or parental fitness. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1465--1470}
}

@article{mousseauNaturalSelectionHeritability1987,
	title = {Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components},
	volume = {59},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Mousseau, T. A. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {selection, fitness, heritability, call, natural selection, phylogeny},
	pages = {181--197}
}

@article{blowsReassessmentGeneticLimits2005,
	title = {A reassessment of genetic limits to evolutionary change},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000229723700001},
	doi = {10.1890/04-1209},
	abstract = {An absence of genetic variance in traits under selection is perhaps the oldest explanation for a limit to evolutionary change, but has also been the most easily dismissed. We review a range of theoretical and empirical results covering single traits to more complex multivariate systems, and show that an absence of genetic variance may be more common than is currently appreciated. From a single-trait perspective, we highlight that it is becoming clear that some trait types do not display significant levels of genetic variation, and we raise the possibility that species with restricted ranges may differ qualitatively from more widespread species in levels of genetic variance in ecologically important traits. A common misconception in many life-history studies is that a lack of genetic variance in single traits, and genetic constraints as a consequence of bivariate genetic correlations, are different causes of selection limits. We detail how interpretations of bivariate patterns are unlikely to demonstrate genetic limits to selection in many cases. We advocate a multivariate definition of genetic constraints that emphasizes the presence (or otherwise) of genetic variance in the multivariate direction of selection. For multitrait systems, recent results using longer term studies of organisms, in which more is understood concerning what traits may be under selection, have indicated that selection may exhaust genetic variance, resulting in a limit to the selection response.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Blows, M. W. and Hoffmann, A. A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, heritability, artificial selection, life-history, natural selection, quantitative genetics, NATURAL-SELECTION, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, trade-offs, RESISTANCE, G matrix, directional selection, correlational selection, g-matrix, adaptive, experiments, genetic correlations and variance, insecticide, response to selection, species distributions, studies},
	pages = {1371--1384}
}

@article{hueyEvolutionThermalSensitivity1989,
	title = {Evolution of thermal sensitivity of ectotherm performance.},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(89)90211-5},
	abstract = {Most ectothermal animals have variable body temperatures. Because physiological rates are temperature sensitive, an ectotherm's behavioural and ecological performance - even its fitness - can be influenced by body temperature. As a result, the thermal sensitivity of ectotherm performance is relevant to diverse issues in physiology, ecology and evolution. This review formalizes an emerging framework for investigating the evolution of thermal sensitivity, outlines some functional and genetical constraints on that evolution, and summarizes comparative and experimental advances in this field.},
	journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution (Personal edition)},
	author = {Huey, R B and Kingsolver, J G},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {131--5}
}

@article{kokkoEvolutionarilyStableStrategies1997,
	title = {Evolutionarily stable strategies of age-dependent sexual advertisement},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kokko, H.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, evolutionary stable strategies (ESS),honest advertisement,life history,sexual selection,viability indicator models},
	pages = {99--107}
}

@article{knowlesSexuallyAntagonisticCoevolution2001,
	title = {Sexually antagonistic coevolution of a postmating-prezygotic reproductive character in desert  {Drosophila}},
	volume = {98},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Knowles, L. L. and Markow, T. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Drosophila, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, sexually antagonistic, sexually antagonistic genes, sexually antagonistic coevolution},
	pages = {8692--8696}
}

@article{wilcocksonHeritabilitySexuallySelected1995,
	title = {Heritability of a sexually selected character expressed in both sexes},
	volume = {374},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Wilcockson, R. W. and Crean, C. S. and Day, T. H.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sex, heritability, call, female choice,female mate preference,male size,sexual selection},
	pages = {158--159}
}

@article{rantalaAnalysisImportanceGenotypic2006,
	title = {Analysis of the importance of genotypic variation, metabolic rate, morphology, sex and development time on immune function in the cricket, {Gryllus} firmus},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01048.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Immune defence is hypothesized to be a trait that bears significant fitness costs as well as benefits in that mounting a defence depreciates the value of other life-history traits. Thus the cost of mounting an immune response could affect the evolution of both the immune system and correlated life history traits. In this study we examined, by means of a diallel cross of four inbred lines, the genetic basis of two measures of immune function, metabolic rate and several traits in the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus. We specifically addressed the following questions: (1) is immune function determined primarily by genetic constitution or correlations with phenotypic traits that could reduce the effectiveness of the immune response; (2) do the two measures of immune function covary; (3) What are the contributions of additive, nonadditive and maternal effects to the immune function? As estimates of immune function, we used lytic activity and encapsulation rate. We found that inbred crickets were smaller than individuals from the crossed lines and took longer to develop. However, inbred lines did not differ from the crossed lines in immune function nor metabolic rates, suggesting that increased homozygosity has little or no effect on these traits in G. firmus. We found that both immune parameters showed significant genetic variation but no consistent relationships with the other phenotypic traits (metabolic rate, head width, body mass, development time and activity). There was significant additive genetic variation only in encapsulation rate, but, with the exception of the activity measure, significant nonadditive and reciprocal variances were found in all traits. Metabolic rate of crickets was heritable, but there was neither phenotypic nor genetic association between metabolic rate and the two parameters of immune function. Further, there was no correlation between these two measures. Females showed a higher encapsulation response than males, but there was no sex differences in lytic activity. Our study indicates that genetic variation in immune parameters can be a very significant contributor to phenotypic variation in immune function},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Rantala, M. J. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {association, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, Maternal effects, response, sex, TRAITS, variation, BENEFITS, fitness, cricket, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, phenotypic variation, INDIVIDUALS, cost, costs, genetic variation, VARIANCE, SYSTEM, SEXES, RATES, GENETIC-VARIATION, GENETIC-BASIS, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, morphology, defence, SEX-DIFFERENCES, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, BODY-MASS, diallel cross, Gryllus firmus, GRYLLUS-FIRMUS, SAND CRICKET, immune system, crickets, GENOTYPIC VARIATION, phenotypic traits},
	pages = {834--843}
}

@article{milaMarkedGeneticStructuring2009,
	title = {Marked genetic structuring and extreme dispersal limitation in the {Pyrenean} brook newt {Calotriton} asper ({Amphibia}: {Salamandridae}) revealed by genome-wide {AFLP} but not {mtDNA}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000273005800012},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04441.x},
	abstract = {Direct estimation of dispersal rates at large geographic scales can be technically and logistically challenging, especially in small animals of low vagility like amphibians. The use of molecular markers to reveal patterns of genetic structure provides an indirect way to infer dispersal rates and patterns of recent and historical gene flow among populations. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data and genome-wide amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to examine population structure in the Pyrenean brook newt (Calotriton asper) across four main drainages in the French Pyrenees. mtDNA sequence data (2040 bp) revealed three phylogroups shallowly differentiated and with low genetic diversity. In sharp contrast, variation in 382 amplified fragment length polymorphism loci was high and revealed a clear pattern of isolation by distance consistent with long-term restriction of gene flow at three spatial scales: (i) among all four main drainages, (ii) between sites within drainages, and (iii) even between adjacent populations separated by less than 4 km. The high pairwise F(ST) values between localities across numerous loci, together with the high frequency of fixed alleles in several populations, suggests a combination of marked geographic isolation, small population sizes and very limited dispersal in C. asper. The contrasting lack of variation detected in mtDNA sequence data is intriguing and underscores the importance of multilocus approaches to detect true patterns of gene flow in natural populations of amphibians.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Mila, B. and Carranza, S. and Guillaume, O. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {108--120}
}

@article{campbellEffectsFloralTraits1991,
	title = {Effects of floral traits on sequential components of fitness in  {Ipomopsis} aggregata.},
	volume = {137},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Campbell, D. R.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {fitness, fitness surface, nonlinear selection, stabilising selection},
	pages = {713--737}
}

@article{mackSpermCompetitiveAbility2002,
	title = {Sperm competitive ability and genetic relatedness in {Drosophila} melanogaster: {Similarity} breeds contempt},
	volume = {56},
	url = {ISI:000178668500007},
	abstract = {Offspring of close relatives often suffer severe fitness consequences. Previous studies have demonstrated that females, when given a choice, will choose to avoid mating with closely related males. But where opportunities for mate choice are limited or kin recognition is absent, precopulatory mechanisms may not work. In this case, either sex could reduce the risks of inbreeding through mechanisms that occur during or after copulation. During mating, males or females could commit fewer gametes when mating with a close relative. After mating, females could offset the effects of mating with a closely related male through cryptic choice. Few prior studies of sperm competition have examined the effect of genetic similarity, however, and what studies do exist have yielded equivocal results. In an effort to resolve this issue, we measured the outcome of sperm competition when female Drosophila melanogaster were mated to males of four different degrees of genetic relatedness and then to a standardized competitor. We provide the strongest evidence to date that sperm competitive ability is negatively correlated with relatedness, even after controlling for inbreeding depression},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Mack, P. D. and Hammock, B. A. and Promislow, D. E. L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Drosophila, ABILITY, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, insect, mating, Y, GENETIC SIMILARITY, relatedness, similarity, cost, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, reproductive isolation, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, risk, genetic relatedness, related, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, PLANTS, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, Cryptic female choice, FIELD CRICKET, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, promiscuity, ACCESSORY-GLAND PRODUCTS, sperm selection, MALE SUCCESS, sperm use, CERATITIS-CAPITATA, POSTCOPULATORY FEMALE CHOICE},
	pages = {1789--1795}
}

@article{pinchSocietyStudyAmphibians2010,
	title = {Society for the {Study} of {Amphibians} and {Reptiles} {Effects} of {Temperature} and {Slope} on the {Sprint} {Speed} and {Stamina} of the {Eastern} {Fence} {Effects} of {Temperature} and {Slope} on the {Sprint} {Speed} and {Stamina} of the {Eastern} {Fence} {Lizard} , {Sceloporus} undulatus},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Society},
	author = {Pinch, Frederick C and Claussen, Dennis L},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {671--679}
}

@article{wongSequentialMaleMate2004,
	title = {Sequential male mate choice in a fish, the {Pacific} blue-eye {Pseudomugil} signifer},
	volume = {56},
	url = {ISI:000222368300008},
	abstract = {Mate choice is not just a female preoccupation. Under some circumstances, males may also be choosy. However, studies of male mate choice have generally been confined to situations where males can make direct comparisons between potential partners. In contrast, sequential male mate choice has largely been overlooked despite its biologically importance, especially if current investment in mate attraction diminishes a male's future mating opportunities. Using the Pacific blue-eye fish Pseudomugil signifer, we show that males are capable of exercising sequential mate choice. When presented sequentially with large and small females, males spent more effort courting the former. However, males did not appear to modify the time spent courting a given female based on the size of the female encountered previously. We suggest that greater attention to the sequential choice problem in males may help illuminate similarities and differences between the sexes when it comes to mating decisions},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Wong, B. B. M. and Jennions, M. D. and Keogh, J. S.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, female, FEMALES, fish, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, sex, TRAITS, size, INVESTMENT, mating, PREFERENCES, similarity, costs, SEXES, attraction, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, mating decision, male mate choice, mating decisions, EVIDENCE/, MALE THREESPINE STICKLEBACKS, Pacific blue-eye, Pseudomugil signifer, sequential mate choice},
	pages = {253--256}
}

@article{dadaEpigeneticsItsRole2012,
	title = {Epigenetics and its role in male infertility},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1058-0468},
	url = {://WOS:000300850300002},
	doi = {10.1007/s10815-012-9715-0},
	abstract = {Male infertility is a common and complex problem affecting 1 in 20 men. Despite voluminous research in this field, in many cases, the underlying causes are unknown. Epigenetic factors play an important role in male infertility and these have been studied extensively. Epigenetic modifications control a number of processes within the body, but this review will concentrate on male fertility and the consequences of aberrant epigenetic regulation/modification. Many recent studies have identified altered epigenetic profiles in sperm from men with oligozoospermia and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. During gametogenesis and germ cell maturation, germ cells undergo extensive epigenetic reprogramming that involves the establishment of sex-specific patterns in the sperm and oocytes. Increasing evidence suggests that genetic and environmental factors can have negative effects on epigenetic processes controlling implantation, placentation and fetal growth. This review provides an overview of the epigenetic processes (histone-to-protamine exchange and epigenetic reprogramming post-fertilization), aberrant epigenetic reprogramming and its association with fertility, possible risks for ART techniques, testicular cancer and the effect of environmental factors on the epigenetic processes.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics},
	author = {Dada, R. and Kumar, M. and Jesudasan, R. and Fernandez, J. L. and Gosalvez, J. and Agarwal, A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {epigenetics, imprinting, genome, chromatin, DNA methylation, gene-expression, male infertility, mammalian development, protamines, ART, assisted reproductive technology, Chromatin remodeling, histone acetylation, human-sperm, imprinted genes, mouse spermatogenesis, primordial germ-cells},
	pages = {213--223}
}

@article{heygiQualitativePopulationDivergence2002,
	title = {Qualitative population divergence in proximate determination of a sexually selected trait int he collared flycatcher},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Heygi, G. and Torok, J. and Toth, L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {population, flycatcher, divergence, collared flycatcher},
	pages = {710--719}
}

@article{schluterExploringFitnessSurfaces1994,
	title = {Exploring fitness surfaces},
	volume = {143},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Schluter, D. and Nychka, D.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {selection, fitness, call, natural selection, multivariate selection, cubic spline, fitness surface},
	pages = {597--616}
}

@article{becherIsolationCharacterizationPolymorphic2002,
	title = {Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the {Trinidadian} guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {2},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00276.x},
	abstract = {Abstract We isolated microsatellite loci for the Trinidadian guppy Poecilia reticulata from the Oropuche and Caroni drainages in Trinidad, using a modified enrichment protocol that provided 93\% enriched libraries. The eight loci presented here are polymorphic, and have between seven and 18 alleles in 33-48 individuals initially screened. Observed heterozygosities in this sample range from 0.28 to 0.88. These loci significantly increase the number of polymorphic microsatellite markers available for paternity and population analysis in this species},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Notes},
	author = {Becher, S. A. and Russell, S. T. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, INCREASE, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, NUMBER, allele, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, microsatellites, TRINIDAD, paternity, MARKERS, alleles},
	pages = {456--458}
}

@article{lehmannInbreedingAvoidanceKin2003,
	title = {Inbreeding avoidance through kin recognition: {Choosy} females boost male dispersal},
	volume = {162},
	url = {ISI:000186719000009},
	abstract = {Inbreeding avoidance is predicted to induce sex biases in dispersal. But which sex should disperse? In polygynous species, females pay higher costs to inbreeding and thus might be expected to disperse more, but empirical evidence consistently reveals male biases. Here, we show that theoretical expectations change drastically if females are allowed to avoid inbreeding via kin recognition. At high inbreeding loads, females should prefer immigrants over residents, thereby boosting male dispersal. At lower inbreeding loads, by contrast, inclusive fitness benefits should induce females to prefer relatives, thereby promoting male philopatry. This result points to disruptive effects of sexual selection. The inbreeding load that females are ready to accept is surprisingly high. In absence of search costs, females should prefer related partners as long as delta {\textless}r/(1+r), where is relatedness and \&delta; is the fecundity loss relative to an outbred mating. This amounts to fitness losses up to one-fifth for a half-sib mating and one-third for a full-sib mating, which lie in the upper range of inbreeding depression values currently reported in natural populations. The observation of active inbreeding avoidance in a polygynous species thus suggests that inbreeding depression exceeds this threshold in the species under scrutiny or that inbred matings at least partly forfeit other mating opportunities for males. Our model also shows that female choosiness should decline rapidly with search costs, stemming from, for example, reproductive delays. Species under strong time constraints on reproduction should thus be tolerant of inbreeding},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Lehmann, L. and Perrin, N.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, i, mate choice, population, selection, sex, fitness, model, fecundity, mating, ANIMALS, reproduction, choosiness, relatedness, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, POPULATIONS, social, AVOIDANCE, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating systems, philopatry, related, threshold, load, KIN RECOGNITION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, PRAIRIE DOGS, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, sex-biased dispersal, constraints, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE, choosy females, search costs, local competition},
	pages = {638--652}
}

@article{meylanMaternalSizeStress2004,
	title = {Maternal size and stress and offspring philopatry: {An} experimental study in the common lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1195-6860},
	url = {://WOS:000220555800014},
	abstract = {During gestation, many morphological, physiological, and behavioural traits are influenced by the maternal environment. Previous experiments on natal dispersal in Lacerta vivipara demonstrated that maternal condition during gestation affects juvenile dispersal behaviour. The mechanisms by which a female may influence her offspring, or offspring respond to changes in the mother's internal environment, remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of corticosterone during pregnancy on the production of the dispersal phenotype. Ninety pregnant females were collected from a population at Cevennes (Massif Central) and kept in the laboratory until parturition. We applied a corticosterone solution daily on the back of 58 females and applied a similar solution, but without corticosterone, to the 32 others as a control. We measured dispersal propensity and morphology of the offspring of both groups. Morphology of offspring was not affected by hormonal treatment of their mothers, but dispersal of young from corticosterone-treated mothers was significantly smaller for large-sized (old) mothers and significantly greater for small-sized (young) females compared to the offspring of control females. Corticosterone might not be the only factor affecting the development of the juvenile dispersal phenotype. Maternal effects on juvenile dispersal reflect future survival prospects of the female and/or the quality of her environment; this finding strengthens our previous finding that natal dispersal in L. vivipara results from the integration of multiple factors.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ecoscience},
	author = {Meylan, S. and De Fraipont, M. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {123--129}
}

@article{sakamotoMicrosatelliteLinkageMap2000,
	title = {A microsatellite linkage map of rainbow trout ( {Onchorhynchus} mykiss ) characterized by large sex-specific differences in recombination rates},
	volume = {155},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Sakamoto, T. and Danzmann, R. G. and Gharbi, K. and Howard, P. and Ozaki, A. and Khoo, S. K. and Woram, R. A. and Okamoto, N. and Ferguson, M. M. and Holm, L. E. and Guyomard, R. and Hoyheim, B.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {microsatellite, linkage, recombination, sex-linkage, recombination rate},
	pages = {1331--1345}
}

@article{gorlickDominanceHierarchiesFactors1976,
	title = {Dominance hierarchies and factors influencing dominance in the guppy  {Poecilia} reticulata  ({Peters})},
	volume = {24},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gorlick, D. L.},
	year = {1976},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, dominance, guppy,dominance hierarchy,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {336--346}
}

@article{cornwallisChangesSpermQuality2007,
	title = {Changes in sperm quality and numbers in response to experimental manipulation of male social status and female attractiveness},
	volume = {170},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Cornwallis, C K and Birkhead, T R},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {SPERM COMPETITION, birds, sperm motility, sperm allocation, social status, sperm number},
	pages = {758--770}
}

@article{batesLme4LinearMixedeffects2009,
	title = {lme4: {Linear} mixed-effects models using {S4} classes},
	abstract = {Bates D. \& Maechler M. (2009). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes},
	author = {Bates, D and Maechler, M},
	year = {2009}
}

@article{sorciCostReproductionCost1996,
	title = {Cost of reproduction and cost of parasitism in the common lizard, {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:A1996UY43300013},
	doi = {10.2307/3545754},
	abstract = {Parasites may play a complex role in shaping patterns of host reproductive effort and therefore in determining costs of reproduction in their hosts. Parasites may cause a more or less large reduction in the amount of energy an individual host may use for reproduction and maintenance. Irrespective of the parasite-induced reduction in energy intake, infected hosts may either show the same allocation pattern than uninfected hosts, or respond to parasitism by changing the proportion of energy allocated to each trait (e.g. increased investment in current reproduction at the expense of survival). Moreover, hosts may differ in their susceptibility to parasites (e.g. hosts with high reproductive effort mag show higher vulnerability to parasite infection). Each of these hypotheses leads to a pattern of correlation between parasite load, host survival and reproduction. In this paper we compared the predicted patterns of correlation between parasite load, host survival and reproduction with those observed for the Lacerta vivipara - haematozoa association. We found that: (1) haematozoa load was positively correlated with lizard reproductive effort; (2) haematozoa load was not correlated with host survival; (3) lizards with high reproductive investment suffered higher mortality rare than lizards with low reproductive investment. These findings suggest that parasites do not significantly reduce host energy intake, and are in agreement with a shift of the allocation rule of parasitized hosts toward reproduction. However, our correlative study does not allow us to attribute this shift to an adaptive host response to parasites rather than a by-product of a differential susceptibility to parasite infections.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Sorci, G. and Clobert, J. and Michalakis, Y.},
	month = may,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {121--130}
}

@article{shusterEqualMatingSuccess1991,
	title = {Equal mating success among male reproductive strategies in a marine isopod},
	volume = {350},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Shuster, S. M. and Wade, M. J.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {mating, polymorphism, alternative male mating tactics, mating success, ESS},
	pages = {608--610}
}

@article{poulinParasiteMediatedSexual1996,
	title = {Parasite mediated sexual selection: just how choosy are parasitized females},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Poulin, R. and Vickery, W. L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, parasites, state-dependent choice},
	pages = {43--49}
}

@article{seddonMaleHeterozygosityPredicts2004,
	title = {Male heterozygosity predicts territory size, song structure and reproductive success in a cooperatively breeding bird},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000223637200009},
	abstract = {Recent studies of non-social animals have shown that sexually selected traits signal at least one measure of genetic quality: heterozygosity. To determine whether similar cues reveal group quality in more complex social systems, we examined the relationship between territory size, song structure and heterozygosity in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi), a group-living bird endemic to Madagascar. Using nine polymorphic microsatellite loci, we found that heterozygosity predicted both the size of territories and the structure of songs used to defend them: more heterozygous groups had larger territories, and more heterozygous males used longer, lower-pitched trills in their songs. Heterozygosity was linked to territory size and song structure in males, but not in females, implying that these traits are sexually selected by female choice and/or male-male competition. To our knowledge, this study provides the first direct evidence in any animal that territory size is related to genetic diversity. We also found a positive association between seasonal reproductive success and heterozygosity, suggesting that this heritable characteristic is a reliable indicator of group quality and fitness. Given that heterozygosity predicts song structure in males, and can therefore be determined by listening to acoustic cues, we identify a mechanism by which social animals may assess rival groups, prospective partners and group mates, information of potential importance in guiding decisions related to conflict, breeding and dispersal},
	number = {1550},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Seddon, N. and Amos, W. and Mulder, R. A. and Tobias, J. A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, Fisher, HOUSE, i, MALES, MATE, quality, selection, TRAITS, fitness, size, reproductive success, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, theory, male-male competition, COMPLEX, genetic quality, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, DISPERSAL, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, social, territory, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, genetics, microsatellites, conflict, related, song, SYSTEMS, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, indicator, sexually selected traits, territory size, HABITAT SELECTION, cooperative breeding, Oryx, social system, INFORMATION, madagascar, BODY-MASS, ACOUSTIC FREQUENCIES, group living, MESITE MONIAS-BENSCHI, Monias benschi},
	pages = {1823--1829}
}

@article{itonagaEffectsVariationMaternal2011,
	title = {Effects of variation in maternal carotenoid intake during gestation on offspring innate immune response in a matrotrophic viviparous reptile},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000297156500020},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01882.x},
	abstract = {1. The evolution of matrotrophy may be related to high resource availability during gestation and consequently increased opportunity for reproductive investment via the placenta. Thus, matrotrophic species have smaller yolk volume than lecithotrophic species. Innate immune response of offspring at birth, which is important in protection against disease and parasites, may be influenced by the degree of reproductive investment of carotenoids, such as beta-carotene. However, to date, no study has investigated the effects of maternal carotenoid intake during reproduction on the innate immune responses of offspring in reptiles. 2. Some matrotrophic viviparous (live-bearing) reptiles provide significant support for embryogenesis through both yolk and placenta. These species are excellent models for research into the evolutionary transitions from lecithotrophic reproduction (i.e. supply of resources from the yolks, e. g. birds) to highly matrotrophic reproduction (i.e. direct supply of most resources from the mother, e. g. mammals). 3. We used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to examine carotenoid concentration in newly ovulated eggs of a matrotrophic viviparous lizard (Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii). Most eggs did not contain any carotenoids, including beta-carotene. 4. We then experimentally manipulated maternal beta-carotene availability (i.e. supplementation of beta-carotene in the diet or no supplementation) during gestation and investigated innate immune response of offspring (i.e. tissue swelling and proportion of monocytes in response to antigenic stimulation) at 2 days after birth. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of postnatal beta-carotene intake on innate immune response of offspring using reciprocal transplant experiments in which we manipulated offspring beta-carotene availability for 2 weeks after birth. This experimental design also allowed us to assess the persistence of effects of maternal beta-carotene effects on innate immune response in offspring. We found that the immune response as measured by the proportion of monocytes was enhanced by high maternal beta-carotene intake during gestation, and this effect persisted for 2 weeks after birth. Furthermore, post-natal beta-carotene intake enhanced innate immune response. 5. The maternally transferred beta-carotene via the placenta during embryogenesis may be an important physiological adaptation to counter the costs of a reduction in organic substances supplied in the yolk that occurs as matrotrophy evolves.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Itonaga, Keisuke and Jones, Susan M. and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1318--1326}
}

@article{crowOddsLosingGenetic1999,
	title = {The odds of losing at genetic roulette},
	volume = {397},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Crow, J. F.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, News and views},
	pages = {293--294}
}

@article{meyerRecurrentOriginSexually1994,
	title = {Recurrent origin of a sexually selected trait in  {Xiphophorus}  fishes inferred from a molecular phylogeny},
	volume = {368},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Meyer, A. and Morrissey, J. M. and Schartl, M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {fishes, call, phylogeny, molecular phylogeny, phylogeny,sexual selection,Xiphophorus fishes},
	pages = {539--542}
}

@article{meylanMaternalStressJuvenile2000,
	title = {Maternal stress and juvenile dispersal in the common lizard},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0003-1569},
	url = {://WOS:000168132000537},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Meylan, S. and Clobert, J. and De Fraipont, M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1132--1132}
}

@article{legalliardFemaleCommonLizards2005,
	title = {Female common lizards ({Lacerta} vivipara) do not adjust their sex-biased investment in relation to the adult sex ratio},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000233146000009},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00950.x},
	abstract = {Sex allocation theory predicts that facultative maternal investment in the rare sex should be favoured by natural selection when breeders experience predictable variation in adult sex ratios (ASRs). We found significant spatial and predictable interannual changes in local ASRs within a natural population of the common lizard where the mean ASR is female-biased, thus validating the key assumptions of adaptive sex ratio models. We tested for facultative maternal investment in the rare sex during and after an experimental perturbation of the ASR by creating populations with female-biased or male-biased ASR. Mothers did not adjust their clutch sex ratio during or after the ASR perturbation, but produced sons with a higher body condition in male-biased populations. However, this differential sex allocation did not result in growth or survival differences in offspring. Our results thus contradict the predictions of adaptive models and challenge the idea that facultative investment in the rare sex might be a mechanism regulating the population sex ratio.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Fitze, P. S. and Cote, J. and Massot, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1455--1463}
}

@article{crepieuxQuantitativeTraitLoci11,
	title = {Quantitative {Trait} {Loci} ({QTL}) {Detection} in {Multicross} {Inbred} {Designs}: {Recovering} {QTL} {Identical}-by-{Descent} {Status} {Information} {From} {Marker} {Data}},
	volume = {168},
	url = {http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/168/3/1737},
	abstract = {Mapping quantitative trait loci in plants is usually conducted using a population derived from a cross between two inbred lines. The power of such QTL detection and the parameter estimates depend largely on the choice of the two parental lines. Thus, the QTL detected in such populations represent only a small part of the genetic architecture of the trait. In addition, the effects of only two alleles are characterized, which is of limited interest to the breeder, while common pedigree breeding material remains unexploited for QTL mapping. In this study, we extend QTL mapping methodology to a generalized framework, based on a two-step IBD variance component approach, applicable to any type of breeding population obtained from inbred parents. We then investigate with simulated data mimicking conventional breeding programs the influence of different estimates of the IBD values on the power of QTL detection. The proposed method would provide an alternative to the development of specifically designed recombinant populations, by utilizing the genetic variation actually managed by plant breeders. The use of these detected QTL in assisting breeding would thus be facilitated},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Crepieux, Sebastien and Lebreton, Claude and Servin, Bertrand and Charmet, Gilles},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, population, variation, allele, loci, POPULATIONS, COMMON, genetic variation, VARIANCE, PLANTS, GENETIC-VARIATION, alleles, pedigree, INFORMATION, ARCHITECTURE, BREEDERS, QTL, QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI},
	pages = {1737--1749}
}

@article{frankWhenCopyAvoid1990,
	title = {When to copy or avoid an opponent's strategy},
	volume = {145},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Frank, S. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {call, avoidance,copying},
	pages = {41--46}
}

@article{headOperationalSexRatio2008,
	title = {Operational sex ratio and density do not affect directional selection on male sexual ornaments and behavior},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://000252108700012},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00277.x},
	abstract = {Demographic parameters including operational sex ratio (OSR) and population density may influence the opportunity for, and strength of sexual selection. Traditionally, male-biased OSRs and high population densities have been thought to increase the opportunity for sexual selection on male sexual traits due to increased male competition for mates. Recent experimental evidence, however, suggests that male-biased OSRs might reduce the opportunity for sexual selection due to increased sexual coercion experienced by females. How OSR, density, and any resultant changes in the opportunity for sexual selection actually affect selection on male sexual traits is unclear. In this study, we independently manipulated OSR and density in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) without altering the number of males present. We recorded male and female behavior and used DNA microsatellite data to assign paternity to offspring and estimate male reproductive success. We then used linear selection analyses to examine the effects of OSR and density on directional sexual selection on male behavioral and morphological traits. We found that females were pursued more by males in male-biased treatments, despite no change in individual male behavior. There were no differences in sexual behavior experienced by females or performed by males in relation to density. Neither OSR nor density significantly altered the opportunity for sexual selection. Also, Although there was significant multivariate linear selection operating on males, neither OSR nor density altered the pattern of sexual selection on male traits. Our results suggest that differences in either OSR or density (independent of the number of males present) are unlikely to alter directional evolutionary change in male sexual traits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Head, M. L. and Lindholm, A. K. and Brooks, R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, mate choice, sperm, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, reproductive success, female preference, life-history, male-male competition, male mating success, RATIO, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, GUPPIES POECILIA-RETICULATA, SEXUAL, selection analysis, density, PRECEDENCE, coercion, microsatellite paternity analysis, operational sex, opportunity for sexual selection},
	pages = {135--144}
}

@article{osorioSepiaTonesStomatopod1997,
	title = {Sepia  tones, stomatopod signals and the uses of colour},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Osorio, D. and Vorobyev, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {signals, call, colour, colour vision,Sepia,signals},
	pages = {167--168}
}

@article{gibsonMateChoiceLekking1991,
	title = {Mate choice in lekking sage grouse revisited: the roles of vocal display, female site fidelity, and copying},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Gibson, R. M. and Bradbury, J. W.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, lekking, mate choice, display, copying, mating success, sage grouse, Fisher's process},
	pages = {165--180}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalezMaleGeneticQuality2008,
	title = {Male genetic quality and the inequality between paternity success and fertilization success: consequences for studies of sperm competition and the evolution of polyandry.},
	volume = {62},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00362.x},
	abstract = {Studies of postcopulatory sexual selection typically estimate a male's fertilization success from his paternity success (P2) calculated at hatching or birth. However, P2 may be affected by differential embryo viability, thereby confounding estimations of true fertilization success (F2). This study examines the effects of variation in the ability of males to influence embryo viability upon the inequality between P2 and F2. It also investigates the consequences of this inequality for testing the hypothesis that polyandrous females accrue viability benefits for their offspring through facilitation of sperm competition (good-sperm model). Simulations of competitive mating trials show that although relative measures of male reproductive success tend to underestimate the strength of underlying good-sperm processes, good-sperm processes can be seriously overestimated using P2 values if males influence the viability of the embryos they sire. This study cautions the interpretation of P2 values as a proxy for fertilization success or sperm competitiveness in studies of postcopulatory sexual selection, and highlights that the good-sperm hypothesis needs empirical support from studies able to identify and separate unequivocally the males' ability to win fertilizations from their ability to influence the development of embryos.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {García-González, Francisco},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female, genetic benefits, good genes, FERTILIZATION, ANIMALS, Male, Selection, Genetic, Models, Genetic, Sexual Behavior, Animal, intrinsic, Biological Evolution, postcopulatory sexual selection, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, good sperm, condition dependence, spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: physiology, INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION, COPULATION DURATION, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, BULB MITE, embryo viability, Fetal Viability, genital morphology, INTERACTING PHENOTYPES, RED FLOUR BEETLES, sire effects, sperm competitive ability},
	pages = {1653--65}
}

@article{sinnMaternalCareSocial2008,
	title = {Maternal care in a social lizard: links between female aggression and offspring fitness},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:000260118000015},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.06.009},
	abstract = {Infanticide is an important mortality factor for juveniles in a wide variety of taxa, and is thought to be an important influence on the evolution of pair bonding and parental care of offspring. Many parents, in response to conspecific infanticide, may alter their behavioural aggressiveness towards conspecifics in an adaptive manner to favour their offsprings' fitness. Research on conspecific aggression as an infanticidal counter-strategy by parents, however, has largely focused on mammals and birds. Owing to the almost ubiquitous occurrence of altricial young/parental provisioning of offspring in these taxa, our ability to test comparative hypotheses regarding the initial evolution of parental care is limited. Recent evidence of highly variable social systems within a monophyletic social lizard clade (Egernia spp.) provides an opportunity to further our knowledge in this regard. We examined patterns of aggressiveness towards a conspecific model by females from a wild population of social lizards (White's skink, Egernia whitii), while also documenting the first-year growth and survival of their offspring in the field. Female aggression increased during pregnancy and was maintained at a high level during postpartum periods, relative to aggressiveness during mating periods. We also observed consistent interindividual expression of aggressiveness in females, and offspring from more aggressive female behavioural phenotypes had higher rates of survival, but not growth, over their first year of life. These results suggest that relatively 'simple' forms of parental care (i.e. territoriality combined with kin tolerance) may favour offspring fitness and therefore parental care, without necessarily entailing the costs of full parental provisioning of offspring. (C) 2008 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Sinn, D. L. and While, G. M. and Wapstra, E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1249--1257}
}

@article{lopezLocomotorCapacityDominance2002,
	title = {Locomotor capacity and dominance in male lizards {Lacerta} monticola: a trade-off between survival and reproductive success?},
	volume = {77},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00103.x},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {López, Pilar and Martín, José},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {201--209}
}

@article{hoggGeneticRescueInsular2006,
	title = {Genetic rescue of an insular population of large mammals},
	volume = {273},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://000238061000009},
	language = {English},
	number = {1593},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Hogg, J. T. and Forbes, S. H. and Steele, B. M. and Luikart, G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {selection, survival, MAMMALS, GENETIC RESCUE, CONSERVATION GENETICS, outbreeding depression, immigration, MOUNTAIN BIGHORN SHEEP, RESTORATION},
	pages = {1491--1499}
}

@article{komersTimingEstrusFallow1999,
	title = {Timing of estrus in fallow deer is adjusted to the age of available mates},
	volume = {153},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Komers, P. E. and Birgersson, B. and Ekvall, K.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {mate choice, ABVI, age, fallow deer},
	pages = {431--436}
}

@article{sinervoMorphsDispersalBehavior2003,
	title = {Morphs, dispersal behavior, genetic similarity, and the evolution of cooperation},
	volume = {300},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://WOS:000183619400048},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1083109},
	abstract = {Genetic similarity owing to kin relationship is often invoked to explain the evolution of social cooperation. In this study, male color morphs of side-blotched lizards settle nonrandomly with respect to genetic similarity. Blue morphs tend to settle in close proximity to other blue morphs with high genetic similarity. Blue neighbors have three times the average fitness of blue males lacking such neighbors. Conversely, genetically similar males depress fitness of the orange morph. Moreover, orange males are hyperdispersed with respect to genetic similarity. Pedigree and dispersal data show that genetically similar blue neighbors are not kin. Instead, conditions for the evolution of dispersal and cooperation are promoted by an emergent property of the morph locus that increases genetic similarity within morphs: genome-wide correlational selection links many traits to the morph locus, including settlement behavior.},
	number = {5627},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1949--1951}
}

@article{ben-ezraAreLocomotorPerformances2008,
	title = {Are {Locomotor} {Performances} {Coadapted} to {Preferred} {Basking} {Temperature} in the {Northern} {Map} {Turtle} ({Graptemys} geographica)?},
	volume = {42},
	doi = {10.1670/07-1881.1},
	journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
	author = {Ben-Ezra, E. and Bulté, G. and Blouin-Demers, G.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {322--331}
}

@article{batemanMaleSizeSequential2001,
	title = {Male size and sequential mate preference in the cricket {Gryllus} bimaculatus},
	volume = {61},
	url = {ISI:000167990100013},
	abstract = {In crickets, females show preferences for male traits such as body size and either reject outright, take longer to mate with, or remove the spermatophores of nonfavoured males sooner, interrupting sperm transfer. In most mate choice studies, however, empirical tests so far have concentrated on choice between simultaneously presented males, which may not reflect the natural situation. We exposed sequentially to potential mates females that ranged from completely naive (virgin) to twice mated. Naive females did not remove the spermatophores of smaller males sooner, but tended (nonsignificant) to reject small males outright. With increasing experience, there was a general decline in spermatophore retention time, but large males were favoured: females either increased retention time when large males succeeded small males or maintained it for the same duration. There were more rejections when small males succeeded large or small males, but fewer when large males succeeded small males. Females appeared to 'bet hedge' at the first copulation, rather than be unable to judge male size/quality; but with increasing experience, their spermatophore retention and rejection behaviour clearly indicated a favouring of large males and an active discrimination against small males. There was a first-male advantage in terms of sperm transfer, but subsequent female behaviour compromised any advantage gained by a small first mate. (C) 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bateman, P. W. and Gilson, L. N. and Ferguson, J. W. H.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, association, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, insect, MALE SIZE, reproductive success, cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, PREFERENCES, mate preference, preference, MATES, transfer, GRYLLIDAE, discrimination, EXPERIENCE, FIELD CRICKET, SPERM TRANSFER, TESTS, ADVANTAGE, Orthoptera, SAMPLING BEHAVIOR, SEARCH THEORY, MALE TRAITS, female behaviour, ACHETA-DOMESTICUS, GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, MOTTLED SCULPINS},
	pages = {631--637}
}

@article{enquistSymmetryBeautyEvolution1994,
	title = {Symmetry, beauty and evolution},
	volume = {372},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Enquist, M. and Arak, A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {evolution, call, signals,symmetry},
	pages = {169--172}
}

@article{peerOutbreedingDepressionNo2005,
	title = {Outbreeding depression, but no inbreeding depression in haplodiploid ambrosia beetles with regular sibling mating},
	volume = {59},
	url = {ISI:000227468700007},
	abstract = {In sexual reproduction the genetic similarity or dissimilarity between mates strongly affects offspring fitness. When mating partners are too closely related, increased homozygosity generally causes inbreeding depression, whereas crossing between too distantly related individuals may disrupt local adaptations or coadaptations within the genome and result in outbreeding depression. The optimal degree of inbreeding or outbreeding depends on population structure. A long history of inbreeding is expected to reduce inbreeding depression due to purging of deleterious alleles, and to promote outbreeding depression because of increased genetic variation between lineages. Ambrosia beetles (Xyleborim) are bark beetles with haplodiploid sex determination, strong local mate competition due to regular sibling mating within the natal chamber, and heavily biased sex ratios. We experimentally mated females of Xylosandrus germanus to brothers and unrelated males and measured offspring fitness. Inbred matings did not produce offspring with reduced fitness in any of the examined life-history traits. In contrast, outcrossed offspring suffered from reduced hatching rates. Reduction in inbreeding depression is usually attributed to purging of deleterious alleles, and the absence of inbreeding depression in X. germanus may represent the highest degree of purging of all examined species so far. Outbreeding depression within the same population has previously only been reported from plants. The causes and consequences of our findings are discussed with respect to mating strategies, sex ratios, and speciation in this unusual system},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Peer, K. and Taborskyi, M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, population, sex, TRAITS, variation, fitness, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, BIOLOGY, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, reproduction, MATES, sex ratio, allele, GENETIC SIMILARITY, INDIVIDUALS, similarity, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, X, adaptation, STRATEGIES, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, related, genetic variation, speciation, outbreeding, PLANTS, purging, SELF-FERTILIZATION, sex determination, RATIO, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, SEXES, mate competition, genome, GENETIC-VARIATION, alleles, LINEAGE, outbreeding depression, PERSPECTIVE, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, SEX-RATIOS, sexual reproduction, Daphnia, SEX-RATIO, OFFSPRING FITNESS, population structure, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, sex ratios, local adaptation, local mate competition, coleoptera,outcrossing,population structure,purging,reproductive isolation,xyleborini},
	pages = {317--323}
}

@article{cameronSexualConflictIndirect2003,
	title = {Sexual conflict and indirect benefits},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Cameron, E. and Day, T. and Rowe, L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual conflict, conflict, genetic covariance, sexually antagonistic coevolution, sexy sons},
	pages = {1055--1060}
}

@article{olssonEffectsLongtermFox2005,
	title = {Effects of long-term fox baiting on species composition and abundance in an {Australian} lizard community},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1442-9985},
	url = {://WOS:000233411000011},
	abstract = {We report on the effects of almost a decade of 1080-fox baiting on a lizard community in a mosaic Australian habitat. Replicated comparisons of baited versus non-baited control areas with near-identical histories of bush fires, grazing and climate showed a higher density of red fox tracks (Canis vulpes) in the non-baited areas. Furthermore, the fox-baited areas showed a more than five times higher density of sand goannas (Varanus gouldii), a species that strongly overlaps the red fox in food niche breadth and is itself a direct target of fox predation, in particular its eggs and young. Exclusion of predators from a natural habitat led to significant increases in the density of small lizards, suggesting that predation can drive lizard population dynamics in this ecosystem. Replicated pitfall-trapping in three habitats in the control areas (with high fox and low goanna density) versus the baited areas (with low fox and high goanna density) showed that fox baiting had positive effects on the density of diurnal scincid lizards in open grassland, whereas the control areas showed higher density of nocturnal gecko lizards. Our interpretation is that fox removal may result in a shift in the top predator towards the sand goanna. Historically, this indigenous, endemic species was the natural top predator. It has co-evolved with its prey and that may have moulded it into a more efficient lizard predator per encounter than the introduced fox.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Austral Ecology},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Wapstra, E. and Swan, G. and Snaith, E. and Clarke, R. and Madsen, T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {907--913}
}

@article{issartelSelectionPhysiologicalMetabolic2009,
	title = {Selection of physiological and metabolic adaptations to food deprivation in the {Pyrenean} newt {Calotriton} asper during cave colonisation},
	volume = {155},
	issn = {1095-6433},
	url = {://WOS:000273153600012},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.10.002},
	abstract = {Food restriction is one of the major and most common constraints that subterranean animals face in their biotope. Cave-dwelling organisms thus have to cope with fasting periods that can extend from a month to a year. However, adaptive fasting resistance previously found in subterranean fauna has only been highlighted by direct comparisons with phylogenetically distant epigean organisms, which could severely impact conclusions. Here we report physiological and metabolic responses to 42 days of fasting followed by 10 days of refeeding in two populations (one subterranean and one epigean) of Calotriton asper. In the fed state (control), the hypogean population exhibited a hypometabolism together with higher glycogen (+25\% in liver and muscles) and triglyceride stores (+50\% in muscles). During the fasting period, cave individuals exhibited a 20\% decrease in VO(2) whereas epigean individuals experienced no significant change. In addition, the energetic reserves always remained higher in the hypogean population. According to phylogenic and biogeographic data, cave colonization by this species dates back to less than 10,000 years, suggesting a rapid selection of adaptive traits related to fasting. This study strongly suggests that cave colonization induces a decrease in metabolism together with a higher capacity to accumulate energy reserves and therefore to withstand unpredictable fasting periods. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-Molecular \& Integrative Physiology},
	author = {Issartel, J. and Voituron, Y. and Guillaume, O. and Clobert, J. and Hervant, F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {77--83}
}

@article{ghalamborConstraintsAdaptiveEvolution2004,
	title = {Constraints on adaptive evolution: {The} functional trade-off between reproduction and fast-start swimming performance in the {Trinidadian} guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {164},
	url = {ISI:000222702500006},
	abstract = {The empirical study of natural selection reveals that adaptations often involve trade-offs between competing functions. Because natural selection acts on whole organisms rather than isolated traits, adaptive evolution may be constrained by the interaction between traits that are functionally integrated. Yet, few attempts have been made to characterize how and when such constraints are manifested or whether they limit the adaptive divergence of populations. Here we examine the consequences of adaptive life-history evolution on locomotor performance in the live-bearing guppy. In response to increased predation from piscivorous fish, Trinidadian guppies evolve an increased allocation of resources toward reproduction. These populations are also under strong selection for rapid fast-start swimming performance to evade predators. Because embryo development increases a female's wet mass as she approaches parturition, an increased investment in reproductive allocation should impede fast-start performance. We find evidence for adaptive but constrained evolution of fast-start swimming performance in laboratory trials conducted on second-generation lab-reared fish. Female guppies from high-predation localities attain a faster acceleration and velocity and travel a greater distance during fast-start swimming trials. However, velocity and distance traveled decline more rapidly over the course of pregnancy in these same females, thus reducing the magnitude of divergence in swimming performance between high- and low-predation populations. This functional trade-off between reproduction and swimming performance reveals how different aspects of the phenotype are integrated and highlights the complexity of adaptation at the whole-organism level},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Ghalambor, C. K. and Reznick, D. N. and Walker, J. A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, i, PERFORMANCE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, response, reticulata, selection, TRAITS, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, INCREASE, resources, CONSEQUENCES, Darwin, lande, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, life-history evolution, reproduction, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, phenotype, allocation, natural selection, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, adaptation, predation, CONSERVATION, REVEAL, BIODIVERSITY, trade-off, trade-offs, INCREASES, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, LIMIT, divergence, GENETIC-BASIS, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, threespine stickleback, DISTANCE, constraints, constraint, adaptive divergence, ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR, BODY FORM, ENERGY ACQUISITION RATES, fast start, INTRINSIC GROWTH, MENIDIA-MENIDIA, SWIMMING PERFORMANCE},
	pages = {38--50}
}

@article{lecomteDispersalConnectivityPopulations1996,
	title = {Dispersal and connectivity in populations of the common lizard {Lacerta} vivipara: {An} experimental approach},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1146-609X},
	url = {://WOS:A1996WZ96600011},
	abstract = {Theoretical and empirical studies of the consequences of habitat fragmentation and isolation suggest that dispersal behaviour improves the persistence of local populations and that characteristics of dispersal influence the spatial structure and dynamics of metapopulations. A better understanding of the costs and benefits of dispersal could allow one to predict how populations would respond when confronted with perturbations. In this paper, the effects of preventing dispersal on the short term behaviour of the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) are studied experimentally. Situations where two experimental populations are connected were compared to situations where two experimental populations were not connected. Preventing dispersal had a destabilizing effect since it provoked dispersal behaviour in individuals which would not otherwise have dispersed. The effects on population persistence of breaking a connection between populations could therefore be more important than predicted by demographic models which do not include interactions between individual behaviour and habitat fragmentation.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Lecomte, J. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {585--598}
}

@article{brykczynskaRepressiveActiveHistone2010,
	title = {Repressive and active histone methylation mark distinct promoters in human and mouse spermatozoa},
	volume = {17},
	abstract = {In higher eukaryotes, histone methylation is involved in maintaining cellular identity during somatic development. As most nucleosomes are replaced by protamines during spermatogenesis, it is unclear whether histone modifications function in paternal transmission of epigenetic information. Here we show that two modifications important for Trithorax-and Polycomb-mediated gene regulation have methylation-specific distributions at regulatory regions in human spermatozoa. Histone H3 Lys4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) marks genes that are relevant in spermatogenesis and cellular homeostasis. In contrast, histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) marks developmental regulators in sperm, as in somatic cells. However, nucleosomes are only moderately retained at regulatory regions in human sperm. Nonetheless, genes with extensive H3K27me3 coverage around transcriptional start sites in particular tend not to be expressed during male and female gametogenesis or in preimplantation embryos. Promoters of orthologous genes are similarly modified in mouse spermatozoa. These data are compatible with a role for Polycomb in repressing somatic determinants across generations, potentially in a variegating manner.},
	number = {679-687},
	journal = {Nature Structural and Molecular Biology},
	author = {Brykczynska, U. and Hisano, M. and Erkek, S. and Ramos, L. and Oakeley, E.J. and Roloff, T.C. and Beisel, C. and Schübeler, D. and Stadler, M.B. and Peters, A.H.},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{mooreConstraintsEvolutionPostcopulatory2004,
	title = {Constraints on evolution and postcopulatory sexual selection: {Trade}-offs among ejaculate characteristics},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000223583900011},
	abstract = {Ejaculates function as an integrated unit to ensure male fertility and paternity, can have a complex structure, and can experience multiple episodes of selection. Current studies on the evolution of ejaculates typically focus on phenotypic variation in sperm number, size, or related traits such as testes size as adaptations to postcopulatory male-male competition. However, the evolution of the integrated nature of ejaculate structure and function depends on genetic variation in and covariation between the component parts. Here we report a quantitative genetic study of the components of the ejaculate of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea, including those we know to experience postcopulatory sexual selection, in the context of functional integration of ejaculate characters. We use the patterns of genetic variation and covariation to infer how the integration of the functions of the ejaculate constrain and shape its evolution. Ejaculate components were highly variable, showed significant additive genetic variance, and moderate to high evolvability. The level of genetic variation in these characters, despite strong directional or truncating selection, may reflect the integration of multiple episodes of selection that occur in N. cinerea. There were few significant phenotypic correlations, but all the genetic correlations among ejaculate characters were significantly different from zero. The patterns of genetic variation and covariation suggest that there are important trade-offs among individual traits of the ejaculate and that evolution of ejaculate characteristics will not proceed unconstrained. Fully describing the genetic relationships among traits that perform as an integrated unit helps us understand how functional relationships constrain or facilitate the evolution of the complex structure that is the ejaculate},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Moore, P. J. and Harris, W. E. and Montrose, V. T. and Levin, D. and Moore, A. J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, Fisher, mate choice, P1, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, variation, CHARACTERS, size, insect, INHERITANCE, reproduction, theory, ejaculate, male-male competition, quantitative genetics, phenotypic variation, COMPLEX, adaptation, genetics, COMPONENTS, postcopulatory sexual selection, related, genetic variation, pattern, patterns, VARIANCE, EXPERIENCE, trade-off, trade-offs, paternity, GENETIC-VARIATION, Additive genetic variance, genetic variance, LENGTH, genetic correlation, FERTILITY, context, constraints, promiscuity, genetic correlations, testes, phenotypic correlations, cockroach, genetic constraints, phenotypic correlation, DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS, COCKROACH NAUPHOETA-CINEREA, EJACULATE CHARACTERISTICS, FEMALE COCKROACHES, functional integration, Nauphoeta cinerea},
	pages = {1773--1780}
}

@article{ruellFearFoodSexual2013,
	title = {Fear, food and sexual ornamentation: plasticity of colour development in {Trinidadian} guppies},
	volume = {280},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000316413700001},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.2019},
	abstract = {The evolution of male ornamentation often reflects compromises between sexual and natural selection, but it may also be influenced by phenotypic plasticity. We investigated the developmental plasticity of male colour ornamentation in Trinidadian guppies in response to two environmental variables that covary in nature: predation risk and food availability. We found that exposure to chemical predator cues delayed the development of pigment-based colour elements, which are conspicuous to visual-oriented predators. Predator cues also reduced the size of colour elements at the time of maturity and caused adult males to be less colourful. To the best of our knowledge, these findings provide the first example of a plastic reduction in the development of a sexually selected male ornament in response to predator cues. The influence of predator cues on ornamentation probably affects individual fitness by reducing conspicuousness to predators, but could reduce attractiveness to females. Reduced food availability during development caused males to delay the development of colour elements and mature later, probably reflecting a physiological constraint, but their coloration at maturity and later in adulthood was largely unaffected, suggesting that variation in food quantity without variation in quality does not contribute to condition dependence of the trait.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1758},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Ruell, E. W. and Handelsman, C. A. and Hawkins, C. L. and Sofaer, H. R. and Ghalambor, C. K. and Angeloni, L.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, predation risk, life-history evolution, phenotypic plasticity, NATURAL-SELECTION, condition dependence, ontogeny, male ornament, genetic assimilation, carotenoid limitation, crotaphytus-collaris, predator cues}
}

@article{ryanSignalsSpeciesSexual1990,
	title = {Signals, species, and sexual selection},
	volume = {78},
	journal = {American Scientist},
	author = {Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, signals, call, mate recognition,receiver,signals,sexual selection},
	pages = {46--52}
}

@article{reznickEvaluationRateEvolution1997,
	title = {Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {275},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Reznick, D. N. and Shaw, F. H. and Rodd, F. H. and Shaw, R. G.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, call, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,predation},
	pages = {1934}
}

@article{domineySexualSelectionAdditive1983,
	title = {Sexual selection, additive genetic variance and the "phenotypic handicap"},
	volume = {101},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Dominey, W. J.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, Fisher's runaway process,sexual selection,Zahavi's handicap principle},
	pages = {495--502}
}

@article{mastersTitfortatPredatorInspection1990,
	title = {Tit-for-tat during predator inspection, or shoaling?},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Masters, W. M. and Waite, T. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {call, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,predator inspection,stickleback},
	pages = {605--608}
}

@article{petriePeacocksLekRelatives1999,
	title = {Peacocks lek with relatives even in the absence of social and environmental cues},
	volume = {401},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Petrie, M. and Krupa, A. and Burke, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, social, lek, peacock, lek,mating systems,peacocks},
	pages = {155--157}
}

@article{reinholdCrypticMaleChoice2002,
	title = {Cryptic male choice: sperm allocation strategies when female quality varies},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Reinhold, K. and Kurtz, J. and Engqvist, L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, quality, sperm, allocation, male choice, condition dependent choice},
	pages = {201--209}
}

@article{pespeniGenomewidePolymorphismsShow2012,
	title = {Genome-wide polymorphisms show unexpected targets of natural selection},
	volume = {279},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000300822400021},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.1823},
	abstract = {Natural selection can act on all the expressed genes of an individual, leaving signatures of genetic differentiation or diversity at many loci across the genome. New power to assay these genome-wide effects of selection comes from associating multi-locus patterns of polymorphism with gene expression and function. Here, we performed one of the first genome-wide surveys in a marine species, comparing purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, from two distant locations along the species' wide latitudinal range. We examined 9112 polymorphic loci from upstream non-coding and coding regions of genes for signatures of selection with respect to gene function and tissue-and ontogenetic gene expression. We found that genetic differentiation (F-ST) varied significantly across functional gene classes. The strongest enrichment occurred in the upstream regions of E3 ligase genes, enzymes known to regulate protein abundance during development and environmental stress. We found enrichment for high heterozygosity in genes directly involved in immune response, particularly NALP genes, which mediate pro-inflammatory signals during bacterial infection. We also found higher heterozygosity in immune genes in the southern population, where disease incidence and pathogen diversity are greater. Similar to the major histocompatibility complex in mammals, balancing selection may enhance genetic diversity in the innate immune system genes of this invertebrate. Overall, our results show that how genome-wide polymorphism data coupled with growing databases on gene function and expression can combine to detect otherwise hidden signals of selection in natural populations.},
	number = {1732},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Pespeni, M. H. and Garfield, D. A. and Manier, M. K. and Palumbi, S. R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {population, sticklebacks, natural selection, immunity, adaptation, DIVERSITY, gene-expression, gene flow, adaptive evolution, genomics, innate, INNATE IMMUNITY, pelvic reduction, population genomics, purple sea-urchin, purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus, ubiquitin, urchin strongylocentrotus-purpuratus},
	pages = {1412--1420}
}

@article{randallFamiliarityFlexibleMating2002,
	title = {Familiarity and flexible mating strategies of a solitary rodent, {Dipodomys} ingens},
	volume = {64},
	url = {ISI:000178657200002},
	abstract = {Because mating is a product of individual reproductive strategies that may vary with changing conditions, we predicted variable mating behaviour in an arid-adapted, territorial rodent, the giant kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ingens. We also predicted that familiarity would facilitate nonaggressive courtship and mating in this solitary rodent. Through direct observations in the field, we found that mating varied from exclusive to multiple partners. Where densities were low, and on nights when multiple females were in, oestrus, each animal mated with one member of the opposite sex. In conditions where the operational sex ratio was skewed towards multiple males, males footdrummed and competed for females. Males were able to mate with one or two females in adjacent territories, and they successfully competed for these same females throughout the breeding season. Females that mated exclusively with one male had more pups emerge from, the burrow compared with females that experienced male competition. Females allowed nearest neighbour males to enter their burrows, and they engaged in more nonaggressive contact with close neighbours than with other males. Paired encounters in the field showed less aggression towards neighbours than strangers. In laboratory tests, females were less aggressive towards and allowed more contact with familiar than unfamiliar males. These results show that D. ingens can alter mating strategies as conditions change. Familiarity is an important factor in nonaggressive interactions between males and females and may be important to mate preferences in females during reproduction. The less aggressive behaviour to neighbours than to strangers ('dear enemy' phenomenon) is consistent with other solitary animals that defend multipurpose territories. (C) 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Randall, J. A. and Hekkala, E. R. and Cooper, L. D. and Barfield, J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {courtship, association, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, fish, sex, mating, field, ANIMALS, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, reproduction, sex ratio, condition, RODENT, territory, FAMILIARITY, mating behaviour, mating strategy, male competition, MESOCRICETUS-AURATUS, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, KANGAROO-RATS, GOLDEN-HAMSTER, INDIVIDUAL ODORS, MIXED STRATEGIES, MONOGAMOUS CALIFORNIA MOUSE, NEIGHBOR RECOGNITION, PEROMYSCUS-CALIFORNICUS, VOLES MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER},
	pages = {11--21}
}

@article{janetosImperfectlyOptimalAnimals1981,
	title = {Imperfectly optimal animals},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Janetos, A. C. and Cole, B. J.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {call, strategic models,tactical models},
	pages = {203--209}
}

@article{landeMeasurementSelectionCorrelated1983,
	title = {The measurement of selection on correlated characters},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lande, R. and Arnold, S. J.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {selection, call},
	pages = {1210--1226}
}

@article{croftIntrasexualPreferencesFamiliar2004,
	title = {Intra-sexual preferences for familiar fish in male guppies},
	volume = {64},
	url = {ISI:000188832100026},
	abstract = {Male guppies Poecilia reticulata were observed to develop shoaling preferences for familiar males over a 12 day period, at which time they showed a clear preference for familiar over non-familiar males. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Croft, D. P. and Arrowsmith, B. J. and Webster, M. and Krause, J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, guppies, guppy, MALES, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, preference, cooperation, shoaling, SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR},
	pages = {279--283}
}

@article{dugatkinReversalFemaleMate1992,
	title = {Reversal of female mate choice by copying in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {249},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. A. and Godin, J. J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, female mate choice, call, copying, female mate choice,mate-copying,Poecilia reticulata,sexual selection},
	pages = {179--184}
}

@article{ngChronicHighfatDiet2010,
	title = {Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs beta-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring},
	volume = {467},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:000283254700038},
	doi = {10.1038/nature09491},
	abstract = {The global prevalence of obesity is increasing across most ages in both sexes. This is contributing to the early emergence of type 2 diabetes and its related epidemic(1,2). Having either parent obese is an independent risk factor for childhood obesity(3). Although the detrimental impacts of diet-induced maternal obesity on adiposity and metabolism in offspring are well established(4), the extent of any contribution of obese fathers is unclear, particularly the role of non-genetic factors in the causal pathway. Here we show that paternal high-fat-diet (HFD) exposure programs beta-cell 'dysfunction' in rat F(1) female offspring. Chronic HFD consumption in Sprague-Dawley fathers induced increased body weight, adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Relative to controls, their female offspring had an early onset of impaired insulin secretion and glucose tolerance that worsened with time, and normal adiposity. Paternal HFD altered the expression of 642 pancreatic islet genes in adult female offspring (P {\textless} 0.01); genes belonged to 13 functional clusters, including cation and ATP binding, cytoskeleton and intracellular transport. Broader pathway analysis of 2,492 genes differentially expressed (P {\textless} 0.05) demonstrated involvement of calcium-, MAPK- and Wnt-signalling pathways, apoptosis and the cell cycle. Hypomethylation of the Il13ra2 gene, which showed the highest fold difference in expression (1.76-fold increase), was demonstrated. This is the first report in mammals of non-genetic, intergenerational transmission of metabolic sequelae of a HFD from father to offspring.},
	language = {English},
	number = {7318},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Ng, S. F. and Lin, R. C. Y. and Laybutt, D. R. and Barres, R. and Owens, J. A. and Morris, M. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {association, EXPRESSION, transmission, male-infertility, body-mass index, CHILDHOOD, disease, low-birth-weight, metabolic syndrome, obesity, undernutrition},
	pages = {963--U103}
}

@article{blausteinKinRecognitionAnuran1992,
	title = {Kin recognition in anuran amphibians},
	volume = {44},
	url = {ISI:A1992JK06900003},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Blaustein, A. R. and Waldman, B.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, association, ECOLOGY, evolution, Fisher, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, signals, theory, MECHANISMS, genetics, philopatry, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, TOAD TADPOLES, METAMORPHOSIS, BUFO-AMERICANUS TADPOLES, EXPERIMENTAL FIELD, PREFERENCE BEHAVIOR, RANA-CASCADAE TADPOLES, SYLVATICA},
	pages = {207--221}
}

@article{vandoornOriginSpeciesNatural2009,
	title = {On the {Origin} of {Species} by {Natural} and {Sexual} {Selection}},
	volume = {326},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/326/5960/1704},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1181661},
	abstract = {Ecological speciation is considered an adaptive response to selection for local adaptation. However, besides suitable ecological conditions, the process requires assortative mating to protect the nascent species from homogenization by gene flow. By means of a simple model, we demonstrate that disruptive ecological selection favors the evolution of sexual preferences for ornaments that signal local adaptation. Such preferences induce assortative mating with respect to ecological characters and enhance the strength of disruptive selection. Natural and sexual selection thus work in concert to achieve local adaptation and reproductive isolation, even in the presence of substantial gene flow. The resulting speciation process ensues without the divergence of mating preferences, avoiding problems that have plagued previous models of speciation by sexual selection.},
	number = {5960},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {van Doorn, G. Sander and Edelaar, Pim and Weissing, Franz J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1704--1707}
}

@article{marlerVocalCommunicationDomestic1986,
	title = {Vocal communication in the domestic chicken. 2. {Is} a sender sensitive to the presence and nature of a receiver?},
	volume = {34},
	url = {ISI:A1986AZF6400023},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Marler, P. and Dufty, A. and Pickert, R.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {communication},
	pages = {194--198}
}

@article{jodarPresenceRoleClinical2013,
	title = {The presence, role and clinical use of spermatozoal {RNAs}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1355-4786},
	url = {://WOS:000325997300002},
	doi = {10.1093/humupd/dmt031},
	abstract = {Spermatozoa are highly differentiated, transcriptionally inert cells characterized by a compact nucleus with minimal cytoplasm. Nevertheless they contain a suite of unique RNAs that are delivered to oocyte upon fertilization. They are likely integrated as part of many different processes including genome recognition, consolidation-confrontation, early embryonic development and epigenetic transgenerational inherence. Spermatozoal RNAs also provide a window into the developmental history of each sperm thereby providing biomarkers of fertility and pregnancy outcome which are being intensely studied. Literature searches were performed to review the majority of spermatozoal RNA studies that described potential functions and clinical applications with emphasis on Next-Generation Sequencing. Human, mouse, bovine and stallion were compared as their distribution and composition of spermatozoal RNAs, using these techniques, have been described. Comparisons highlighted the complexity of the population of spermatozoal RNAs that comprises rRNA, mRNA and both large and small non-coding RNAs. RNA-seq analysis has revealed that only a fraction of the larger RNAs retain their structure. While rRNAs are the most abundant and are highly fragmented, ensuring a translationally quiescent state, other RNAs including some mRNAs retain their functional potential, thereby increasing the opportunity for regulatory interactions. Abundant small non-coding RNAs retained in spermatozoa include miRNAs and piRNAs. Some, like miR-34c are essential to the early embryo development required for the first cellular division. Others like the piRNAs are likely part of the genomic dance of confrontation and consolidation. Other non-coding spermatozoal RNAs include transposable elements, annotated lnc-RNAs, intronic retained elements, exonic elements, chromatin-associated RNAs, small-nuclear ILF3/NF30 associated RNAs, quiescent RNAs, mse-tRNAs and YRNAs. Some non-coding RNAs are known to act as epigenetic modifiers, inducing histone modifications and DNA methylation, perhaps playing a role in transgenerational epigenetic inherence. Transcript profiling holds considerable potential for the discovery of fertility biomarkers for both agriculture and human medicine. Comparing the differential RNA profiles of infertile and fertile individuals as well as assessing species similarities, should resolve the regulatory pathways contributing to male factor infertility. Dad delivers a complex population of RNAs to the oocyte at fertilization that likely influences fertilization, embryo development, the phenotype of the offspring and possibly future generations. Development is continuing on the use of spermatozoal RNA profiles as phenotypic markers of male factor status for use as clinical diagnostics of the fathers contribution to the birth of a healthy child.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Human Reproduction Update},
	author = {Jodar, M. and Selvaraju, S. and Sendler, E. and Diamond, M. P. and Krawetz, S. A. and Reprod Med, Network},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {messenger-rna, gene-expression, in-vitro fertilization, male-infertility, de-novo mutations, differential expression, embryogenesis, epigenetics modifiers, fertility biomarkers, long noncoding rnas, micrornas, natural antisense transcripts, porcine sperm, reverse-transcriptase, spermatozoal RNA, transgenerational epigenetic inherence},
	pages = {604--624}
}

@article{agrawalHowMuchGenetic2009,
	title = {How much do genetic covariances alter the rate of adaptation?},
	number = {276},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Agrawal, A.F. and Stinchcombe, J.R.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1183--1191}
}

@article{houckPheromoneCommunicationAmphibians2009,
	title = {Pheromone {Communication} in {Amphibians} and {Reptiles}},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163134},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163134},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Physiology},
	author = {Houck, Lynne D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {161--176}
}

@article{olssonSelectionSpaceUse2008,
	title = {Selection on space use in a polymorphic lizard},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1522-0613},
	url = {://WOS:000257277300009},
	abstract = {Background: Polymorphism within the same species, population, and sex is an interesting problem for the evolutionary biologist, since differences in fitness between the morphs have to cancel out over evolutionary time, otherwise morphs of lower fitness would become extinct. One way this may be achieved is through the adoption of different morph-specific reproductive strategies, allowing morphs to become conditional specialists in space (co-existing) or in time (and cycle in frequency). In either case, we expect selection to be disruptive on data pooled across morphs. Question: In the annual Australian painted dragon lizard (Ctenophorus pictus; less than 10\% survive to a second year), red males dominate yellow males in staged contests, and yellow males (sneakers) are superior in sperm competition trials. Here, we ask whether there is ongoing disruptive selection for red males to defend well-defined, smaller territories (dominants) and for yellow males to have larger, more loosely defined territories (sneakers). Methods: We monitored free-ranging lizards in a natural population, assigned paternity using microsatellites, and calculated selection coefficients to assess ongoing sexual directional and quadratic selection on territory size. Results and conclusions: Despite the different reproductive strategies, selection on space use in a natural population was not disruptive in either of the two years studied. Instead, there was no difference in. territory size between morphs, and in one year there was ongoing directional (positive) and quadratic (stabilizing) selection on territory size applying across both morphs. Thus, divergence of male reproductive strategies in C pictus does not seem to be related to differences in space use.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Wapstra, Erik and Healey, Mo and Schwartz, Tonia and Uller, Tobias},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {621--627}
}

@article{hooglandPrairieDogsAvoid1982,
	title = {Prairie dogs avoid extreme inbreeding},
	volume = {215},
	url = {ISI:A1982NF37600035},
	number = {4540},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Hoogland, J. L.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, Fisher, P1, population, selection, sex, Darwin, theory, natural selection, human, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, social, genetics, SEXES, sociobiology, DOGS, PRAIRIE DOGS},
	pages = {1639--1641}
}

@article{seehausenEvolutionColourPatterns1999,
	title = {Evolution of colour patterns in {East} {African} cichlid fish},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Seehausen, O. and Mayhew, P. J. and Van Alphen, J. J. M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, fish, colour, phenotypic plasticity, speciation, cichlid, Cichlidae, African Great Lakes, colour evolution},
	pages = {514--534}
}

@article{scheinerUsingPathAnalysis2000,
	title = {Using path analysis to measure natural selection},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Scheiner, S. M. and Mitchell, R. J. and Callahan, H. S.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {selection, path analysis, natural selection},
	pages = {423--433}
}

@article{endlerConvergentDivergentEffects1982,
	title = {Convergent and divergent effects of natural selection on color pattens in two fish faunas},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {fish, selection, call, natural selection, colour patterns,convergent evolution,Phalloceros caudimaculatus,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {178--188}
}

@article{alataloFemalesPreferOlder1986,
	title = {Do females prefer older males in polygynous bird species?},
	volume = {127},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Alatalo, R. V. and Gustafsson, L. and Lundberg, A.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {good genes, ABVI, age, bird},
	pages = {241--245}
}

@article{bribiescasReproductiveEcologyLife2001,
	title = {Reproductive ecology and life history of the human male},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Yearbook of Physical Anthropology},
	author = {Bribiescas, R. G.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, testosterone, life history, human, reproductive physiology},
	pages = {148--176}
}

@article{corderoInteractionSexuallyAntagonistic3,
	title = {Interaction {Between} {Sexually} {Antagonistic} {Selection} and {Mate} {Choice} in the {Evolution} of {Female} {Responses} to {Male} {Traits}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10682-004-7918-2},
	abstract = {Theoretical analyses of selection on mutations affecting female responsiveness to male traits suggested that sexually antagonistic selection and traditional female choice are not exclusive alternatives. They can act simultaneously on the same female traits, and can either reinforce or act against each other. These analyses do not yield theoretical predictions regarding the relative frequency and importance of the two types of selection on female responsiveness, as the balance between them is affected by complex factors, including the frequency distribution of male traits, and the mechanisms of male action. Male-female interactions differ from many other evolutionary interactions involving potential evolutionary conflict, in that male and female genomes are irretrievably mixed in their offspring, thus increasing the possibility of indirect payoffs to one participant from the traits of its partner.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Cordero, Carlos and Eberhard, William G.},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, female, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, response, selection, TRAITS, RESPONSES, sexually antagonistic, MALE TRAITS},
	pages = {111--122}
}

@article{pomiankowskiEvolutionFemaleMate1988,
	title = {The evolution of female mate preferences for male genetic quality},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Oxford Survey Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {evolution, quality, mate preference, mate preferences, preference},
	pages = {136--184}
}

@article{immlerPronouncedWithinindividualPlasticity2009,
	title = {Pronounced within-individual plasticity in sperm morphomtery across social environments},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000278343200009},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00924.x},
	abstract = {Sperm morphometry (i.e., size and shape) and function are important determinants of male reproductive success and are thought to be under stabilizing selection. However, recent studies suggest that sperm morphometry can be a phenotypically plastic trait, which can be adjusted to varying conditions. We tested whether different behavioral strategies in aggression between aggressive red and nonaggressive black males of the color polymorphic Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) can influence sperm morphometry. We show pronounced within-individual phenotypic plasticity in sperm morphometry of male Gouldian finches in three different social environments. Both red and black males placed in intermediate to high competitive environments (high frequency of red males) increased the relative length of their sperm midpiece. By contrast, red males placed in low to intermediate competitive environments (higher frequency of black males) increased the length of the sperm flagellum. Significant changes in stress and sex steroid hormone levels (in response to the competitive environment) appear to influence sperm traits in red but not in black males, suggesting that changes in hormonal levels are not solely responsible for the observed changes in sperm morphometry. These findings imply that males can adjust sperm morphometry across social environments.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Immler, S. and Pryke, S. R. and Birkhead, T. R. and Griffith, S. C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1634--1643}
}

@article{mcgrawAntioxidantFunctionMany4,
	title = {The antioxidant function of many animal pigments: are there consistent health benefits of sexually selected colourants?},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4FF9HD0-2/2/065dc9652fde57e6cd17227b3f653887},
	abstract = {Several classes of pigments impart flamboyant colours on animals, including the red, orange and yellow carotenoids. Carotenoid-based colours have served as ideal models for studying the honesty-reinforcing mechanisms underlying sexually selected traits, because the very pigments used to become colourful also have antioxidant and immunoregulatory properties that allow individuals to signal their superior health to prospective mates. It is unclear, however, whether other chemical colourants in animals confer similar physiological benefits. Here I make the observation that the other major groups of animal pigments, including melanins, pterins, porphyrins, psittacofulvins and flavonoids, also exhibit antioxidant activity in living systems. Thus, many types of pigment-based colour ornaments in animals have the potential to honestly reveal health state via the immunomodulatory action of the pigments themselves. To evaluate this hypothesis, the extent to which these sets of pigments serve antioxidant functions in colourful animals and to which animals face a trade-off shunting pigments to physiological functions versus colour displays should be investigated},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {McGraw, Kevin J.},
	keywords = {HYPOTHESIS, i, MATE, orange, TRAITS, BENEFITS, model, MODELS, ornament, ornaments, ANIMALS, colour, PIGMENTS, MATES, INDIVIDUALS, display, displays, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, REVEAL, trade-off, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, sexually selected traits, carotenoid, SET, carotenoids, melanin},
	pages = {757--764}
}

@article{magnhagenPredationRiskCost1991,
	title = {Predation risk as a cost of reproduction},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Magnhagen, C.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {predation risk, reproduction, cost, predation, risk, cost of reproduction},
	pages = {183--186}
}

@article{kokkoFisherianGoodGenes2001,
	title = {Fisherian and 'good genes' benefits of mate choice: how (not) to distinguish between them},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Kokko, H.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, genes, good genes, mate choice, mate preference, preference},
	pages = {322--326}
}

@article{ungerAllopaternalCareFathead1988,
	title = {Allopaternal care in the fathead minnow,  {Pimephales} promelas : females prefer males with eggs},
	volume = {23},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Unger, L. M. and Sargent, R. C.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {egg, call, female preference, allopaternal care, fathead minnow, Pimephales promela},
	pages = {27--32}
}

@article{kirkpatrickSexualSelectionEvolution1982,
	title = {Sexual selection and the evolution of female choice},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, evolution, selection, call, female choice,Fisher's runaway process,sexual selection},
	pages = {1--12}
}

@article{edmandsDoesParentalDivergence2002,
	title = {Does parental divergence predict reproductive compatibility?},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:000178637900013},
	abstract = {Hybridization between populations or species can have either beneficial or detrimental effects on fitness. If these effects could be predicted based on the genetic or geographical distance between parents, this would be of great use to plant and animal breeders, managers and conservation biologists. The relationship between divergence and compatibility is also increasingly relevant to evolutionary biology, because recent work on the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation has fuelled a renewed interest in speciation rates and processes. Many studies have shown a correlation between parental divergence and both pre- and postzygotic isolation, but this relationship is clearly not strong enough to guide management decisions. Although it has been suggested that the speciation clock might tick at similar rates in different taxa, this appears to be far from true, because the divergence times resulting in hybrid vigor, outbreeding depression or partial reproductive compatibility vary widely both within and among taxonomic groups},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Edmands, S.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, P1, population, variation, fitness, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, theory, COMPATIBILITY, POPULATIONS, wolf, WOLVES, reproductive isolation, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, speciation, hybrid, outbreeding, divergence, DISTANCE, geographic variation, outbreeding depression, endangered, GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION, COPEPOD TIGRIOPUS-CALIFORNICUS, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, endangered species, ARCHITECTURE, MANAGEMENT, hybridization, population differentiation, BREEDERS, CROSSING-DISTANCE, MOLECULAR CLOCK, POSTZYGOTIC ISOLATION, SPECIES COMPLEX},
	pages = {520--527}
}

@article{rozeRobustnessHamiltonRule2004,
	title = {The robustness of {Hamilton}'s rule with inbreeding and dominance: {Kin} selection and fixation probabilities under partial sib mating},
	volume = {164},
	url = {ISI:000223099300010},
	abstract = {Assessing the validity of Hamilton's rule when there is both inbreeding and dominance remains difficult. In this article, we provide a general method based on the direct fitness formalism to address this question. We then apply it to the question of the evolution of altruism among diploid full sibs and among haplodiploid sisters under inbreeding resulting from partial sib mating. In both cases, we find that the allele coding for altruism always increases in frequency if a condition of the form rb {\textgreater} c holds, where r depends on the rate of sib mating a but not on the frequency of the allele, its phenotypic effects, or the dominance of these effects. In both examples, we derive expressions for the probability of fixation of an allele coding for altruism; comparing these expressions with simulation results allows us to test various approximations often made in kin selection models (weak selection, large population size, large fecundity). Increasing alpha increases the probability of fixation of recessive altruistic alleles (h {\textless} 1/2), while it can increase or decrease the probability of fixation of dominant altruistic alleles (h {\textgreater} 1/2)},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Roze, D. and Rousset, F.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, population, selection, fitness, model, MODELS, size, fecundity, mating, form, allele, relatedness, condition, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, ALTRUISM, SELFISH, dominance, alleles, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS, altruism,diffusion,inbreeding,kin selection,probability of fixation,relatedness, GENETICAL EVOLUTION},
	pages = {214--231}
}

@article{zajitschekSexualDimorphismLife2009,
	title = {Sexual {Dimorphism} in {Life} {History} : {Age} , {Survival} , and {Reproduction} in {Male} and {Female} {Field} {Crickets} {Teleogryllus} commodus under {Seminatural} {Conditions}},
	volume = {173},
	doi = {10.1086/598486},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Bonduriansky, Russell and Zajitschek, Susanne R K and Brooks, Robert C},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {INSECTS, RATES, mortality, senescence, field enclosures, reproductive aging, sex differences}
}

@article{maynardsmithReplyCresswellSayre1991,
	title = {Reply to {Cresswell} and {Sayre}},
	volume = {60},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Maynard Smith, J.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {evolutionary stable strageties},
	pages = {386--386}
}

@article{haigGeneticConflictsHuman1993,
	title = {Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy},
	volume = {68},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/418300},
	journal = {Q.Rev.Biol.},
	author = {Haig, D.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {human, conflict, genetic conflict, GENETIC CONFLICTS},
	pages = {495--532}
}

@article{chapronWhichFutureFrench2003,
	title = {Which future for the {French} {Pyrenean} brown bear ({Ursus} arctos) population? {An} approach using stage-structured deterministic and stochastic models},
	volume = {326},
	issn = {1631-0691},
	url = {://WOS:000185745900027},
	doi = {10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00055-6},
	abstract = {The Pyrenean brown bear (Ursus arctos) population is considered as one of the most seriously threatened with extinction in Western Europe. To assess its viability and possible needs of augmentation, we develop deterministic and stochastic stage-structured demographic models. The deterministic model reveals that a bear population cannot have a high annual growth rate and is particularly sensitive to breeder survival. High demographic parameters appear to be crucial to population persistence, especially for a small population that remains vulnerable to demographic and environmental stochasticities. The Pyrenean population cannot therefore be considered as viable. Successful conservation strategies for this population would require releasing more bears in both sub-populations in the near future. (C) 2003 Academie des sciences. Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	author = {Chapron, G. and Quenette, P. Y. and Legendre, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {S174--S182}
}

@article{dayInfluenceVariableRates2003,
	title = {The influence of variable rates of inbreeding on fitness, environmental responsiveness, and evolutionary potential},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000183997400009},
	abstract = {We manipulated experimental populations of the housefly (Musca domestica L.) under three inbreeding schemes (fast, slow, and punctuated) to partition out the influences of different means and variances in the rate of inbreeding, per generation, while controlling for the final level of inbreeding as a constant. One treatment used constant fast inbreeding (11\% per generation; N-e = 4 for 4 generations), for a comparison to one that was consistently slow (3\% per generation; N-e = 16 for 14 generations). The third followed a model for serial founder-flush events. Each founder-flush episode involved a one-generation pulse of fast inbreeding (N-e = 4) followed by two generations of very low (or no) inbreeding, yielding high intergenerational variation (i.e., for an average inbreeding rate of 4\% per generation). Allozyme assays showed that we achieved the intended final inbreeding coefficient of about 37\%. All inbreeding schemes decreased fitness levels in terms of egg-to-adult viability, development time, and male mating success relative to the outbred control. The consistently fast inbreeding protocol had more pronounced reductions in fitness, relative to the other two inbreeding schemes. In comparison to the fast and punctuated regimes, the consistently slow protocol preserved evolutionary potential (as assayed by the genetic divergence of subpopulations exposed to different environments) in egg-to-adult viability, and (albeit anecdotally) reduced the extinction probabilities, especially in a novel environment. The punctuated treatment did not optimize the potential for purge as predicted, but instead reduced fitness, evolutionary potential, and environmental responsiveness (as measured by genotype-by-environment interactions). This founder-flush treatment also had the highest extinction probabilities. Longer periods of population flush might be necessary to purge effectively in a punctuated scheme. We conclude that the rate of inbreeding, independent from the final level, can have important effects on population fitness, environmental responsiveness, and evolutionary potential},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Day, S. B. and Bryant, E. H. and Meffert, L. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, i, population, variation, fitness, model, mating, SUCCESS, lande, phenotypic plasticity, human, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, genetics, philopatry, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, VARIANCE, viability, deleterious mutations, GENETIC LOAD, purging, male mating success, mating success, divergence, genotype by environment interaction, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS, responsiveness, HOUSE-FLY, BUTTERFLY BICYCLUS-ANYNANA, founder-flush, genotype by environment, genotype-by-environment interaction, genotype-by-environment interactions, MUSCA-DOMESTICA-L, novel environment, SERIALLY BOTTLENECKED POPULATIONS, SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT},
	pages = {1314--1324}
}

@article{bullRelatednessAvoidanceInbreeding1999,
	title = {Relatedness and avoidance of inbreeding in the lizard, {Tiliqua} rugosa},
	volume = {46},
	url = {ISI:000083836700001},
	abstract = {Two potential mechanisms for reducing the level of inbreeding, sex-biased dispersal and kin avoidance, were examined in the Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. The home range centres, and the genotypes at four polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci were determined for adult lizards in a 70-ha study area near Mount Mary, South Australia. From estimates of genetic relatedness, females were as closely related to other females as they were to males, both within the whole study area, and within home ranges. Similarly, males were as closely related to other males as they were to females. This suggests that dispersal in the population is not sex-biased. Sleepy lizards form monogamous pairs during the spring. Partners were less closely related to each other than to other potential partners in the home range area. This suggests active choice of unrelated partners. The mechanism for recognising related from unrelated individuals is unknown, but the behaviour could reduce inbreeding},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Bull, C. M. and Cooper, S. J. B.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, female, MALES, PAIR, population, selection, LIZARDS, form, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, HOME-RANGE, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, HABITAT, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, lizard, related, RECOGNITION, monogamy, peacock, DNA, sex-biased dispersal, microsatellite DNA, TILIQUA-RUGOSA, active choice, AUSTRALIAN LIZARD, SLEEPY LIZARDS, TRACHYDOSAURUS-RUGOSUS},
	pages = {367--372}
}

@article{lewisSpermCompetitionImmunity2008,
	title = {Sperm competition, immunity, selfish genes and cancer},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {1420-682X},
	url = {://000260083600010},
	doi = {10.1007/s00018-008-8238-4},
	abstract = {Sperm competition is widespread and has played an important role in shaping male reproductive characters such as testis size and numbers of sperm produced, and this is reflected in the rapid evolution of many reproductive genes. Additionally, sperm competition has been implicated in the rapid evolution of seminal fluids. However, our understanding of the molecular basis of many traits thought to be important in sperm competition is rudimentary. Furthermore, links between sperm competition and a range of issues not directly related to reproduction are only just beginning to be explored. These include associations between sperm competition and selfish genes, immunity and diseases such as cancer. We briefly review these topics and suggest areas we consider worthy of additional research.},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences},
	author = {Lewis, Z. and Price, T. A. R. and Wedell, N.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {immunity, meiotic drive, antagonistic coevolution, rapid evolution, POSITIVE SELECTION, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER FEMALES, accessory gland proteins, ACCESSORY-GLAND-PROTEINS, elements, intralocus conflict, MALE REPRODUCTIVE PROTEINS, MOUSE T-HAPLOTYPES, PROTEINS, reproductive proteins, selfish genetic, SEMINAL FLUID, SEXUALLY, X-CHROMOSOME DRIVE},
	pages = {3241--3254}
}

@article{kodricbrownFemalePreferenceSexual1985,
	title = {Female preference and sexual selection for male coloration in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {17},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kodric Brown, A.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {sexual selection, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, selection, call, female preference, preference, female choice,guppy,pigmentation,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {199--205}
}

@article{shermanSpermCompetitionOffspring2009,
	title = {Sperm competition and offspring viability at hybridization in {Australian} tree frogs, {Litoria} peronii and {L}. tyleri},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0018-067X},
	url = {://WOS:000273802800006},
	doi = {10.1038/hdy.2009.118},
	abstract = {Hybridization between closely related species often leads to reduced viability or fertility of offspring. Complete failure of hybrid offspring (post-zygotic hybrid incompatibilities) may have an important role in maintaining the integrity of reproductive barriers between closely related species. We show elsewhere that in Peron's tree frog, Litoria peronii, males more closely related to a female sire more offspring in sperm competition with a less related rival male. Observations of rare 'phenotypic intermediate' males between L. peronii and the closely related L. tyleri made us suggest that these relatedness effects on siring success may be because of selection arising from risks of costly hybridization between the two species. Here, we test this hypothesis in an extensive sperm competition experiment, which shows that there is no effect of species identity on probability of fertilization in sperm competition trials controlling for sperm concentration and sperm viability. Instead, there was a close agreement between a male's siring success in isolation with a female and his siring success with the same female in competition with a rival male regardless of species identity. Offspring viability and survival, however, were strongly influenced by species identity. Over a 14-day period, hybrid offspring suffered increasing mortality and developed more malformations and an obvious inability to swim and right themselves, leading to compromised probability of survival. Thus, hybridization in these sympatric tree frogs does not compromise fertilization but has a strong impact on offspring viability and opportunity for reinforcement selection on mate choice for conspecific partners. Heredity (2010) 104, 141-147; doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.118; published online 2 September 2009},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Sherman, C. D. H. and Wapstra, E. and Olsson, M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {141--147}
}

@article{colemanVariableFemalePreferences2004,
	title = {Variable female preferences drive complex male displays},
	volume = {428},
	url = {ISI:000220823800037},
	abstract = {Complexity in male sexual displays is widely appreciated(1) but diversity in female mate choice has received little attention. Males of many species have sexual displays composed of multiple display traits, and females are thought to use these different traits in mate choice(1). Models of multiple display trait evolution suggest that these traits provide females with different kinds of information in different stages of the mate choice process(2), or function as redundant signals to improve the accuracy of mate assessment(3),(4). We suggest that complex male displays might also arise because of variation in female preferences for particular male display traits. The causes of female preference variation have received little attention(5-7), and the role of preference variation in shaping complex male displays is unclear. Here we show that in satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) female mate choice is a multistage process, where females of different ages use different male display traits in successive stages. Age- and stage-specific female preferences may contribute to explaining the widespread occurrence of multifaceted male displays},
	number = {6984},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Coleman, S. W. and Patricelli, G. L. and Borgia, G.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, quality, selection, TRAITS, variation, female mate choice, model, MODELS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, signals, CONSEQUENCES, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, female preference, mating preferences, preference, age, COMPLEX, display, displays, male displays, lek, leks, DIVERSITY, INFORMATION, sexual displays, bowerbird, DECORATIONS, SATIN BOWERBIRD, BOWERBIRDS PTILONORHYNCHUS-VIOLACEUS},
	pages = {742--745}
}

@article{nakatsuruSpermCheapLimited1982,
	title = {Is sperm cheap? {Limited} male fertility and female choice in the {Lemon} {Tetra} ({Pisces}, {Characidae})},
	volume = {216},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Nakatsuru, K. and Kramer, D. L.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, egg, sperm},
	pages = {753--755}
}

@article{baayenMixedeffectsModelingCrossed2008,
	title = {Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items},
	volume = {59},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WK4-4RYXSNC-1/2/bcebe3e8046b6c776f211f6c078b6f20},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
	author = {Baayen, R.H. and Davidson, D.J. and Bates, D.M.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {390--412}
}

@article{parkerSpermCompetitionGames1993,
	title = {Sperm competition games: sperm size and sperm number under adult control.},
	volume = {253},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Parker, G. A.},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {245--254}
}

@article{fjerdingstadEvolutionDispersalLife2007,
	title = {Evolution of dispersal and life history strategies - {Tetrahymena} ciliates},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	url = {://WOS:000249879800001},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-7-133},
	abstract = {Background: Considerable attention has focused on how selection on dispersal and other core life-history strategies (reproductive effort, survival ability, colonization capacity) may lead to so-called dispersal syndromes. Studies on genetic variation in these syndromes within species could importantly increase our understanding of their evolution, by revealing whether traits co-vary across genetic lineages in the manner predicted by theoretical models, and by stimulating further hypotheses for experimental testing. Yet such studies remain scarce. Here we studied the ciliated protist Tetrahymena thermophila, a particularly interesting organism due to cells being able to transform into morphs differing dramatically in swim-speed. We investigated dispersal, morphological responses, reproductive performance, and survival in ten different clonal strains. Then, we examined whether life history traits co-varied in the manner classically predicted for ruderal species, examined the investment of different strains into short- and putative long-distance dispersal, while considering also the likely impact of semi-sociality (cell aggregation, secretion of 'growth factors') on dispersal strategies. Results: Very significant among-strain differences were found with regard to dispersal rate, morphological commitment and plasticity, and almost all core life-history traits (e. g. survival, growth performance and strategy), with most of these traits being significantly intercorrelated. Some strains showed high short- distance dispersal rates, high colonization capacity, bigger cell size, elevated growth performance, and good survival abilities. These well performing strains, however, produced fewer fast-swimming dispersal morphs when subjected to environmental degradation than did philopatric strains performing poorly under normal conditions. Conclusion: Strong evidence was found for a genetic covariation between dispersal strategies and core life history traits in T. thermophila, with a fair fit of observed trait associations with classic colonizer models. However, the well performing strains with high colonization success and short- distance dispersal likely suffered under a long-distance dispersal disadvantage, due to producing fewer fast-swimming dispersal morphs than did philopatric strains. The smaller cell size at carrying capacity of the latter strains and their poor capacity to colonize as individual cells suggest that they may be adapted to greater levels of dependency on clone-mates (stronger sociality). In summary, differential exposure to selection on competitive and cooperative abilities, in conjunction with selective factors targeting specifically dispersal distance, likely contributed importantly to shaping T. thermophila dispersal and life history evolution.},
	journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Fjerdingstad, E. J. and Schtickzelle, N. and Manhes, P. and Gutierrez, A. and Clobert, J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007}
}

@article{mooreGlobalViewEpistasis2005,
	title = {A global view of epistasis},
	journal = {Nature Genet.},
	author = {Moore, J. H.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {epistasis}
}

@article{charlesworthEvolutionSexChromosomes1991,
	title = {The evolution of sex chromosomes {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {The evolution of sex chromosomes},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Charlesworth, B.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes},
	pages = {1030--1033}
}

@article{legalliardMotheroffspringInteractionsAffect2003,
	title = {Mother-offspring interactions affect natal dispersal in a lizard},
	volume = {270},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000183400900009},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2003.2360},
	abstract = {Interactions between relatives operate strong selective pressures on dispersal. Recently, a correlative study in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) suggested that natal dispersal might respond plastically to mother-offspring interactions. Here, we describe a factorial experiment supporting this observation. Two crossed treatments were applied to experimental patches of the common lizard: (i) presence versus absence of the mother, inducing a difference of kinship in offspring neighbourhoods; and (ii) high versus low patch density, resulting in two levels of conspecific abundance and modulating the effect of mother presence on the average kinship within a patch. Dispersal of the same cohort of offspring was observed at the juvenile and yearling stages. We found a sex-dependent response of offspring dispersal to the removal of the mother at the two stages. During the juvenile stage, higher dispersal was found in females in the presence of the mother, with males unaffected. During the yearling stage, the responses of both sexes to the presence of the mother opposed each other. In addition, we found a negative relationship between dispersal and patch density at the juvenile stage. No interaction between density and the presence of the mother was detected, which suggests that behavioural responses to kinship and density are disconnected and that kinship is assessed at a small social scale. We discuss the role of competition and inbreeding avoidance to explain the observed pattern.},
	number = {1520},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1163--1169}
}

@article{massotClimateWarmingDispersal2008,
	title = {Climate warming, dispersal inhibition and extinction risk},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1354-1013},
	url = {://WOS:000252929900002},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01514.x},
	abstract = {Global warming impels species to track their shifting habitats or adapt to new conditions. Both processes are critically influenced by individual dispersal. In many animals, dispersal behaviour is plastic, but how organisms with plastic dispersal respond to climate change is basically unknown. Here, we report the analysis of interannual dispersal change from 16 years of monitoring a wild population of the common lizard, and a 12-year manipulation of lizards' diet intended to disentangle the direct effect of temperature rise on dispersal from its effects on resource availability. We show that juvenile dispersal has declined dramatically over the last 16 years, paralleling the rise of spring temperatures during embryogenesis. A mesoscale model of metapopulation dynamics predicts that in general dispersal inhibition will elevate the extinction risk of metapopulations exposed to contrasting effects of climate warming.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Massot, M. and Clobert, J. and Ferriere, R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {461--469}
}

@article{takahataLongtermTrendsMatrilineal2002,
	title = {Long-term trends in matrilineal inbreeding among the {Japanese} {Macaques} of {Arashiyama} {B} troop},
	volume = {23},
	url = {ISI:000174122300010},
	abstract = {In a long-term study of sexual behavior in Japanese macaques, we found that matrilineal inbreeding accounted for 2.9\% of the copulations recorded for the Arashiyama B troop during 7 mating seasons between 1968 and 1984. Of the 906 copulatory dyads, 46 (5.1\%) occurred among kin. Close matrilineal kin dyads (r = 1/2-1/8, 1.1\% of the total of copulatory dyads) strongly avoided matrilineal inbreeding, but for remote kin dyads (r {\textgreater} 1/8, 4.0\% of the total) the tendency was weaker in some years. Among the possible determinants of matrilineal inbreeding, we found that it tended to occur among younger and lower-ranking males as an effect of troop demographic changes. There is no significant association between female rank and matrilineal inbreeding. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that different degrees of kin relatedness are discriminated by individuals with respect to mate choice},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
	author = {Takahata, Y. and Huffman, M. A. and Bardi, M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, female, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, mating, theory, Y, human, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, PRIMATES, AVOIDANCE, kinship, COPULATIONS, MONKEYS, MACAQUES, incest, SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR, MARRIAGE, Westermarck, Westermarck effect, CHIMPANZEES, Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, MACACA-FUSCATA},
	pages = {399--410}
}

@article{backwellTimeConstraintsMultiple1996,
	title = {Time constraints and multiple choice criteria in the sampling behaviour and mate choice of the fiddler crab,  {Uca} anulipes},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Backwell, P. R. Y. and Passmore, N. I.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {mate choice, constraints, fiddler crab,multiple mate choice criteria,mate sampling behaviour,search time constraints},
	pages = {407--416}
}

@article{fontanillasEstimatingSexspecificDispersal2004,
	title = {Estimating sex-specific dispersal rates with autosomal markers in hierarchically structured populations},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000221234700020},
	abstract = {A recent study suggests that sex-specific dispersal rates can be quantitatively estimated on the basis of sex- and state-specific (pre- vs. postdispersal) F-statistics. In the present paper, we extend this approach to account for the hierarchical structure of natural populations, and we validate it through individual-based simulations. The model is applied to an empirical data set consisting of 536 individuals (males, females, and predispersal juveniles) of greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula), sampled according to a hierarchical design and typed for seven autosomal microsatellite loci. From this dataset, dispersal is significantly female biased at the local scale (breeding-group level), but not at the larger scale (among local populations). We argue that selective pressures on dispersal are likely to depend on the spatial scale considered, and that short-distance dispersal should mainly respond to kin interactions (inbreeding or kin competition avoidance), which exert differential pressure on males and females},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Fontanillas, P. and Petit, E. and Perrin, N.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, i, population, sex, model, reproductive success, loci, microsatellite, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, X, genetics, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, f-statistics, peacock, FEMALE-BIASED DISPERSAL, gene flow, SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, coancestry, Crocidura russula, CROCIDURA-RUSSULA, WHITE-TOOTHED SHREW, local competition, COVARIANCE COMPONENTS, individual-based models, variance analysis},
	pages = {886--894}
}

@article{hansenEvolutionGeneticArchitecture2006,
	title = {The {Evolution} of {Genetic} {Architecture}},
	volume = {37},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110224},
	abstract = {Genetic architecture, the structure of the mapping from genotype to phenotype, determines the variational properties of the phenotype and is instrumental in understanding its evolutionary potential. Throughout most of the history of evolutionary biology, genetic architecture has been treated as a given set of parameters and not as a set of dynamic variables. The past decade has seen renewed interest in incorporating the genotype-phenotype map as a dynamical part of population genetics. This has been aided by several conceptual advances. I review these developments with emphasis on recent theoretical work on the evolution of genetic architecture and evolvability},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Hansen, Thomas F.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, i, population, BIOLOGY, HISTORIES, HISTORY, phenotype, genetics, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, SET, EVOLUTIONARY, ARCHITECTURE, GENETIC ARCHITECTURE},
	pages = {123--157}
}

@article{hasselquistPolygynyGreatReed1998,
	title = {Polygyny in great reed warblers: a long term study of factors contributing to male fitness},
	volume = {79},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Hasselquist, D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {fitness, polygyny},
	pages = {2376--2390}
}

@article{dalyCostMating1977,
	title = {The cost of mating},
	volume = {112},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Daly, M.},
	year = {1977},
	keywords = {mating, cost, load, meiosis},
	pages = {771--774}
}

@article{kellyGeographicalVariationMultiple1999,
	title = {Geographical variation in multiple paternity within natural populations of the guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kelly, C. D. and Godin, J. G. J. and Wright, J. M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, variation, multiple paternity, geographical variation},
	pages = {2403--2408}
}

@article{alexanderSexualIsolationExtreme11,
	title = {Sexual isolation and extreme morphological divergence in the {Cuman} guppy: a possible case of incipient speciation},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00788.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract Theory predicts that sexual selection can promote the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation. Those cases in which sexual selection has led to speciation should be characterized by significant differentiation in male display traits and correlated female preferences in the absence of post-zygotic isolation, accompanied by little genetic or other morphological differentiation. Previous evidence indicates that a cluster of populations of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters) from Cumana, Venezuela, the 'Cumana guppy', differs significantly in female preferences from a nearby guppy population (A. Lindholm \& F. Breden, Am. Nat., 160: 2002, S214). Here, we further document sexual isolation between these populations. In addition, these populations exhibit significant divergence in male display traits correlated to differences in between-population mating success, little mitochondrial genetic differentiation, and we find no evidence for genetic incompatibility between a Cumana population and several geographically isolated populations. These results suggest that divergent sexual selection has contributed to differentiation of the Cumana guppy, and this may be the first example of incipient speciation in the guppy},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Alexander, H. J. and Breden, F.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, TRAITS, mating, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, female preference, preference, theory, display, POPULATIONS, reproductive isolation, speciation, mating success, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, divergence, NO EVIDENCE, ISOLATED POPULATION, differentiation, INCIPIENT SPECIATION, INCOMPATIBILITY, SEXUAL ISOLATION},
	pages = {1238--1254}
}

@article{riceSexuallyAntagonisticMale1996,
	title = {Sexually antagonistic male adaptation triggered by experimental arrest of female evolution},
	volume = {381},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {evolution, adaptation, sexually antagonistic},
	pages = {232--234}
}

@article{magurranRiskSensitiveCourtship1990,
	title = {Risk sensitive courtship in the guppy  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {112},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Magurran, A. E. and Seghers, B. H.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {courtship, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, risk, female choice,guppy,Poecilia reticulata,predators},
	pages = {194--201}
}

@article{johnstoneMultipleDisplaysAnimal1996,
	title = {Multiple displays in animal communication: 'backup signals' and 'multiple messages'},
	volume = {351},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {signals, call, display, displays, communication, communication,displays,signals},
	pages = {329--338}
}

@article{milner-gullandConservationReproductiveCollapse2003,
	title = {Conservation - {Reproductive} collapse in saiga antelope harems},
	volume = {422},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:000181488900034},
	doi = {10.1038/422135a},
	language = {English},
	number = {6928},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Bukreevea, O. M. and Coulson, T. and Lushchekina, A. A. and Kholodova, M. V. and Bekenov, A. B. and Grachev, I. A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {POPULATIONS, DYNAMICS},
	pages = {135--135}
}

@article{wapstraFeedingEcologyTasmanian1996,
	title = {Feeding ecology of the {Tasmanian} spotted skink, {Niveoscincus} ocellatus ({Squamata}: {Scincidae})},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0004-959X},
	url = {://WOS:A1996UM91100009},
	doi = {10.1071/zo9960205},
	abstract = {The feeding ecology of the spotted skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, was examined over a 6-month period, from October to March, with additional data from one sample in midwinter. The investigation considered feeding activity, dietary composition and foraging strategy. Feeding activity,measured by stomach fullness, was unrelated to age, sex or reproductive status and showed little variation during the warmer months; in winter feeding was greatly reduced. N. ocellatus exhibits flexible foraging behaviour; a wide variety of terrestrial arthropods is taken opportunistically in accordance with a wide ranging foraging strategy. However, the consistent occurrence of cryptic and hidden prey indicates that active search foraging is also utilised. No evidence for ambush predation was found and, unlike many other small skinks, few arboreal or aerial prey are included in the diet, even though the habitat is rock scree and woodland where such prey abound. No evidence for any in a specific partitioning of diet based on kind or size of prey was obtained although a slight, but significant, correlation exists between maximum prey size and lizard size.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and Swain, R.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {205--213}
}

@article{frankhamInbreedingExtinctionThreshold1995,
	title = {Inbreeding and extinction - a threshold effect},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:A1995RP28600019},
	abstract = {A fundamental assumption underlying the application of genetics within conservation biology is that inbreeding increases the risk of extinction. However, there is no information on the shape of the relationship, the available evidence has not distinguished genetic and nongenetic effects, and the issue is controversial Methods were devised to separate genetic and nongenetic causes of extinction in inbred populations, and they were used to analyze data from Drosophila melanogaster, D. virilis, and Mus musculus. Inbreeding markedly increased rates of extinction in all cases. All showed a threshold relationship between incremental extinction and inbreeding with low initial extinction, but they showed notably increased extinction beginning at intermediate levels of inbreeding There was no difference in extinction levels at similar inbreeding coefficients in populations inbred at different rates (full sibling versus double first cousin). Endangered species my give little warning of impending extinction crises due to inbreeding},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Frankham, R.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, HYPOTHESIS, population, variation, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, lande, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, genetics, risk, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, threshold, speciation, INCREASES, DIVERSITY, INBRED POPULATIONS, conservation biology, CONSERVATION GENETICS, MUS-MUSCULUS, endangered, EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE, sexual reproduction, endangered species, ISLE-ROYALE, MUSCULUS},
	pages = {792--799}
}

@article{longOrangeSpotsVisual1989,
	title = {Orange spots as a visual cue for female mate choice in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Long, K. D. and Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, orange, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, female mate choice, call, colour pattern,female choice,guppy orange pigment,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {316--324}
}

@article{rintamkiMateSamplingBehaviour1995,
	title = {Mate sampling behaviour of black grouse females ( {Tetrao} tetrix )},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Rintam„ki, P. T. and Alatalo, R. V. and H”glund, J. and Lundberg, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, lek, mate sampling, sampling behaviour, black grouse, Tetrao tetrix},
	pages = {209--215}
}

@article{millerPaternalDNAPackaging2010,
	title = {Paternal {DNA} packaging in spermatozoa: more than the sum of its parts? {DNA}, histones, protamines and epigenetics},
	volume = {139},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Reproduction},
	author = {Miller, D and Brinkworth, M and Iles, D},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {287--301}
}

@article{reznickEffectExtrinsicMortality2004,
	title = {Effect of extrinsic mortality on the evolution of senescence in guppies},
	volume = {431},
	url = {ISI:000224730800040},
	abstract = {Classical theories(1,2) for the evolution of senescence predict that organisms that experience low mortality rates attributable to external factors, such as disease or predation, will evolve a later onset of senescence. Here we use patterns of senescence in guppies derived from natural populations that differ in mortality risk to evaluate the generality of these predictions. We have previously found that populations experiencing higher mortality rates evolve earlier maturity and invest more in reproduction, as predicted by evolutionary theory(3). We report here that these same populations do not have an earlier onset of senescence with respect to either mortality or reproduction but do with respect to swimming performance, which assesses neuromuscular function. This mosaic pattern of senescence challenges the generality of the association between decreased extrinsic mortality and delayed senescence and invites consideration of more derived theories for the evolution of senescence},
	number = {7012},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Reznick, D. N. and Bryant, M. J. and Roff, D. and Ghalambor, C. K. and Ghalambor, D. E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {association, evolution, guppies, guppy, i, PERFORMANCE, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, selection, life-history evolution, reproduction, theory, age, ageing, extrinsic, POPULATIONS, predation, genetics, NATURAL-POPULATION, risk, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, pattern, patterns, EXPERIENCE, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, mortality, FINCH, FINCHES, GENETIC-BASIS, senescence, MATURITY, pleiotropy, SPAN},
	pages = {1095--1099}
}

@article{prykeRedDominatesBlack2006,
	title = {Red dominates black: agonistic signalling among head morphs in the colour polymorphic {Gouldian} finch.},
	volume = {273},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2005.3362},
	abstract = {Recent sexual selection studies on the evolution of bird colouration have mainly focused on signals with a high level of condition-dependent variation, with much less attention given to colour traits whose expression is genetically controlled. Here, we experimentally tested the relative importance of a genetic colour polymorphism in determining male dominance in the Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae), a species displaying three completely discrete but naturally co-occurring genetically inherited phenotypes; yellow-, red- (carotenoid) and black-headed (melanin) morphs. First, in staged dominance contests between unfamiliar birds of different head morphs, red-headed males dominated black-headed males, both of which dominated the yellow-headed birds. Second, within morphs, the intensity and size of the strongly ultraviolet-blue collar determined the outcome of these contests, and among the red-headed males, redder males dominated less chromatic birds. Lastly, when the dominance signal of red-headed birds was experimentally destabilized (i.e. blackened or reddened), naturally red-headed morphs continued to dominate both the black-and yellow-headed morphs. Together, these results suggest that intrinsic dominance-related behavioural differences between the three colour morphs, which are likely to influence the relative fitness of each morph, contribute to the complex selective patterns maintaining these three discrete phenotypes in relatively stable frequencies in wild populations.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	author = {Pryke, Sarah R and Griffith, Simon C},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, pigmentation, ANIMALS, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Selection, Genetic, phenotype, animal communication, Social Dominance, FINCHES, carotenoids, Carotenoids: metabolism, Finches: genetics, Pigmentation: genetics, Finches: anatomy \& histology, Finches: metabolism, Melanins, Melanins: metabolism},
	pages = {949--57}
}

@article{hurstRecentAdvancesUnderstanding1996,
	title = {Recent advances in understanding of the evolution and maintenance of sex},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:A1996TT85400007},
	abstract = {The evolution of sex has been the focus of considerable attention during recent years. There is some consensus that the solution to the mystery is that sex either enables the creation and spread of advantageous traits (possibly parasite resistance) or helps to purge the genome of deleterious mutations. Recent experimental work has allowed testing of some of the assumptions underlying the theoretical models, most particularly whether interactions between genes are synergistic and whether the mutation rate is adequately high. However, although a variety of theories point out advantages to sex, most of them predict that a little sex and recombination can go a long way towards improving the fitness of a population, and it remains unclear why obligate sex is so common},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Hurst, L. D. and Peck, J. R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, genes, i, P1, population, selection, sex, TRAITS, fitness, model, MODELS, MAINTENANCE, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, reproduction, theory, parasites, POPULATIONS, genetics, COMMON, consensus, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, mutation, mutation rate, MUTATIONS, SEXES, Red Queen, genome, RESISTANCE, ADVANTAGE, recombination, ACCUMULATION, DNA-REPAIR, maintenance of sex},
	pages = {A46--A52}
}

@article{anderssonEvolutionConditiondependentSex1986,
	title = {Evolution of condition-dependent sex ornaments and mating preferences: sexual selection based on viability differences},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Andersson, M. B.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, selection, ornament, preference, Fisherian process,mating preferences,sex ornaments},
	pages = {804--816}
}

@article{heimpelExtroadinarySexRatios1997,
	title = {Extroadinary sex ratios for extroadinary reasons},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Heimpel, G. E.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {sex, sex ratio, sex ratios, local mate competition (LMC),mating systems,sex allocation,sex ratios},
	pages = {298--299}
}

@article{kuckuckNotesMechanicallyStimulated1997,
	title = {Notes on the mechanically stimulated discharge of spermiozeugmata in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata : {A} quantitative approach},
	volume = {4},
	url = {http://md.csa.com/htbin/linkabst.cgi?issn=0939-6330&vol=4&firstpage=73},
	abstract = {Spermiozeugmata of male Poecilia reticulata are elongated or ovoid to rounded, occasionally pointed structures which measure 135-235 mu m. The nuclei of the spermatozoa are arranged at the periphery and the tails in the center of the spermiozeugma. The center contains frequently degenerating cell fragments. Frequently a second row of nuclei is visible beneath the peripheral spermheads. The number of spermiozeugmata which are discharged by sexually isolated males that are stimulated mechanically at various intervals varies greatly among the specimens and in different series of experiments (0 to 400). There is no evidence that the length of sexual isolation influences the amount of discharged spermiozeugmata. It is suggested that spermiozeugmata accumulate in the testis until its capacity is reached. When spermiozeugmata were taken from 10 males at daily intervals, the average mean number of spermiozeugmata was 25.2 plus or minus 5,7 per day. Larger males discharge more spermiozeugmata. The number of spermatozoa in each spermiozeugma ranges from 9,600 to 34,800 (mean value 17,908 plus or minus 6,592). There is no correlation between the number of spermiozeugmata discharged by a male at any one time and the number of spermatozoa. A relationship between the number of spermatozoa in each spermiozeugma and the time of isolation or the body length of the male is not apparent. Some possible reasons for the wide ranges observed are discussed.},
	journal = {Zeitschrift fur Fischkunde},
	author = {Kuckuck, C. and Greven, H.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, MALES, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, experiment, NUMBER, LENGTH, NO EVIDENCE, spermatozoa, Testis, TAILS, SEXUAL ISOLATION},
	pages = {73--88}
}

@article{jiaGeneticVarianceSexually2000,
	title = {Genetic variance of sexually selected traits in waxmoths: maintenance by genotype x environment interaction},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Jia, F. Y. and Greenfield, M. D. and Collins, R. D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {good genes, X, sexually selected traits, genetic variance, g x e, genotype by environment},
	pages = {953--967}
}

@article{hollandExperimentalRemovalSexual1999,
	title = {Experimental removal of sexual selection reverses intersexual antagonistic coevolution and removes a reproductive load},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Holland, B. and Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, load, antagonistic coevolution, sexual selection,ICE,chase-away,coevolution,Drosophila},
	pages = {5083--5088}
}

@article{porlierVariationPhenotypicPlasticity2012,
	title = {Variation in phenotypic plasticity and selection patterns in blue tit breeding time: between- and within-population comparisons},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000307343100013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01996.x},
	abstract = {1. Phenotypic plasticity, the response of individual phenotypes to their environment, can allow organisms to cope with spatio-temporal variation in environmental conditions. Recent studies have shown that variation exists among individuals in their capacity to adjust their traits to environmental changes and that this individual plasticity can be under strong selection. Yet, little is known on the extent and ultimate causes of variation between populations and individuals in plasticity patterns. 2. In passerines, timing of breeding is a key life-history trait strongly related to fitness and is known to vary with the environment, but few studies have investigated the within-species variation in individual plasticity. 3. Here, we studied between- and within-population variation in breeding time, phenotypic plasticity and selection patterns for this trait in four Mediterranean populations of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) breeding in habitats varying in structure and quality. 4. Although there was no significant warming over the course of the study, we found evidence for earlier onset of breeding in warmer years in all populations, with reduced plasticity in the less predictable environment. In two of four populations, there was significant inter-individual variation in plasticity for laying date. Interestingly, selection for earlier laying date was significant only in populations where there was no inter-individual differences in plasticity. 5. Our results show that generalization of plasticity patterns among populations of the same species might be challenging even at a small spatial scale and that the amount of within-individual variation in phenotypic plasticity may be linked to selective pressures acting on these phenotypic traits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Porlier, M. and Charmantier, A. and Bourgault, P. and Perret, P. and Blondel, J. and Garant, D.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {natural selection, adaptation, reproductive traits, GREAT TIT, parus-major, CLIMATE-CHANGE, wild bird population, CLUTCH-SIZE, environmental, random regression, reaction norms, heterogeneity, drosophila-serrata, I E, laying date, sliding-window},
	pages = {1041--1051}
}

@article{12Akad2007,
	title = {12 {Akad}},
	volume = {56},
	doi = {10.1556/AkErt.56.2007.12.1},
	journal = {Akad},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {203--215}
}

@article{hadanyFitnessassociatedRecombinationRugged2003,
	title = {Fitness-associated recombination on rugged adaptive landscapes},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hadany, L. and Beker, T.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {recombination, shifting balance, adaptive landscape, complex traits, peak shift},
	pages = {862--870}
}

@article{branhamFlashingMalesWin1996,
	title = {Flashing males win mate success},
	volume = {381},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Branham, M. A. and Greenfield, M. D.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {call, firefly,Photinus consimilis,sexual selection,signals},
	pages = {745--746}
}

@article{kristensenTestQuantitativeGenetic2005,
	title = {A test of quantitative genetic theory using {Drosophila} - effects of inbreeding and rate of inbreeding on heritabilities and variance components},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:000230047800005},
	abstract = {Inbreeding is expected to decrease the heritability within populations. However, results from empirical studies are inconclusive. In this study, we investigated the effects of three breeding treatments (fast and slow rate of inbreeding - inbred to the same absolute level - and a control) on heritability, phenotypic, genetic and environmental variances of sternopleural bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster. Heritability, and phenotypic, genetic and environmental variances were estimated in 10 replicate lines within each of the three treatments. Standard least squares regression models and Bayesian methods were used to analyse the data. Heritability and additive genetic variance within lines were higher in the control compared with both inbreeding treatments. Heritabilities and additive genetic variances within lines were higher in slow compared with fast inbred lines, indicating that slow inbred lines retain more evolutionary potential despite the same expected absolute level of inbreeding. The between line variance was larger with inbreeding and more than twice as large in the fast than in the slow inbred lines. The different pattern of redistribution of genetic variance within and between lines in the two inbred treatments cannot be explained invoking the standard model based on selective neutrality and additive gene action. Environmental variances were higher with inbreeding, and more so with fast inbreeding, indicating that inbreeding and the rate of inbreeding affect environmental sensitivity. The phenotypic variance decreased with inbreeding, but was not affected by the rate of inbreeding. No inbreeding depression for mean sternopleural bristle number was observed in this study. Considerable variance between lines in additive genetic variance within lines was observed, illustrating between line variation in evolutionary potential},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Kristensen, T. N. and Sorensen, A. C. and Sorensen, D. and Pedersen, K. S. and Sorensen, J. G. and Loeschcke, V.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, population, selection, variation, fitness, model, MODELS, FULL-SIB, heritability, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, theory, NUMBER, heterozygosity, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, COMPONENTS, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, pattern, VARIANCE, population bottlenecks, Additive genetic variance, genetic variance, EVOLUTIONARY, epistasis, ARCHITECTURE, additive genetic variance,effective population size,evolutionary potential,genetic drift,inbreeding,sternopleural bristles, environmental variance, genetic variances},
	pages = {763--770}
}

@article{schtickzelleCooperativeSocialClusters2009,
	title = {Cooperative social clusters are not destroyed by dispersal in a ciliate},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	url = {://WOS:000271184600001},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-9-251},
	abstract = {Background: The evolution of social cooperation is favored by aggregative behavior to facilitate stable social structure and proximity among kin. High dispersal rates reduce group stability and kin cohesion, so it is generally assumed that there is a fundamental trade-off between cooperation and dispersal. However, empirical tests of this relationship are rare. We tested this assumption experimentally using ten genetically isolated strains of a ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila. Results: The propensity for social aggregation was greater in strains with reduced cell quality and lower growth performance. While we found a trade-off between costly aggregation and local dispersal in phenotypic analyses, aggregative strains showed a dispersal polymorphism by producing either highly sedentary or long-distance dispersive cells, in contrast to less aggregative strains whose cells were monomorphic local dispersers. Conclusion: High dispersal among aggregative strains may not destroy group stability in T. thermophila because the dispersal polymorphism allows social strains to more readily escape kin groups than less aggregative strains, yet still benefit from stable group membership among sedentary morphs. Such dispersal polymorphisms should be common in other social organisms, serving to alter the nature of the negative impact of dispersal on social evolution.},
	journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Schtickzelle, N. and Fjerdingstad, E. J. and Chaine, A. and Clobert, J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009}
}

@article{emlenEvolutionaryTheoryFamily1995,
	title = {An evolutionary theory of the family},
	volume = {92},
	url = {ISI:A1995RR84400002},
	abstract = {An evolutionary framework for viewing the formation, the stability, the organizational structure, and the social dynamics of biological families is developed, This framework is based upon three conceptual pillars: ecological constraints theory, inclusive fitness theory, and reproductive skew theory, I offer a set of 15 predictions pertaining to living within family groups, The logic of each is discussed, and empirical evidence from family-living vertebrates is summarized, I argue that knowledge of four basic parameters, (i) genetic relatedness, (ii) social dominance, (iii) the benefits of group living, and (iv) the probable success of independent reproduction, can explain many aspects of family life in birds and mammals,I suggest that this evolutionary perspective will provide insights into understanding human family systems as well},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Emlen, S. T.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, i, population, selection, BENEFITS, fitness, insect, SUCCESS, reproduction, theory, phenotype, natural selection, human, relatedness, infanticide, NATURAL-SELECTION, social, DYNAMICS, bird, birds, kinship, FAMILY, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, dominance, FLORIDA, jay, cooperative breeding, INCEST AVOIDANCE, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, kin selection, SOCIAL INSECTS, SEYCHELLES WARBLER, constraints, VERTEBRATES, STABILITY, ACORN WOODPECKER, SKEW, territory quality, COOPERATIVE BREEDER, group living, DELAYED DISPERSAL, ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS, GALAPAGOS MOCKINGBIRDS, HABITAT-SATURATION, MINER MANORINA-MELANOPHRYS, PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT, pillar, STEP-PARENT, WITHIN-GROUP CONFLICT},
	pages = {8092--8099}
}

@article{robertsSynchronousPolyandryMultiple1999,
	title = {Synchronous polyandry and multiple paternity in the frog  {Crinia} georgiana  ({Anura}: {Myobatrachidae})},
	volume = {57},
	abstract = {Multiple paternity has rarely been reported in anuran amphibians, with only three previous documented examples. For the Australian frogCrinia georgiana, we observed synchronous polyandry in an average of 44\% of matings observed at four field sites. This suggests matings involving more than one male are common in this species. One to eight males were observed in amplectant groups with second males amplexed ventrally. Genetic analyses, using allozyme electrophoresis, of offspring from two matings indicated that at least two of three possible males fathered offspring. Third males were unlikely to have shared paternity, explained by their inappropriate position during amplexus. Multiple paternity may be more common in frogs than has been reported.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Roberts, J. D. and Standish, R. J. and Byrne, P. G. and Doughty, P.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {MALES, offspring, mating, call, field, polyandry, COMMON, frog, paternity, multiple paternity, SITES, Anura, ALLOZYME, SHARED PATERNITY, multiple paternity,sperm competition},
	pages = {721--726}
}

@article{doligezTbeUseConspecific1999,
	title = {Tbe use of conspecific reproductive success for breeding habitat selection in a non-colonial, hole-nesting species, the collared flycatcher},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000084218700010},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00362.x},
	abstract = {1. Breeding habitat quality strongly affects fitness. Therefore, individuals are likely to select their breeding habitat after gathering information on quality of potential breeding patches. In the study reported in this paper, we investigated whether local reproductive success of conspecifics in a patch (patch reproductive success, PRS) could be used to assess habitat quality and make dispersal decisions in a non colonial, hole-nesting, passerine bird, the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). 2. Assumptions for such a breeding habitat selection mechanism were met: the habitat patches were of different quality, as measured by PRS, with relative quality varying between years, and PRS was autocorrelated in time. 3. As in many other species, breeding dispersal was related in both sexes to individual reproductive success before dispersal: unsuccessful individuals were more likely to disperse than successful ones. 4. Additively, PRS influenced both breeding and natal dispersal. This effect depended on sex. Dispersal was negatively related to PRS in females, and positively in males with low competitive ability (juvenile and unsuccessful adult males). 5. Breeding dispersal was positively related to flycatcher density in males, but negatively in females. Moreover, when included in the analyses, laying date of the previous breeding attempt (which should be correlated with competitive ability) replaced the effect of PRS in adult males. 6. The observed patterns can be explained by PRS (or another variable correlated with PRS) being used to assess different components of habitat quality in each sex, in relation to intraspecific competition pressure. We suggest that males of low competitive ability may either use PRS to assess the level of expected intraspecific competition the following year, and choose to disperse from high PRS woodlands, or be forced to disperse when PRS is high because of strong competition. Females might use PRS to assess the expected reproductive output if breeding in the patch the following year.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Doligez, B. and Danchin, E. and Clobert, J. and Gustafsson, L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1193--1206}
}

@article{filbyPhysiologicalHealthConsequences0000Dec,
	title = {Physiological and health consequences of social status in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0031-9384},
	url = {://WOS:000285126300005},
	doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.09.004},
	abstract = {Social status affects access to food mates and shelter and has consequences for the physiology of individuals and their health status In the zebrafish (Danio rerio) an emerging model for studies into animal behavior the possible consequences of social hierarchy to an individual s physiology and health are unknown To address this in this species we assessed the effects of social interaction (for periods of 1-5 days) on growth stress immune function and reproductive condition Wide-ranging differences in physiology occurred between the social ranks some of which were sex-related and time-dependent In both sexes dominant fish were larger than subordinates and dominant males had a higher growth rate during the trials Subordinates had higher plasma cortisol and in males higher telencephalic corticotrophin releasing hormone neuropeptide y and glucocorticoid receptor gene expression Splenic cytokine expression suggested differences in immune status between ranks in both sexes and hematocrit was elevated in subordinate males In both sexes dominants and subordinates differed in the expression of genes for various gonadal sex steroid receptors and steroidogenic enzymes and in dominant females the ovary was larger relative to body mass compared with in subordinates Dominant males had higher plasma 11 ketotestosterone than subordinates and there was an increase in the number of spermatids in their testes over the duration of the study that was not seen in subordinate males The wide ranging physiological differences seen between dominant and subordinate zebrafish as a consequence of their social status suggest negative health Impacts for subordinates after prolonged durations in those hierarchies (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Physiology \& behavior},
	author = {Filby, A. L. and Paull, G. C. and Bartlett, E. J. and Van Look, K. J. W. and Tyler, C. R.},
	month = dec,
	year = {0000},
	keywords = {reproductive success, Zebrafish, RAINBOW-TROUT, dominance, gene-expression, ATLANTIC SALMON, brown trout, TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI, social status, Danio rerio, DOMINANT-SUBORDINATE RELATIONSHIPS, FEMALE ZEBRAFISH, Fish welfare, Health, Hierarchy, ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS, OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS, PHYSIOLOGY},
	pages = {576--587}
}

@article{manierEcologicalCorrelatesPopulation2006,
	title = {Ecological correlates of population genetic structure: a comparative approach using a vertebrate metacommunity},
	volume = {273},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000241920300012},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3678},
	abstract = {Identifying ecological factors associated with population genetic differentiation is important for understanding microevolutionary processes and guiding the management of threatened populations. We identified ecological correlates of several population genetic parameters for three interacting species (two garter snakes and an anuran) that occupy a common landscape. Using multiple regression analysis, we found that species interactions were more important in explaining variation in population genetic parameters than habitat and nearest-neighbour characteristics. Effective population size was best explained by census size, while migration was associated with differences in species abundance. In contrast, genetic distance was poorly explained by the ecological correlates that we tested, but geographical distance was prominent in models for all species. We found substantially different population dynamics for the prey species relative to the two predators, characterized by larger effective sizes, lower gene flow and a state of migration-drift equilibrium. We also identified an escarpment formed by a series of block faults that serves as a barrier to dispersal for the predators. Our results suggest that successful landscape-level management should incorporate genetic and ecological data for all relevant species, because even closely associated species can exhibit very different population genetic dynamics on the same landscape.},
	number = {1604},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Manier, M. K. and Arnold, S. J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {MICROSATELLITE LOCI, DISPERSAL, microsatellites, VARIANCE, DISTANCE, thamnophis-elegans, barriers to dispersal, Bufo boreas, bufo-calamita, FROG RANA-SYLVATICA, landscape genetics, mitochondrial, regression approach, Thamnophis elegans, Thamnophis sirtalis},
	pages = {3001--3009}
}

@article{schluterAdaptiveRadiationGenetic1996,
	title = {Adaptive radiation along genetic lines of least resistance},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Schluter, D.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sticklebacks, heritability, natural selection, quantitative genetics, covariance, genetic variance, genetic correlation, adaptive radiation, adaptive divergence, gmax},
	pages = {1766--1774}
}

@article{faconHybridizationInvasivenessFreshwater5,
	title = {Hybridization and invasiveness in the freshwater snail {Melanoides} tuberculata: hybrid vigour is more important than increase in genetic variance},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00887.x/abs},
	abstract = {Many invasive taxa are hybrids, but how hybridization boosts the invasive process remains poorly known. We address this question in the clonal freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata from Martinique, using three parental and two hybrid lines. We combine an extensive field survey (1990-2003) and a quantitative genetic experiment to show that hybrid lines have outcompeted their parents in natural habitats, and that this increased invasiveness co-occurred with pronounced shifts in life-history traits, such as growth, fecundity and juvenile size. Given the little time between hybrid creation and sampling, and the moderate standing genetic variance for life-history traits in hybrids, we show that some of the observed trait changes between parents and hybrids were unlikely to arise only by continuous selection. We therefore suggest that a large part of hybrid advantage stems from immediate heterosis upon hybridization.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Facon, B. and Jarne, P. and Pointier, J. P. and David, P.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {INCREASE, VARIANCE, hybrid, genetic variance, hybridization},
	pages = {524--535}
}

@article{cheptouPopulationBiologyEcology2005,
	title = {Population biology: {The} ecology of inbreeding depression},
	volume = {96},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800768},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Cheptou, P. O.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, population, BIOLOGY, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression},
	pages = {110--110}
}

@article{reinhardtAdvantageYoungSperm2005,
	title = {An advantage for young sperm in the house cricket  {Acheta} domesticus},
	volume = {165},
	url = {ISI:000229047500013},
	abstract = {We show that males of the house cricket Acheta domesticus regularly expel sperm packages (spermatophores) independently of copulation and at a rate that is not affected by the presence of females. We then show for the first time that the age of sperm affects their likelihood of being stored by females after copulation; younger sperm were overrepresented in the female sperm storage organ and therefore in the sperm population used for fertilization. Our results suggest that the reproductive success of males may increase if they deliver ejaculates with young sperm, and the results may explain why the males of several species are regularly observed to discard ejaculates. Our results also suggest that phenomena such as female multiple mating, paternity bias, and/or exaggerated ejaculate sizes may be related to the advantage both genders gain by using young sperm},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Reinhardt, K. and Siva-Jothy, M. T.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {competition, female, FEMALES, HOUSE, MALES, population, sperm, FERTILIZATION, INCREASE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, reproductive success, SPERMATOPHORE, SUCCESS, cricket, ENGLAND, ejaculate, multiple mating, GRYLLIDAE, age, MECHANISMS, related, paternity, ADVANTAGE, Orthoptera, GALLUS-DOMESTICUS, INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION, COPULATION, STORAGE, ACHETA-DOMESTICUS, cost of sperm production,intraspecific variation,sexual selection,sperm age, MASTURBATION},
	pages = {718--723}
}

@article{bessa-gomesModelingMatingPatterns2003,
	title = {Modeling mating patterns given mutual mate choice: {The} importance of individual mating preferences and mating system},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0218-3390},
	url = {://WOS:000185975500001},
	doi = {10.1142/s0218339003000853},
	abstract = {When we consider structured populations with sexual reproduction, the distribution of characters among mating pairs may influence the population biology, namely its dynamics and genetics. In the present paper, we propose a general framework to estimate the population mating patterns taking into account individual mating preferences and mating system, thus taking into account the inter- and intra-sexual interactions such as mate competition and mate choice. According to our results, mating patterns are not a direct reflection of mating preferences, but also depend upon the average sex ratio between individuals that are ready to mate at any given time (i.e., the Operational Sex Ratio, OSR). Therefore, mating patterns should be assessed not only in function of preferences, but also of OSR. It is then possible to distinguish three OSR regions: (1) the equilibrium OSR, where there is a predominance of assortative mating patterns due to differential access to mates (inter-sexual interactions); (2) the slightly biased OSR, where there is a high diversity of mating patterns and no clear predominance of inter- or intra-sexual interactions; and (3) the highly biased OSR where there is a predominance of mating patterns corresponding to single-sex uniform preferences and an increased influence of intra-sexual interactions. We hope that this approach may allow to further explore the interaction between OSR and mate choice, namely how such interaction may affect sexual selection and mate choice tactics.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Biological Systems},
	author = {Bessa-Gomes, C. and Clobert, J. and Legendre, S. and Moller, A. P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {205--219}
}

@article{connerOlderMalesHave1989,
	title = {Older males have higher insemination success in a beetle},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Conner, J.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {fecundity selection, age, spermcompetition, inseminiation},
	pages = {503--509}
}

@article{grafenSexualSelectionUnhandicapped1990,
	title = {Sexual selection unhandicapped by the {Fisher} process},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Grafen, A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Fisher, selection, call, female preference,sexual selection,signals,Zahavi's handicap principle},
	pages = {473--516}
}

@article{pechenikAdvantagesDisadvantagesLarval1999,
	title = {On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles},
	volume = {177},
	url = {ISI:000079215300024},
	abstract = {Many benthic marine invertebrates develop by means of free-living, dispersive larval stages. The presumed advantages of such larvae include the avoidance of competition for resources with adults, temporary reduction of benthic mortality while in the plankton, decreased Likelihood of inbreeding in the next generation, and increased ability to withstand local extinction. However, the direction of evolutionary change appears generally biased toward the loss of larvae in many clades, implying that larvae are somehow disadvantageous. Possible disadvantages include dispersal away from favorable habitat, mismatches between larval and juvenile physiological tolerances, greater susceptibility to environmental stresses, greater susceptibility to predation. and various costs that may be associated with metamorphosing in response to specific chemical cues and postponing metamorphosis in the absence of those cues. Understanding the forces responsible for the present distribution of larval and nan-larval (aplanktonic) development among benthic marine invertebrates. and the potential influence of human activities on the direction of future evolutionary change in reproductive patterns, will require a better understanding of the following issues: the role of macro-evolutionary forces in selecting for or against dispersive larvae; the relative tolerances of encapsulated embryos and free-living larvae to salinity, pollutant, and other environmental stresses; the degree to which egg masses, egg capsules, and brood chambers protect developing embryos from environmental stresses; the relative magnitude of predation by planktonic and benthic predators on both larvae and early juveniles; the way in which larval and juvenile size affect vulnerability to predators; the extent to which encapsulation and brooding protect against predators; the amount of genetic change associated with loss of larvae from invertebrate life cycles and the time required to accomplish that change; and the degree to which continued input of larvae from other populations deters selection against dispersive larvae. The prominence of larval development in modem Life cycles may reflect difficulties in losing larvae from Life cycles more than selection for their retention},
	journal = {Marine Ecology-Progress Series},
	author = {Pechenik, J. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {egg, competition, evolution, fish, genes, i, population, response, selection, resources, size, insect, reproduction, Y, human, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, SPACE, X, predation, extinction, HABITAT, AVOIDANCE, environmental stress, patterns, STRESS, coevolution, peacock, larvae, mortality, cycle, LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL, LIFE-CYCLE, biogeography, mismatch, ALLELE FREQUENCY CLINE, CRAB RHITHROPANOPEUS-HARRISII, DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION, EARLY POSTSETTLEMENT MORTALITY, GASTROPOD CREPIDULA-FORNICATA, life cycle evolution, LOW-SALINITY STRESS, marine invertebrates, POLYCHAETE HYDROIDS ELEGANS, SIZE-SELECTIVE PREDATION, STARS PATIRIELLA-VIVIPARA},
	pages = {269--297}
}

@article{jennionsVariationMateChoice1997,
	title = {Variation in mate choice and mating preferences: {A} review of causes and consequences},
	volume = {72},
	url = {ISI:A1997WY44300003},
	abstract = {The aim of this review is to consider variation in mating preferences among females. We define mating preferences as the sensory and behavioural properties that influence the propensity of individuals to mate with certain phenotypes. Two properties of mating preferences can be distinguished: (I) 'preference functions' - the order with which an individual ranks prospective mates and (2) 'choosiness' - the effort an individual is prepared to invest in mate assessment. Patterns of mate choices can be altered by changing the costs of choosiness without altering the preference function. We discuss why it is important to study variation in female mating behaviour and identify five main areas of interest: Variation in mating preferences and costs of choosiness could (I) influence the rate and direction of evolution by sexual selection, (2) provide information about the evolutionary history of female preferences, (3) help explain inter-specific differences in the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics, (4) provide information about the level of benefits gained from mate choice, (5) provide information about the underlying mechanisms of mate choice. Variation in mate choice could be due to variability in preference functions, degree of choosiness, or both, and may arise due to genetic differences, developmental trajectories or proximate environmental factors. We review the evidence for genetic variation from genetic studies of heritability and also from data on the repeatability of mate-choice decisions (which can provide information about the upper limits to heritability). There can be problems in interpreting patterns of mate choice in terms of variation in mating preferences and we illustrate two main points. First, some factors can lead to mate choice patterns that mimic heritable variation in preferences and secondly other factors may obscure heritable preferences. These factors are divided into three overlapping classes, environmental, social and the effect of the female phenotype. The environmental factors discussed include predation risk and the costs of sampling; the social factors discussed include the effect of male-male interactions as well as female competition. We review the literature which presents data on how females sample males and discuss the number of cues females use. We conclude that sexual-selection studies have paid far less attention to variation among females than to variation among males, and that there is still much to learn about how females choose males and why different females make different choices. We suggest a number of possible lines for future research},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Petrie, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, Fisher, i, MALE COLOR PATTERNS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, predation risk, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, BENEFITS, female mate choice, CONSEQUENCES, heritability, insect, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, female preference, HISTORIES, HISTORY, lande, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, theory, Y, choosiness, MATES, phenotype, natural selection, repeatability, INDIVIDUALS, mating preference, cost, costs, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, NATURAL-SELECTION, social, predation, preference function, genetics, risk, kin, genetic variation, mating behaviour, pattern, patterns, speciation, ant, lek, leks, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, frog, PROPENSITY, DIRECTION, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, peacock, LIMIT, phenotypes, SOCIAL-FACTORS, aim, RANK, FEMALE PIED FLYCATCHERS, INFORMATION, mating decisions, mate sampling, RED JUNGLE FOWL, GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA, COURTSHIP-ROLE REVERSAL, EPHIPPIGER-EPHIPPIGER ORTHOPTERA, female-female competition, FLIES COELOPA-FRIGIDA, male-male interactions, MULTIPLE SEXUAL ORNAMENTS, TREE SWALLOWS GUARD},
	pages = {283--327}
}

@article{reznickGrandfatherEffectsGenetics1981,
	title = {"{Grandfather} effects": {The} genetics of interpopulation differences in offspring size in the mosquito fish},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Reznick, D.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {fish, offspring, size, call, genetics, mosquito fish, Offspring size, offspring size Gambusia affinis,life history patterns,mosquito fish},
	pages = {941--953}
}

@article{schluppFemalePreferencesNaturallyoccurring1999,
	title = {Female preferences for naturally-occurring novel male traits},
	volume = {136},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Schlupp, I. and Waschulewski, M. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, female preference, preference, novel ornament,Poecilia formosa,Poecilia latipinna,Poecilia mexicana,pre-existing bias,sexual selection,tumor},
	pages = {519--527}
}

@article{milesRaceGoesSwift2004,
	title = {The race goes to the swift: fitness consequences of variation in sprint performance in juvenile lizards},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1522-0613},
	url = {://WOS:000188743500004},
	abstract = {Locomotor performance is a fundamental link between an animal and its environment. Considerable evidence has accumulated about the biomechanical, physiological and morphological causes of variation in sprint speed and endurance in animals. Yet little information is available about the ecological role of locomotion and its relationship to fitness. This is largely due to the difficulty of acquiring survivorship data in known demographic populations. To address the selective significance of locomotor performance, I estimated the covariation between sprint speed and survivorship of juveniles in a population of the lizard., Urosaurus ornatus. Selection analyses based on mark-recapture data revealed significant directional selection for burst velocity and stride length. Faster lizards with longer stride lengths realized a survival advantage over slower lizards regardless of size. Significant non-linear selection was detected on initial velocity and mean velocity. The selection surface for initial velocity was concave up, hence juveniles with intermediate values for initial velocity had lower fitness. Conversely, the selection surface for mean velocity was concave down, thus juveniles with intermediate values for mean velocity had higher survivorship. I hypothesize that the differences in sprint performance influence prey capture and predator escape. Faster lizards may also select warmer microhabitats during favourable conditions, which may enhance growth rates but entail higher risks of predation.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Miles, D. B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, variation, fitness, body size, BODY-SIZE, individual-differences, NATURAL-SELECTION, lizard, EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE, GALAPAGOS LAVA LIZARDS, INTRAPOPULATION, LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE, SCELOPORUS-OCCIDENTALIS, SIDE-BLOTCHED LIZARDS, survivorship, Urosaurus ornatus},
	pages = {63--75}
}

@article{kirkpatrickMateChoiceRules5,
	title = {Mate choice rules in animals},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4JPY81V-4/2/1858358b89f3fba08e1da642b1316e80},
	abstract = {We identify several fundamental properties of how females choose mates and propose statistical methods to test hypotheses about them. Virtually, all studies of mate choice have implicitly assumed that choice involves what we call strict preference. By that we mean that all the properties of a stimulus can be reduced to a single preference value that is independent of other stimuli, and that the stronger a female's preference for a male, the more likely she is to choose him. An important consequence of strict preference is that it guarantees that females cannot show intransitive choice (where male X1 is preferred over male X2, and X2 over X3, but X3 is preferred over X1). We find general conditions for the strict preference paradigm to apply in the simple situation where females choose between two potential mates. We illustrate how these conditions can be tested statistically using data on mate choice in tungara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus. The results were not consistent with any of the standard models for strict preference. On the other hand, we also failed to find statistical support for intransitive choice. We suggest that understanding mate choice will require deeper analysis of the most basic properties of the choice rules},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, Mark and Rand, A. Stanley and Ryan, Michael J.},
	keywords = {choice, female, FEMALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, model, MODELS, CONSEQUENCE, call, ANIMALS, preference, MATES, condition, frog, RULES, stimulus},
	pages = {1215--1225}
}

@article{shykoffEggsFirst1998,
	title = {Eggs first},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Shykoff, J. A. and Widmer, A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {egg, call, eggs,oviparity},
	pages = {158}
}

@article{chamaille-jammesGlobalWarmingPositive2006,
	title = {Global warming and positive fitness response in mountain populations of common lizards {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {12},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01088.x},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Chamaille-Jammes, Simon and Massot, Manuel and Aragon, Pedro and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {fitness, survival, body size, LIZARDS, reproduction, life-history trade-offs, accepted 9 september 2005, global warming, mountain habitat, received 31 may 2005, revised version received 7, september 2005},
	pages = {392--402}
}

@article{eklundMajorHistocompatibilityComplex1991,
	title = {The major histocompatibility complex and mating preferences of male-mice},
	volume = {42},
	url = {ISI:A1991GP70700017},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Eklund, A. and Egid, K. and Brown, J. L.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {mating, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, mating preferences, preference, COMPLEX, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, mating preference, immunogenetics},
	pages = {693--694}
}

@article{saccheriInbreedingUncoversFundamental2005,
	title = {Inbreeding uncovers fundamental differences in the genetic load affecting male and female fertility in a butterfly},
	volume = {272},
	url = {ISI:000226838000005},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression is most pronounced for traits closely associated with fitness. The traditional explanation is that natural selection eliminates deleterious mutations with additive or dominant effects more effectively than recessive mutations, leading to directional dominance for traits subject to strong directional selection. Here we report the unexpected finding that, in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, male sterility contributes disproportionately to inbreeding depression for fitness (complete sterility in about half the sons from brother-sister matings), while female fertility is insensitive to inbreeding. The contrast between the sexes for functionally equivalent traits is inconsistent with standard selection arguments, and suggests that trait-specific developmental properties and cryptic selection play crucial roles in shaping genetic architecture. There is evidence that spermatogenesis is less developmentally stable than oogenesis, though the unusually high male fertility load in B. anynana additionally suggests the operation of complex selection maintaining male sterility recessives. Analysis of the precise causes of inbreeding depression will be needed to generate a model that reliably explains variation in directional dominance and reconciles the gap between observed and expected genetic loads carried by populations. This challenging evolutionary puzzle should stimulate work on the occurrence and causes of sex differences in fertility load},
	number = {1558},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Saccheri, I. J. and Lloyd, H. D. and Helyar, S. J. and Brakefield, P. M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {female, HOUSE, population, selection, sex, TRAITS, variation, fitness, model, butterflies, butterfly, Lepidoptera, mating, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, natural selection, COMPLEX, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, extinction, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, viability, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, GENETIC LOAD, load, mutation, MUTATIONS, SEXES, dominance, FERTILITY, STERILITY, SEX-DIFFERENCES, ARCHITECTURE, APYRENE SPERM, BICYCLUS-ANYNANA, inbreeding depression,genetic load,fertility,egg hatching,Lepidoptera, MUTATIONS AFFECTING FITNESS},
	pages = {39--46}
}

@article{casselmanSpermQualityInfluences2006,
	title = {Sperm quality influences male fertilization success in walleye ({Sander} vitreus)},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0706-652X},
	url = {://WOS:000241162300018},
	doi = {10.1139/f06-108},
	abstract = {We examined how variation in sperm quality influences a male's success at fertilizing ova (male fertilization success) in a wild population of walleye (Sander vitreus). To do this, we conducted controlled fertilization trials using milt and eggs (ova) from wild-spawning fish and measured male fertilization success (percentage of ova fertilized) by examining eggs after 24 h of incubation. We found that both the number of sperm and sperm swimming speed (at 10 s after activation) were significantly related to fertilization success. There was, with respect to fertilization success, a relatively large return on male investment in the number of sperm, but this return diminished as the percentage of ova fertilized increased above 50\%. This is in agreement with theoretical predictions based on external fertilization dynamics. When the number of sperm used in the experimental trials was kept constant, variation in sperm swimming speed (at 10 s after activation) explained approximately 90\% of the variation in a male's fertilization success. These findings demonstrate that the variation in sperm quality found in wild spawning populations has the potential to dramatically influence male reproductive success.},
	language = {English},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Casselman, S. J. and Schulte-Hostedde, A. I. and Montgomerie, R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {competition, TRAITS, DYNAMICS, RAINBOW-TROUT, motility, trout oncorhynchus-mykiss, FERTILITY, ATLANTIC SALMON, semen, velocity},
	pages = {2119--2125}
}

@article{landeGeneticCovarianceCharacters1980,
	title = {The genetic covariance between characters maintained by pleiotropic mutations},
	volume = {94},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Lande, R.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {call, mutation, covariance, genetic covariance, pleiotropic mutations},
	pages = {203--215}
}

@article{sihBehavioralSyndromesIntegrative2004,
	title = {Behavioral syndromes: {An} integrative overview},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {0033-5770},
	url = {://WOS:000224073800001},
	doi = {10.1086/422893},
	abstract = {A behavioral syndrome is a suite of correlated behaviors expressed either within a given behavioral context (e.g., correlations between foraging behaviors in different habitats) or across different contexts (e.g., correlations among feeding, antipredator mating, aggressive, and dispersal behaviors). For example, some individuals (and genotypes) might be generally more aggressive, more active or bold, while others are generally less aggressive, active or bold. This phenomenon has been studied in detail in humans, some primates, laboratory rodents, and some domesticated animals, but has rarely been studied in other organisms, and rarely examined from an evolutionary or ecological perspective. Here, we present an integrative overview on the potential importance of behavioral syndromes in evolution and ecology. A central idea is that behavioral correlations generate tradeoffs; for example, an aggressive genotype might do well in situations where high aggression is favored, but might be inappropriately aggressive in situations where low aggression is favored (and vice versa for a low aggression genotype). Behavioral syndromes can thereby result in maladaptive behavior in some contexts, and potentially maintain individual variation in behavior in a variable environment. We suggest terminology and methods for studying behavioral syndromes, review examples, discuss evolutionary and proximate approaches for understanding behavioral syndromes, note insights from human personality research, and outline some potentially important ecological implications. Overall, we suggest that behavioral syndromes could play a useful role as an integrative bridge between genetics, experience, neuroendocrine mechanisms, evolution, and ecology.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {Sih, A. and Bell, A. M. and Johnson, J. C. and Ziemba, R. E.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {life-history evolution, behavioral syndromes, individual-differences, phenotypic plasticity, animal personalities, genetics, behavioral, behavioral types, spider, MALE GREAT TITS, QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI, AGELENOPSIS-APERTA, Aggressiveness, behavioral correlations, bold continuum, INEFFECTIVE ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR, limited plasticity, proactive, reactive coping styles, shy, SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS, STREAM-BREEDING SALAMANDER, SUNFISH LEPOMIS-GIBBOSUS, tradeoffs},
	pages = {241--277}
}

@article{emlenNonlinearGrowthDynamics1993,
	title = {Nonlinear growth dynamics and the origin of fluctuating asymmetry},
	volume = {89},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Emlen, J. M. and Freeman, D. C. and Graham, J. H.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, developmental instability,fluctuating asymmetry,fractal,growth},
	pages = {77--96}
}

@article{arkushResistanceThreePathogens2002,
	title = {Resistance to three pathogens in the endangered winter-run chinook salmon ({Oncorhynchus} tshawytscha): effects of inbreeding and major histocompatibility complex genotypes},
	volume = {59},
	url = {ISI:000177786000006},
	abstract = {We have carried out the first major infectivity trial to examine differential genetic resistance in fish for pathogens. We used captive-bred, endangered winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to determine resistance to three pathogens: the bacterium, Listonella (Vibrio) anguillarum, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite that causes whirling disease. We compared resistance to these three pathogens between inbred and outbred salmon and between siblings that were heterozygous or homozygous for a class II gene in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In two of five different comparisons, we found significant genetic effects on disease resistance. First, MHC heterozygotes had a higher survival than MHC homozygotes when exposed to IHNV and the selection disadvantage of homozygotes was estimated to be 8.5\%. Second, outbred fish had a higher resistance (or lower infection severity) than inbred fish when exposed to M. cerebralis. Using a quantitative genetics approach, it appears that there are slightly more than three gene equivalents segregating that would result in no resistance to M. cerebralis when homozygous. Overall, our investigation suggests that pathogen susceptibility in the winter-run chinook salmon will increase if further genetic variation is lost in this endangered species},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	author = {Arkush, K. D. and Giese, A. R. and Mendonca, H. L. and McBride, A. M. and Marty, G. D. and Hedrick, P. W.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, population, selection, variation, INCREASE, survival, BIOLOGY, Y, quantitative genetics, COMPLEX, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, wolf, WOLVES, genetics, heterozygotes, homozygotes, MHC, genetic variation, pathogen, Canada, PACIFIC SALMON, RAINBOW-TROUT, GENETIC-VARIATION, RESISTANCE, immunogenetics, endangered, siblings, INFECTION, MHC VARIATION, ATLANTIC SALMON, endangered species, EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE, CLASS-I, CHINOOK SALMON, INFECTIOUS HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS, MYXOBOLUS-CEREBRALIS, VIBRIO-ANGUILLARUM, VIRUS, WHIRLING DISEASE},
	pages = {966--975}
}

@article{brooksDarkSideSexual1999,
	title = {The dark side of sexual selection},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Jennions, M. D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, selection, conflict, sexually antagonistic},
	pages = {336--337}
}

@article{masonSocialBehaviorPheromonal2010,
	title = {Social behavior and pheromonal communication in reptiles},
	volume = {196},
	issn = {0340-7594},
	url = {://WOS:000282130500005},
	doi = {10.1007/s00359-010-0551-3},
	language = {English},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology a-Neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology},
	author = {Mason, R. T. and Parker, M. R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {reproduction, pheromone, lizard, MALE GARTER SNAKES, AMPHISBAENIAN BLANUS-CINEREUS, BROWN TREE SNAKE, CHEMOSENSORY PREDATOR RECOGNITION, FEMORAL GLAND SECRETIONS, IBERIAN ROCK-LIZARDS, ODORATUS STINKPOT/MUSK TURTLE, reptile, SEXUAL ATTRACTIVENESS PHEROMONE, snake, THAMNOPHIS-SIRTALIS-PARIETALIS, Tongue-flick, Trailing, Vomeronasal organ, VOMERONASAL SENSORY NEURONS},
	pages = {729--749}
}

@article{tarrFounderEventsVariation1998,
	title = {Founder events and variation at microsatellite loci in an insular passerine bird, the {Laysan} finch ({Telespiza} cantans)},
	volume = {7},
	url = {ISI:000074236300006},
	abstract = {Historically documented founder events provide opportunities to assess the effects of population size reductions on genetic variation, but the actual magnitude of genetic change can be measured only when direct comparisons can be made to the source or ancestral population. We assayed variation at nine microsatellite loci in the translocated population of the Laysan finch (Telespiza cantans) at Pearl and Hermes reef (PHR), and compared the level of variation to that in the source population pn Laysan Island. Heterogeneity in allele frequencies was highly significant at eight of the nine loci, primarily as a result of fluctuations in allele frequencies in the three PHR populations. Intra- and interpopulational measures of genetic diversity generally matched predictions based on the well-documented history of three islet populations at PHR: significantly lower numbers of alleles and polymorphic loci, as well as higher pairwise F-ST values and genetic distance, were observed for the two populations that underwent severe size reductions. Changes in heterozygosity at single loci were unpredictable, as both significant increases and decreases were observed in founder populations. A significant excess of heterozygotes was found in two populations and was highly significant over all four finch populations (P {\textless} 0.003). Estimates of effective population size from temporal changes in heterozygosity and allele frequencies were very small (N-e less than or equal to 30) as a result of the founding events and the constraints of islet area on population numbers. We concluded that the PHR population is not adequate as a secondary genetic reserve for T. cantans, and an alternative refuge needs to be established},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Tarr, C. L. and Conant, S. and Fleischer, R. C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, population, variation, size, lande, theory, allele, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, bird, genetics, microsatellites, NATURAL-POPULATION, heterozygotes, genetic variation, bottleneck, ISLAND, INCREASES, genetic diversity, GENETIC-VARIATION, alleles, FINCH, FINCHES, effective population size, DISTANCE, differentiation, JUVENILE MORTALITY, constraints, endangered species, EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE, HARDY-WEINBERG, FOUNDER, founder events, CAPTIVE POPULATIONS, Hawaiian honeycreeper, MULTIPLE ALLELES, primers},
	pages = {719--731}
}

@article{elwoodProbingMotivationalState1998,
	title = {Probing motivational state during antagonistic encounters in animals},
	volume = {393},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Elwood, R. W. and Wood, K. E. and Gallagher, M. B. and Dick, J. T. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, competition for resources,hermit crabs},
	pages = {66--68}
}

@article{mooreEvolutionInteractingPhenotypes2002,
	title = {The evolution of interacting phenotypes: {Genetics} and {Evolution} of {Social} {Dominance}},
	volume = {160},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Moore, A. J. and Haynes, K. F. and Preziosi, R. F. and Moore, P. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, phenotype, social, genetics, dominance, phenotypes},
	pages = {s186--s197}
}

@article{blumsteinCooperativeBreedingMarmots1999,
	title = {Cooperative breeding in marmots},
	volume = {84},
	url = {ISI:000078916600002},
	abstract = {Whenever individuals live in stable social groups and not ail individuals breed, group members may breed cooperatively. While well-documented in a variety of birds and mammals, there is some controversy over whether, and to what degree, sciurid rodents breed cooperatively. We identify cooperative breeding when: individuals delay dispersal beyond reproductive maturity. reproduction in mature individuals is suppressed, and when non-breeders provide alloparental care. In this paper we note that the 14 species of marmots (Marmota spp.) large ground-dwelling sciurid rodents found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. provide an excellent taxon in which to study the evolution of cooperative breeding. Marmot species fit none, some, or all of the attributes of cooperative breeding. Most interestingly, delayed dispersal and alloparental care may be de-coupled interspecifically, and possibly intraspecifically making marmots an excellent taxon For additional study. Environmental harshness increases maturation time and is associated with dispersal delayed beyond reproductive maturity. The opportunity to gain direct fitness may be associated with gaining indirect fitness by alloparental behavior. In addition to its theoretical attraction, cooperative breeding has profound implications for conservation and management of species that breed cooperatively. To maximize marmot production, managers and breeders need to pay particular attention to social group structure to prevent the expression of reproductive suppression. If cooperative breeding results from an environmental constraint, habitat modifications may increase the percent of females that breed},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Blumstein, D. T. and Armitage, K. B.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, population, selection, BENEFITS, fitness, reproduction, natural selection, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, NATURAL-SELECTION, REPRODUCTIVE SUPPRESSION, RODENT, rodents, social, SUPPRESSION, HABITAT, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, sociality, INCREASES, attraction, cooperative breeding, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, MATURITY, FA, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, population structure, alloparental care, ALPINE MARMOTS, SQUIRRELS SPERMOPHILUS-COLUMBIANUS, YELLOW-BELLIED MARMOTS},
	pages = {369--382}
}

@article{dugatkinSexualSelectionImitation1992,
	title = {Sexual selection and imitation : females copy the mate choice of others},
	volume = {139},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, mate choice, selection, call, mate copying,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {1384--1389}
}

@article{partridgeFrequencydependentMatingPreferences1989,
	title = {Frequency-dependent mating preferences in female fruitflies?},
	volume = {19},
	journal = {Behavior Genetics},
	author = {Partridge, L.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {mating, mating preferences, preference, mating preference},
	pages = {725--728}
}

@article{lososAdaptiveDifferentationFollowing1997,
	title = {Adaptive differentation following experimental island colonization in {Anolis} lizards.},
	volume = {387},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Losos, J.B. and Warheit, K.I. and Schoener, T.W.},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {70--73}
}

@incollection{triversSexualSelectionDescent1972,
	address = {London},
	title = {Sexual {Selection} and the {Descent} of {Man} 1871-1971},
	shorttitle = {Parental {Investment} and {Sexual} {Selection}},
	booktitle = {Parental {Investment} and {Sexual} {Selection}},
	publisher = {Heinemann},
	author = {Trivers, R. L. and Campbell, B.},
	year = {1972},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, parental investment},
	pages = {136--179}
}

@article{qvarnstrmContextdependentGeneticBenefits2001,
	title = {Context-dependent genetic benefits from mate choice},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Qvarnstr”m, A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, genetic benefits, mate choice, genetic benefit, g x e, g*e, genotype-by-environment interaction},
	pages = {5}
}

@article{bishopChorusSizeCall1995,
	title = {Chorus size and call intensity: female choice in the painted reed frog,  {Hyperolius} marmoratus},
	volume = {132},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Bishop, P. J. and Jennions, M. D. and Passmore, N. I.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, size, call, frog, Hyperolius marmoratus},
	pages = {9--10}
}

@article{leinonenQSTFSTComparisonsEvolutionary2013,
	title = {{QST}-{FST} comparisons: evolutionary and ecological insights from genomic heterogeneity},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3395},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Leinonen, Tuomas and McCairns, R. J. Scott and O'Hara, Robert B. and Merila, Juha},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {179--190}
}

@article{storzGeneticConsequencesPolygyny2001,
	title = {Genetic consequences of polygyny and social structure in an {Indian} fruit bat, {Cynopterus} sphinx. {I}. {Inbreeding}, outbreeding, and population subdivision},
	volume = {55},
	url = {ISI:000169903000015},
	abstract = {Population subdivision into behaviorally cohesive kin groups influences rates of inbreeding and genetic drift and has important implications for the evolution of social behavior. Here we report the results of a study designed to test the hypothesis that harem social structure promotes inbreeding and genetic subdivision in a population with overlapping generations. Genetic consequences of harem social structure were investigated in a natural population of a highly polygynous fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in western India. The partitioning of genetic variance within and among breeding groups was assessed using 10-locus microsatellite genotypes for 431 individually marked bats. Genetic analysis of the C. sphinx study population was integrated with field data on demography and social structure to determine the specific ways in which mating, dispersal, and new social group formation influenced population genetic structure. Microsatellite data revealed striking contrasts in genetic structure between consecutive offspring cohorts and between generations. Relative to the 1998 (dry-season) offspring cohort, the 1997 (wet-season) cohort was characterized by a more extensive degree of within-group heterozygote excess (F-IS = -0.164 vs. -0.050), a greater degree of among-group subdivision (F-ST = 0.123 vs. 0.008), and higher average within-group relatedness (r = 0.251 vs. 0.017). Differences in genetic structure between the two offspring cohorts were attributable to seasonal differences in the number and proportional representation of male parents. Relative to adult age-classes, offspring cohorts were characterized by more extensive departures from allelic and genotypic equilibria and a greater degree of genetic subdivision. Generational differences in F-statistics indicated that genetic structuring of offspring cohorts was randomized by natal dispersal prior to recruitment into the breeding population. Low relatedness among harem females (r = 0.002-0.005) was primarily attributable to high rates of natal dispersal and low rates of juvenile survivorship. Kin selection is therefore an unlikely explanation for the formation and maintenance of behaviorally cohesive breeding groups in this highly social mammal},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Storz, J. F. and Bhat, H. R. and Kunz, T. H.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, female, i, offspring, population, selection, CONSEQUENCES, mating, field, natal dispersal, microsatellite, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MAMMALS, social, adaptation, metapopulation, genetics, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, VARIANCE, EFFECTIVE SIZE, polygyny, GENERATIONS, outbreeding, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, f-statistics, genetic variance, kin selection, microsatellite DNA, genetic drift, population structure, ORGANIZATION, CHROMOSOMAL EVOLUTION, COMMON VAMPIRE BAT, POCKET GOPHERS, SOUTHERN INDIA},
	pages = {1215--1223}
}

@article{johnsonEvolutionDispersalTheoreticalmodels1990,
	title = {Evolution of dispersal - theoretical-models and empirical tests using birds and mammals},
	volume = {21},
	url = {ISI:A1990EK83300018},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Johnson, M. L. and Gaines, M. S.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, population, selection, variation, field, theory, natural selection, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, NATURAL-SELECTION, red deer, SMALL MAMMALS, social, WILD, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, genetics, philopatry, AFRICAN, geographic variation},
	pages = {449--480}
}

@article{magurranAnotherBattleSexes1991,
	title = {Another battle of the sexes: the consequences of sexual asymmetry in mating costs and the predation risk in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {246},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Magurran, A. E. and Nowak, M. A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, predation risk, reticulata, sex, mating, call, cost, costs, predation, risk, asymmetry, female choice,guppy,Poecilia reticulata,sexual asymmetry,sneaky mating},
	pages = {31--38}
}

@article{gouldExaptationMissingTerm1982,
	title = {Exaptation- a missing term in the science of form},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Paleobiology},
	author = {Gould, S. J. and Vrba, E. S.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {form, natural selection, adaptation, exaptations},
	pages = {4--15}
}

@article{vonschantzIntersexualSelectionReproductive1994,
	title = {Intersexual selection and reproductive success in the pheasant  {Phasianus} colchicus},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {von Schantz, T. and Grahn, M. and G”ransson, G.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {selection, reproductive success, male reproductive success, DNA fingerprinting},
	pages = {510--527}
}

@article{jongDifferencesThermalBalance1996,
	title = {Differences in thermal balance, body temperature and activity between non-melanic and melanic two-spot ladybird beetles ({Adalia} bipunctata) under controlled conditions},
	volume = {199},
	abstract = {The consequences of the elytral colour difference between non-melanic (red) and melanic (black) two-spot ladybirds for their thermal properties were studied by applying and testing a biophysical model. The expected differential effects of variation in transmission through the elytra, body size, width of the subelytral cavity, ambient temperature, radiation intensity and wind speed are described, assuming that the two colour patterns represent differences in elytral reflectance and transmittance. The model predicts a higher body temperature for melanic beetles under most conditions. Invasive temperature measurements on living beetles under ranges of specified conditions with respect to ambient temperature, radiative regime and wind speed were in qualitative agreement with the model predictions and, considering the assumptions made, closely corresponded at the quantitative level. The consequences of the temperature differences for morph activity were studied by measuring walking speeds and the time needed to become active for each morph under the various conditions. The results are consistent with the differences in body temperature, assuming an optimum curve relating performance to body temperature. The colour difference between morphs appeared to be the principal factor influencing activity.},
	journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
	author = {Jong, P and Gussekloo, S and Brakefield, P},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {colour, adalia bipunctata, ambient temperature, conditions with respect to, ladybird, melanism, morph, physical model, radiative, regime and wind speed, thermal balance, walking speed, were in qualitative agreement, with},
	pages = {2655--66}
}

@article{morrellCanTooStrong2004,
	title = {Can too strong female choice deteriorate male ornamentation?},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000222995100008},
	abstract = {Competition for limited resources can have fundamental implications for population dynamics. However, the effects of resource depletion have rarely been discussed in the context of sexual selection, even though mate choice typically favours males who outperform others in securing access to some limited resource. Here, we develop a model to investigate the question of resource competition as a form of male-male competition in the context of male sexual displays. We phrase our model in terms of male bowerbirds either searching for or stealing resources (ornamental objects) valued by females, and compare the model findings with published studies of time allocation to various activities in different species of bowerbirds. The basic idea of the model, however, extends to cases where the resource is used less directly for the development of sexual ornamentation, such as males excluding others' access to food. We show that if males compete for resources used in sexual displays, intense female preference for high-quality displays can lead to poorer prospects for efficient choice by females. This is because males benefit from excluding others' access to resources used in displays, damaging the overall efficiency of resource use in the population, and the accuracy with which females can judge male ability to gain such resources. The evolution of female choice may therefore have a self-limiting nature when it poses a selection pressure on male resource acquisition},
	number = {1548},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Morrell, L. J. and Kokko, H.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, ornamentation, sexual selection, competition, evolution, mate choice, population, selection, model, resources, female preference, preference, form, male-male competition, allocation, phenotypic variation, display, displays, asymmetry, mating success, context, food, sexual displays, male ornamentation, COSTLY MATE PREFERENCES, bowerbird, DECORATIONS, BOWERBIRDS PTILONORHYNCHUS-VIOLACEUS, AMBLYORNIS-MACGREGORIAE, bowerbird,bower raiding,mate attraction,sexual ornaments,sexual selection,producer-scrounger games, SEXUAL COMPETITION, SPOTTED BOWERBIRD},
	pages = {1597--1604}
}

@article{stuart-smithRoleBodySize2007,
	title = {The role of body size in competition and mate choice in an agamid with female-biased size dimorphism},
	volume = {144},
	issn = {0005-7959},
	url = {://WOS:000250142900007},
	abstract = {Competition and mate choice are fundamentally important components of social systems. We investigated intra-sexual competition and inter-sexual competition (mate choice) in Rankinia diemensis, an agamid lizard with female-biased size dimorphism. We examined intra-sexual interactions during contests and mate choice in relation to body size for both males and females. In male-male competition trials, proportions of two display types differed depending on body size, with more tail flicks produced by bigger males, and more hand-waves displayed by smaller males. These behaviours hold particular biological significance for agamid lizards; tail-flicks convey aggressiveness and, therefore, dominance, while hand-waves often denote submissiveness. In female-female competition trials, a greater difference in body size between the two conspecifics resulted in the larger female directing more pushes towards the smaller female. This female competition may be important in the social system and could be involved in resource defence. We found no indication of size-based mate choice for males or females. This suggests mate preferences may not be based on body size in this species. This may be linked to female-biased size dimorphism in this species, but it also supports previous studies that have failed to demonstrate female choice in reptiles.},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Stuart-Smith, Jemina and Swain, Roy and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = sep,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1087--1102}
}

@phdthesis{bussiere2002,
	type = {Ph.{D}.},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	author = {Bussiere, L. F.},
	year = {2002}
}

@article{jennionsRelationshipsFadeTime2002,
	title = {Relationships fade with time: a meta-analysis of temporal trends in publication in ecology and evolution},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, META-analysis},
	pages = {43--48}
}

@article{chenowethDissectingComplexGenetic9,
	title = {Dissecting the complex genetic basis of mate choice},
	volume = {7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1924},
	abstract = {The genetic analysis of mate choice is fraught with difficulties. Males produce complex signals and displays that can consist of a combination of acoustic, visual, chemical and behavioural phenotypes. Furthermore, female preferences for these male traits are notoriously difficult to quantify. During mate choice, genes not only affect the phenotypes of the individual they are in, but can influence the expression of traits in other individuals. How can genetic analyses be conducted to encompass this complexity? Tighter integration of classical quantitative genetic approaches with modern genomic technologies promises to advance our understanding of the complex genetic basis of mate choice.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Chenoweth, Stephen F. and Blows, Mark W.},
	keywords = {choice, EXPRESSION, female, genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, TRAITS, signals, PREFERENCES, female preference, preference, phenotype, COMPLEX, INDIVIDUALS, display, displays, SIGNAL, GENETIC-BASIS, phenotypes, GENETIC-ANALYSIS, MALE TRAITS},
	pages = {681--692}
}

@article{valdesOmicsTechnologiesStudy2013,
	title = {Omics technologies and the study of human ageing},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3553},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3553},
	abstract = {Normal ageing is associated with diverse physiological changes in all organ systems but the rate and extent of these changes vary markedly among individuals. One aspect of ageing research focuses on the molecular profiling of the changes that occur with increasing age in humans. Such profiling has implications for disease prevention and treatment. New high-throughput 'omics' technologies (such as genomics, metabolomics, metagenomics and transcriptomics) are enabling detailed studies of these molecular changes and are thus revealing information about the biological pathways that change with age.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Valdes, Ana M. and Glass, Daniel and Spector, Tim D.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {601--607}
}

@article{birksUnusualTimingCopulations1999,
	title = {Unusual timing of copulations in the {Australian} brush-turkey},
	volume = {116},
	journal = {The Auk},
	author = {Birks, S. M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, SPERM COMPETITION, COPULATIONS, direct benefits, brush-turkey, EPC's},
	pages = {169--177}
}

@article{arnoldFluorescentSignalingParrots2002,
	title = {Fluorescent signaling in parrots},
	volume = {295},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Arnold, K. E. and Owens, I. P. F. and Marshall, N. J.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {92}
}

@article{mooreBalancingSexualSelection1999,
	title = {Balancing sexual selection through opposing mate choice and male competition},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Moore, A. J. and Moore, P. J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, mate choice, selection, call, disruptive selection,female mate choice,male-male competition,phenotypic manipulation,sexual conflict,social dominance},
	pages = {711--716}
}

@article{kempenaersInbreedingDivorceBlue1998,
	title = {Inbreeding and divorce in blue and great tits},
	volume = {56},
	url = {ISI:000076287400026},
	abstract = {In blue tits, Pants caeruleus, and other wild birds, matings between lose relatives or between genetically similar individuals are associated with fitness costs, often in terms of lower hatching success of the eggs. If individuals cannot assess their genetic similarity to potential mates, those fitness costs may be hard to avoid; however, they may use the proportion of unhatched eggs in their clutch as a cue for their mate choice in the next season. We tested this hypothesis using data from a long-term population study on blue and great tits, Parus major. Divorce in response to inbreeding depression can be considered a special case of the 'incompatibility hypothesis'. As predicted from this hypothesis, both male and female blue tits benefited from divorce when part of their clutch failed to hatch. There was no evidence however, that divorce in blue or great tits was related to the presence of unhatched eggs in the nest. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kempenaers, B. and Adriaensen, F. and Dhondt, A. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, egg, association, behaviour, evolution, female, HYPOTHESIS, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, response, fitness, mating, SUCCESS, GENETIC SIMILARITY, INDIVIDUALS, similarity, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, WILD, bird, birds, BLUE TITS, DEPRESSION, divorce, great tits, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, Parus major, related, blue tit, NO EVIDENCE, GREAT TIT, parus-major, GREAT-TIT, hatching success, INCOMPATIBILITY},
	pages = {737--740}
}

@article{ekblomFemaleChoiceMale2005,
	title = {Female choice and male humoral immune response in the lekking great snipe ({Gallinago} media)},
	volume = {16},
	url = {ISI:000227126700003},
	abstract = {Parasites and diseases constitute major evolutionary forces in many natural populations, and thus having an efficient immune defense to resist infections is crucial for many organisms. Properties of the immune response may also influence mate choice decisions in many animals. Theory predicts several advantages for females when choosing males with superior immune systems. These benefits can be both direct (e.g. increased paternal care and reduced disease transmission) and indirect (good genes). We have investigated female choice with respect to antibody response to two novel antigens in males of a lekking bird, the great snipe (Gallinago media). Because of the lek mating system, female choice probably mainly incurs indirect (genetic) rather than direct benefits. Males responded to vaccination with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids by producing specific antibodies to both antigens. Triggering the immune system had no negative impact on display activities or survival. Males that were chosen by females as mates had on average higher antibody response to the tetanus antigen than their neighbors. We did not, however, find any covariance between the strength of the antibody response and male mating success},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Ekblom, R. and Saether, S. A. and Hasselquist, D. and Hannersjo, D. and Fiske, P. and Kalas, J. A. and Hoglund, J.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, reproductive effort, sexual selection, lekking, female, FEMALES, genes, good genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, response, BENEFITS, survival, mating, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, theory, MATES, parasites, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, SEASONAL-CHANGES, display, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, bird, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, CARE, choosing, trade-offs, lek, male mating success, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, mating success, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, transmission, covariance, PARASITIZED MALES, ADVANTAGE, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, Gallinago media, great snipe, direct benefits, INFECTION, paternal care, male ornamentation, ANTIGENS, immune system, bird,ELISA,humoral immunocompetence,lek,mate choice, ECOLOGICAL IMMUNOLOGY, NEIGHBORS},
	pages = {346--351}
}

@article{ryanSexualSelection1991,
	title = {Sexual selection},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, female mating preferences, selection, female mate choice, communication, frog, amphibia},
	pages = {351--355}
}

@article{marshallStatisticalConfidenceLikelihoodbased1998,
	title = {Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Marshall, T. C. and Slate, J. and Kruuk, L. E. B. and Pemberton, J. M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {population, microsatellite, maximum likelihood, paternity analysis},
	pages = {639--655}
}

@article{anderssonSexualConflictAntiaphrodisiac2004,
	title = {Sexual conflict and anti-aphrodisiac titre in a polyandrous butterfly: male ejaculate tailoring and absence of female control},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000223637200001},
	abstract = {Males of the green-veined butterfly Pieris napi synthesize and transfer the volatile methyl salicylate (MeS) to females at mating, a substance that is emitted by non-virgin females when courted by males, curtailing courtship and decreasing the likelihood of female re-mating. The volatile is released when females display the 'mate-refusal' posture with spread wings and elevated abdomen, when courted by conspecific males. Here, we assess how the amount of MeS released by courted females changes over time since mating, and whether it is influenced by the frequency with which females display the mate-refusal posture. We also assess whether males tailor the anti-aphrodisiac content of ejaculates with respect to the expected degree of sperm competition, by comparing how males allocate MeS proportionately to first and second ejaculates in relation to ejaculate mass. The results show that females housed for 5 days in individual cages where they were able to fly and oviposit normally, released similar amounts of MeS. However, females housed together for the same period of time, causing them to frequently display the mate-refusal posture, released significantly lower levels of MeS than the individually housed females. This indicates that female display of the mate-refusal posture depletes their anti-aphrodisiac stores, and suggests that females are unable to voluntarily control their release of the anti-aphrodisiac. A comparison of relative proportion of MeS transferred by males in their first and second ejaculates showed that proportionately more MeS was allocated to the first ejaculate, in accordance with the idea that these are tailored to delay female re-mating},
	number = {1550},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Andersson, J. and Borg-Karlson, A. K. and Wiklund, C.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, competition, ECOLOGY, female, FEMALES, HOUSE, MALES, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BODY-SIZE, butterfly, mating, NUTRIENTS, Pieridae, flies, reproduction, Y, ejaculate, nuptial gifts, transfer, pheromone, sexual conflict, display, conflict, cooperation, female remating, female control, anti-aphrodisiac, methyl salicylate, MONANDRY, PIERIS-NAPI L, solid-phase micro-extraction},
	pages = {1765--1770}
}

@article{grayLinkingColorPolymorphism2007,
	title = {Linking color polymorphism maintenance and speciation},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://000244169200003},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2006.10.005},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Gray, S. M. and McKinnon, J. S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {POECILIA-RETICULATA, selection, mate preference, reproductive isolation, sympatric speciation, EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS, PLUMAGE COLORATION, CORRELATIONAL, DISRUPTIVE SEXUAL SELECTION, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT PREDATION, LAKE, VICTORIA CICHLIDS},
	pages = {71--79}
}

@article{woodHandednessFastBall1989,
	title = {Handedness in 'fast ball' sports: do left-handers have an innate advantage?},
	volume = {80},
	journal = {British Journal of Psychology},
	author = {Wood, C. J. and Aggleton, J. P.},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {227--240}
}

@article{balmfordAerodynamicsEvolutionLong1993,
	title = {Aerodynamics and the evolution of long tails in birds},
	volume = {361},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Balmford, A. and Thomas, A. L. R. and Jones, I. L.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, evolution, female preference, bird, birds, aerodynamics, ornate males, tail elongation},
	pages = {628--631}
}

@article{reznickExperimentallyInducedLifehistory1990,
	title = {Experimentally induced life-history evolution in a natural population},
	volume = {346},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Reznick, D. and Bryga, H. and Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {evolution, Poecilia reticulata, population, call, life history, life-history evolution, life-history theory},
	pages = {357--359}
}

@article{worleyConsequencesHierarchicalAllocation2003,
	title = {Consequences of hierarchical allocation for the evolution of life-history traits},
	volume = {161},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Worley, A. C. and Houle, D. and Barrett, S. C. H.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, life history, life history traits, allocation},
	pages = {153--167}
}

@article{legendreHowExtinctionRisk2008,
	title = {How is extinction risk related to population-size variability over time? {A} family of models for species with repeated extinction and immigration},
	volume = {172},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000257986200015},
	doi = {10.1086/589454},
	abstract = {It is well known that for an isolated population, the probability of extinction is positively related to population size variation: more variation is associated with more extinction. What, then, is the relation of extinction to population size variation for a population embedded in a metapopulation and subjected to repeated extinction and recolonization? In this case, the extinction risk can be measured by the extinction rate, the frequency at which local extinction occurs. Using several population dynamics models with immigration, we find, in general, a negative correlation between extinction and variation. More precisely, with increasing length of the time series, an initially negative regression coefficient first becomes more negative, then becomes less negative, and eventually attains positive values before decreasing again to 0. This pattern holds under substantial variation in values of parameters representing species and environmental properties. It is also rather robust to census interval length and the fraction of missed individuals but fails to hold for high thresholds ( population size values below which extinction is deemed to occur) when quasi extinction rather than true extinction is represented. The few departures from the initial negative correlation correspond to populations at risk: low growth rate or frequent catastrophes.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Legendre, S. and Schoener, T. W. and Clobert, J. and Spiller, D. A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {282--298}
}

@article{sorciQUANTITATIVEGENETICSLOCOMOTOR1995,
	title = {{QUANTITATIVE} {GENETICS} {OF} {LOCOMOTOR} {SPEED} {AND} {ENDURANCE} {IN} {THE} {LIZARD} {LACERTA}-{VIVIPARA}},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0031-935X},
	url = {://WOS:A1995RK54300009},
	abstract = {We used quantitative genetic analyses to test the hypothesis of a trade-off between locomotor speed and endurance in a population of the European lizard Lacerta vivipara, which is the subject of long-term demographic studies. We estimated the heritability of maximal sprint speed treadmill endurance and tail length, a morphometric trait that may affect locomotor performance, as well as phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between these traits. Gravid females were captured in the field and held in the laboratory under standardized conditions until giving birth; traits were then measured on their offspring. Prior to ge genetic analyses, we used multiple regressions to remove the effects of such covariates as body size (mass and snout-vent length), dam age, and length of time dams were held in captivity prior to parturition. When we examined the residual characters, heritability was low and statistically nonsignificant for speed but relatively high for both endurance (0.46) and tail length (0.51). None of the phenotypic, genetic, or environmental correlations between traits was statistically significant Thus, we found no evidence for a trade-off between speed and endurance; these results are consistent with those reported in two previous studies of squamate reptiles (the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis and the fence lizard Sceloporus occidentalis). The lack of a negative genetic correlation between speed and endurance suggests that these aspects of locomotor abilities are relatively free to evolve independently, such that natural selection could increase both speed and endurance. However, the species studied to date have low to moderate capacities for speed and endurance, as compared with other squamates. Physiologically based trade-offs-for example, those caused by the composition of muscle fiber types-should be more likely to exist in species that heave high capacities for speed and/or endurance.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Physiological zoology},
	author = {Sorci, G. and Swallow, J. G. and Garland, T. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {698--720}
}

@article{bijlsmaDoesInbreedingAffect2000,
	title = {Does inbreeding affect the extinction risk of small populations? predictions from {Drosophila}},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:000087030000015},
	abstract = {A fundamental assumption underlying the importance of genetic risks within conservation biology is that inbreeding increases the extinction probability of populations. Although inbreeding has been shown to have a detrimental impact on individual fitness, its contribution to extinction is still poorly understood. We have studied the consequences of different levels of prior inbreeding for the persistence of small populations using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. To this end, we determined the extinction rate of small vial populations differing in the level of inbreeding under both optimal and stress conditions, i.e. high temperature stress and ethanol stress. We show that inbred populations have a significantly higher short-term probability of extinction than non-inbred populations, even for low levels of inbreeding, and that the extinction probability increases with increasing inbreeding levels. In addition, we observed that the effects of inbreeding become greatly enhanced under stressful environmental conditions. More importantly, our results show that the impact of environmental stress becomes significantly greater for higher inbreeding levels, demonstrating explicitly that inbreeding and environmental stress are not independent but can act synergistically. These effects seem long lasting as the impact of prior inbreeding was still qualitatively the same after the inbred populations had been expanded to appreciable numbers and maintained as such for approximately 50 generations. Our observations have significant consequences for conservation biology},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bijlsma, R. and Bundgaard, J. and Boerema, A. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, i, population, selection, fitness, model, CONSEQUENCES, FULL-SIB, lande, Y, condition, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, EXTINCTION RISK, genetics, inbreeding depression, SONG SPARROWS, risk, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, environmental stress, MELANOGASTER, STRESS, GENERATIONS, INCREASES, PROBABILITY, GENETIC-VARIATION, extinction probability, INBRED POPULATIONS, SMALL POPULATIONS, conservation biology, population persistence, genotype-environment interaction, SALVIA-PRATENSIS},
	pages = {502--514}
}

@article{kopeikaEffectDNARepair2004,
	title = {Effect of {DNA} repair inhibitor (3-aminobenzamide) on genetic stability of loach ({Misgurnus} fossilis) embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm.},
	volume = {61},
	abstract = {Semen cryopreservation is widely used in clinical medicine, agriculture, aquaculture and biomedical research, but it is an inefficient technique that induces extensive cytoplasmic damage and loss of fertilising ability. Whether any genetic damage (i.e. DNA strand breakage or mutation) is also induced is still unclear. However, previous data has indicated that this is likely. The present study was designed to explore this possibility further by using inhibitors of the DNA repair system to block DNA repair in embryos derived from cryopreserved spermatozoa. If cryopreservation causes strand breaks in sperm DNA it might be expected that inhibition of a repair enzyme such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) would enhance any such negative effect of cryopreservation. To check this hypothesis 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) was used as an inhibitor of PARP. Weather loach (Misgurnus fossilis) eggs were fertilised using cryopreserved as well as fresh spermatozoa. Embryos derived from cryopreserved spermatozoa were exposed to 10 mM 3-AB for 2 h after fertilisation. The experiments were carried out using 43,544 embryos from 5 females and 10 males. Embryo survival was evaluated at different stages until the hatching stage. Sperm cryopreservation significantly decreased embryo survival (53.6+/-2.79\% compared to 76.97+/-2.79\% of control; P{\textless}0.01). The addition of 3-AB to the medium with embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm further decreased embryo survival from 53.6+/-2.79\% to 46.1+/-2.79\% (P{\textless}0.01) whereas there was no adverse effect of 3-AB exposed embryos derived from fresh sperm (76.97+/-2.79\% of control compared to 74.8+/-2.79\% of control+3-AB). The effect of 3-AB provides indirect evidence that cryopreservation might induce instability in sperm DNA, and that such damage can be repaired by the oocyte repair system after fertilisation.},
	journal = {Theriogenology},
	author = {Kopeika, Julia and Kopeika, Eugeny and Zhang, Tiantian and Rawson, David M and Holt, William V},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {female, FERTILIZATION, ANIMALS, Male, spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: physiology, Cryopreservation, Benzamides, Benzamides: pharmacology, Cryopreservation: veterinary, Cypriniformes, Cypriniformes: embryology, Cypriniformes: genetics, DNA Repair, DNA Repair: drug effects, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Embryo, Nonmammalian: drug effects, Embryo, Nonmammalian: physiology, Embryonic Development, Semen Preservation, Semen Preservation: veterinary},
	pages = {1661--73}
}

@article{hoffmannEcologicalPopulationGenetics1995,
	title = {Ecological population genetics: {The} interface between genes and the environment},
	volume = {29},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029560751&partnerID=40&md5=bf26188ac7448e5cc034e1b903349114},
	author = {Hoffmann, A. A. and Sgrò, C. M. and Lawler, S. H.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {349--370}
}

@article{bothPairsExtremeAvian2005,
	title = {Pairs of extreme avian personalities have highest reproductive success},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1365-2656},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00962.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00962.x},
	abstract = {Summary * 1Intraspecific variation in reproductive decisions is generally considered as a reaction to environmental circumstances. We show that variation in reproductive parameters also covaries with intraspecific variation in personality. * 2During 4 years, we studied reproductive parameters in a natural population of great tits in association with a personality trait: exploratory behaviour as measured in a novel environment. * 3Nest success, fledgling size and condition were all correlated with this personality trait. Slow-exploring females had a higher nest success and largest fledglings. Fledgling condition was affected by the interaction between male and female exploratory behaviour, with assortative pairs at both ends of the behavioural spectrum producing fledglings in best condition. Fast-exploring males bred in nestboxes that produced heavy fledglings in other years. * 4We hypothesize that fast-exploring individuals are better able in defending or obtaining a high quality territory, while slow-exploring individuals are either better parents or have better chicks which may, in part, explain the patterns in reproductive success. We discuss how these patterns in reproduction can explain earlier reported relationships between offspring recruitment and avian personality and may result in the maintenance of intraspecific genetic variation in personality.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Both, Christiaan and Dingemanse, Niels J. and Drent, Piet J. and Tinbergen, Joost M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {fitness, reproduction, genetic variation, PERSONALITY, Boldness, exploration},
	pages = {667--674}
}

@article{mcelligottLifetimeMatingSuccess2000,
	title = {Lifetime mating success, sexual selection and life history of fallow bucks ( {Dama} dama )},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {McElligott, A. G. and Hayden, T. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, mating, life history, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, mating success},
	pages = {203--210}
}

@article{chenowethGeneticConstraintsEvolution2008,
	title = {Genetic constraints and the evolution of display trait sexual dimorphism by natural and sexual selection.},
	volume = {171},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Chenoweth, S. F. and Rundle, H. D. and Blows, M. W.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {22--34}
}

@article{brushPigmentationFeatherStructure1968,
	title = {Pigmentation and feather structure in genetic variants of the {Gouldian} {Finch},  {Poephila} gouldiae},
	volume = {85},
	journal = {The Auk},
	author = {Brush, A. H. and Seifried, H.},
	year = {1968},
	keywords = {pigmentation, gouldian finch, feather structure, Poephila gouldiae},
	pages = {416--430}
}

@article{formicaExaminingSocialLandscapes2009,
	title = {Examining the social landscapes of alternative reproductive strategies},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://000271785800004},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01855.x},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Formica, V. A. and Tuttle, E. M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {sexual selection, EXTRA-PAIR FERTILIZATIONS, maximum likelihood, HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS, WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, INTERACTING PHENOTYPES, alternative reproductive strategies, AVIAN, BREEDING TERRITORIES, environmental heterogeneity, extra-pair parentage, GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM, geographical information systems, MALE MATING TACTICS, MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS, restricted, social niche, social selection, sparrow, white-throated, ZONOTRICHIA-ALBICOLLIS GMELIN},
	pages = {2395--2408}
}

@article{scheinerReducingEnvironmentalBias2002,
	title = {Reducing environmental bias when measuring natural selection},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Scheiner, S. M. and Donohoue, K. and Dorn, L. A. and Mazer, S. J. and Wolfe, L. M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {selection, path analysis, natural selection, genotypic values},
	pages = {2156--2167}
}

@article{readingNonrandomPairingRespect2001,
	title = {Non-random pairing with respect to past breeding experience in the common toad ({Bufo} bufo)},
	volume = {255},
	url = {ISI:000172842900009},
	abstract = {A 20-year study of a common toad Bufo bufo population in south Dorset, U.K. was carried out between 1980 and 1999. On average, c. 33\% of all experienced males and females arriving each year did so during the first quarter of each breeding season with only 18\% arriving during the last quarter. Conversely, a slightly higher proportion (27\%) of all inexperienced (first-time breeders) males and females arrived during the last quarter season than during the first quarter (22\%). In 18 of the 20 years, the proportion of inexperienced females found paired with inexperienced males was significantly higher than could be expected from the proportion of inexperienced males in the pond, suggesting that selective pairing was occurring. One potential effect of pairings between inexperienced male and female toads, coupled with the sex difference in the age of attaining sexual maturity, might be a reduction in the incidence of sibling matings (inbreeding) in the common toad. This is particularly relevant in a species that is both highly philopatric and which congregates in large numbers every spring to breed in very localized areas},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Reading, C. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, female, population, sex, mate selection, body size, mating, age, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, migration, Bufo, toad, MATURITY, pairing, Bufo bufo, FOWLERS TOADS, sibling avoidance},
	pages = {511--518}
}

@misc{LanguageEnvironmentStatistical2011,
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	title = {R: {A} {Language} and environment for statistical computing},
	isbn = {3-900051-07-0},
	url = {http://www.R-project.org},
	publisher = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{atkinsLateStageDeferral2007,
	title = {Late stage deferral of parturition in the viviparous lizard {Niveoscincus} ocellatus ({Gray} 1845): implications for offspring quality and survival},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0024-4066},
	url = {://WOS:000245099300015},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00770.x},
	abstract = {The ability of viviparous lizards to defer parturition after completion of embryonic development is a potentially key strategy for enhancing offspring fitness. Using the spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, we investigated the ability of females to defer birth if placed into cold conditions at the same time, for 1, 2 or 3 weeks at the end of gestation. The ability to defer birth was compared between two populations at each end of the species' altitudinal range. We hypothesized that females from the high elevation population would be less likely to defer parturition under extended periods of poor conditions, thus ensuring that young were not born too late in the season. In all but the 3-week treatment group from the high elevation population, females were able to defer birth when placed under cold conditions: for all groups, there was no treatment effect on offspring phenotype at birth, dispersal distance or survivorship after release. However, there was a significant negative effect of treatment on offspring growth measured after release, with the results differing between the populations. Females from the high elevation population were less able to defer birth under long periods (3 weeks) of cold conditions, and this was accompanied by a decrease in viability of the offspring. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Atkins, Natalia and Swain, Roy and Wapstra, Erik and Jones, Susan M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {735--746}
}

@article{salaminAssessingRapidEvolution//,
	title = {Assessing rapid evolution in a changing environment},
	volume = {25},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78149362551&partnerID=40&md5=823ddcac21f9627376a2efb6d9144263},
	abstract = {Climate change poses a serious threat to species persistence. Effective modelling of evolutionary responses to rapid climate change is therefore essential. In this review we examine recent advances in phylogenetic comparative methods, techniques normally used to study adaptation over long periods, which allow them to be applied to the study of adaptation over shorter time scales. This increased applicability is largely due to the emergence of more flexible models of character evolution and the parallel development of molecular technologies that can be used to assess adaptive variation at loci scattered across the genome. The merging of phylogenetic and population genetic approaches to the study of adaptation has significant potential to advance our understanding of rapid responses to environmental change. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Salamin, N. and Wüest, R. O. and Lavergne, S. and Thuiller, W. and Pearman, P. B.},
	pages = {692--698}
}

@article{hoskenBenefitsPolyandryLife2003,
	title = {Benefits of polyandry: {A} life history perspective},
	volume = {33},
	url = {ISI:000184148800004},
	journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hosken, D. J. and Stockley, P.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, life history, life-history, Y, polyandry, genetics, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, Cryptic female choice, fluctuating asymmetry, MATING-BEHAVIOR, SCATHOPHAGA-STERCORARIA, CALLOSOBRUCHUS-MACULATUS},
	pages = {173--194}
}

@book{kellerLevelsSelectionEvolution2001,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	title = {Levels of {Selection} in {Evolution}},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Keller, L.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {selection}
}

@article{thompsonEvolutionSpeciesInteractions1999,
	title = {The evolution of species interactions},
	volume = {284},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Thompson, J. N.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, coevolution, species interactions},
	pages = {2116--2118}
}

@article{jangQuantitativeGeneticsFemale2000,
	title = {Quantitative genetics of female choice in an ultrasonic pyralid moth, {Achroia} grisella: variation and evolvability of preference along multiple dimensions of the male advertisement signal},
	volume = {84},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Jang, Y. and Greenfield, M. D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, variation, female preference, preference, quantitative genetics, genetics, acoustic communication, moth, indirect sexual selection},
	pages = {73--80}
}

@article{rhenAlongfamilyVariationEnvironmental1998,
	title = {Along-family variation for environmental sex determination in reptiles},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rhen, T. and Lang, J. W.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sex, variation, reptiles, genetics, sex determination, TSD, genotype-by-environment interaction, alligator, environmental sex determination, sex-ratio evolution, temperature-dependent sex determination, turtle},
	pages = {1514--1520}
}

@article{legalliardSexRatioBias2005,
	title = {Sex ratio bias, male aggression, and population collapse in lizards},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {://WOS:000234010500062},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0505172102},
	abstract = {The adult sex ratio (ASR) is a key parameter of the demography of human and other animal populations, yet the causes of variation in ASR, how individuals respond to this variation, and how their response feeds back into population dynamics remain poorly understood. A prevalent hypothesis is that ASR is regulated by intrasexual competition, which would cause more mortality or emigration in the sex of increasing frequency. our experimental manipulation of populations of the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) shows the opposite effect. Male mortality and emigration are not higher under male-biased ASR. Rather, an excess of adult males begets aggression toward adult females, whose survival and fecundity drop, along with their emigration rate. The ensuing prediction that adult male skew should be amplified and total population size should decline is supported by long-term data. Numerical projections show that this amplifying effect causes a major risk of population extinction. in general, such an "evolutionary trap" toward extinction threatens populations in which there is a substantial mating cost for females, and environmental changes or management practices skew the ASR toward males.},
	number = {50},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Fitze, P. S. and Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {18231--18236}
}

@article{brooksDirectIndirectSexual2001,
	title = {Direct and indirect sexual selection and quantitative genetics of male traits in guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Endler, J. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, selection, quantitative genetics, genetics, selection analysis, G matrix, indirect sexual selection},
	pages = {1002--1015}
}

@article{gappImplicationSpermRNAs2014,
	title = {Implication of sperm {RNAs} in transgenerational inheritance of the effects of early trauma in mice},
	volume = {advance online publication},
	issn = {1546-1726},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3695},
	doi = {10.1038/nn.3695},
	journal = {Nat Neurosci},
	author = {Gapp, Katharina and Jawaid, Ali and Sarkies, Peter and Bohacek, Johannes and Pelczar, Pawel and Prados, Julien and Farinelli, Laurent and Miska, Eric and Mansuy, Isabelle M.},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{legendreDemographicStochasticitySocial1999,
	title = {Demographic stochasticity and social mating system in the process of extinction of small populations: {The} case of {Passerines} introduced to {New} {Zealand}},
	volume = {153},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Legendre, S. and Clobert, J. and Moller, A. P. and Sorci, G.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, population, mating, social, extinction, mating system, conservation biology, introduced, stochasticity},
	pages = {449--463}
}

@article{odonaldSexualSelectionEvolution1985,
	title = {Sexual selection and the evolution of preferential mating in ladybirds 1. {Selection} for high and low lines of female preference},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Odonald, P. and Majerus, M. E. N.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, selection, mating, call, female preference, preference, ladybird, female preference,sexual selection},
	pages = {401--412}
}

@article{dobsonSocialEcologicalInfluences1998,
	title = {Social and ecological influences on dispersal and philopatry in the plateau pika ({Ochotona} curzoniae)},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:000078631200012},
	abstract = {Benefits and costs of dispersal and philopatry of the social plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) were studied on the Tibetan plateau for 3 years. Although short-lived, plateau pikas live in cohesive family groups that occupy burrow systems in sedge meadow habitat Most (57.8\%) plateau pikas were philopatric, and dispersal movements were extremely restricted. No juvenile females or adult pikas moved more than two family ranges between years; the greatest observed dispersal distances were by two juvenile males that moved five family ranges from the family of their birth. Traversing unfamiliar habitat was not a cost of pika dispersal because most dispersers settled in families that they could easily visit before dispersal. Dispersal movements appeared to result in equalization of density among pika families, an expected result if competition for environmental resources influenced dispersal. Males did not disperse to gain advantages in competition for mates, as evidenced by their moving to families with significantly fewer females. Females, however, moved to families with significantly more males. Males provide abundant paternal care, and significantly more offspring per female survived to become adults from families with more adult males per adult female. Evidence concerning the influence of inbreeding avoidance on natal dispersal was indirect. Some males exhibited natal philopatry; thus some families had opportunity for close inbreeding. Males and females that dispersed had no opposite-sex relatives in their new families. Philopatric pikas may have benefited by remaining in families that exhibited low local densities, and philopatric females might have benefited from social cooperation with relatives},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Dobson, F. S. and Smith, A. T. and Gao, W. X.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, offspring, BENEFITS, resources, field, ANIMALS, natal dispersal, COLUMBIAN GROUND-SQUIRRELS, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, natal philopatry, SMALL MAMMALS, social, X, HABITAT, metapopulation, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, birds, genetics, mating systems, philopatry, FAMILY, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, cooperation, mate competition, DISTANCE, gene flow, dispersal distances, VERTEBRATES, paternal care, China, black-lipped pika, Ochotona curzoniae, plateau pika, resource competition, Tibetan plateau},
	pages = {622--635}
}

@article{croftSexbiasedMovementGuppy2003,
	title = {Sex-biased movement in the guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {137},
	url = {ISI:000185674200007},
	abstract = {The movement strategies of birds and mammals are often closely linked to their mating system, but few studies have examined the relationship between mating systems and movement in fishes. We examined the movement patterns of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in the Arima river of Trinidad and predicted that sexual asymmetry in reproductive investment would result in male-biased movement. Since male guppies maximize their reproductive success by mating with as many different females as possible, there should be strong selection for males to move in search of mates. In agreement with our prediction, the percentage of fish that emigrated from release pools was higher for males than females (27.3\% vs. 6.9\%, respectively). Sex ratio was highly variable among pools and may influence a male's decision to emigrate or continue moving. We also detected a positive relationship between body length and the probability of emigration for males and a significant bias for upstream movement by males. Among the few females that did emigrate, a positive correlation was observed between body length and distance moved. Sex-biased movement appears to be related to mating systems in fishes, but the evidence is very limited. Given the implications for ecology, evolution, and conservation, future studies should explicitly address the influence of sex and mating systems on movement patterns},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Croft, D. P. and Albanese, B. and Arrowsmith, B. J. and Botham, M. and Webster, M. and Krause, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, fishes, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, sex, model, INVESTMENT, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, ENGLAND, MATES, male-male competition, sex ratio, DISPERSAL, emigrate, MAMMALS, X, STRATEGIES, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, mating system, mating systems, FAMILIARITY, related, pattern, patterns, asymmetry, RATIO, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, STRATEGY, movement, SEXES, TRINIDAD, PROBABILITY, LENGTH, MALE GUPPIES, DISTANCE, SEARCH, reproductive investment, SEX-RATIO, population structure, EMIGRATION, HOME-RANGE SIZE, MARINE RESERVE, SCHOOLING PREFERENCES, SPATIAL VARIATION, total length, TROPICAL STREAM},
	pages = {62--68}
}

@article{bondeRelationSemenQuality1998,
	title = {Relation between semen quality and fertility: a population-based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners},
	volume = {352},
	issn = {0140-6736},
	url = {://000076415400008},
	number = {9135},
	journal = {Lancet},
	author = {Bonde, J. P. E. and Ernst, E. and Jensen, T. K. and Hjollund, N. H. I. and Kolstad, H. and Henriksen, T. B. and Scheike, T. and Giwercman, A. and Olsen, J. and Skakkebaek, N. E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {survival, SPERM COUNT, INFERTILE COUPLES, MEN, TIME, VOLUME},
	pages = {1172--1177}
}

@article{badyaevParentalEffectsEcology2009,
	title = {Parental effects in ecology and evolution: mechanisms, processes and implications},
	volume = {364},
	url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1520/1169.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0302},
	abstract = {As is the case with any metaphor, parental effects mean different things to different biologists—from developmental induction of novel phenotypic variation to an evolved adaptation, and from epigenetic transference of essential developmental resources to a stage of inheritance and ecological succession. Such a diversity of perspectives illustrates the composite nature of parental effects that, depending on the stage of their expression and whether they are considered a pattern or a process, combine the elements of developmental induction, homeostasis, natural selection, epigenetic inheritance and historical persistence. Here, we suggest that by emphasizing the complexity of causes and influences in developmental systems and by making explicit the links between development, natural selection and inheritance, the study of parental effects enables deeper understanding of developmental dynamics of life cycles and provides a unique opportunity to explicitly integrate development and evolution. We highlight these perspectives by placing parental effects in a wider evolutionary framework and suggest that far from being only an evolved static outcome of natural selection, a distinct channel of transmission between parents and offspring, or a statistical abstraction, parental effects on development enable evolution by natural selection by reliably transferring developmental resources needed to reconstruct, maintain and modify genetically inherited components of the phenotype. The view of parental effects as an essential and dynamic part of an evolutionary continuum unifies mechanisms behind the origination, modification and historical persistence of organismal form and function, and thus brings us closer to a more realistic understanding of life's complexity and diversity.},
	number = {1520},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Badyaev, Alexander V and Uller, Tobias},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1169--1177}
}

@article{danielssonAntagonisticPrePostcopulatory2001,
	title = {Antagonistic pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection on male body size in a water strider ( {Gerris} lacustris )},
	volume = {268},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Danielsson, I.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, size, body size, antagonistic coevolution, antagonistic pleiotropy},
	pages = {77--81}
}

@article{geschwindLefthandednessAssociationImmune1982,
	title = {Left-handedness: association with immune disease, migraine and developmental learning disorder},
	volume = {79},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Geschwind, N. and Behan, P.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {left handedness},
	pages = {5097--5100}
}

@book{darwinDescentManSelection1871,
	address = {London},
	title = {The {Descent} of {Man}, and {Selection} in {Relation} to {Sex}},
	publisher = {John Murray},
	author = {Darwin, C.},
	year = {1871}
}

@article{luytenSexualSelectionCompetitive1991a,
	title = {Sexual selection and competitive mating success of males guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata ) from four {Trinidad} populations},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Luyten, P. H. and Liley, N. R.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, selection, mating, call, mating success, colouration,sexual selection},
	pages = {329--336}
}

@article{shermanMalesHighGenetic2008,
	title = {Males with high genetic similarity to females sire more offspring in sperm competition in {Peron}'s tree frog {Litoria} peronii},
	volume = {275},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000253865900013},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2007.1626},
	abstract = {Recent work has confirmed that genetic compatibility among mates can be an important determinant of siring success in sperm competition experiments and in free-ranging populations. Most of this work points towards mate choice of less related mates. However, there may also be the potential for mate choice for intermediate or even genetically similar mates to prevent outbreeding depression or hybridization with closely related taxa. We studied relatedness effects on post-copulatory gametic choice and/or sperm competition in an external fertilizer, Peron's tree frog (Litoria peronii), since external fertilizers offer exceptional control in order to test gametic interaction effects on probability of paternity and zygote viability. Sperm competition experiments were done blindly with respect to genetic relatedness among males and females. Thereafter, paternity of offspring was assigned using eight microsatellite loci. Three hybridization trials between L. peronii and a closely related sympatric species Litoria tyleri were also carried out. In the sperm competition trials, males that are more genetically similar to the female achieved higher siring success compared with less genetically similar males. The hybridization trials confirmed that the two species can interbreed and we suggest that the risk of hybridization may contribute to selection benefits for genetically more similar males at fertilization. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show evidence for post-copulatory selection of sperm from genetically more similar individuals within a natural population.},
	number = {1637},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Sherman, C. D. H. and Wapstra, E. and Uller, T. and Olsson, M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {971--978}
}

@article{nicolettoOffspringQualityFemale1995,
	title = {Offspring quality and female choice in the guppy, {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {49},
	url = {ISI:A1995QH12300008},
	abstract = {This study evaluated the offspring viability prediction of the condition-dependent and Fisherian models of female choice in the guppy. Families of full-sibling females were bred with the male they preferred or did not prefer in a choice experiment. The physical condition, sexual behaviour and coloration of the offspring were evaluated. There were no significant differences between offspring attributable to the type of sire. However, there were significant family and sire-type by family interactions for physical condition, male mating behaviour and coloration. These significant effects indicate that consistency within families may be due to genetic effects. Genetic analyses indicate that genetic variation probably exists for prolonged swimming performance, physical condition and display rate. The results of this study and other studies on other fish have shown that these measures of constitution are correlated with components of viability. These results are interpreted in the framework of the condition-dependent and Fisherian models of female choice},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Nicoletto, P. F.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, mate choice, offspring, offspring quality, P1, PERFORMANCE, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, selection, variation, model, MODELS, mating, COLOR PATTERNS, ENGLAND, experiment, handicap principle, lande, mating preferences, display, condition, NATURAL-SELECTION, COMPONENTS, FAMILY, genetic variation, mating behaviour, viability, GENETIC-VARIATION, COLORATION, display rate, sexual behaviour, male mating behaviour, RED JUNGLE FOWL, Fisherian model, MALE MALE COMPETITION, DEPENDENT SEX ORNAMENTS, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, SWIMMING PERFORMANCE, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS L},
	pages = {377--387}
}

@article{lillSexualBehaviorLekforming1974,
	title = {Sexual behavior of the lek-forming white bearded manakin ( {Manacus} manacus trinitatis  {Hartert})},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie-Journal of Comparative Ethology},
	author = {Lill, A.},
	year = {1974},
	keywords = {courtship, display, lek behaviour, agonistic behaviour, female mate selection, white bearded manakin},
	pages = {1--36}
}

@article{ligonMalemaleCompetitionOrnamentation1990,
	title = {Male-male competition, ornamentation and the role of testosterone in sexual selection in red jungle fowl},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Ligon, J. D. and Thornhill, R. and Zuk, M. and Johnson, K.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {ornamentation, sexual selection, competition, selection, testosterone, male-male competition, jungle fowl},
	pages = {367--373}
}

@phdthesis{russellShouldMateShould2012,
	address = {Hobart},
	title = {Should {I} mate or should {I} wait? {The} morphology of sperm storage, and its consequences for sperm viability and mating strategies in a temperate skink species, {Niveoscincus} ocellatus},
	school = {University of Tasmania},
	author = {Russell, M.},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{brommerEvolutionFitnessLifehistory2000,
	title = {The evolution of fitness in life-history theory},
	volume = {75},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Brommer, J. E.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, fitness, life history, theory, life-history theory},
	pages = {377--404}
}

@article{michoGoodBadLonely2002,
	title = {The good, the bad and the lonely},
	volume = {419},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Micho, F. and Nowak, M. A.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {677--679}
}

@article{boughmanDivergentSexualSelection2001,
	title = {Divergent sexual selection enhances reproductive isolation in sticklebacks},
	volume = {411},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Boughman, J. W.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, stickleback, sticklebacks, reproductive isolation},
	pages = {944--947}
}

@article{maynardsmithSexualSelectionHandicaps1985,
	title = {Sexual selection, handicaps and true fitness},
	volume = {115},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Maynard Smith, J.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, fitness, call, handicap, female choice,sexual selection,Zahavi's handicap model},
	pages = {1--8}
}

@article{gustafssonTradeoffsLifehistoryTraits1995,
	title = {Trade-offs between life-history traits and a secondary sexual character in male collared flycatchers},
	volume = {375},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Gustafsson, L. and Qvarnstr”m, A. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, offspring, life history, life history traits, flycatcher, trade-off, trade-offs, brood size, collared flycatcher, secondary sexual characters},
	pages = {311--313}
}

@article{ivyPolyandryPromotesEnhanced2005,
	title = {Polyandry promotes enhanced offspring survival in decorated crickets},
	volume = {59},
	url = {ISI:000226737900014},
	abstract = {Although female multiple mating is ubiquitous in insects, its adaptive significance remains poorly understood. Benefits to multiple mating can accrue via direct material benefits, indirect genetic benefits, or both. We investigated the effects of multiple mating in the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus, by simultaneously varying the number of times that females mated and the number of different males with which they mated, measuring aspects of female fecundity and elements of offspring performance and viability. Multiple matings resulted in enhanced female fitness relative to single matings when females mated with different partners, but not when females mated repeatedly with the same male. Specifically, polyandrous females produced significantly more offspring surviving to reproductive maturity than did monogamous females mating once or mating repeatedly with the same male. These results suggest that the benefit females gain from multiple mating is influenced primarily by genetic and not material benefits},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Ivy, T. M. and Sakaluk, S. K.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, MALES, offspring, PERFORMANCE, BENEFITS, fitness, survival, fecundity, insect, INSECTS, mating, reproductive success, cricket, BIOLOGY, life-history, multiple mating, NUMBER, polyandry, EGG-PRODUCTION, viability, genetic benefit, SPERM TRANSFER, polyandrous females, MATURITY, BUSH-CRICKETS, GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, crickets,genetic benefits,Gryllodes sigillatus,multiple mating,offspring survival,polyandry,sexual selection, female mating frequency, FIELD CRICKETS},
	pages = {152--159}
}

@article{perretEffectsSexualDimorphism1998,
	title = {Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness},
	volume = {394},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Perret, D. I. and Lee, K. J. and Penton-Voak, I. and Rowland, D. and Yoshikawa, S. and Burt, D. M. and Henzi, S. P. and Castles, D. L. and Akamatsu, S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, call, dimorphism, sexual dimorphism, humans,sexual selection,facial attractiveness,homo},
	pages = {884--887}
}

@article{granssonMaleCharacteristicsViability1990,
	title = {Male characteristics, viability and harem size in the pheasant,  {Phasianus} colchicus},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {G”ransson, G. and von Schantz, T. and Fr”berg, I. and Helg‚e, A. and Wittzell, H.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {size, call, viability, female choice and mating systems},
	pages = {89--104}
}

@article{reynoldsShouldAttractiveIndividuals1993,
	title = {Should attractive individuals court more - {Theory} and a test},
	volume = {141},
	url = {ISI:A1993LT18800006},
	abstract = {This study incorporates individual differences in attractiveness into the theory of condition-dependent sexual selection. This leads to predictions about relationships between sexually selected traits, particularly whether attractive animals should have high or low levels of courtship. The ''differential-cost'' hypothesis focuses on differences among individuals in costs of display, whereas the ''differential-benefit'' hypothesis focuses on differences in benefits of display. To demonstrate how these can be distinguished, I examine male courtship in relation to female preference for body size in Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata. A simple change in the environment (low vs. high light level) reversed a trend of attractive (large) males courting more often than small ones. When large (attractive) males reduced their courtship under high light levels, they also lost their former twofold mating advantage over small males. This reduced mating success supports the differential-cost hypothesis and not the differential-benefit hypothesis for correlations between sexually selected traits: in this example the correlation may become negative when light-mediated risks of predation outweigh benefits of courtship by conspicuous males. The theory and data suggest that positive or negative correlations between sexually selected traits will depend on how costs and benefits interact with one another. These results also suggest how changing environmental conditions could influence the distribution of matings within a population and impede the coevolution of mate choice and individual sexually selected traits},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Reynolds, J. D.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, Attractiveness, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, fish, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, POECILIA-RETICULATA PISCES, population, predation risk, reticulata, selection, TRAITS, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, BENEFITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, mating, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, COLOR PATTERNS, female preference, handicap principle, preference, theory, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, INDIVIDUALS, display, condition, cost, costs, NATURAL-SELECTION, predation, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, risk, ENVIRONMENT, BIODIVERSITY, mating success, coevolution, sexually selected traits, MALE GUPPIES, ADVANTAGE, light},
	pages = {914--927}
}

@article{hughesQuantitativeGeneticsSperm1997,
	title = {Quantitative genetics of sperm precedence in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {145},
	issn = {0016-6731},
	url = {://A1997WC86800015},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Hughes, K. A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {competition, selection, fitness, inbreeding depression, VARIANCE, POPULATION-GENETICS, dominance, DISPLACEMENT, LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS, ESTERASE-6},
	pages = {139--151}
}

@article{henryIntegratingOngoingBiodiversity2008,
	title = {Integrating ongoing biodiversity monitoring: potential benefits and methods},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0960-3115},
	url = {://WOS:000260938000004},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-008-9417-1},
	abstract = {Halting the loss of biodiversity comes along with the need to quantify biodiversity composition and dynamics at large spatial and temporal scales. Highly standardized, international monitoring networks would be ideal, but they do not exist yet. If we are to assess changes in biodiversity now, combining output available from ongoing monitoring initiatives is the only option. However, integration of biodiversity information across schemes is still very poorly developed. In this paper, we outline practical issues to be considered when planning to combine existing monitoring information. First, we provide an overview of avenues for integration along the four dimensions that characterize a monitoring design: sample size, biological coverage, spatial coverage and temporal coverage. We also emphasize that complementarity in monitoring targets across schemes enables to describe complex processes of biodiversity dynamics, e.g. through relating species traits to the impacts of environmental changes. Second, we review some methods to overcome differences in designs among monitoring schemes, such as site selection, post-stratification and measurement error. Finally, we point out some commonly used statistical methods that are at hand for combining data or parameter estimates. We especially emphasize the possible levels of data integration (raw data, parameter estimates, or effect size estimates), and the largely under-exploited potential of meta-analysis methods and weighted analyses. This contribution aims to bolster the practice and use of integration of ongoing monitoring initiatives for biodiversity assessment.},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Henry, P. Y. and Lengyel, S. and Nowicki, P. and Julliard, R. and Clobert, J. and Celik, T. and Gruber, B. and Schmeller, D. and Babij, V. and Henle, K.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3357--3382}
}

@article{fajenMitochondrialDNASequence1992,
	title = {Mitochondrial {DNA} sequence variation among natural populations of the {Trinidad} guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Fajen, A. and Breden, F.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, variation, call, DNA, molecular phylogeny,mtDNA sequence variation,PCR,Poecilia reticulata,population genetic differentiation},
	pages = {1457--1465}
}

@article{clobertPOPULATIONMANAGEMENTSTARLING1983,
	title = {{POPULATION} {MANAGEMENT} {OF} {STARLING} {POPULATIONS} {IN} {BELGIUM} - {A} {METHOD} {FOR} {LIMITING} {ABUNDANCE}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0243-7678},
	url = {://WOS:A1983RS30600001},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-Oecologia Applicata},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Leruth, Y.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {199--210}
}

@article{butlinCommentEvidenceGenetic1993,
	title = {A comment on the evidence for a genetic correlation between the sexes in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Butlin, R. K.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Drosophila, sex, call, genetic correlation, Drosophila melanogaster,natural selection,sexual selection},
	pages = {403--404}
}

@article{evansGeneticBasisTraits2008,
	title = {The genetic basis of traits regulating sperm competition and polyandry: can selection favour the evolution of good- and sexy-sperm?},
	volume = {134},
	issn = {0016-6707},
	url = {://WOS:000258371900002},
	doi = {10.1007/s10709-007-9162-5},
	abstract = {The good-sperm and sexy-sperm (GS-SS) hypotheses predict that female multiple mating ( polyandry) can fuel sexual selection for heritable male traits that promote success in sperm competition. A major prediction generated by these models, therefore, is that polyandry will benefit females indirectly via their sons' enhanced fertilization success. Furthermore, like classic 'good genes' and 'sexy son' models for the evolution of female preferences, GS-SS processes predict a genetic correlation between genes for female mating frequency ( analogous to the female preference) and those for traits influencing fertilization success ( the sexually selected traits). We examine the premise for these predictions by exploring the genetic basis of traits thought to influence fertilization success and female mating frequency. We also highlight recent debates that stress the possible genetic constraints to evolution of traits influencing fertilization success via GS-SS processes, including sex-linked inheritance, nonadditive effects, interacting parental genotypes, and trade-offs between integrated ejaculate components. Despite these possible constraints, the available data suggest that male traits involved in sperm competition typically exhibit substantial additive genetic variance and rapid evolutionary responses to selection. Nevertheless, the limited data on the genetic variation in female mating frequency implicate strong genetic maternal effects, including X-linkage, which is inconsistent with GS-SS processes. Although the relative paucity of studies on the genetic basis of polyandry does not allow us to draw firm conclusions about the evolutionary origins of this trait, the emerging pattern of sex linkage in genes for polyandry is more consistent with an evolutionary history of antagonistic selection over mating frequency. We advocate further development of GS-SS theory to take account of the complex evolutionary dynamics imposed by sexual conflict over mating frequency.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Simmons, L. W.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {heritability, reproductive success, PREFERENCES, multiple mating, polyandry, sexual conflict, repeatability, postcopulatory sexual selection, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, BEETLE, TESTIS SIZE, genital morphology, female mating frequency, antagonistic selection, BEETLE ONTHOPHAGUS-TAURUS, COSTLY MATE, LIFETIME, MALE FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, RED FLOUR, YELLOW DUNG FLIES},
	pages = {5--19}
}

@article{vandyckDispersalBehaviourFragmented2005,
	title = {Dispersal behaviour in fragmented landscapes: {Routine} or special movements?},
	volume = {6},
	doi = {10.1016/j.baae.2005.03.005},
	journal = {Basic and Applied Ecology},
	author = {Vandyck, H and Baguette, M},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {535--545}
}

@article{gienappClimateChangeEvolution//,
	title = {Climate change and evolution: {Disentangling} environmental and genetic responses},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37349106111&partnerID=40&md5=5fe9ab2150182036264215c5226df9ec},
	abstract = {Rapid climate change is likely to impose strong selection pressures on traits important for fitness, and therefore, microevolution in response to climate-mediated selection is potentially an important mechanism mitigating negative consequences of climate change. We reviewed the empirical evidence for recent microevolutionary responses to climate change in longitudinal studies emphasizing the following three perspectives emerging from the published data. First, although signatures of climate change are clearly visible in many ecological processes, similar examples of microevolutionary responses in literature are in fact very rare. Second, the quality of evidence for microevolutionary responses to climate change is far from satisfactory as the documented responses are often - if not typically - based on nongenetic data. We reinforce the view that it is as important to make the distinction between genetic (evolutionary) and phenotypic (includes a nongenetic, plastic component) responses clear, as it is to understand the relative roles of plasticity and genetics in adaptation to climate change. Third, in order to illustrate the difficulties and their potential ubiquity in detection of microevolution in response to natural selection, we reviewed the quantitative genetic studies on microevolutionary responses to natural selection in the context of long-term studies of vertebrates. The available evidence points to the overall conclusion that many responses perceived as adaptations to changing environmental conditions could be environmentally induced plastic responses rather than microevolutionary adaptations. Hence, clear-cut evidence indicating a significant role for evolutionary adaptation to ongoing climate warming is conspicuously scarce. © 2007 The Authors.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Gienapp, P. and Teplitsky, C. and Alho, J. S. and Mills, J. A. and Merilä, J.},
	keywords = {heritability, quantitative genetics, phenotypic plasticity, breeding value, climate change, haldane},
	pages = {167--178}
}

@article{lindstrmCanAposematicSignals1999,
	title = {Can aposematic signals evolve by gradual change?},
	volume = {397},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Lindstr”m, L. and Alatalo, R. V. and Mappes, J. and Riipi, M. and Vertainen, L.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {signals, call, aposematism,birds,gradualism,warning colours},
	pages = {249--251}
}

@article{fitzpatrickFemalePromiscuityPromotes2009,
	title = {Female promiscuity promotes the evolution of faster sperm in cichlid fishes},
	volume = {106},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/106/4/1128.abstract},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0809990106},
	abstract = {Sperm competition, the contest among ejaculates from rival males to fertilize ova of a female, is a common and powerful evolutionary force influencing ejaculate traits. During competitive interactions between ejaculates, longer and faster spermatozoa are expected to have an edge; however, to date, there has been mixed support for this key prediction from sperm competition theory. Here, we use the spectacular radiation of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika to examine sperm characteristics in 29 closely related species. We provide phylogenetically robust evidence that species experiencing greater levels of sperm competition have faster-swimming sperm. We also show that sperm competition selects for increases in the number, size, and longevity of spermatozoa in the ejaculate of a male, and, contrary to expectations from theory, we find no evidence of trade-offs among sperm traits in an interspecific analysis. Also, sperm swimming speed is positively correlated with sperm length among, but not within, species. These different responses to sperm competition at intra- and interspecific levels provide a simple, powerful explanation for equivocal results from previous studies. Using phylogenetic analyses, we also reconstructed the probable evolutionary route of trait evolution in this taxon, and show that, in response to increases in the magnitude of sperm competition, the evolution of sperm traits in this clade began with the evolution of faster (thus, more competitive) sperm.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Fitzpatrick, John L. and Montgomerie, Robert and Desjardins, Julie K. and Stiver, Kelly A. and Kolm, Niclas and Balshine, Sigal},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1128--1132}
}

@article{jaenikeSexChromosomeMeiotic10,
	title = {Sex chromosome meiotic drive},
	volume = {32},
	url = {http://ecolsys.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/25},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Jaenike, J.},
	keywords = {sex, meiotic drive},
	pages = {25--49}
}

@article{sinervoModelsDensitydependentGenic2007,
	title = {Models of density-dependent genic selection and a new rock-paper-scissors social system.},
	volume = {170},
	doi = {10.1086/522092},
	abstract = {We describe new ESS models of density regulation driven by genic selection to explain the cyclical dynamics of a social system that exhibits a rock-paper-scissors (RPS) set of three alternative strategies. We tracked changes in morph frequency and fitness of Lacerta vivipara and found conspicuous RPS cycles. Morphs of Uta and Lacerta exhibited parallel survival-performance trade-offs. Frequency cycles in both species of lizards are driven by genic selection. In Lacerta, frequency of each allele in adult cohorts had significant impacts on juvenile recruitment, similar to mutualistic, altruistic, and antagonistic relations of RPS alleles in Uta. We constructed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) models in which adults impact juvenile recruitment as a function of self versus nonself color recognition. ESS models suggest that the rapid 4-year RPS cycles exhibited by Lacerta are not possible unless three factors are present: behaviors evolve that discriminate self versus nonself morphs at higher rates than random, self- versus non-self-recognition contributes to density regulation, and context-dependent mate choice evolves in females, which choose sire genotypes to enhance progeny survival. We suggest genic selection coupled to density regulation is widespread and thus fundamental to theories of social system evolution as well as theories of population regulation in diverse animal taxa.},
	journal = {The American naturalist},
	author = {Sinervo, Barry and Heulin, Benoit and Surget-Groba, Yann and Clobert, Jean and Miles, Donald B and Corl, Ammon and Chaine, Alexis and Davis, Alison},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {evolution, female, ANIMALS, Genotype, LIZARDS, Lizards: genetics, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Models, Genetic, Sexual Behavior, Animal, population density, Lizards: physiology, Social Dominance, game theory, population dynamics, Color, Lizards: anatomy \& histology, Gene Frequency},
	pages = {663--80}
}

@article{zehReproductiveModeGenetic2001,
	title = {Reproductive mode and the genetic benefits of polyandry},
	volume = {61},
	url = {ISI:000169734200002},
	abstract = {Behavioural ecology is currently undergoing a paradigm shift, with the traditional concepts of the choosy, monogamous female and the coadapted gene complex increasingly giving way to the realization that sexual reproduction engenders conflicts, promotes polyandry, and thereby provides females with a cryptic arsenal of postcopulatory processes with which to safeguard their investment in large, costly eggs. As research focuses on reproduction from the female perspective, evidence is emerging that polyandry can provide genetic benefits that enhance female reproductive success. In this review, we propose that reproductive mode is a critically important factor influencing the type of genetic benefits that females gain by mating with more than one male. Among the hypotheses that propose genetic benefits to polyandry, there is a distinction between those that posit benefits from intrinsic (additive) effects of paternal genes in offspring, and those that propose a benefit resulting from defence against incompatibility. Polyandry to acquire superior paternal genes and polyandry as a defence against incompatibility are not mutually exclusive hypotheses. However, evidence from reproductive physiology, immunology and evolutionary conflict theory suggest that development of the embryo within the female makes polyandry for incompatibility avoidance far more important for viviparous females than for females that lay eggs. (C) 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Zeh, J. A. and Zeh, D. W.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, egg, association, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, genetic benefits, i, mate choice, offspring, P1, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, reproduction, theory, Y, form, polyandry, human, intrinsic, PRIMATES, adaptation, AVOIDANCE, genetics, conflict, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, hybrid, male mating success, genetic benefit, Genomic Imprinting, imprinting, Cryptic female choice, multiple paternity, female control, INCOMPATIBILITY, defence, sexual reproduction, CRICKET GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, reproductive physiology, AWAY SEXUAL SELECTION, DROSOPHILA HOST-DEFENSE, MAMMALIAN Y-CHROMOSOME},
	pages = {1051--1063}
}

@article{wilkinsonEvolutionFemaleMating1998,
	title = {Evolution of female mating preferences in stalk-eyed flies},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Wilkinson, G. S. and Kahler, H. and Baker, R. M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, female mating preferences, mating, flies, stalk-eyed flies, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, female mating preference},
	pages = {525--533}
}

@article{jinDevelopmentalToxicityBifenthrin12,
	title = {Developmental toxicity of bifenthrin in embryo-larval stages of zebrafish},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0166-445X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X09003336},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.003},
	abstract = {Bifenthrin (BF) is widely used as a miticide in orchards, nurseries and homes due to its great photostability and insecticidal activity. Recently, extensive research has been conducted on the toxicity of BF in in vitro and in vivo assays. However, no data is so far available regarding the developmental toxicity of BF to fish in early life stages. In this study, the developmental effects of BF were evaluated in embryo-larval zebrafish. At specified stages (24, 48, 72, and 96 hpf), spontaneous movement, survival and hatching as well as non-lethal malformation like curved body axis or edema were described in detail. No significant lethal effects of the treatment group compared to the control occurred except for the highest concentration group exposed for 96 h. The hatching process was accelerated by BF in a concentration-dependent way, correlated with increasing spontaneous movement. Developmental abnormalities were observed for the test compound with 96-h EC50 of 256 μg L−1 for pericardial edema, and 109 μg L−1 for curved body axis. Results from locomotor assays showed that zebrafish larvae of 96 hpf exhibited impaired swimming behaviour after exposure to 50, 100, and 200 μg L−1 from 3 to 84 hpf. After being cultured in the BF-free embryo medium for one more day till 120 hpf, larvae from the 50 μg L−1group seemed to have recovered and showed no difference in the swimming behaviour compared to the control while animals of the two higher concentration groups were exhausted and swam in significantly lower speed. Furthermore, reverse transcription real-time PCR results showed that vitellogenin I expressions were significantly induced in larval zebrafish exposed to 150 μg L−1 BF for 72 h, indicating the disruption of the endocrine level. In summary, our studies showed that BF was developmentally toxic to zebrafish in early life stage after short-term exposure to sublethal concentrations and had the ability to impair the individual behaviours which are of great importance in the assessment of their ecological fitness.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Aquatic Toxicology},
	author = {Jin, Meiqing and Zhang, Xiaofeng and Wang, Lijun and Huang, Changjiang and Zhang, Ying and Zhao, Meirong},
	keywords = {Estrogenicity, Hatching process, Sublethal effects, Swimming behaviour, Synthetic pyrethroid},
	pages = {347--354}
}

@article{hansenAgeSexdistributionMutation1999,
	title = {Age- and sex-distribution of the mutation load},
	volume = {106},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Hansen, T. F. and Price, D. K.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {age, load, mutation},
	pages = {251--262}
}

@article{brownAreInbredOffspring1998,
	title = {Are inbred offspring less fit? {Survival} in a natural population of {Mexican} jays},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:000071611800009},
	abstract = {The importance of inbreeding avoidance for the fitness of individuals is currently undergoing reevaluation. Especially when the frequency of inbreeding is low, it may be difficult to accumulate sufficient information. In a long-term study of the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina) in Arizona, we found inbreeding, as determined by pedigree, to be rare even though this species exhibits strong natal philopatry and commonly lives in social groups of close relatives. Brood sizes of inbred pairs were significantly lower than those of outbred pairs, suggesting hatching failure; but there uas no difference in the probability that one or more young would fledge from a nest. Survival of inbred nestlings to the next year was significantly lower than that of outbred nestlings},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Brown, J. L. and Brown, E. R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, i, offspring, PAIR, population, fitness, survival, reproductive success, GENETIC SIMILARITY, INDIVIDUALS, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, natal philopatry, social, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, PROBABILITY, pedigree, GREAT TIT, jay, coefficient of inbreeding, Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican jay},
	pages = {60--63}
}

@article{burgoyneMammalianChromosmeNew1998,
	title = {The mammalian {Y} chromosme: a new perspective},
	volume = {20},
	journal = {BioEssays},
	author = {Burgoyne, P. S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, sex chromosomes,Y chromosome},
	pages = {363--366}
}

@article{condonLosingReducesMaximum2011,
	title = {Losing reduces the maximum performance of traits that underlie winning},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000288278100080},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Condon, C. and Edwards, J. and Lailvaux, S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {E177--E177}
}

@article{priceLowHeritabilityLifehistory1991,
	title = {On the low heritability of life-history traits},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Price, T. D. and Schluter, D.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {heritability, call, life history, life history traits, components of fitness,genetic correlation,genotype-by-environment interaction,heritability,life-history traits,path analysis},
	pages = {853--861}
}

@article{jordanNewPerspectivesMate1998,
	title = {New perspectives on mate choice and the {MHC}},
	volume = {81},
	url = {ISI:000076277000001},
	abstract = {A long series of studies on mice have shown that mate choice decisions can be made on the basis of individual genotype at the major histocampatibility complex (MHC), which accords well with the importance of immunocompetence in some theories of sexual selection. Recent work on other vertebrate species, including humans, indicates that MHC-based mate choice is not restricted to the genus Mus. However, its importance may vary among species as a result of differences in social and mating system structure, and perhaps genome structure. There appears to be a general preference expressed for MHC-dissimilar mates, and such MHC-disassortative mating may be involved in maintaining MHC and/or genome-wide diversity in natural populations. The strength and direction of MHC-based mating preference can vary, and may be modulated by factors such as genetic background, sex, and early life experience},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Jordan, W. C. and Bruford, M. W.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, i, MATE, mate choice, population, selection, sex, signals, mating, mating preferences, preference, theory, human, Humans, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, POPULATIONS, social, genetics, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, P2, MHC, HLA, KIN RECOGNITION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, MICE, immunocompetence, BALANCING SELECTION, CLASS-I, NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION, OVERDOMINANT SELECTION},
	pages = {239--245}
}

@article{evansPatternsGeneticVariation2011,
	title = {Patterns of genetic variation and covariation in ejaculate traits reveal potential evolutionary constraints in guppies},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0018-067X},
	url = {://WOS:000289713700020},
	doi = {10.1038/hdy.2010.130},
	abstract = {Ejaculates comprise multiple and potentially interacting traits that determine male fertility and sperm competitiveness. Consequently, selection on these traits is likely to be intense, but the efficacy of selection will depend critically on patterns of genetic variation and covariation underlying their expression. In this study, I provide a prospective quantitative genetic analysis of ejaculate traits in the guppy Poecilia reticulata, a highly promiscuous livebearing fish. I used a standard paternal half-sibling breeding design to characterize patterns of genetic (co)variation in components of sperm length and in vitro sperm performance. All traits exhibited high levels of phenotypic and additive genetic variation, and in several cases, patterns of genetic variation was consistent with Y-linkage. There were also highly significant negative genetic correlations between the various measures of sperm length and sperm performance. In particular, the length of the sperm's midpiece was strongly, negatively and genetically correlated with sperm's swimming velocity-an important determinant of sperm competitiveness in this and other species. Other components of sperm length, including the flagellum and head, were independently and negatively genetically correlated with the proportion of live sperm in the ejaculate (sperm viability). Whether these relationships represent evolutionary trade-offs depends on the precise relationships between these traits and competitive fertilization rates, which have yet to be fully resolved in this (and indeed most) species. Nevertheless, these prospective analyses point to potential constraints on ejaculate evolution and may explain the high level of phenotypic variability in ejaculate traits in this species. Heredity (2011) 106, 869-875; doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.130; published online 20 October 2010},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Evans, J. P.},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {choice, MALES, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, heritability, POPULATIONS, postcopulatory sexual selection, viability, trade-off, LENGTH, SEXUAL, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, Y-linkage, genetic constraints, cryptic female, velocity},
	pages = {869--875}
}

@book{j.clobertDispersal2001,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Dispersal},
	publisher = {Oford University Press},
	editor = {J.Clobert, A. A. Dhondt, J. D. Nichols, E. Danchin},
	year = {2001}
}

@incollection{hoskenEvolutionaryBiologyVol2003,
	edition = {33},
	series = {Benefits of polyandry: {A} life history perspective},
	title = {Evolutionary {Biology}, {Vol} 33},
	isbn = {0071-3260},
	shorttitle = {Benefits of polyandry: {A} life history perspective},
	url = {://000184148800004},
	booktitle = {Evolutionary {Biology}},
	author = {Hosken, D. J. and Stockley, P.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {mate choice, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, reproductive success, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, Cryptic female choice, SEXUAL, fluctuating asymmetry, MATING-BEHAVIOR, SCATHOPHAGA-STERCORARIA, CALLOSOBRUCHUS-MACULATUS},
	pages = {173--194}
}

@article{kirkpatrickEvolutionFemaleChoice1985,
	title = {Evolution of female choice and male parental investment in polygynous species: the demise of the "sexy son"},
	volume = {125},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, evolution, call, parental investment, fecundity,female mate choice,female mating preference,polygynous mating systems,sexy sons},
	pages = {788--810}
}

@article{bartonNaturalSexualSelection1991,
	title = {Natural and sexual selection on many loci},
	volume = {127},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Barton, N. H. and Turelli, M.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, natural selection,sexual selection},
	pages = {229--255}
}

@article{moralesBuildingBridgeAnimal2010,
	title = {Building the bridge between animal movement and population dynamics},
	volume = {365},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	url = {://000278922900014},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2010.0082},
	abstract = {While the mechanistic links between animal movement and population dynamics are ecologically obvious, it is much less clear when knowledge of animal movement is a prerequisite for understanding and predicting population dynamics. GPS and other technologies enable detailed tracking of animal location concurrently with acquisition of landscape data and information on individual physiology. These tools can be used to refine our understanding of the mechanistic links between behaviour and individual condition through 'spatially informed' movement models where time allocation to different behaviours affects individual survival and reproduction. For some species, socially informed models that address the movements and average fitness of differently sized groups and how they are affected by fission-fusion processes at relevant temporal scales are required. Furthermore, as most animals revisit some places and avoid others based on their previous experiences, we foresee the incorporation of long-term memory and intention in movement models. The way animals move has important consequences for the degree of mixing that we expect to find both within a population and between individuals of different species. The mixing rate dictates the level of detail required by models to capture the influence of heterogeneity and the dynamics of intra-and interspecific interaction.},
	number = {1550},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Morales, J. M. and Moorcroft, P. R. and Matthiopoulos, J. and Frair, J. L. and Kie, J. G. and Powell, R. A. and Merrill, E. H. and Haydon, D. T.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, HABITAT SELECTION, demography, METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS, HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES, spatial ecology, DISPERSAL BEHAVIOR, INVADING ORGANISMS, LAGOPUS-LAGOPUS-SCOTICUS, perfect mixing, PREDATOR-PREY DYNAMICS, redistribution kernels, SERENGETI WILDEBEEST, SPATIALLY STRUCTURED POPULATIONS, TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOR, time budgets},
	pages = {2289--2301}
}

@article{paulsenQuantitativeGeneticsWing1996,
	title = {Quantitative genetics of the wing colour pattern in the buckeye butterfly ( {Precis} coenia   and  {Precis} evarete ): evidence against the constancy of {G}.},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Paulsen, S. M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {butterfly, colour, quantitative genetics, genetics, G matrix},
	pages = {1585--1597}
}

@article{partanCommunicationGoesMultimodal1999,
	title = {Communication goes multimodal},
	volume = {283},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Partan, S. and Marler, P.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {signals, call, communication, par},
	pages = {1272--1273}
}

@article{fedorkaMaterialGeneticBenefits2002,
	title = {Material and genetic benefits of female multiple mating and polyandry},
	volume = {64},
	url = {ISI:000179105400003},
	abstract = {The maintenance of female polyandry has traditionally been attributed to the material (direct) benefits derived from male mating resources (e.g. nuptial gifts) accrued by multiple mating. However, genetic (indirect) benefits offer a more robust explanation since only polyandrous, not monandrous, females may gain both material benefits from multiple mating and genetic benefits from multiple sires. Discriminating between material and genetic benefits is essential when addressing the mechanism by which polyandry is adaptively maintained, but are difficult to disentangle because they affect fitness in similar ways. To test the hypothesis that genetic benefits maintain polyandry, we compared four components of fitness (longevity, fecundity, hatching success and survivorship) between monandrous and polyandrous females in the ground cricket, Allonemobius socius. We discovered that females derived nongenetic benefits from mating multiply, in that the magnitude of the nuptial gift was positively, associated with the number of eggs produced. However, polyandrous females had over a two-fold greater hatching success and a 43\% greater offspring survivorship, leading to a significantly higher relative fitness than the monandrous strategy. These results were independent of the confounding effects of material benefits, implying that genetic contributions play a large role in the maintenance of polyandry and potentially in the antagonistic coevolutionary relationship between polyandry and male nuptial gifts. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Fedorka, K. M. and Mousseau, T. A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, egg, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, HYPOTHESIS, offspring, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, fitness, resources, size, butterflies, fecundity, insect, INSECTS, longevity, MAINTENANCE, mating, SUCCESS, cricket, reproduction, Y, multiple mating, nuptial gifts, polyandry, sexual conflict, MECHANISM, STRATEGIES, COMPONENTS, genetic benefit, STRATEGY, polyandrous females, FLORIDA, female control, hatching success, INCOMPATIBILITY, BUSH-CRICKETS, PATERNAL INVESTMENT},
	pages = {361--367}
}

@article{godinPredatorPreferenceBrightly2003,
	title = {Predator preference for brightly colored males in the guppy: a viability cost for a sexually-selected trait},
	volume = {in press},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Godin, J. G. J. and McDonough, H. E.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, preference, cost, predation, viability}
}

@article{hegBehavioralTypeGrowth2011,
	title = {Behavioral type and growth rate in a cichlid fish},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000296295000020},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arr118},
	abstract = {Behavioral syndromes or animal personalities may emerge due to covariation with different life-history strategies individual animals pursue, like risk-associated feeding rates translating in different growth trajectories. However, less clear is how this might affect individuals in cooperatively breeding species, where subordinates assist dominants in raising offspring, and growth has profound life-history and social consequences. Here, we examined the effects of behavioral type on growth rates and feeding in the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher, comparing growth rates of individuals settled inside a group (dominant or subordinate) or unsettled fish (aggregation) of different behavioral types (bold-shy continuum) under a feeding regime where food could not be monopolized. Controlling for other factors, we found no effect of the behavioral type on the growth rates of dominants and subordinates in either sex. In contrast, bold female aggregation fish were significantly growing faster in length compared with shy female aggregation fish, whereas no such effect was detected in male aggregation fish. These growth rate differences were largely matched by differences in feeding rates, but locomotion appeared more important in determining growth than feeding rate. Our results show that differences in social status may need to be taken into account when testing for correlations between behavioral type and growth in vertebrates, and cautions that growth adjustments may get obscured due to correlated changes in other costly behaviors, like locomotion.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Heg, D. and Schurch, R. and Rothenberger, S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, BENEFITS, life-history, animal personality, behavioral syndromes, POPULATIONS, dominance, PERSONALITY, ANIMAL, Cichlidae, DECISIONS, HELPERS, NEOLAMPROLOGUS-PULCHER, PERSONALITY-TRAITS, status-dependent growth},
	pages = {1227--1233}
}

@book{goldsmithChicagoGuideYour2001,
	address = {Chicago},
	title = {The {Chicago} guide to {Your} {Academic} {Career}},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Goldsmith, J. A. and Komlos, J. and Gold, P. S.},
	year = {2001}
}

@article{yachiEvolutionWarningSignals1998,
	title = {The evolution of warning signals},
	volume = {394},
	number = {882-884},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Yachi, S. and Higashi, M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, signals, call, Warning colouration,aposematism,conspicuousness}
}

@article{wilsonEcologistGuideAnimal2010,
	title = {An ecologist’s guide to the animal model},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {1365-2656},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01639.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01639.x},
	abstract = {1. Efforts to understand the links between evolutionary and ecological dynamics hinge on our ability to measure and understand how genes influence phenotypes, fitness and population dynamics. Quantitative genetics provides a range of theoretical and empirical tools with which to achieve this when the relatedness between individuals within a population is known. 2. A number of recent studies have used a type of mixed-effects model, known as the animal model, to estimate the genetic component of phenotypic variation using data collected in the field. Here, we provide a practical guide for ecologists interested in exploring the potential to apply this quantitative genetic method in their research. 3. We begin by outlining, in simple terms, key concepts in quantitative genetics and how an animal model estimates relevant quantitative genetic parameters, such as heritabilities or genetic correlations. 4. We then provide three detailed example tutorials, for implementation in a variety of software packages, for some basic applications of the animal model. We discuss several important statistical issues relating to best practice when fitting different kinds of mixed models. 5. We conclude by briefly summarizing more complex applications of the animal model, and by highlighting key pitfalls and dangers for the researcher wanting to begin using quantitative genetic tools to address ecological and evolutionary questions.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Wilson, Alastair J. and Réale, Denis and Clements, Michelle N. and Morrissey, Michael M. and Postma, Erik and Walling, Craig A. and Kruuk, Loeske E. B. and Nussey, Daniel H.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {heritability, natural selection, quantitative genetics, Animal model, pedigree, genetic correlation, mixed-effect model},
	pages = {13--26}
}

@article{higashiSympatricSpeciationSexual1999,
	title = {Sympatric speciation by sexual selection},
	volume = {402},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Higashi, M. and Takimoto, G. and Yamamura, N.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, speciation, sympatric speciation},
	pages = {523--526}
}

@incollection{adamsHowAceCalculus1998,
	address = {New York},
	title = {How to {Ace} {Calculus}: {The} {Streetwise} {Guide}},
	publisher = {W.H.Freeman \& Co},
	author = {Adams, C. and Hass, J. and Thompson, A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {60}
}

@article{jaenikeSuppressionSexratioMeiotic1999,
	title = {Suppression of sex-ratio meiotic drive and the maintenance of the {Y}-chromosome polymorphism in  {Drosophila}},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Jaenike, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Drosophila, sex ratio, Y chromosome, polymorphism, meiotic drive, recombination},
	pages = {164--174}
}

@article{carsonInheritanceSecondarySexual1984,
	title = {Inheritance of a secondary sexual character in  {Drosophila} silvestris},
	volume = {81},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Carson, H. L. and Lande, R.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {Drosophila, call, evolution,Hawaiian Drosophila,quantitative genetics,sexual dimorphism,speciation},
	pages = {6904--6907}
}

@article{slomanEffectSocialStress2000,
	title = {The effect of social stress on the {Standard} {Metabolic} {Rate} ({SMR}) of brown trout, {Salmo} trutta},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0920-1742},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1007855100185},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1007855100185},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Fish Physiology and Biochemistry},
	author = {Sloman, K. A. and Motherwell, G. and O'Connor, K. I. and Taylor, A. C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Cortisol, metabolism, oxygen consumption, salmonid, subordinance},
	pages = {49--53}
}

@article{wapstraClimateEffectsOffspring2009,
	title = {Climate effects on offspring sex ratio in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000261620800010},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01470.x},
	abstract = {Understanding individual and population responses to climate change is emerging as an important challenge. Because many phenotypic traits are sensitive to environmental conditions, directional climate change could significantly alter trait distribution within populations and may generate an evolutionary response. In species with environment-dependent sex determination, climate change may lead to skewed sex ratios at hatching or birth. However, there are virtually no empirical data on the putative link between climatic parameters and sex ratios from natural populations. We monitored a natural population of viviparous lizards with temperature-dependent sex determination (Niveoscincus ocellatus) over seven field seasons. Sex ratios at birth fluctuated significantly among years and closely tracked thermal conditions in the field, with the proportion of male offspring increasing in colder years. This is the first study to demonstrate the effect of local climatic conditions (e.g. temperature) on offspring sex ratio fluctuations in a free-living population of a viviparous ectotherm. A succession of warmer-than-usual years (as predicted under many climate-change scenarios) likely would generate female-biased sex ratios at birth, while an increase in interannual variation (as also predicted under climate change scenarios) could lead to significant fluctuations in cohort sex ratios. If cohort sex ratio bias at birth leads to adult sex ratio bias, long-term directional changes in thermal conditions may have important effects on population dynamics in this species.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Wapstra, Erik and Uller, Tobias and Sinn, David L. and Olsson, Mats and Mazurek, Katrina and Joss, Jean and Shine, Richard},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {84--90}
}

@article{hurdSignallingFightingAbility1996,
	title = {Is signalling of fighting ability costlier for weaker individuals?},
	volume = {000???},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Hurd, P. L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {call, signalling, fighting ability,signallers,signalling},
	pages = {1--6}
}

@article{hglundCopyingMateChoice1990,
	title = {Copying the mate choice of others? {Observations} on female black grouse},
	volume = {114},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {H”glund, J.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, mate choice, copying, lek, male mating success, black grouse},
	pages = {221--231}
}

@article{radwanMaleAgeGermline2003,
	title = {Male age, germline mutations and the benefits of polyandry},
	volume = {6},
	abstract = {The number of de novo mutations in the germline can be expected to increase with age in males, therefore females might decrease mutation load in their progeny by avoiding mating with older males. Here, I propose that female polyandry can be more effective in decreasing the risk of genetic disorders in progeny than pre-copulatory mate choice, particularly if sperm competitiveness declines more steeply with age than other traits affecting chances of males to mate. If faster ageing of spermatogenic tissue causes older males to transfer inadequate numbers of functional sperm, polyandry would also benefit females directly.},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Radwan, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {polyandry, age, mutation, male age, germline mutation},
	pages = {581--586}
}

@article{neavesEmbryonicGonadalSexual2006,
	title = {Embryonic gonadal and sexual organ development in a small viviparous skink, {Niveoscincus} ocellatus},
	volume = {305A},
	issn = {1548-8969},
	url = {://WOS:000234490800010},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.a.249},
	abstract = {The majority of research into the timing of gonad differentiation (and sex determination) in reptiles has focused on oviparous species. This is largely because: (1) most reptiles are oviparous; (2) it is easier to manipulate embryonic developmental conditions (e.g., temperature) of eggs than oviductal embryos and (3) modes of sex determination in oviparous taxa were thought to be more diverse since viviparity and environmental sex determination (ESD)/temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) were considered incompatible. However, recent evidence suggests the two may well be compatible biological attributes, opening potential new lines of enquiry into the evolution and maintenance of sex determination. Unfortunately, the baseline information on embryonic development in viviparous species is lacking and information on gonad differentiation and sexual organ development is almost non-existent. Here we present an embryonic morphological development table (10 stages), the sequence of gonad differentiation and sexual organ development for the viviparous spotted snow skink (Niveoseincus ocellatus). Gonad differentiation in this species is similar to other reptilian species. Initially, the gonads are indifferent and both male and female accessory ducts are present. During stage 2, in the middle third of development, differentiation begins as the inner medulla regresses and the cortex thickens signaling ovary development, while the opposite occurs in testis formation. At this point, the Mullerian (female reproductive) duct regresses in males until it is lost (stage 6), while females retain both ducts until after birth. In the later stages of testis development, interstitial tissue forms in the medulla corresponding to maximum development of the hemipenes in males and the corresponding regression in the females.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology Part a-Comparative Experimental Biology},
	author = {Neaves, L. and Wapstra, E. and Birch, D. and Girling, J. E. and Joss, J. M. P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {74--82}
}

@article{scheidelBrothersisterParentchildMarriage1996,
	title = {Brother-sister and parent-child marriage outside royal families in ancient {Egypt} and {Iran}: {A} challenge to the sociobiological view of incest avoidance?},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:A1996VV86300003},
	abstract = {Copious and unequivocal evidence of legally condoned and socially favored brother-sister and parent-child marriage among common people from Roman Egypt (first to third centuries, A.D.) and Zoroastrian Iran (fifth century, B.C. to 11th century, A.D.) can be taken to pose a challenge to the sociobiological case for universal evolved incest avoidance within the nuclear family, triggered by early childhood proximity (the Westermarck effect), Official census documents from Roman Egypt show a high incidence of full sibling unions with relatively small age gaps between the spouses and no indication of reduced marital fertility, sexual aversion, or increased infant and child mortality. Zoroastrian religious tracts actively encourage nuclear family incest and extol its meritorious nature and supernatural benefits. A schematic assessment of the likely extent of inbreeding depression in such families under conditions of very high mortality through other causes makes reproduction at replacement level seem difficult to accomplish. But given the lack of information on the frequency of deleterious recessive genes in these populations, this reconstruction is fraught with uncertainty; pertinent ancient evidence is suggestive of some incidence of inbreeding depression but remains inconclusive. Aversion and revulsion between incestuous spouses proves a similarly elusive issue. Although these cases from antiquity do not clearly contradict the view of incest avoidance as an evolved mechanism that engenders sexual indifference and normally translates into corresponding cultural norms, they demonstrate the need for a more comprehensive consideration of the available historical record in the testing of evolutionary rules. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1996},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Ethology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Scheidel, W.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {evolution, genes, i, population, sex, BENEFITS, model, mating, Darwin, reproduction, age, human, condition, costs, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, social, wolf, WOLVES, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, COMMON, FAMILY, patterns, coevolution, mortality, attraction, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, FERTILITY, Westermarck, Westermarck effect, demography, RULES, NUCLEAR, ABUSE, human sociobiology, ROMAN EGYPT, social ecology},
	pages = {319--340}
}

@article{massotConditiondependentDispersalOntogeny2002,
	title = {Condition-dependent dispersal and ontogeny of the dispersal behaviour: an experimental approach},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000174986700009},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00592.x},
	abstract = {1. Although little investigated, developmental processes that generate dispersal condition evolution of this behaviour. We have shown previously prenatal and postnatal influences on dispersal in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). The observation of these developmental processes was based on independent experiments; our primary goal in this paper is to test their interactions. Interactions could indeed be a source of inconsistencies in studies because they can mask, or even reverse, effects of factors treated additively. 2. We studied dispersal of juveniles released in natura from 416 pregnant females captured in the field. We used a factorial design to test interactions among the maternal habitat (dry vs. humid), prenatal conditions (temperature, humidity), and postnatal environments (dry vs. humid). 3. We found that juvenile dispersal was dependent on the humidity level at different developmental stages, but with varying and sometimes opposite effects. Dispersal was also influenced by the temperature during gestation and by populational differences not related to humidity (differences between replicated populations for the maternal and postnatal habitats). 4. These results confirm our previous findings that dispersal of the common lizard is condition-dependent and has multiple causation. In addition, most of the effects exhibited interactions, and the ontogeny of dispersal appeared as a sequential process where the maternal habitat conditioned prenatal influences, and the prenatal environment modulated postnatal influences. 5. The robustness of our results is supported by the finding of the same interactions in independent tests on both juvenile males and females. This militates in favour of future studies on the multiple causation of dispersal because the same dispersal status might originate from different causes, and different dispersal outcomes might be due to the same factor.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Massot, M. and Clobert, J. and Lorenzon, P. and Rossi, J. M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {253--261}
}

@article{abbellSexualSelectionBody1999,
	title = {Sexual selection on body size and shape in the western harvester ant  , {Pogonomyrmex} occidentalis  {Cresson}},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Abbell, A. J. and Cole, B. J. and Reyes, R. and Wiernasz, D. C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, size, body size, assortative mating, ant},
	pages = {535--545}
}

@article{cadeGeneticVariationUnderlying1984,
	title = {Genetic variation underlying sexual behavior and reproduction},
	volume = {24},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Cade, W. H.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {variation, call, reproduction, genetic variation, female choice,fitness,genetic variation,sexual behavior},
	pages = {355--366}
}

@article{engqvistTheoreticalInfluenceFemale2006,
	title = {Theoretical influence of female mating status and remating propensity on male sperm allocation patterns},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01134.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Theoretical models predict that males should allocate more sperm in matings where the immediate risk of sperm competition is high. It has therefore often been argued that males should invest less sperm in matings with virgin females compared with matings with already mated females. However, with relatively polyandrous females, high sperm competition risk will covary with high sperm competition intensity leading to more unpredictable conditions, as high competition intensity should favour smaller ejaculates. With the use of a genetic algorithm, we found that males should allocate more sperm in matings with virgin females when female mating frequency is relatively high, whereas low remating rates will select for higher effort in matings with nonvirgin females. At higher remating rates, first male sperm precedence favours larger ejaculates in matings with virgin females and second male precedence favours the reverse. These results shed some light on several findings that have been difficult to explain adaptively by the hitherto developed theory on sperm allocation},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Engqvist, L. and Reinhold, K.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {competition, female, FEMALES, MALES, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, model, MODELS, mating, theory, ejaculate, allocation, condition, risk, pattern, patterns, PROPENSITY, RATES, polyandrous females, FREQUENCIES, intensity, light, SPERM PRECEDENCE, MATING FREQUENCY, sperm allocation, PRECEDENCE, female mating frequency},
	pages = {1448--1458}
}

@article{kotiahoCostsSexualTraits2001,
	title = {Costs of sexual traits: a mismatch between theoretical considerations and empirical evidence},
	volume = {76},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Kotiaho, J. S.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {condition, cost, costs, honesty, handicap, mismatch},
	pages = {365--376}
}

@article{sinervoRockpaperscissorsGameEvolution1996,
	title = {The rock-paper-scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies},
	volume = {380},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and Lively, C. M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {evolution, polymorphism, lizard, alternative male mating tactics, ESS, frequency dependence, rock-paper-scissors},
	pages = {240--243}
}

@article{magurranBattleSexes1996,
	title = {Battle of the sexes},
	volume = {383},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {guppies, sex, sexual conflict, speciation},
	pages = {307}
}

@article{defraipontEvolutionOviparityEgg1996,
	title = {The evolution of oviparity with egg guarding and viviparity in lizards and snakes: {A} phylogenetic analysis},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:A1996TX89100035},
	doi = {10.2307/2410809},
	abstract = {This paper investigates the evolution of viviparity and of egg guarding in lizards and snakes in which three modes of reproduction can be described: oviparity without egg guarding, oviparity with egg guarding, and viviparity. All possible transitions of reproductive modes were detected in each taxon using Maddison's method. We then tested two specific hypotheses. First, egg guarding can be regarded as an alternative to viviparity. A relatively frequent association of egg guarding and viviparous species in the same taxon may be due to similar environmental conditions or species characteristics leading to two different solutions. Second, egg guarding may facilitate the evolution of viviparity. This hypothesis is supported by the high frequency of viviparous species in taxa containing egg guarding species and by a tendency for prolonged uterine retention of eggs in brooding squamates. Our analyses demonstrate that the first hypothesis is the best supported. Egg guarding and viviparity most often evolved independently. If a major benefit of egg guarding is the repulsion of potential predators, size is one of the most obvious morphological characters that should be correlated with the evolution of reproductive modes. The two reproductive traits were correlated to a reduction in body size for viviparous species and an increase in body size for egg guarding species. This could partly explain why the evolution of these reproductive modes seems almost antagonist.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {deFraipont, M. and Clobert, J. and Barbault, R.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {391--400}
}

@article{coltmanBirthWeightNeonatal1998,
	title = {Birth weight and neonatal survival of harbour seal pups ape positively correlated with genetic variation measured by microsatellites},
	volume = {265},
	url = {ISI:000073580200009},
	abstract = {We examined the relations between fitness-related traits of wild harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) pups with microsatellite heterozygosity, and with a measure of genomic diversity based on the mean squared distance between microsatellite alleles within an individual, mean d(2). Birth weight was positively influenced by maternal age, pup sex, and either mean d(2) or individual heterozygosity in separate multiple regression models. The association of birth weight with mean d(2) was stronger than that with heterozygosity, however. The factors maternal age, pup sex, and mean d(2) combined to account for 36.8\% of the variation in birth weight, with mean d(2) accounting for the greatest explanatory power (52.3\% of the variance explained). Pups which survived until weaning had significantly higher mean d(2) than pups which died, independent of birth weight. These effects are consistent with heterosis resulting from recent population mixing, and/or inbreeding depression in this population. Mean d(2) thus provides (i) a better measure of individual genetic variability than heterozygosity for microsatellite data; and (ii) a convenient tool for assessing the effects of inbreeding and outbreeding in natural populations},
	number = {1398},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Coltman, D. W. and Bowen, W. D. and Wright, J. M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {association, evolution, i, population, selection, sex, TRAITS, variation, fitness, model, MODELS, survival, age, allele, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellite, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, red deer, WILD, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, NATURAL-POPULATION, genetic variation, VARIANCE, SCOTLAND, mutation, outbreeding, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, WEIGHT, alleles, mortality, DISTANCE, heterosis, genetic variability, ALLELE FREQUENCIES, PHOCA-VITULINA, pinniped, harbour seal, multiple regression},
	pages = {803--809}
}

@article{pomiankowskiFemaleChoiceGenetic1994,
	title = {Female choice and genetic correlations - reply},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:A1994PC67900012},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A. and Sheridan, L.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, ECOLOGY, female, P1, genetics, genetic correlation, genetic correlations},
	pages = {343--343}
}

@article{roweSexualConflictEvolutionary1994,
	title = {Sexual conflict and the evolutionary ecology of mating patterns: water striders as a model system},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Rowe, L. and Arnqvist, G. and Sih, A. and Krupa, J. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {model, mating, call, sexual conflict, conflict},
	pages = {289--293}
}

@article{paullDominanceHierarchiesZebrafish2009,
	title = {Dominance {Hierarchies} in {Zebrafish} ({Danio} rerio) and {Their} {Relationship} with {Reproductive} {Success}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1545-8547},
	url = {://000277029700013},
	doi = {10.1089/zeb.2009.0618},
	abstract = {The zebrafish has considerable potential for use as a model in the study of behavior in social systems, particularly dominance hierarchies, which are widespread in nature and can affect the lifelong success of individuals. There is, however, a paucity of information relating to the characterization of social groups and significance of dominance hierarchies in the zebrafish model. This study set out to bridge this knowledge gap and better characterize dominance and its implications for reproductive success in both male and female zebrafish in colonies comprising of two males and two females. Analyses of four aggressive behaviors (chase, bite, repel, spar) were conducted twice daily over a 5-day period, and fertilized eggs were collected for parentage analyses using DNA microsatellite markers. Dominant-subordinate relationships occurred both between males and between females, and in both sexes, dominance was associated with a greater body size and higher levels of aggression. During the spawning period, dominant females were, however, less aggressive toward their subordinates than dominant males to their subordinates. Aggressive behaviors employed for maintaining dominance did not differ between the sexes, but in females, in contrast with males, the level of aggression directed toward the subordinate fish increased over the study period. Overall, dominance resulted in a greater total reproductive success in males but not in females; however, dominant females sired more offspring with the dominant male. The findings illustrate that energy invested in dominance behavior appears beneficial for both sexes in zebrafish.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Zebrafish},
	author = {Paull, G. C. and Filby, A. L. and Giddins, H. G. and Coe, T. S. and Hamilton, P. B. and Tyler, C. R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fish, MALES, female mate choice, size, OVIPOSITION, territoriality, BEHAVIOR, male competition, MONOPOLIZATION},
	pages = {109--117}
}

@article{krakauerEvolutionExploitationHonesty1995,
	title = {The evolution of exploitation and honesty in animal communication: a model using artificial neural networks},
	volume = {348},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Krakauer, D. C. and Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {evolution, model, call, communication, honesty, honesty,model,neural net,signals,signallers},
	pages = {355--361}
}

@article{stinchcombeTestingEnvironmentallyInduced2002,
	title = {Testing for environmentally induced bias in phenotypic estimates of natural selection},
	volume = {160},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Stinchcombe, J. R. and Rutter, M. T. and Burdick, D. S. and Tiffin, P. and Rausher, M. D. and Mauricio, R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {selection, path analysis, natural selection, environmental covariance},
	pages = {511--523}
}

@article{broDiagnosingEnvironmentalCauses2001,
	title = {Diagnosing the environmental causes of the decline in {Grey} {Partridge} {Perdix} perdix survival in {France}},
	volume = {143},
	issn = {0019-1019},
	url = {://WOS:000166159100014},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04176.x},
	abstract = {We studied Grey Partridge Perdix perdix mortality during breeding to identify the environmental causes of a long-term decline in adult survival. We radiotagged and monitored daily from mid-March to mid-September 1009 females on ten contrasting study sites in 1995-97. Simultaneously, we recorded habitat features and estimated the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers Circus cyaneus and C. aeruginosus, Red Fox Vulpes vulpes and mustelids. We experimentally tested whether scavenging could have biased predation rates. We also examined, through the necropsy of 80 carcasses of Grey Partridge, whether disease, parasites or poisoning could have been ultimate causes of high predation rates. The survival rate of radiotagged females during spring and summer ranged from 0.25 to 0.65 across study areas. Mortality peaked in May, June and July when females were laying and incubating. The direct negative impact of farming practices was low (6\%). Predation was the main proximate cause of female mortality during breeding (73\%) and determined the survival rate, suggesting no compensation by other causes of mortality. Ground carnivores were responsible for 64\% of predation cases, and raptors for 29\%, but this proportion varied across study sites. Disease and poisoning did not appear to favour predation, and scavenging was not likely to have substantially overestimated predation rates. The predation rate on breeding females was positively correlated with the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers, suggesting an additional mortality in areas where harriers were abundant. The proportion of raptor predation was linearly related to harrier abundance. The predation rate was not correlated with the abundance of the Red Fox and mustelids. A potential density-dependent effect on the predation rate was confounded by the abundance of harriers. We found no convincing relationship between the predation rate and habitat features, but we observed a positive relationship between the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers and the mean field size. This suggested that habitat characteristics may contribute to high predation rates through predator abundance or habitat-dependent predation.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ibis},
	author = {Bro, E. and Reitz, F. and Clobert, J. and Migot, P. and Massot, M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {120--132}
}

@article{baguetteMetapopulationDynamicsBog2010,
	title = {Metapopulation dynamics of the bog fritillary butterfly: experimental changes in habitat quality induced negative density-dependent dispersal},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0906-7590},
	url = {://WOS:000287741300018},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06212.x},
	abstract = {Habitat quality and habitat geometry are two crucial factors driving metapopulation dynamics. However, their intricacy has prevented so far a reliable test of their relative impact on local population dynamics and persistence. Here we report on a long-term study in which we manipulated habitat quality within a butterfly metapopulation, whereas habitat geometry was kept constant. The treatment consisted in lowering the quality of certain habitat patches while others were kept untreated, using the same spatial design over years. The effect of the treatment on metapopulation dynamics was assessed by comparing residence probability and dispersal rates within the same habitat network on 11 and 6 independent butterfly generations before and after treatment, respectively. Results showed that the experimental decrease in habitat quality generated significantly higher emigration rates from treated patches. This increase was associated with a significant decrease in dispersal rates out of untreated patches, and a significant higher residence probability in these patches. The direct relation between lower habitat quality and higher dispersal propensity in treated patches was expected. However, the lower dispersal from untreated patches after treatment was opposite to the expectation of positive density dependent dispersal generally observed in butterflies. Such negative density-dependent dispersal would allow a rapid fine-tuning of dispersal rates to changes in habitat quality, particularly when the spatial autocorrelation of the environmental is low. Accordingly, dispersal would promote an ideal free distribution of individuals in the landscape according to their fitness expectation.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ecography},
	author = {Baguette, M. and Clobert, J. and Schtickzelle, N.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {170--176}
}

@article{belliurePrenatalPostnatalEffects2004,
	title = {Prenatal and postnatal effects of corticosterone on behavior in juveniles of the common lizard, {Lacerta} vivipara.},
	volume = {301},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.a.20066},
	abstract = {Many animals exhibit dramatic responses when subjected to a stressor. A classic marker of the stress response is an increase in plasma glucocorticoids, but this constitutes only one step in the cascade from experience of a stressor to wider organismal changes, including behavior. The behavioral sensitivity to glucocorticoids would determine the consequences of the stress-related alteration of behavior for the organism. In this study we explored, under laboratory conditions, the prenatal and postnatal effects of corticosterone on activity and thermoregulation of juveniles of the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara. Activity was measured as the time spent moving and the time spent scratching the wall in an empty terrarium. Thermoregulatory behavior was measured as the time spent motionless under a light bulb. Activity and thermoregulation of juveniles of the common lizard showed a different sensitivity to prenatal and postnatal corticosterone treatment, modulated by juvenile sex and maternal condition. Prenatal corticosterone manipulation influenced the time spent moving in both sexes. By contrast, only juvenile females increased the time spent scratching the walls of the terrarium when corticosterone was delivered both at the prenatal and postnatal stage. Prenatal hormone manipulation increased the time spent basking by juveniles issued from large females. These results suggest that, in addition to influencing a variety of behavioral and morphological traits, corticosterone may also play an important role in the regulation of activity and thermoregulation of juvenile lizards, modulated by individual sex and maternal condition.},
	journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Comparative experimental biology},
	author = {Belliure, Josabel and Meylan, Sandrine and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Male, Sex Factors, Lizards: physiology, France, Motor Activity, Corticosterone, Body Temperature Regulation, Body Temperature Regulation: physiology, Administration, Cutaneous, Corticosterone: administration \& dosage, Motor Activity: physiology, Body Temperature Regulation: drug effects, Corticosterone: pharmacology, Motor Activity: drug effects, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects},
	pages = {401--10}
}

@article{sinnAreBehavioralSyndromes2009,
	title = {Are behavioral syndromes invariant? {Spatiotemporal} variation in shy/bold behavior in squid},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:000274433600021},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-009-0887-2},
	abstract = {Behavioral syndromes are correlated suites of behavior, analogous to human personality traits. Most work to date has been taken from limited "snapshots" in space and time, with the implicit assumption that a behavioral syndrome is an invariant property, fixed by evolutionary constraints or adaptations. However, directional selection on two mechanistically independent traits (selective covariance) could also result in correlated behaviors. Previously, we have shown that shy/bold behavior in Southern dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica) across predator encounter and feeding risk contexts is genetically and phenotypically uncoupled, and hence potentially free to vary independently. Here, we collected data on shy/bold behaviors from two independent wild populations of squid in two different years to test whether behavioral correlations across these same two functional contexts vary through time and space. We detected significant influences of population, sex, and body size on the expression of boldness in squid within each functional context, and this was coupled with significant differences in relative population density and adult sex ratio. Despite these changes in behavior and demographic parameters, we found that correlations between boldness scores across the two functional contexts were largely absent in both wild populations of squid in both years. Our work suggests that some animal groups may be largely characterized by context-specific behavioral expression. A theoretical framework which conceptualizes behavioral syndromes resulting from context-specific behavioral rules may be needed to fully understand why behaviors are sometimes correlated, and why sometimes they are not.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Sinn, David L. and Moltschaniwskyj, Natalie A. and Wapstra, Erik and Dall, Sasha R. X.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {693--702}
}

@article{ryanMonogamousMaleMice2003,
	title = {Monogamous male mice bias behaviour towards females according to very small differences in kinship},
	volume = {65},
	url = {ISI:000181391800012},
	abstract = {To the extent that relatedness between mates predicts their reproductive success, individuals are expected to bias their behaviours towards opposite-sex conspecifics according to differences in kinship. Here we show that monogamous male oldfield mice, Peromyscus polionotus rhoadsi, bias their social behaviour towards unfamiliar, distantly related females according to an average 1.3\% difference in their kinship to these potential mates. Males in the present study favoured less-related females. Previous empirical investigations have not demonstrated behavioural biases based on such small kinship differences. Consequently, these small differences in kinship have been considered inadequate to drive the evolution of mate choice, particularly by males. Even a small incremental difference in mate quality, however, may significantly affect male reproductive success, especially for monogamous species or those that require maternal care. This study has demonstrated that the social preferences of male oldfield mice are distributed between females according to small differences in their kinship to these potential mates. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Ryan, K. K. and Lacy, R. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, evolution, female, mate choice, quality, selection, variation, mate quality, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, ANIMALS, Darwin, mating preferences, preference, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, relatedness, social, inbreeding depression, kinship, philopatry, related, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, OLDFIELD MICE},
	pages = {379--384}
}

@article{legalliardOntogenicSourcesVariation2006,
	title = {Ontogenic sources of variation in sexual size dimorphism in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000236943000003},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01094.x},
	abstract = {To elucidate the developmental aspects of the evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD), an understanding of the sex-specific ontogeny of body size is critical. Here, we evaluate the relative importance of genetic and environmental determinants of SSD in juvenile common lizards (Lacerta vivipara). We examined the prenatal and post-natal effects of population density and habitat humidity on SSD, as well as the maternal effects of food availability, corticosterone level, humidity and heat regime during gestation. Analyses indicated strong prenatal and post-natal plasticity in body size per se and yielded three main results with respect to SSD. First, SSD in juvenile common lizards matches qualitatively the SSD observed in adults. Secondly, SSD was influenced by none of the prenatal factors investigated here, suggesting poor sex-biased maternal effects on offspring size. Thirdly, SSD was sensitive to post-natal habitat humidity, which positively affected growth rate more strongly in females than in males. Thus, natural variation in SSD in juvenile common lizards appears to be primarily determined by a combination of sex-biased genetic factors and post-natal conditions. We discuss the possibility that viviparity may constrain the evolution of sex-biased maternal effects on offspring size.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Massot, M. and Landys, M. M. and Meylan, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {690--704}
}

@article{roddPhenotypicPlasticityLife1997,
	title = {Phenotypic plasticity in the life history traits of guppies: responses to social environment},
	volume = {78},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Rodd, F. H. and Reznick, D. N. and Sokolowski, M. B.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia reticulata, response, fecundity, call, life history, life history traits, plasticity, phenotypic plasticity, social, behavioural interactions, Offspring size, age at maturity, interpopulation variation, population demography, size at maturity},
	pages = {419--433}
}

@article{mackintoshEvolutionaryPsychologyMeets2000,
	title = {Evolutionary psychology meets  g},
	volume = {403},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Mackintosh, N. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection},
	pages = {378--379}
}

@article{cherryTailLengthFemale1990,
	title = {Tail length and female choice},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Cherry, M. I.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, tail length},
	pages = {349--350}
}

@article{innocentiSexualConflictGene2011,
	title = {Sexual conflict and gene expression: {Exploring} sex-specific associations between fitness and transcriptional variation.},
	volume = {5},
	abstract = {In recent years, the field of evolutionary biology received a fresh impulse from the increased technical and logistical availability and cost-effectiveness of genomics techniques. In particular, we have for the first time the opportunity to effectively explore and understand the genetic basis of traits variation in laboratory (and ultimately wild) populations. Traits that are most relevant in evolutionary and ecological contexts (e.g. morphological, life-history and behavioural traits) typically show a complex genetic architecture, being affected by many loci with small effect. Such loci often interact with one another over the same trait (epistasis), affect several traits simultaneously (pleiotropy), and/or depend in their effects on the "environmental condition" in which they are expressed (genotype by environment interactions). Modern genomics offers tools, such as microarrays and high-throughput sequencing, to gather an unprecedented amount of data on gene expression and sequence variation, and can be used in the attempt to construct a genotype-phenotype map, linking genes (or gene networks), and the variation in their sequence and expression, with the natural variation of phenotypic characters. In our paper, we explore the genetic basis of intralocus sexual conflict, by associating a complex phenotypic trait such as sex-specific fitness to genome-wide transcriptome variation in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. This study involved four different steps and as many different techniques: i) Generation of "hemiclonal lines"; ii) Measure of adult sex-specific fitness; iii) Genome-wide assay of gene expression; iv) Association of transcriptional variation to sex-specific fitness. In the present paper, I will comment on some aspects of this "evolutionary genomics" experiment, and also compare some of our results with other studies.},
	journal = {Fly},
	author = {Innocenti, Paolo},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {10--3}
}

@article{voituronExtremeLifespanHuman2010,
	title = {Extreme lifespan of the human fish ({Proteus} anguinus): a challenge for ageing mechanisms},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {://WOS:000286135000032},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2010.0539},
	abstract = {Theories of extreme lifespan evolution in vertebrates commonly implicate large size and predator-free environments together with physiological characteristics like low metabolism and high protection against oxidative damages. Here, we show that the 'human fish' (olm, Proteus anguinus), a small cave salamander (weighing 15-20 g), has evolved an extreme life-history strategy with a predicted maximum lifespan of over 100 years, an adult average lifespan of 68.5 years, an age at sexual maturity of 15.6 years and lays, on average, 35 eggs every 12.5 years. Surprisingly, neither its basal metabolism nor antioxidant activities explain why this animal sits as an outlier in the amphibian size/longevity relationship. This species thus raises questions regarding ageing processes and constitutes a promising model for discovering mechanisms preventing senescence in vertebrates.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Voituron, Y. and de Fraipont, M. and Issartel, J. and Guillaume, O. and Clobert, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {105--107}
}

@article{johnstoneSexualSelectionHonest1995,
	title = {Sexual selection, honest advertisement and the handicap principle: reviewing the evidence},
	volume = {70},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, honest advertisement, handicap principle, handicap},
	pages = {1--65}
}

@article{coteSocialPersonalityTrait2008,
	title = {Social personality trait and fitness},
	volume = {275},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000260611200009},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.0783},
	abstract = {Several recent studies have explored various aspects of animal personality and their ecological consequences. However, the processes responsible for the maintenance of personality variability within a population are still largely unknown. We have recently demonstrated that social personality traits exist in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) and that the variation in sociability provides an explanation for variable dispersal responses within a given species. However, we need to know the fitness consequences of variation in sociability across environmental contexts in order to better understand the maintenance of such variation. In order to achieve this, we investigated the relationship between sociability and survival, body growth and fecundity, in one-year-old individuals in semi-natural populations with varying density. 'Asocial' and 'social' lizards displayed different fitness outcomes in populations of different densities. Asocial lizards survived better in low-density populations, while social females reproduced better. Spatiotemporal variation in environmental conditions might thus be the process underlying the maintenance of these personality traits within a population. Finally, we also discuss the position of sociability in a more general individual behavioural pattern including boldness, exploration and aggressiveness.},
	number = {1653},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Cote, J. and Dreiss, A. and Clobert, J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2851--2858}
}

@article{marksStochasticInfluencesFemale1994,
	title = {Stochastic influences, female copying and the intensity of sexual selection on leks},
	volume = {170},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Marks, A. and Deutsch, J. C. and Clutton-Brock, T. H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, copying, lek, leks, intensity, female choice,female copying,leks,sexual selection,stochastic influences},
	pages = {159--162}
}

@article{smithSexualSelectionTail1991,
	title = {Sexual selection and the tail ornaments of {North} {American} barn swallows},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Smith, H. G. and Montgomerie, R.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, ornament, ornaments, swallow, tail ornaments, swallows, streamer},
	pages = {195--201}
}

@article{gowatyFieldStudiesParental1996,
	title = {Field studies of parental care in birds},
	volume = {25},
	journal = {Advances in the Study of Behavior},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {parental care, bird, birds, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, monogamy, genetic paternity, polygamy},
	pages = {477--531}
}

@article{fergusonSexspecificSelectionSexual2000,
	title = {Sex-specific selection and sexual size dimorphism in the water strider  {Aquarius} remigis},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Ferguson, I. M. and Fairbairn, D. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, fitness, size, body size, fecundity, dimorphism, mark-recapture, sexual size dimorphism, selection gradient, Gerridae},
	pages = {160--170}
}

@article{wileyIndirectMateChoice1996,
	title = {Indirect mate choice, competition for mates, and coevolution of the sexes},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wiley, R. H. and Poston, J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, mate choice, sex, call, Darwin, male-male competition, mating systems, coevolution},
	pages = {1371--1381}
}

@article{delbarco-trilloMaleMeadowVoles7,
	title = {Male meadow voles respond differently to risk and intensity of sperm competition},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/581},
	abstract = {There are 2 models of male adjustment of sperm investment in the ejaculate in relation to sperm competition. The "risk model" predicts that as "risk" of sperm competition increases, sperm investment also increases. This prediction has been supported in many species, including mammals. The "intensity model" involves the number of competing males copulating with the same female and predicts that males will allocate the highest sperm investment at low sperm competition intensity (SCI) and then decreasing sperm investments as SCI increases. Two alternative outcomes are that sperm investment is unaffected by SCI and that sperm investment increases as SCI increases. There are studies supporting all 3 possible outcomes in relation to SCI but no data on mammals. The present paper presents the first study of SCI in a mammal species, the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus. We used odors of conspecific males to simulate low and high intensities of sperm competition. We found that males allocate the highest sperm investment at low SCI and decrease significantly their sperm investment at high SCI. We also found that males allocate the lowest sperm investment at low sperm competition risk (SCR) and the highest sperm investment at high SCR. All these results agree with current theoretical models of sperm competition},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {delBarco-Trillo, Javier and Ferkin, Michael H.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {competition, female, MALES, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, INCREASE, model, MODELS, INVESTMENT, ejaculate, NUMBER, MAMMALS, risk, INCREASES, odors, odor, intensity, MEADOW VOLE, MEADOW VOLES, MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS, PENNSYLVANICUS, voles, ADJUSTMENT},
	pages = {581--585}
}

@article{toveVisualCuesFemale1999,
	title = {Visual cues to female physical attractiveness},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Tov‚e, M. J. and Maisey, D. S. and Emery, J. L. and Cornelissen, P. L.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, call, body mass index,female beauty,mate selection,mate choice,sexual attractiveness,waist-to-hip ratio,human},
	pages = {211--218}
}

@article{endlerMeasurementClassificationColour1990,
	title = {On the measurement and classification of colour in studies of animal colour patterns},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {sexual selection, colour, spectra},
	pages = {315--352}
}

@article{qvarnstromFemaleCollaredFlycatchers2004,
	title = {Female collared flycatchers learn to prefer males with an artificial novel ornament},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000222125700003},
	abstract = {We experimentally investigated whether learning from previous experiences can lead to the establishment of a new mate preference in a wild population of birds. During year one (2001), 63 female collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) bred together with males that we had provided with a novel trait, a red stripe on their white forehead patch (a sexually selected trait). Some color patterns of birds are largely determined by a few genes, and this experiment was designed to mimic the occurrence of mutations in such genes. In the subsequent year (2002), we found that females with previous experience with red-striped males were more likely to pair with red-striped males (76\%) than with control males. By contrast, naive females (i.e., with no previous experience with red-striped males) were not more likely to pair with red-striped males (44\%) than with control males. Females paired with red-striped males produced more offspring than females paired with control males, suggesting that males with the novel trait had become favored by selection. Thus, female collared flycatchers appear to quickly learn to associate a novel trait with a suitable mate that, in turn, leads to assortative mating between local mates (i.e., males with the new trait and females with previous experience of the new trait). Our results provide support for the notion that learning may play an important role when the co-evolution of preferences and preferred traits takes different routes in different populations of the same bird species},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Qvarnstrom, A. and Blomgren, V. and Wiley, C. and Svedin, N.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, P1, PAIR, population, selection, TRAITS, ornament, mating, PREFERENCES, COLOR PATTERNS, experiment, lande, mate preference, preference, MATES, assortative mating, POPULATIONS, WILD, population divergence, bird, birds, WILD POPULATION, pattern, patterns, speciation, flycatcher, EXPERIENCE, mutation, MUTATIONS, coevolution, imprinting, learning, male competition, badge size, Japanese quail, collared flycatcher, FA, COLOR-PATTERN, IDENTIFICATION, ficedula, Ficedula albicollis, FICEDULA-ALBICOLLIS, novel ornament},
	pages = {543--548}
}

@article{dziminskiSpermCompetitivenessFrogs2009,
	title = {Sperm competitiveness in frogs: slow and steady wins the race.},
	volume = {276},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.1334},
	abstract = {When sperm compete to fertilize available ova, selection is expected to favour ejaculate traits that contribute to a male's fertilization success. While there is much evidence to show that selection favours increased numbers of sperm, only a handful of empirical studies have examined how variation in sperm form and function contributes to competitive fertilization success. Here, we examine selection acting on sperm form and function in the externally fertilizing myobatrachid frog, Crinia georgiana. Using in vitro fertilization techniques and controlling for variation in the number of sperm contributed by males in competitive situations, we show that males with a greater proportion of motile sperm, and motile sperm with slower swimming velocities, have an advantage when competing for fertilizations. Sperm morphology and the degree of genetic similarity between putative sires and the female had no influence on competitive fertilization success. These unusual patterns of selection might explain why frog sperm typically exhibit relatively slow swimming speeds and sustained longevity.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	author = {Dziminski, Martin a and Roberts, J Dale and Beveridge, Maxine and Simmons, Leigh W},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Male, reproduction, Reproduction: physiology, sperm motility, spermatozoa, Spermatozoa: physiology, Anura, Anura: physiology, Ovum, Ovum: physiology, Sperm Motility: physiology},
	pages = {3955--61}
}

@article{whitingMalePreferenceLarge1999,
	title = {Male preference for large females in the lizard,  {Platysaurus} broadleyi},
	volume = {33},
	journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
	author = {Whiting, M. J. and Bateman, P. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {preference, lizard},
	pages = {309--312}
}

@article{reznickIndependentOriginsRapid2002,
	title = {Independent origins and rapid evolution of the placenta in the fish genus  {Poecilipsis}.},
	volume = {298},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Reznick, D. and Mateos, M. and Springer, M. S.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, poeciliid fish, placenta, complex organs, innovation},
	pages = {1018--1020}
}

@article{houdeSexlinkedHeritabilitySexually1992,
	title = {Sex-linked heritability of a sexually selected character in a natural population of  {Poecilia} reticulata  ({Pisces}: {Poeciliidae}) (guppies)},
	volume = {69},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, heritability, call, colour pattern,guppy,heritabilility,Poecilia reticulata,sex-linkage,sexual selection},
	pages = {229--235}
}

@article{basoloFemalePreferencePredates1990,
	title = {Female preference predates the evolution of the sword in swordtail fish},
	volume = {250},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Basolo, A. L.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, female preference, preference, female preference,sexual selection,swordtail fish},
	pages = {808--810}
}

@article{endlerVariationAppearanceGuppy1991,
	title = {Variation in the appearance of guppy color patterns to guppies and their predators under different visual conditions},
	volume = {31},
	journal = {Vision Research},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, variation, call, condition, anti-predator defense,brightness contrast,colour,colour contrast,colour patterns,Crenicichla,colour vision,contrast,crypsis,environmental light,Poecilia,Rivulus,Macrobrachium,sexual selection},
	pages = {587--608}
}

@article{ernandeGeneticPolymorphismTradeoffs2003,
	title = {Genetic polymorphism and trade-offs in the early life-history strategy of the {Pacific} oyster, {Crassostrea} gigas ({Thunberg}, 1795): a quantitative genetic study.},
	volume = {16},
	abstract = {We investigated genetic variability and genetic correlations in early life-history traits of Crassostrea gigas. Larval survival, larval development rate, size at settlement and metamorphosis success were found to be substantially heritable, whereas larval growth rate and juvenile traits were not. We identified a strong positive genetic correlation between larval development rate and size at settlement, and argue that selection could optimize both age and size at settlement. However, trade-offs, resulting in costs of metamorphosing early and large, were suggested by negative genetic correlations or covariances between larval development rate/size at settlement and both metamorphosis success and juvenile survival. Moreover, size advantage at settlement disappeared with time during the juvenile stage. Finally, we observed no genetic correlations between larval and juvenile stages, implying genetic independence of life-history traits between life-stages. We suggest two possible scenarios for the maintenance of genetic polymorphism in the early life-history strategy of C. gigas.},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	author = {Ernande, B and Clobert, J and McCombie, H and Boudry, P},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, Polymorphism, Genetic, Selection, Genetic, Models, Genetic, FERTILITY, France, Body Constitution, Crosses, Genetic, Larva, Larva: growth \& development, Larva: physiology, Metamorphosis, Biological, Metamorphosis, Biological: genetics, Metamorphosis, Biological: physiology, Ostreidae, Ostreidae: genetics, Ostreidae: physiology, Polymorphism, Genetic: genetics},
	pages = {399--414}
}

@article{odonaldPolymorphismMelanicLadybirds1984,
	title = {Polymorphism of melanic ladybirds maintained by frequency dependent sexual selection},
	volume = {23},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Odonald, P. and Majerus, M. E. N.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, polymorphism, frequency dependence, ladybird, rare male effect},
	pages = {101--111}
}

@article{mclennanBenefitsCommunicationComparative1988,
	title = {The benefits of communication between comparative ethology and phylogenetic sytematics: a case study using gasterosteid fishes},
	volume = {66},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {McLennan, D. A. and Brooks, D. R. and McPhail, J. D.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {fishes, call, communication, agonistic,sexual and parental behaviour,gasterosteid fishes},
	pages = {2177--2190}
}

@article{priceSexualSelectionWhen1993,
	title = {Sexual selection when the female directly benefits},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Price, T. D. and Schluter, D. and Heckman, N. E.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, direct benefits},
	pages = {187--211}
}

@article{brommerInteractionsGenotypeSexual2012,
	title = {Interactions between genotype and sexual conflict environment influence transgenerational fitness in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000299547200016},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01449.x},
	abstract = {Theory predicts that sexual conflict can fuel evolutionary change and generate substantial reproductive costs. This was tested here by measuring the fitness of focal individuals across multiple generations using an experimental framework. We manipulated sexual conflict through high versus low exposure of females to males across a four-generation pedigree of Drosophila melanogaster, and assessed fitness in 1062 females and 639 males. We used the animal model to estimate (1) genotype by sexual conflict environment interactions for female fitness and (2) indirect benefits gained through sons and daughters. Some female genotypes achieved higher fitness under low, in comparison to high, conflict and vice versa. We found a consistent 10\% reduction in female fitness under high conflict, regardless of maternal history. Following high exposure, females produced sons with increased, but grandsons with decreased, fitness. This opposing effect suggests no consistent fitness gains through sons for females that mated multiply. We saw no indirect benefits through daughters. Our pedigree was based exclusively on maternal links; however, maternal effects are unlikely to contribute significantly unless expressed across multiple generations. In sum, we quantified a significant sexual conflict load and a female genotype by sexual conflict interaction that could slow the erosion of genetic variation.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Brommer, J. E. and Fricke, C. and Edward, D. A. and Chapman, T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, indirect benefits, mate choice, selection, fitness, genetics, coevolution, GENETIC-VARIATION, Animal model, TESTS, genotype by environment interaction, female resistance, laboratory-model-system, quantitative, antagonistic, harmful male interactions, indirect genetic benefits, likelihood ratio, male-female coevolution, maximum-likelihood, antagonistic   coevolution, genetic-variation, likelihood ratio   tests, quantitative   genetics},
	pages = {517--531}
}

@article{simmonsEvolutionPolyandryExamination2001,
	title = {The evolution of polyandry: an examination of the genetic incompatibility and good-sperm hypotheses},
	volume = {14},
	url = {ISI:000170666900006},
	abstract = {I have examined the adaptive significance of polyandry using the Australian field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. Previous studies of polyandry have examined differences in offspring production by females mated multiply to a single male or females mated multiply to different males. Here I combine this approach with a study of parentage of offspring produced in the later group. Females mated to two different males had a higher proportion of their eggs hatching than did females mating twice with a single male. Offspring fitness parameters were not effected. There was little evidence to suggest that females elevate their hatching success via fertilizing their eggs with sperm from genetically compatible males. Although the average paternity points towards random sperm mixing, there was considerable individual variation in sperm competition success. Patterns of parentage were consistent across females mating twice or four times. Sperm competition success was not related to offspring viability or performance. Thus, the notion that competitively superior sperm produce competitively superior offspring is not supported either. The mechanism underlying increased hatching success with polyandry requires further study},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {female choice, egg, AUSTRALIA, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, offspring, PERFORMANCE, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, BENEFITS, fitness, insect, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, cricket, field, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, Y, polyandry, parasites, MECHANISM, social, genetics, related, pattern, patterns, viability, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, SEXES, PARENTAGE, paternity, FIELD CRICKET, female control, hatching success, INCOMPATIBILITY, TELEOGRYLLUS-COMMODUS, CRICKET GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, MATING FREQUENCY, OFFSPRING FITNESS, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, LITIGIOSA LINYPHIIDAE, Teleogryllus oceanicus},
	pages = {585--594}
}

@article{verrellStabilizingSelectionSexual1988,
	title = {Stabilizing selection, sexual selection and speciation: {A} view of specific-mate recognition systems},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Systematic Zoology},
	author = {Verrell, P. A.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, speciation, specific mate recogntion systems},
	pages = {209--215}
}

@article{marquisIntergenerationalEffectsClimate,
	title = {Intergenerational effects of climate generate cohort variation in reproductive performance in a live-bearing lizard},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Marquis, Olivier and Massot, Manuel},
	pages = {1--27}
}

@article{guilfordAreWarningColors1993,
	title = {Are warning colors handicaps?},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Guilford, T. and Dawkins, M. S.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, handicap, aposematism,conventional signalling theory,frequency-dependence,handicap signalling theory,honesty,mimicry,unpalatable prey,warning colouration},
	pages = {400--416}
}

@incollection{spenceZebrafishModelsNeurobehavioral,
	edition = {52},
	series = {Zebrafish {Ecology} and {Behaviour}},
	title = {Zebrafish {Models} in {Neurobehavioral} {Research}},
	isbn = {0893-2336(PRINT) 978-1-60761-921-5(H)},
	shorttitle = {Zebrafish {Ecology} and {Behaviour}},
	url = {://BCI:BCI201100174449},
	abstract = {The zebrafish is an important model organism in developmental genetics, neurophysiology and biomedicine, but little is known about its natural ecology and behaviour It is a small, shoaling cypimid, native to the flood plains of the Indian subcontinent, where it is found in shallow, slow flowing waters Zebrafish are group spawners and egg scatterers, although females are selective with respect to sites for oviposition and males are territorial around such sites Laboratory studies of zebrafish behaviour have encompassed shoaling, foraging, reproduction, sensory perception and learning This chapter reviews these studies in relation to the suitability of the zebrafish as a model for studies in behavioural ecology},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Neuromethods},
	publisher = {Humana Press Inc, 999 Riverview Dr, Ste 208, Totowa, Nj 07512-1165 USA},
	author = {Spence, Rowena},
	keywords = {Zebrafish, BEHAVIOR, (egg, [Danio rerio, 07002, Behavioral biology - General and comparative behavior, 07003,, 07508, Ecology: environmental, 07514, Ecology: environmental biology - Limnology, Animals, Chordates, Fish,, Behavioral biology - Animal behavior, biology - Animal, female, male)], Freshwater Ecology (Ecology, Environmental Sciences), Indian, Indian Ocean, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Vertebrates, Osteichthyes [85206], Pisces, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, sensory perception, reproduction, spawning, foraging behaviour},
	pages = {1--46}
}

@article{lessellsUnrepeatableRepeatabilitesCommon1987,
	title = {Unrepeatable repeatabilites: a common mistake},
	volume = {104},
	journal = {The Auk},
	author = {Lessells, C. M. and Boag, P. T.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {call, repeatability},
	pages = {116--121}
}

@article{kempSexualSelectionConstrained2002,
	title = {Sexual selection constrained by life history in a butterfly},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kemp, D. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, butterfly, life history},
	pages = {1341--1345}
}

@article{dugatkinHowFemalesChoose1998,
	title = {How females choose their mates},
	volume = {278},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. A. and Godin, J. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {mate selection, call},
	pages = {46--51}
}

@article{izemAnalysisNonlinearModes2007,
	title = {Analysis of nonlinear modes of variation for functional data},
	volume = {1},
	doi = {10.1214/07-EJS080},
	journal = {Electronic Journal of Statistics},
	author = {Izem, Rima and Marron, J.S.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {variation, Analysis of Variance, and phrases, fr, functional data analysis, nonlinear modes of},
	pages = {641--676}
}

@article{jennionsFemalePromiscuityGenetic1997,
	title = {Female promiscuity and genetic incompatibility},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Jennions, M. D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, female promiscuity,good genes,sperm competition},
	pages = {251--253}
}

@book{frankhamPrimerConservationGenetics2004,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {A primer of conservation genetics},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Frankham, R. and Ballou, J. D. and Briscoe, D. A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {CONSERVATION, genetics, CONSERVATION GENETICS}
}

@article{brookesReplyBrookesPomiankowski1994,
	title = {Reply from {M}. {Brookes} and {A}. {Pomiankowski}},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Brookes, M. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, asymmetry,mate choice},
	pages = {440}
}

@article{piperMakingHabitatSelection2011,
	title = {Making habitat selection more "familiar": a review},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:000291654000001},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-011-1195-1},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Piper, W. H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {SUCCESS, Breeding, DISPERSAL, territory, HABITAT SELECTION, settlement, SITE FIDELITY, INFORMATION, BREEDING DISPERSAL, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, ideal free distribution, AREA FIDELITY, COLONIAL LESSER KESTREL, CONSPECIFIC REPRODUCTIVE, Familiarity blindness, IDEAL-FREE DISTRIBUTION, Initial, LIFE-HISTORY CONSEQUENCES, NEST-SITE FIDELITY, Optional resettlement, Private, Private value, Public information, PUBLIC INFORMATION USE, SEX-BIASED, Site familiarity, YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRDS},
	pages = {1329--1351}
}

@article{ilmonenExperimentallyActivatedImmune2000,
	title = {Experimentally activated immune defence in female pied flycatchers results in reduced breeding success},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Ilmonen, P. and Taarna, T. and Hasselquist, D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {life history, parental effort, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, trade-off, immunocompetence, life-history trade-offs, defence, immune system},
	pages = {665--670}
}

@article{verckenRoleColourPolymorphism2008,
	title = {The role of colour polymorphism in social encounters among female common lizards},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {0268-0130},
	url = {://WOS:000267523600006},
	abstract = {Colour variation in females is expected to play a role in intra-specific communication by signalling for traits that are socially relevant. However, in some cases, the information carried by colour signals is not Sufficient and other cues may be used by conspecifics, such as chemosensory cues. In the common lizard, ventral coloration of females can be classified as yellow, orange or mixed. These ventral colours have been shown to predict the outcome of dyad encounters in an experimental context. However,there was no evidence that females really used the colour signal to assess the competitive ability and the social strategy of their opponent. In lacertids, chemical signals are often implicated in intraspecific communication, and could be used by females to acquire information useful for social interactions. We performed dyad encounters in which the ventral colour of the opponent was either visible or not, and Studied the response of the focal female. We found that females used the colour of their opponent as a signal to adjust their own behaviour, but they also seem to be able to use other complementary cues, most probably behavioural cues. Females of different colours also differed in their ability to respond to a novel situation, which Suggests colour-based differences in the plasticity of social behaviour.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Herpetological Journal},
	author = {Vercken, E. and Clobert, J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {223--230}
}

@article{meylanEffectTransdermalCorticosterone2003,
	title = {The effect of transdermal corticosterone application on plasma corticosterone levels in pregnant {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {134},
	issn = {1095-6433},
	url = {://WOS:000181655900002},
	doi = {10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00343-4},
	abstract = {Relationships between hormones and behaviour can be explored by altering endogenous hormone levels, often through implantation of silastic tubing or osmotic pumps filled with a hormone or its agonists or antagonists. However, organisms in sensitive life-history stages (such as pregnancy) may be adversely affected by the surgical procedures associated with these manipulations, necessitating use of non-invasive techniques. We demonstrate that the application of a sesame oil-corticosterone mixture to the skin of pregnant female common lizards (Lacerta vivipara) elevates plasma levels of the hormone. Pregnant female L. vivipara were captured and treated daily for 1-20 days with the sesame oil-corticosterone mixture (experimental group) or with vehicle only (control group). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for corticosterone by radioimmunoassay. Baseline plasma corticosterone levels were elevated within 1 h in the experimental group. Similar levels ( approximate to 145 ng/ml) were found over the subsequent 2 days, and by day 5 had risen significantly higher (approximate to281.9 ng/ml), where they remained for the duration of the experiment. These increases are comparable to those found in other species using related techniques. No significant changes in plasma corticosterone levels occurred in the control group. Finally, corticosterone levels also were determined for untreated females that were captured, held overnight, sampled, and released to access to the natural range of basal corticosterone levels. Basal plasma levels of corticosterone in pregnant females varied among individuals independently of female body size or corpulence. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-Molecular \& Integrative Physiology},
	author = {Meylan, S. and Dufty, A. M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {497--503}
}

@article{defraipontIncreasedPrenatalMaternal2000,
	title = {Increased pre-natal maternal corticosterone promotes philopatry of offspring in common lizards {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000086922900004},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00405.x},
	abstract = {1. There is growing evidence that dispersal is highly phenotypically plastic, i.e. that dispersal is condition-dependent. In the common lizard, dispersal has even been shown to be influenced by the maternal environment during pregnancy. Juveniles in good condition or issued from mothers in good condition disperse earlier or in higher numbers. 2. We hypothesized that plasma corticosterone was the proximate mechanism by which condition and dispersal are linked, and tested this by manipulating the level of circulating corticosterone in pregnant females of the common lizard. 3. After parturition, we measured juvenile attractiveness towards the mother and juvenile dispersal of corticosterone (B) and placebo (P) implanted females. 4. Offspring of B females did disperse in lower number than those of P females. B offspring were also more attracted by the mother's odour than P offspring. 5. In quite a few cases, the behavioural response of juveniles was dependent on the interaction between the hormonal treatment and the mother snout-vent length or condition (body weight corrected for snout-vent length). 6. Corticosterone constitutes therefore one of the proximate mechanisms involved in the prenatal control of juvenile dispersal in this species. Along with other results, it is proposed that prenatal control of dispersal has evolved in order to avoid competition between mothers and their offspring.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {De Fraipont, M. and Clobert, J. and John, H. and Alder, S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {404--413}
}

@article{starinPatternsInbreedingAvoidance2001,
	title = {Patterns of inbreeding avoidance in {Temminck}'s red colobus},
	volume = {138},
	url = {ISI:000169340600003},
	abstract = {Amongst Temminck's red colobus living in the Abuko Nature Reserve, The Gambia, the mechanism for avoiding close inbreeding may depend on the form of inbreeding. Mother-son inbreeding may be avoided through learned behaviour and possibly secondary transfer by the mother. Father-daughter inbreeding may be limited due to transfer and demographic patterns but also aggression directed at the male from the mountee's mother. Maternal brother-sister inbreeding may be avoided through female transfer patterns. Presummed paternal brother-sister inbreeding is infrequent but does occur and is not discouraged or avoided},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Starin, E. D.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, genes, ANIMALS, Y, form, human, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, PRIMATES, social, wolf, WOLVES, AVOIDANCE, philopatry, FAMILIARITY, coevolution, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, AGGRESSION, BABOONS, attraction, MACAQUES, INCEST AVOIDANCE, Westermarck, Procolobus, red colobus, transfer behaviour},
	pages = {453--465}
}

@article{bhatBenefitsFamiliarityPersist2006,
	title = {Benefits of familiarity persist after prolonged isolation in guppies},
	volume = {68},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00963.x},
	abstract = {The persistence of familiarity in the Trinidadian guppy Poecilia reticulata, reunited after prolonged periods of separation, was studied and benefits of this association were tested. Choice experiments following 5 weeks of isolation confirmed that the fish continued to prefer familiar group mates. Furthermore, guppies emerged more rapidly from a shelter in the presence of a familiar individual from which they had been isolated, as opposed to a completely unfamiliar individual. This experiment indicated that the benefits associated with the exploration of new surroundings in the presence of familiar fish were not transitory, and could persist over time periods that allow for shoal mixing and re-assembly, or movement out of the home range},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Bhat, A. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, association, fish, guppies, guppy, MATE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, BENEFITS, experiment, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, MATES, HOME-RANGE, FAMILIARITY, movement, PERSISTENCE, shoal, HOME RANGE},
	pages = {759--766}
}

@article{polakowStabilizingDirectionalSelection1995,
	title = {Stabilizing or directional selection in signalling systems: {Investigations} in a population of painted reed frogs,  {Hyperolius} marmoratus},
	volume = {91},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	author = {Polakow, D. A. and Backwell, P. R. Y. and Caithness, N. and Jennions, M. D.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {population, selection, call, signalling, frog, Hyperolius marmoratus, directional selection,female preference,frog,Hyperolius marmoratus,sexual selection,signalling,stabilizing selection},
	pages = {270--273}
}

@article{kirkpatrickSexualSelectionEvolutionary1994,
	title = {Sexual selection and the evolutionary effects of copying mate choice},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M. and Dugatkin, L. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, mate choice, selection, call, copying, copying,mate choice,sexual selection,social learning},
	pages = {443--449}
}

@article{sinervoSocialCausesCorrelational2001,
	title = {Social causes of correlational selection and the resolution of a heritable throat color polymorphism in a lizard.},
	volume = {55},
	abstract = {When selection acts on social or behavioral traits, the fitness of an individual depends on the phenotypes of its competitors. Here, we describe methods and statistical inference for measuring natural selection in small social groups. We measured selection on throat color alleles that arises from microgeographic variation in allele frequency at natal sites of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana). Previous game-theoretic analysis indicates that two color morphs of female side-blotched lizards are engaged in an offspring quantity-quality game that promotes a density- and frequency-dependent cycle. Orange-throated females are r-strategists. They lay large clutches of small progeny, which have poor survival at high density, but good survival at low density. In contrast, yellow-throated females are K-strategists. They lay small clutches of large progeny, which have good survival at high density. We tested three predictions of the female game: (1) orange progeny should have a fitness advantage at low density; (2) correlational selection acts to couple color alleles and progeny size; and (3) this correlational selection arises from frequency-dependent selection in which large hatchling size confers an advantage, but only when yellow alleles are rare. We also confirmed the heritability of color, and therefore its genetic basis, by producing progeny from controlled matings. A parsimonious cause of the high heritability is that three alleles (o, b, y) segregate as one genetic factor. We review the physiology of color formation to explain the possible genetic architecture of the throat color trait. Heritability of color was nearly additive in our breeding study, allowing us to compute a genotypic value for each individual and thus predict the frequency of progeny alleles released on 116 plots. Rather than study the fitness of individual progeny, we studied how the fitness of their color alleles varied with allele frequency on plots. We confirmed prediction 1: When orange alleles are present in female progeny, they have higher fitness at low density when compared to other alleles. Even though the difference in egg size of the female morphs was small (0.02 g), it led to knife-edged survival effects for their progeny depending on local social context. Selection on hatchling survival was not only dependent on color alleles, but on a fitness interaction between color alleles and hatchling size, which confirmed prediction 2. Sire effects, which are not confounded by maternal phenotype, allowed us to resolve the frequency dependence of correlational selection on egg size and color alleles and thereby confirmed prediction 3. Selection favored large size when yellow sire alleles were rare, but small size when they were common. Correlational selection promotes the formation of a self-reinforcing genetic correlation between the morphs and life-history variation, which causes selection in the next density and frequency cycle to be exacerbated. We discuss general conditions for the evolution of self-reinforcing genetic correlations that arise from social selection associated with frequency-dependent sexual and natural selection.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {Sinervo, B and Bleay, C and Adamopoulou, C},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Breeding, LIZARDS, Lizards: genetics, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Selection, Genetic, Skin Pigmentation, Skin Pigmentation: genetics, phenotype, PROBABILITY, alleles, Ovum, Ovum: physiology, Crosses, Genetic},
	pages = {2040--52}
}

@article{vamosiWhenLooksCan2002,
	title = {When looks can kill: the evolution of sexually dimorphic floral display and the extinction of dioecious plants},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Vamosi, J. C. and Otto, S. P.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, display, extinction, sexual dimorphism, dioecy},
	pages = {1187--1194}
}

@article{janzenEnvironmentalSexDetermination1991,
	title = {Environmental sex determination in reptiles: ecology, evolution, and experimental design},
	volume = {66},
	journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {Janzen, F. J. and Paukstis, G. L.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, reptiles, sex determination, TSD, environmental sex determination, temperature-dependent sex determination, ESD, genotypic sex determination, GSD},
	pages = {149--179}
}

@article{agataPermanentGeneticResources2011,
	title = {Permanent {Genetic} {Resources} added to {Molecular} {Ecology} {Resources} {Database} 1 {December} 2010-31 {January} 2011},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1755-098X},
	url = {://WOS:000289465500020},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03004.x},
	abstract = {This article documents the addition of 238 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alytes dickhilleni, Arapaima gigas, Austropotamobius italicus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Cobitis lutheri, Dendroctonus ponderosae, Glossina morsitans morsitans, Haplophilus subterraneus, Kirengeshoma palmata, Lysimachia japonica, Macrolophus pygmaeus, Microtus cabrerae, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Pallisentis (Neosentis) celatus, Pulmonaria officinalis, Salminus franciscanus, Thais chocolata and Zootoca vivipara. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Acanthina monodon, Alytes cisternasii, Alytes maurus, Alytes muletensis, Alytes obstetricans almogavarii, Alytes obstetricans boscai, Alytes obstetricans obstetricans, Alytes obstetricans pertinax, Cambarellus montezumae, Cambarellus zempoalensis, Chorus giganteus, Cobitis tetralineata, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, Glossina pallidipes, Lysimachia japonica var. japonica, Lysimachia japonica var. minutissima, Orconectes virilis, Pacifastacus leniusculus, Procambarus clarkii, Salminus brasiliensis and Salminus hilarii.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	author = {Agata, K. and Alasaad, S. and Almeida-Val, V. M. F. and Alvarez-Dios, J. A. and Barbisan, F. and Beadell, J. S. and Beltran, J. F. and Benitez, M. and Bino, G. and Bleay, C. and Bloor, P. and Bohlmann, J. and Booth, W. and Boscari, E. and Caccone, A. and Campos, T. and Carvalho, B. M. and Climaco, G. T. and Clobert, J. and Congiu, L. and Cowger, C. and Dias, G. and Doadrio, I. and Farias, I. P. and Ferrand, N. and Freitas, P. D. and Fusco, G. and Galetti, P. M. and Gallardo-Escarate, C. and Gaunt, M. W. and Ocampo, Z. G. and Goncalves, H. and Gonzalez, E. G. and Haye, P. and Honnay, O. and Hyseni, C. and Jacquemyn, H. and Jowers, M. J. and Kakezawa, A. and Kawaguchi, E. and Keeling, C. I. and Kwan, Y. S. and La Spina, M. and Lee, W. O. and Lesniewska, M. and Li, Y. and Liu, H. X. and Liu, X. L. and Lopes, S. and Martinez, P. and Meeus, S. and Murray, B. W. and Nunes, A. G. and Okedi, L. M. and Ouma, J. O. and Pardo, B. G. and Parks, R. and Paula-Silva, M. N. and Pedraza-Lara, C. and Perera, O. P. and Pino-Querido, A. and Richard, M. and Rossini, B. C. and Samarasekera, N. G. and Sanchez, A. and Sanchez, J. A. and Santos, C. H. D. and Shinohara, W. and Soriguer, R. C. and Sousa, A. C. B. and Sousa, C. F. D. and Stevens, V. M. and Tejedo, M. and Valenzuela-Bustamante, M. and Van de Vliet, M. S. and Vandepitte, K. and Vera, M. and Wandeler, P. and Wang, W. M. and Won, Y. J. and Yamashiro, A. and Yamashiro, T. and Zhu, C. C.},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {586--589}
}

@article{birkheadIntelligentSpermConcise1989,
	title = {The intelligent sperm - a concise review of sperm competition},
	volume = {218},
	issn = {0952-8369},
	url = {://A1989AF93900017},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {347--351}
}

@article{hueyIntegratingThermalPhysiology2010,
	title = {Integrating {Thermal} {Physiology} and {Ecology} of {Ectotherms} : {A} {Discussion} of {Approaches} {Author} ( s ): {Raymond} {B} . {Huey} and {R} . {D} . {Stevenson} {Published} by : {Oxford} {University} {Press} {Stable} {URL} : http://www.jstor.org/stable/3882442 {Your} use of the {JSTOR} archiv},
	volume = {19},
	author = {Huey, B and Stevenson, R D},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {357--366}
}

@article{buchholzOlderMalesHave1991,
	title = {Older males have bigger knobs:correlates of ornamentation in two species of curassow},
	volume = {108},
	journal = {The Auk},
	author = {Buchholz, R.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {ornamentation, ABVI, age},
	pages = {153--160}
}

@article{reuschFemaleSticklebacksCount2001,
	title = {Female sticklebacks count alleles in a strategy of sexual selection explaining {MHC} polymorphism},
	volume = {414},
	url = {ISI:000172150700041},
	abstract = {The origin and maintenance of polymorphism in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in natural populations is still unresolved(1). Sexual selection, frequency-dependent selection by parasites and pathogens, and heterozygote advantage have been suggested to explain the maintenance of high allele diversity at MHC genes(2-4). Here we argue that there are two (non-exclusive) strategies for MHC-related sexual selection, representing solutions to two different problems: inbreeding avoidance and parasite resistance. In species prone to inadvertent inbreeding, partners should prefer dissimilar MHC genotypes to similar ones. But if the goal is to maximize the resistance of offspring towards potential infections, the choosing sex should prefer mates with a higher diversity of MHC alleles. This latter strategy should apply when there are several MHC loci, as is the case in most vertebrates(2,5). We tested the relative importance of an 'allele counting' strategy compared to a disassortative mating strategy using wild-caught three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from an interconnected system of lakes. Here we show that gravid female fish preferred the odour of males with a large number of MHC class-IIB alleles to that of males with fewer alleles. Females did not prefer male genotypes dissimilar to their own},
	number = {6861},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Reusch, T. B. H. and Haberli, M. A. and Aeschlimann, P. B. and Milinski, M.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, sex, stickleback, sticklebacks, MAINTENANCE, mating, Darwin, mating preferences, parasites, allele, Humans, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, polymorphism, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, NATURAL-POPULATION, choosing, MHC, heterozygote advantage, pathogen, Gasterosteus aculeatus, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, DIVERSITY, alleles, RESISTANCE, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, MHC POLYMORPHISM, odor, three-spined sticklebacks, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, MOLECULES, ACULEATUS, MHC-GENOTYPE, three-spined stickleback},
	pages = {300--302}
}

@book{russellWisdomBertrandRussell1968,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The {Wisdom} of {Bertrand} {Russell}},
	publisher = {Kensington Publishing Corp.},
	author = {Russell, B. and Philosophical, Library},
	year = {1968}
}

@article{bartonEvolutionaryQuantitativeGenetics1989,
	title = {Evolutionary quantitative genetics: {How} little do we know?},
	volume = {23},
	journal = {Annual Review of Genetics},
	author = {Barton, N. H. and Turelli, M.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {selection, quantitative genetics, genetics, patterns of variation},
	pages = {337--70}
}

@article{garlandHeritabilityLocomotorPerformance1990,
	title = {Heritability of locomotor performance and its correlates in a natural population},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1420-682X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954257},
	doi = {10.1007/bf01954257},
	abstract = {Summary Locomotor capacities and their physiological bases are thought to be of considerable selective importance in natural populations. Within this functional complex, organismal performance traits (e.g., speed, stamina) are expected to be of more direct selective importance than their suborganismal determinants (e.g., heart size). Quantitative genetics theory predicts that traits of greater selective importance should generally have lower heritabilities at equilibrium. Contrary to these expectations, we report that organismal performance traits had the highest heritabilities in a natural population of garter snakes.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences},
	author = {Garland, T. and Bennett, A. F. and Daniels, C. B.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Biomedical and Life Sciences},
	pages = {530--533}
}

@article{ortegoEggProductionIndividual2007,
	title = {Egg production and individual genetic diversity in lesser kestrels},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://000247175900016},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Ortego, J. and Calabuig, G. and Cordero, P. J. and Aparicio, J. M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {reproductive success, clutch size, natal dispersal, heterozygosity, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, GREAT REED WARBLERS, parus-major, parental relatedness, genetic, heterozygosity-fitness correlations, Falco naumanni, ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA, egg production, egg size, TIT, variability maintenance},
	pages = {2383--2392}
}

@article{zehEvolutionPolyandryIntragenomic1996,
	title = {The evolution of polyandry {I}: {Intragenomic} conflict and genetic incompatibility},
	volume = {263},
	url = {ISI:A1996WD19600014},
	abstract = {Why do females across a wide range of taxa mate with more than one male? We suggest that a better understanding of polyandry may be gained by considering the implications of intragenomic conflict for female reproductive success. Here, we revisit the literature on cellular endosymbionts, transposable elements, segregation distorters, maternal-effect lethals and genomically imprinted genes to show that each of these selfish genetic elements can modify maternal and paternal haplotypes in ways that render them incompatible within the developing embryo. We propose that the cumulative threat to female reproductive success of genetic incompatibility arising from intragenomic conflict may be an important force driving the evolution of polyandry. By mating with more than one male, females can potentially exploit post-copulatory mechanisms for minimizing the risk and/or cost of fertilization by genetically incompatible sperm. This hypothesis differs fundamentally from other genetic benefit models of polyandry in that the fitness consequences of intragenomic conflict depend on an interaction between parental genomes and are thus non-additive. Reciprocal evolutionary change between selfish genetic elements and their suppressors, combined with the capacity of these elements for horizontal transfer between species, is likely to ensure the persistence of genetic incompatibility as a threat to female reproductive success},
	number = {1377},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Zeh, J. A. and Zeh, D. W.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, i, MATE, sperm, FERTILIZATION, fitness, model, MODELS, CONSEQUENCES, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, polyandry, transfer, cost, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, conflict, risk, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, meiotic drive, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, SELFISH, genome, PERSISTENCE, intragenomic conflict, segregation distorter, STERILITY, INCOMPATIBILITY, MATING FREQUENCY, SEX-RATIO, MULTIPLE MALES, FITNESS CONSEQUENCES, EFFECT SELFISH GENES, HYBRID DYSGENESIS, TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS},
	pages = {1711--1717}
}

@article{forsmanItHotIntrapopulation2001,
	title = {Some like it hot : intra-population variation in behavioral thermoregulation in color-polymorphic pygmy grasshoppers},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Forsman, Anders},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, Orthoptera, BODY TEMPERATURE, animal coloration, ectotherm, morphism, poly-, tetrix subulata, THERMOREGULATION},
	pages = {25--38}
}

@article{savageMaleAttractivenessPositively2003,
	title = {Male attractiveness is positively associated with fighting ability but not confidence in the house cricket  {Achaeta} domesticus.},
	journal = {submitted MS},
	author = {Savage, K. E. and Hunt, J. and Jennions, M. D. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, male attractiveness, cricket, confidence, fighting, Aggressive interactions, loser effect}
}

@article{wyckoffRapidEvolutionMale2000,
	title = {Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man},
	volume = {403},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Wyckoff, G. J. and Wang, W. and Wu, C. I.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, genes, DNA sequences},
	pages = {304--309}
}

@article{rosenqvistPriorExposureMale1997,
	title = {Prior exposure to male phenotypes influences mate choice in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {8},
	url = {ISI:A1997WT17300013},
	abstract = {This study examined the effect of experience on the pattern of mate choice in female guppies. Females from some natural populations are known to discriminate among males on the basis of the relative area of orange in the color pattern. We exposed maturing Female guppies to groups of males that differed in phenotypic distribution of orange coloration (high orange, low orange, and mixed) and tested their subsequent mating preferences. Females that had bren exposed to high-orange or low-orange male groups showed no discrimination in choice tests, but females exposed re:, mixed male groups favored high-orange males over low-orange males. These results demonstrate that mating preferences of females can be modified depending on prior experience. Females may he able to adjust their pattern of mate choice depending on the degree to which choice cuts permit effective discrimination among males. This potential for short-term modification of mate choice patterns could affect the evolutionary outcome of sexual selection},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Rosenqvist, G. and Houde, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, MALE PHENOTYPE, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, orange, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, PREFERENCES, COLOR PATTERNS, female preference, mating preferences, preference, phenotype, mating preference, POPULATIONS, MALE PREDATION RISK, NATURAL-POPULATION, discrimination, pattern, patterns, EXPERIENCE, mating success, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, dominance, COLORATION, phenotypes, TESTS, EVOLUTIONARY, REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR, COLOR-PATTERN, TRINIDAD GUPPY, early experience, male phenotypes},
	pages = {194--198}
}

@article{kraakFluctuatingDirectionalSymmetry1997,
	title = {Fluctuating around directional symmetry},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Kraak, S. B. M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, symmetry, directional asymmetry,fluctuating asymmetry,selection},
	pages = {230}
}

@article{eberhardEvolutionaryConflictsInterest2005,
	title = {Evolutionary conflicts of interest: {Are} female sexual decisions different?},
	volume = {165},
	url = {ISI:000228094600003},
	abstract = {Analyses of reproductive conflicts of interests have yielded important evolutionary insights in many areas of biology. The usefulness of conflict analyses of traits that have been traditionally interpreted as resulting from female choice is controversial, however. This article explores a possible explanation for why conflicts of interest may be ameliorated in female choice situations. In contrast to most other evolutionary contexts in which conflicts of interest are thought to have been important, sexual reproduction usually involves an extensive, irretrievable mixing of the genomes of the participants. Under certain combinations of costs and benefits to females, the genes in the female's genome can benefit, through increased reproduction of her offspring, from the very genes that produce sexually antagonistic traits in the male. In short, females can sometimes gain by "losing." Such Fisherian payoffs are also possible, though probably less important, for males. Gaining by losing is not feasible in most other contexts of evolutionary conflict, except under some conditions in parent-offspring conflict. Some apparent parent-offspring conflicts may instead be parental choice among offspring that is analogous to traditional female choice. Parent-offspring conflict may be relatively common, however, because offspring manipulation of their parents is likely to be damaging to the parents},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Eberhard, W. G.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, competition, female, FEMALES, genes, MALES, mate choice, offspring, selection, TRAITS, BENEFITS, BIOLOGY, reproduction, condition, cost, costs, conflict, COMMON, coevolution, genome, ADAPTATIONS, RESISTANCE, PERSPECTIVE, context, sexually antagonistic, INSIGHTS, sexual reproduction, Costa Rica, GENETIC CONFLICTS, PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT, female choice,sexually antagonistic coevolution,male-female conflict,parent-offspring conflict, SEPSIDAE},
	pages = {S19--S25}
}

@article{parkerSpermCompetitionGames1996,
	title = {Sperm competition games: individual assessment of sperm competition intensity by group spawners},
	volume = {263},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Parker, G. A. and Ball, M. A. and Stockley, P. and Gage, M. J. G.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {SPERM COMPETITION, theory, ejaculate, ejaculate expenditure, ejaculate size},
	pages = {1291--1297}
}

@article{pottsRoleInfectiousdiseaseInbreeding1994,
	title = {The role of infectious-disease, inbreeding and mating preferences in maintaining {MHC} genetic diversity - an experimental test},
	volume = {346},
	url = {ISI:A1994PW43600016},
	abstract = {In house mice, and probably most mammals, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products influence both immune recognition and individual odours in an allele-specific fashion. Although it is generally assumed that some form of pathogen-driven balancing selection is responsible for the unprecedented genetic diversity of MHC genes, the MHC-based mating preferences observed in house mice are sufficient to account for the genetic diversity of MHC genes found in this and other vertebrates. These MHC disassortative mating preferences are completely consistent with the conventional view that pathogen-driven MHC heterozygote advantage operates on MHC genes. This is because such matings preferentially produce MHC-heterozygours progeny, which could enjoy enhanced disease resistance. However, such matings could also function to avoid genome-wide inbreeding. To discriminate between these two hypotheses we measured the fitness consequences of both experimentally manipulated levels of inbreeding and MHC homozygosity and heterozygosity in semi-natural populations of wild-derived house mice. We were able to measure a fitness decline associated with inbreeding, but were unable to detect fitness declines associated with MHC homozygosity. These data suggest that inbreeding avoidance may be the most important function of MHC-based mating preferences and therefore the fundamental selective force diversifying MHC genes in species with such mating patterns. Although controversial, this conclusion is consistent with the majority of the data from the inbreeding and immunological literature},
	number = {1317},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Potts, W. K. and Manning, C. J. and Wakeland, E. K.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {evolution, genes, population, selection, sex, fitness, signals, CONSEQUENCES, mating, PREFERENCES, mating preferences, preference, form, heterozygosity, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, AVOIDANCE, genetics, MHC, patterns, heterozygote advantage, HLA, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, HOUSE MICE, MICE, RESISTANCE, immunogenetics, mating patterns, VERTEBRATES, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, MOUSE STRAINS, BALANCING SELECTION, CLASS-I, VIRUS, DEFICIENT MICE, MHC GENETIC DIVERSITY, PEPTIDE ANTIGENS, RESTRICTED T-CELLS},
	pages = {369--378}
}

@article{mollerFluctuatingAsymmetryMale1990,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry in male sexual ornaments may reliably reveal male quality},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {sexual selection, quality, male sexual ornaments, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, swallow, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {1185--1187}
}

@article{casaliniMaleDominanceFemale2009,
	title = {Male dominance, female mate choice, and intersexual conflict in the rose bitterling ({Rhodeus} ocellatus)},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://000263254000006},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00555.x},
	abstract = {An intersexual conflict arises when males and females differ in their reproductive interests. Although experimental studies have shown that females often mate with dominant males, it may not always be in the interest of a female to do so. Here we investigated the impact of male dominance on female mate choice and offspring growth and survival in the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus), a freshwater fish with a resource-based mating system. Three experimental mating trials were conducted using males of known dominance rank, but with different levels of constraint on male behavior. Thus, females were able to choose among; (1) males that were isolated from each other; (2) males that could see and smell each other, but could not directly interact; (3) males that could interact fully. Using a combination of behavioral observation and parentage analyses it was shown that female preferences did not correspond with male dominance and that male aggression and dominance constrained female mate choice, resulting in a potential intersexual conflict. The survival of offspring to independence was significantly correlated with female mate preferences, but not with male dominance. A lack of strong congruence in female preference for males suggested a role for parental haplotype compatibility in mate choice.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Casalini, M. and Agbali, M. and Reichard, M. and Konecna, M. and Bryjova, A. and Smith, C.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, competition, good genes, mate choice, sperm, male-male competition, MHC, female mating preference, DANIO-RERIO, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, olfactory cues, Rhodeus ocellatus, SERICEUS, SPAWNING DECISIONS, brown trout, REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY},
	pages = {366--376}
}

@article{kolbeGeneticVariationIncreases2004,
	title = {Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by a {Cuban} lizard.},
	volume = {431},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kolbe, J.J. and Glor, R.E. and Schettino, L.R. and Lara, A.C. and Larson, A. and Losos, J.B.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {variation, lizard, genetic variation, hybridization},
	pages = {177--181}
}

@article{yuEffectKinshipSocial2004,
	title = {Effect of kinship on social behaviors in {Brandt}'s voles ({Microtus} brandti)},
	volume = {22},
	url = {ISI:000188385800004},
	abstract = {The roles of kinship in agonistic behavior and mate choice were evaluated in Brandt's voles (Microtus brandti). In chambers bedded with familiar or unfamiliar substrates, the aggressive behavior and social investigation towards adult unfamiliar same-sex siblings and non-siblings were examined, and no significant kin bias was found. Males sniffed and followed unfamiliar unrelated females significantly more than unfamiliar sibling sisters, but males did not show significant preferences in copulatory behavior and agonistic behavior. Females spent significantly more time copulating with unfamiliar unrelated males than with their unfamiliar sibling brothers, while they did not show a significant preference in social investigation between them. Our study shows that kinship might play a role in the inbreeding avoidance based on preweaning familiarity or/and phenotype matching, but the role of kinship in agonistic behavior remains unclear},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Ethology},
	author = {Yu, X. D. and Sun, R. Y. and Fang, J. M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, i, mate choice, preference, phenotype, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, RODENT, social, X, AVOIDANCE, kinship, FAMILIARITY, KIN RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, HOUSE MICE, MUS-MUSCULUS, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, MEADOW VOLES, voles, agonistic behavior, Brandt's vole, Microtus brandti},
	pages = {17--22}
}

@article{carrellEpigeneticsMaleGamete2012,
	title = {Epigenetics of the male gamete},
	volume = {97},
	issn = {0015-0282},
	url = {://WOS:000299961800007},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.12.036},
	abstract = {Objective: To review and summarize the current understanding of the epigenetic status of human sperm in regards to protamination, specific localization and modifications of retained histones, and DNA methylation. Design: Review of the relevant literature. Setting: University-based clinical and research laboratories. Patient(s): Fertile and infertile men. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Critical review of the literature. Result(s): Sperm from normospermic, fertile men have epigenetic modifications consistent with gene "poising'' at the promoters of genes involved in development, including the localization of retained histones with bivalent histone modifications and hypomethylation of DNA. These epigenetic marks are altered in some patients with abnormal spermatogenesis, and in some men who exhibit unexplained, altered embryogenesis during IVF therapy. Conclusion(s): The sperm epigenome implies a poising of the paternal genome for embryogenesis and a possible role in the establishment of totipotency of the embryo and may help in understanding some causes of reduced fertility and transmission of disease risk. (Fertil Steril (R) 2012;97:267-74. (C)2012 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.)},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Fertility and Sterility},
	author = {Carrell, D. T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {epigenetics, mouse, methylation, male-infertility, spermatogenesis, mammalian development, protamines, embryonic-development, assisted reproductive technology, embryogenesis, aberrant dna methylation, cpg islands, histones, human sperm, imprinting disorders, precursors, protamine 2, transcription},
	pages = {267--274}
}

@article{faconExperimentalEvidenceInbreeding2006,
	title = {Experimental evidence of inbreeding avoidance in the hermaphroditic snail {Physa} acuta},
	volume = {20},
	url = {CCC:000239165200001},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression should select for inbreeding avoidance behaviours. Here we test this hypothesis in two populations of the simultaneous hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta. We recorded the copulatory behaviour of 288 pairs of sib-mates, non-kin mates from the same population, or non-kin mates from two different populations. We find that kin discriminatory behaviours exist in this species, exclusively expressed by individuals playing the female role. We discuss the relevance of our finding in the context of the evolution of recognition systems and the consequences of such a behaviour in natural populations},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Facon, B. and Ravigne, V. and Goudet, J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, HYPOTHESIS, MATE, PAIR, population, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, MATES, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, kin, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, RECOGNITION, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, inbreeding-avoidance, context, copulatory behaviour, evolution of recognition},
	pages = {395--406}
}

@article{bondurianskyNongeneticInheritanceIts2009,
	title = {Nongenetic inheritance and its evolutionary implications},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics},
	author = {Bonduriansky, R and Day, T},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {103--125},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7170/Bonduriansky and Day - 2009 - Nongenetic Inheritance and Its Evolutionary Implic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{swindellReducedInbreedingDepression2006,
	title = {Reduced inbreeding depression due to historical inbreeding in {Drosophila} melanogaster: evidence for purging},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01074.x},
	abstract = {Abstract An important issue in conservation biology and the study of evolution is the extent to which inbreeding depression can be reduced or reversed by natural selection. If the deleterious recessive alleles causing inbreeding depression can be 'purged' by natural selection, outbred populations that have a history of inbreeding are expected to be less susceptible to inbreeding depression. This expectation, however, has not been realized in previous laboratory experiments. In the present study, we used Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to test for an association between inbreeding history and inbreeding depression. We created six 'purged' populations from experimental lineages that had been maintained at a population size of 10 male-female pairs for 19 generations. We then measured the inbreeding depression that resulted from one generation of full-sib mating in the purged populations and in the original base population. The magnitude of inbreeding depression in the purged populations was approximately one-third of that observed in the original base population. In contrast to previous laboratory experiments, therefore, we found that inbreeding depression was reduced in populations that have a history of inbreeding. The large purging effects observed in this study may be attributable to the rate of historical inbreeding examined, which was slower than that considered in previous experiments},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Swindell, W. R. and Bouzat, J. L.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Drosophila, association, evolution, PAIR, population, selection, model, size, FULL-SIB, mating, BIOLOGY, experiment, HISTORIES, HISTORY, natural selection, allele, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, GENERATIONS, purging, SYSTEM, alleles, conservation biology, LINEAGE},
	pages = {1257--1264}
}

@article{palstraEstablishingZebrafishNovel2010,
	title = {Establishing {Zebrafish} as a {Novel} {Exercise} {Model}: {Swimming} {Economy}, {Swimming}-{Enhanced} {Growth} and {Muscle} {Growth} {Marker} {Gene} {Expression}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {://WOS:000285838900012},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0014483},
	abstract = {Background: Zebrafish has been largely accepted as a vertebrate multidisciplinary model but its usefulness as a model for exercise physiology has been hampered by the scarce knowledge on its swimming economy, optimal swimming speeds and cost of transport. Therefore, we have performed individual and group-wise swimming experiments to quantify swimming economy and to demonstrate the exercise effects on growth in adult zebrafish. Methodology/Principal Findings: Individual zebrafish (n = 10) were able to swim at a critical swimming speed (U(crit)) of 0.548+/-0.007 m s(-1) or 18.0 standard body lengths (BL) s(-1). The optimal swimming speed (U(opt)) at which energetic efficiency is highest was 0.396+/-0.019 m s(-1) (13.0 BL s(-1)) corresponding to 72.26+/-0.29\% of U(crit). The cost of transport at optimal swimming speed (COT(opt)) was 25.23+/-4.03 mu mol g(-1) m(-1). A group-wise experiment was conducted with zebrafish (n = 83) swimming at U(opt) for 6 h day(-1) for 5 days week(-1) for 4 weeks vs. zebrafish (n = 84) that rested during this period. Swimming zebrafish increased their total body length by 5.6\% and body weight by 41.1\% as compared to resting fish. For the first time, a highly significant exercise-induced growth is demonstrated in adult zebrafish. Expression analysis of a set of muscle growth marker genes revealed clear regulatory roles in relation to swimming-enhanced growth for genes such as growth hormone receptor b (ghrb), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor a (igf1ra), troponin C (stnnc), slow myosin heavy chain 1 (smyhc1), troponin I2 (tnni2), myosin heavy polypeptide 2 (myhz2) and myostatin (mstnb). Conclusions/Significance: From the results of our study we can conclude that zebrafish can be used as an exercise model for enhanced growth, with implications in basic, biomedical and applied sciences, such as aquaculture.},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Palstra, A. P. and Tudorache, C. and Rovira, M. and Brittijn, S. A. and Burgerhout, E. and van den Thillart, Geejm and Spaink, H. P. and Planas, J. V.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {BRACHYDANIO-RERIO, SYSTEM, DANIO-RERIO, INFECTION, ATLANTIC SALMON, ADULT, HUMAN-DISEASE, MYOTOMAL MUSCLE, SKELETAL-MUSCLE, TELEOST FISH},
	pages = {9}
}

@article{bayleyExposureJuvenileGuppies2002,
	title = {Exposure of juvenile guppies to three antiandrogens causes demasculinization and a reduced sperm count in adult males},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Aquatic Toxicology},
	author = {Bayley, M. and Junge, M. and Baatrup, E.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, sperm},
	pages = {227--239}
}

@article{sarrazinHIGHSURVIVALESTIMATES1994,
	title = {{HIGH} {SURVIVAL} {ESTIMATES} {OF} {GRIFFON}-{VULTURES} ({GYPS}-{FULVUS}-{FULVUS}) {IN} {A} {REINTRODUCED} {POPULATION}},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0004-8038},
	url = {://WOS:A1994RX85600007},
	abstract = {Little is known of the life history of vultures. The reintroduction program of Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus fulvus) in the Causses (south of the Massif Central, France) and extensive monitoring by capture-mark-resighting of the released birds allowed us to obtain the first estimates of their survival. Adult survival rates are high ((x) over bar = 0.987 +/- SE of 0.006). A release effect on adult survival was detected (only 0.743 +/- 0.006 survival during the first year after release). Young born in the wild (less than three years old) had an annual survival rate of 0.858 +/- 0.039. Mortality causes and erratic behavior of immature birds are considered in order to assess the effectiveness of this reintroduction program. Our results indicate that reintroductions of vultures and similar species should use adults that have bred in captivity within the target area rather than juveniles or immatures.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Auk},
	author = {Sarrazin, F. and Bagnolini, C. and Pinna, J. L. and Danchin, E. and Clobert, J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {853--862}
}

@book{frankhamIntroductionConservationGenetics2002,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Introduction to {Conservation} {Genetics}},
	publisher = {University Press},
	author = {Frankham, R. and Ballou, J. D. and Briscoe, D. A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {CONSERVATION, genetics, CONSERVATION GENETICS}
}

@article{simmonsFemaleChoiceField1986,
	title = {Female {Choice} in the field cricket  {Gryllus} bimaculatus  ({De} {Geer})},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, cricket, field, Gryllus bimaculatus},
	pages = {1463--1470}
}

@article{hueyEvolutionResistanceHigh2010,
	title = {Evolution of {Resistance} to {High} {Temperature} in {Ectotherms}},
	volume = {142},
	journal = {Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress},
	author = {Huey, Raymond B and Kingsolver, Joel G},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{brooksSinisterStrategiesSucceed2003,
	title = {Sinister strategies succeed at the 2003 cricket {World} {Cup}},
	volume = {Published online 15.10.03},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B.(supplement) Biology Letters.},
	author = {Brooks, R. and BussiŠre, L. F. and Jennions, M. D. and Hunt, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {cricket, frequency dependence, left handedness},
	pages = {DOI 10.1098/rsbl/2003.0100}
}

@article{olsenMHCKinDiscrimination1998,
	title = {{MHC} and kin discrimination in juvenile {Arctic} charr, {Salvelinus} alpinus ({L}.)},
	volume = {56},
	url = {ISI:000075640400006},
	abstract = {Kin recognition and discrimination ale thought to occur in several species of various taxonomic groups. In salmonid fish, juveniles can discriminate between odours of siblings and nonsiblings from the same population even if the odour donors and the test fish have been reared separately since fertilization. This indicates that some genetic factor is important in the recognition process. The mechanisms behind kin recognition and discrimination have not yet been described. In the present study, we performed fluviarium tests to examine whether kin recognition and discrimination in juvenile Arctic charr are influenced by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Prior to the fluviarium tests, exon 2 of an MHC class II B gene in charr was analysed with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and individual genotypes were determined. In the fluviarium, when fish had the choice between water scented by an MHC identical sibling: and a sibling with a different MHC genotype they preferred water from identical siblings. Moreover, water scented by an MHC different sibling was preferred to water from an MHC different nonsibling. However, we observed no discrimination when the test fish shared one allele with the nonsibling donor but no alleles with the sibling donor. Our results indicate that the MHC has a significant influence on the odours used for kin recognition and discrimination in juvenile Arctic charr. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Olsen, K. H. and Grahn, M. and Lohm, J. and Langefors, A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, fish, fishes, i, population, allele, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, kinship, MHC, discrimination, kin discrimination, patterns, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, MICE, alleles, attraction, siblings, JUVENILE ARCTIC CHARR, ANTIGENS, URINE, SIBLING ODOR PREFERENCE, NEIGHBORS, MHC-GENOTYPE},
	pages = {319--327}
}

@article{paulSexualSelectionMate2002,
	title = {Sexual selection and mate choice},
	volume = {23},
	url = {ISI:000175764500008},
	abstract = {After a long period of dormancy, Darwin's theory of sexual selection in general, and mate choice in particular, now represents one of the most active fields in evolutionary research. After a brief overview of the history of ideas and a short introduction into the main mechanisms of sexual selection, I discuss some recent theoretical developments and empirical findings in the study of mate choice and review the various current models of mate choice, which can be grossly divided into adaptive models and nonadaptive models. I also examine whether available primate evidence supports various hypotheses concerning mate choice. Although primatologists were long aware that nonhuman primates have preferences for certain mating partners, until recently the functions and evolutionary consequences of their preferences remained obscure. Now there is growing evidence that mate choice decisions provide primates with important direct or indirect benefits. For example, several observations are consistent with the hypothesis that by direct or indirect mate choice female primates lower the risk of infanticide or enhance the chance of producing viable offspring. Nevertheless, there are also significant holes in our knowledge. How the male mandrill, one of Darwin's famous examples, got his brightly colored face, is still unknown},
	number = {4},
	journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
	author = {Paul, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, i, mate choice, offspring, selection, model, MODELS, mating, field, Darwin, mating preferences, preference, theory, inbreeding avoidance, risk, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, nonhuman primates, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, PIGTAILED MACAQUES, AFFECTS REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, MANDRILLS MANDRILLUS-SPHINX, polyandrous mating, PROPITHECUS-VERREAUXI, SANTIAGO RHESUS MACAQUES, sex roles, WILD JAPANESE MACAQUES},
	pages = {877--904}
}

@article{smithStarlingMatingSystem3,
	title = {The {Starling} {Mating} {System} as an {Outcome} of the {Sexual} {Conflict}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10682-004-7915-5},
	abstract = {Many bird species demonstrate a variable mating system, with some males being monogamously mated and other males able to attract more than one mate. This variation in avian mating systems is often explained in terms of potential costs of sharing breeding partners and compensation for such costs. However, whenever there is a difference in the optimal mating system for males and females, a sexual conflict over the number of partners is expected. This paper contains a verbal model of how a conflict between male and female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris),resulting from the fitness consequences of different mating systems for males and females differing over time, determines the mating system. We demonstrate that males and females have contrasting fitness interests regarding mating system, such that males gain from attracting additional mates whereas already mated females pay a cost in terms of reduced reproductive success if males are successful in attracting more mates. We demonstrate how this can be traced to the rules by which males allocate non-sharable care between different broods. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there exist male and female conflict behaviours with the potential to affect the mating system. For example, aggression from already mated females towards prospecting females can limit male mating success and males can circumvent this by spacing the nest-sites they defend. The realised mating system will emerge as a consequence of both the fitness value of the different mating systems for males and females, and the costs for males and females of intersexual competition. We discuss how this model can be developed and critically evaluated in the future.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Smith, Henrik G. and Sandell, Maria I.},
	keywords = {mating, sexual conflict, mating system, conflict, SYSTEM},
	pages = {151--165}
}

@article{olssonSexualDifferencesTelomere2011,
	title = {Sexual differences in telomere selection in the wild},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000290168900006},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05085.x},
	abstract = {Telomere length is restored primarily through the action of the reverse transcriptase telomerase, which may contribute to a prolonged lifespan in some but not all species and may result in longer telomeres in one sex than the other. To what extent this is an effect of proximate mechanisms (e.g. higher stress in males, higher oestradiol/oestrogen levels in females), or is an evolved adaptation (stronger selection for telomere length in one sex), usually remains unknown. Sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) females have longer telomeres than males and better maintain telomere length through life than males do. We also show that telomere length more strongly contributes to life span and lifetime reproductive success in females than males and that telomere length is under sexually diversifying selection in the wild. Finally, we performed a selection analysis with number of recruited offspring into the adult population as a response variable with telomere length, life span and body size as predictor variables. This showed significant differences in selection pressures between the sexes with strong ongoing selection in females, with these three predictors explaining 63\% of the variation in recruitment. Thus, the sexually dimorphic telomere dynamics with longer telomeres in females is a result of past and ongoing selection in sand lizards. Finally, we compared the results from our selection analyses based on Telometric-derived data to the results based on data generated by the software ImageJ. ImageJ resulted in shorter average telomere length, but this difference had virtually no qualitative effect on the patterns of ongoing selection.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Pauliny, Angela and Wapstra, Erik and Uller, Tobias and Schwartz, Tonia and Miller, Emily and Blomqvist, Donald},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2085--2099}
}

@article{wapstraPotentialCostsReproduction2001,
	title = {Potential 'costs of reproduction' in a skink: {Inter}- and intrapopulational variation},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1442-9985},
	url = {://WOS:000167888900008},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01104.x},
	abstract = {Reproductive costs are important determinants of reproductive effort in squamate reptiles. Consequently, differences in costs of reproduction between populations of geographically or climatically widespread species are likely to result in different patterns of reproductive effort. In the present study, the effect of pregnancy on sprint speed was examined in a small viviparous skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus (Gray 1845), from two populations at the climatic extremes of its distribution. Decreased sprint speed has the potential to be an important cost of reproduction in this species, through a reduced ability to avoid predation and/or decreased foraging efficiency. Lizards inhabiting the colder site were larger than those from the warmer site and, contrary to predictions from life history theory, had a higher reproductive effort. In both populations, sprint speed was lower in pregnant lizards than in either the same individuals after birth or non-pregnant control lizards. Within each population, sprint speed was unrelated to the level of reproductive effort of the female in terms of either absolute mass of the reproductive burden or the burden relative to her post-partum body mass. However, within each population, the mass of the clutch that an individual female was carrying relative to snout-vent length was an important determinant of her sprint speed while pregnant. Thus, within each population, a relatively high reproductive burden may potentially increase costs of reproduction in this species. Despite this relationship and predictions from life history theory suggesting that annual reproductive effort will be lower in populations with a large body size and delayed maturity, it is suggested that a higher reproductive effort at the cold site is possible because they have a higher absolute sprint speed because of their larger size and a relatively higher abundance of cover at the cold site, and differences in predation pressure may alter selective pressures on reproductive investment.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Austral Ecology},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and O'Reilly, J. M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {179--186}
}

@article{gageSpermatozoalTraitsSperm2004,
	title = {Spermatozoal traits and sperm competition in {Atlantic} salmon: {Relative} sperm velocity is the primary determinant of fertilization success},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {://000188118500023},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Gage, M. J. G. and Macfarlane, C. P. and Yeates, S. and Ward, R. G. and Searle, J. B. and Parker, G. A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, STRATEGIES, RAINBOW-TROUT, motility, MORPHOMETRY, SALAR, TINY SPERM},
	pages = {44--47}
}

@article{brodieVisualizingQuantifiyingNatural1995,
	title = {Visualizing and quantifiying natural selection},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Brodie, III, E. D. and Moore, A. J. and Janzen, F. J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {selection, call, natural selection},
	pages = {313--318}
}

@article{witteMaleBodyLength1998,
	title = {Male body length influences mate-choice copying in the sailfin molly  {Poecilia} latipinna},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Witte, K. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {mate choice, Poecilia, call, copying, mate-choice copying, male body length,mate-choice copying,sailfin molly,Poecilia latipinna},
	pages = {534--539}
}

@article{wapstraMaternalBaskingBehaviour2004,
	title = {Maternal basking behaviour determines offspring sex in a viviparous reptile},
	volume = {271},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000221321100031},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2003.0152},
	abstract = {Two primary dichotomies within vertebrate life histories involve reproductive mode (oviparity versus viviparity) and sex determination (genotypic sex determination versus environmental sex determination). Although reptiles show multiple evolutionary transitions in both parameters, the co-occurrence of viviparity and environmental-dependent sex determination have heretofore been regarded as incompatible. Our studies on the viviparous lizard Niveoscincus ocellatus show that the extent of basking by a female influences the sex of her offspring. Critically, our data reveal this effect both in the field (via correlations between date of birth and litter sex ratio) and in a laboratory experiment (females with reduced basking opportunities produced more male offspring). Changes in thermoregulatory behaviour thus allow pregnant female lizards to modify the sex of their offspring.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and Olsson, M. and Shine, R. and Edwards, A. and Swain, R. and Joss, J. M. P.},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {S230--S232}
}

@article{cuthillFluctuatingAsymmetry1993,
	title = {fluctuating asymmetry},
	volume = {363},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Cuthill, I. C. and Swaddle, J. P. and Witter, M. S.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {217--218}
}

@article{presgravesHaldaneRuleTaxa1998,
	title = {Haldane's rule in taxa lacking a hemizygous {X}},
	volume = {282},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Presgraves, D. C. and Orr, H. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {X, Haldanes' rule, Aedes, mosquitoes, hemizygosity},
	pages = {952--954}
}

@article{kellerInbreedingEffectsWild2002,
	title = {Inbreeding effects in wild populations},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:000175024300013},
	abstract = {Whether inbreeding affects the demography and persistence of natural populations has been questioned. However, new pedigree data from field populations and molecular and analytical tools for tracing patterns of relationship and inbreeding have now enhanced our ability to detect inbreeding depression within and among wild populations. This work reveals that levels of inbreeding depression vary across taxa, populations and environments, but are usually substantial enough to affect both individual and population performance. Data from bird and mammal populations suggest that inbreeding depression often significantly affects birth weight, survival, reproduction and resistance to disease, predation and environmental stress. Plant studies, based mostly on comparing populations that differ in size or levels of genetic variation, also reveal significant inbreeding effects on seed set, germination, survival and resistance to stress. Data from butterflies, birds and plants demonstrate that populations with reduced genetic diversity often experience reduced growth and increased extinction rates. Crosses between such populations often result in heterosis. Such a genetic rescue effect might reflect the masking of fixed deleterious mutations. Thus, it might be necessary to retain gene flow among increasingly fragmented habitat patches to sustain populations that are sensitive to inbreeding},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Keller, L. F. and Waller, D. M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, i, PERFORMANCE, population, variation, size, survival, butterfly, field, GROWTH, lande, reproduction, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, red deer, WILD, predation, extinction, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, genetic variation, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, SCOTLAND, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, mutation, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, genetic diversity, GENETIC-VARIATION, WEIGHT, GENETIC RESCUE, conservation biology, FLOW, gene flow, ISLAND POPULATION, GREAT-TIT, GENTIANELLA-GERMANICA, SEED-GERMINATION},
	pages = {230--241}
}

@article{lamprechtCooperationSunfishThey1994,
	title = {Cooperation among sunfish: do they have the cognitive abilities?},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Lamprecht, J. and Hofer, H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, communication, cooperation, sunfish},
	pages = {1457--1458}
}

@article{candolinSizedependentSelectionArrival2003,
	title = {Size-dependent selection on arrival times in sticklebacks: why small males arrive first},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Candolin, U. and Voigt, H. R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {selection, stickleback, sticklebacks},
	pages = {862--871}
}

@article{albertAnalyzingCircadianRhythms2005,
	title = {On analyzing circadian rhythms data using nonlinear mixed models with harmonic terms.},
	volume = {61},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0006-341X.2005.464_1.x},
	abstract = {Wang, Ke, and Brown (2003, Biometrics59, 804-812) developed a smoothing-based approach for modeling circadian rhythms with random effects. Their approach is flexible in that fixed and random covariates can affect both the amplitude and phase shift of a nonparametrically smoothed periodic function. In motivating their approach, Wang et al. stated that a simple sinusoidal function is too restrictive. In addition, they stated that "although adding harmonics can improve the fit, it is difficult to decide how many harmonics to include in the model, and the results are difficult to interpret." We disagree with the notion that harmonic models cannot be a useful tool in modeling longitudinal circadian rhythm data. In this note, we show how nonlinear mixed models with harmonic terms allow for a simple and flexible alternative to Wang et al.'s approach. We show how to choose the number of harmonics using penalized likelihood to flexibly model circadian rhythms and to estimate the effect of covariates on the rhythms. We fit harmonic models to the cortisol circadian rhythm data presented by Wang et al. to illustrate our approach. Furthermore, we evaluate the properties of our procedure with a small simulation study. The proposed parametric approach provides an alternative to Wang et al.'s semiparametric approach and has the added advantage of being easy to implement in most statistical software packages.},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {Albert, Paul S and Hunsberger, Sally},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Humans, DEPRESSION, Seasons, Computer Simulation, Nonlinear Dynamics, Circadian Rhythm, Circadian Rhythm: physiology, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Depression: metabolism, Hydrocortisone, Hydrocortisone: metabolism},
	pages = {1115--20; discussion 1120--2}
}

@article{roughgardenReproductiveSocialBehavior2,
	title = {Reproductive {Social} {Behavior}: {Cooperative} {Games} to {Replace} {Sexual} {Selection}},
	volume = {311},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/311/5763/965},
	abstract = {Theories about sexual selection can be traced back to Darwin in 1871. He proposed that males fertilize as many females as possible with inexpensive sperm, whereas females, with a limited supply of large eggs, select the genetically highest quality males to endow their offspring with superior capabilities. Since its proposal, problems with this narrative have continued to accumulate, and it is our view that sexual selection theory needs to be replaced. We suggest an approach that relies on the exchange of direct ecological benefits among cooperating animals without reference to genetic benefits. This approach can be expressed mathematically in a branch of game theory that pertains to bargaining and side payments},
	number = {5763},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Roughgarden, Joan and Oishi, Meeko and Akcay, Erol},
	keywords = {sexual selection, egg, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, MALES, offspring, quality, selection, sperm, BENEFITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, ANIMALS, Social Behavior, Darwin, theory, BEHAVIOR, social, genetic benefit, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, game theory, GAMES},
	pages = {965--969}
}

@article{sheridanTwotraitSelectionGenetic1974a,
	title = {Two-trait selection and the genetic correlation {II}. changes in the genetic correlation during two-trait selection},
	volume = {27},
	journal = {Aust.J.biol.Sci.},
	author = {Sheridan, A. K. and Barker, J. S. F.},
	year = {1974},
	keywords = {selection, call, genetic correlation},
	pages = {89--101}
}

@article{palestisEffectSiblingsNest2001,
	title = {The effect of siblings on nest site homing by {Common} {Tern} chicks: {A} benefit of kin recognition},
	volume = {24},
	url = {ISI:000170229400004},
	abstract = {Studies of kin recognition in birds have rarely tested its adaptive value. We tested whether sibling recognition helps Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) chicks find their nests. The ability to discriminate the natal nest from neighboring nests is critical to survival in chicks of ground-nesting, colonial birds, such as the Common Tern. We temporarily moved 70 four-day old chicks 1 to from their nests and compared their ability to return home across the following treatments: siblings in natal nest, no chicks in nest, siblings in neighboring nest, and non-siblings in test chick's nest. With a sibling in the natal nest, test chicks returned within 20 min in 14 of 20 trials. In all other treatments, fewer than half of the chicks returned. When chicks did return, they typically did so within 5 min. Several additional factors may affect nest site homing, such as parental behavior, aggression by neighboring adults, and habitat type. To control for these factors, we restricted the dataset for analysis to 27 nests by excluding chicks led back to the nest by a parent, chicks attacked by neighboring adults, and nests on a rocky beach (most experiments were performed in grassy habitat). In the restricted dataset, seven of nine chicks with siblings in the nest returned. Two of five returned in the empty nest treatment, none of six with siblings at a neighboring nest returned, and one of seven with non-siblings in the nest returned. There was significant variation among treatments in the final distance of test chicks from their nests. Siblings appeared to affect nest site honing, even though parents usually returned quickly to the nest and were least likely to search for displaced chicks if siblings were home. We also tested the ability of singletons to return to the nest, using air identical protocol. Singletons returned to the nest in only two of 14 trials, in none of the six cases when the dataset was restricted},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Waterbirds},
	author = {Palestis, B. G. and Burger, J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, variation, parental care, survival, Y, BEHAVIOR, HABITAT, bird, birds, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, AGGRESSION, DISTANCE, siblings, chicks, coloniality, Common Tern, COMMON TERN CHICKS, nest site recognition, PARENTAL QUALITY, Sterna hirundo},
	pages = {175--181}
}

@article{coyneGeneticBasisHaldane1985,
	title = {The genetic basis of {Haldane}'s rule},
	volume = {314},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Coyne, J. A.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {Haldanes' rule, X and Y chromosomes},
	pages = {736--738}
}

@article{martinWhySuboptimalOptimal2008,
	title = {Why "suboptimal" is optimal: {Jensen}'s inequality and ectotherm thermal preferences.},
	volume = {171},
	doi = {10.1086/527502},
	abstract = {Body temperature (T(b)) profoundly affects the fitness of ectotherms. Many ectotherms use behavior to control T(b) within narrow levels. These temperatures are assumed to be optimal and therefore to match body temperatures (Trmax) that maximize fitness (r). We develop an optimality model and find that optimal body temperature (T(o)) should not be centered at Trmax but shifted to a lower temperature. This finding seems paradoxical but results from two considerations relating to Jensen's inequality, which deals with how variance and skew influence integrals of nonlinear functions. First, ectotherms are not perfect thermoregulators and so experience a range of T(b). Second, temperature-fitness curves are asymmetric, such that a T(b) higher than Trmax depresses fitness more than will a T(b) displaced an equivalent amount below Trmax. Our model makes several predictions. The magnitude of the optimal shift (Trmax - To) should increase with the degree of asymmetry of temperature-fitness curves and with T(b) variance. Deviations should be relatively large for thermal specialists but insensitive to whether fitness increases with Trmax ("hotter is better"). Asymmetric (left-skewed) T(b) distributions reduce the magnitude of the optimal shift but do not eliminate it. Comparative data (insects, lizards) support key predictions. Thus, "suboptimal" is optimal.},
	journal = {The American naturalist},
	author = {Martin, Tara Laine and Huey, Raymond B},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Predictive Value of Tests, Models, Biological, Lizards: physiology, Body Temperature Regulation, Invertebrates, Invertebrates: physiology},
	pages = {E102--18}
}

@article{ptacekRoleMatingPreferences2000,
	title = {The role of mating preferences in hsaping interspecific divergence in mating signals in vertebrates},
	volume = {51},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Ptacek, M. B.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {signals, mating, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, divergence, mating signals},
	pages = {111--134}
}

@article{phelpsNeuralNetworksPredict1998,
	title = {Neural networks predict response biases of female tungara frogs},
	volume = {265},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Phelps, S. M. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, response, animal communication, frog, neural networks, Physalaemus pustulosis},
	pages = {279--285}
}

@article{simmonsBacterialImmunityTraded9,
	title = {Bacterial {Immunity} {Traded} for {Sperm} {Viability} in {Male} {Crickets}},
	volume = {309},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/309/5743/2031},
	abstract = {The notion that a trade-off exists between immunity and reproduction is now a central concept in theories of sexual selection. However, whether such a trade-off exists between immunity and gamete viability has not been established. Here we show that genetic variance for high levels of an immune response required to fight bacterial infections is associated with genetic variance for low sperm viability. These data have implications for our understanding of sexual selection mechanisms and of reproductive costs in male longevity},
	number = {5743},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Simmons, Leigh W. and Roberts, Benjamin},
	keywords = {sexual selection, response, selection, sperm, SEXUAL-SELECTION, longevity, cricket, reproduction, theory, immunity, cost, costs, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, VARIANCE, viability, trade-off, genetic variance, INFECTION, reproductive costs, crickets},
	pages = {2031}
}

@article{eklundEffectsInbreedingAggression1996,
	title = {The effects of inbreeding on aggression in wild male house mice ({Mus} domesticus)},
	volume = {133},
	url = {ISI:A1996VG03500005},
	abstract = {This study examined the effect of inbreeding on aggression levels and competitive ability in wild male house mice. Wild mice were bred in the laboratory to produce males of three levels of inbreeding: male offspring of unrelated parents, male offspring of first-cousin parents, and male offspring of full-sibling parents. Paired encounters were staged between males of the three offspring groups, when the males reached maturity. Less inbred males won more encounters and tended to have higher scores of aggression level than more inbred males. If competitive ability in the laboratory is related to competitive ability in nature, wild mice from this population may benefit from avoiding inbreeding and the consequent decrease in aggression levels and competitive ability},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Eklund, A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, ABILITY, behaviour, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, population, fitness, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, POPULATIONS, WILD, genetics, kinship, FAMILIARITY, related, KIN RECOGNITION, AGGRESSION, HOUSE MICE, MICE, MUS-DOMESTICUS, MATURITY, mouse, Mus domesticus, horn, MUSCULUS},
	pages = {883--901}
}

@article{gretherIntrasexualCompetitionAlone1996,
	title = {Intrasexual competition alone favors a sexually dimorphic ornament in the rubyspot damselfly  {Hetaerina} americana},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Grether, G. F.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {competition, ornament, call, body size,colouration,intrasexual competition,mate choice,Odonata,sexual conflict,sexual selection},
	pages = {1949--1957}
}

@article{wapstraSexAllocationSex2009,
	title = {Sex {Allocation} and {Sex} {Determination} in {Squamate} {Reptiles}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1661-5425},
	url = {://WOS:000276343400011},
	doi = {10.1159/000272459},
	abstract = {Reptiles possess a wide variety of sex determining mechanisms, more so than any other vertebrate group. They offer outstanding opportunities to understand the evolutionary transitions between modes of sex determination. In this review, we argue that sex allocation theory is fundamental for understanding the selective causes of such shifts. Whether selection for biased sex allocation actually results in evolutionary shifts in sex determination depends on the overall strength, direction and consistency of selection and to what extent existing reproductive systems can establish novel links between factors causing sex-specific fitness and mechanisms of sex determination. Perhaps one of the most exciting advances in recent years has been the phylogenetically diverse range in reptile taxa that form the basis of research on the evolution of sex determination. The traditional use of long-lived oviparous species ( especially turtles and crocodiles) is now expanded to include a range of short-lived taxa that exhibit both genetic sex determination and environment-/temperature- dependent sex determination ( particularly agamid lizards), as well as a greater emphasis on viviparous species. If selection on differential sex allocation is a key selective pressure for the evolution of sex-determining mechanisms, these taxa will provide considerable insights into the integrated fields of sex allocation biology and sex determination. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Sexual Development},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and Warner, D. A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {110--118}
}

@article{badyaevPlumageColorComposite2001,
	title = {Plumage color as a composite trait: developmental and functional integration of sexual ornamentation},
	volume = {158},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Badyaev, A. V. and Hill, G. E. and Dunn, P. O. and Glen, J. C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ornamentation, carotenoids, composite trait, morphological integration, multiple ornament},
	pages = {221--235}
}

@article{sorensonSexualSelectionNorthern1994,
	title = {Sexual selection in the northern pintail ( {Anas} acuta ): the importance of female choice versus male-male competition in the evolution of sexually-selected traits},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Sorenson, L. G. and Derrickson, S. R.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, competition, evolution, mate choice, selection, male-male competition, dominance, sexually selected traits, Anas acuta},
	pages = {389--400}
}

@article{evansEvansRepliesLength1999,
	title = {Evans replies to "{Length} of tail streamers in barn swallows"},
	volume = {397},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Evans, M. R.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, female choice,natural selction,sexual selection,tail streamers},
	pages = {115--116}
}

@article{olssonREWARDSPROMISCUITYREPLY1994,
	title = {{REWARDS} {OF} {PROMISCUITY} - {REPLY}},
	volume = {372},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:A1994PR88900038},
	doi = {10.1038/372230a0},
	number = {6503},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Madsen, T. and Shine, R. and Gullberg, A. and Tegelstrom, H.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {230--230}
}

@article{bossdorfEpigeneticsEcologists2008,
	title = {Epigenetics for ecologists},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1461-0248},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01130.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01130.x},
	abstract = {There is now mounting evidence that heritable variation in ecologically relevant traits can be generated through a suite of epigenetic mechanisms, even in the absence of genetic variation. Moreover, recent studies indicate that epigenetic variation in natural populations can be independent from genetic variation, and that in some cases environmentally induced epigenetic changes may be inherited by future generations. These novel findings are potentially highly relevant to ecologists because they could significantly improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying natural phenotypic variation and the responses of organisms to environmental change. To understand the full significance of epigenetic processes, however, it is imperative to study them in an ecological context. Ecologists should therefore start using a combination of experimental approaches borrowed from ecological genetics, novel techniques to analyse and manipulate epigenetic variation, and genomic tools, to investigate the extent and structure of epigenetic variation within and among natural populations, as well as the interrelations between epigenetic variation, phenotypic variation and ecological interactions.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Bossdorf, Oliver and Richards, Christina L. and Pigliucci, Massimo},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Maternal effects, INHERITANCE, adaptation, rapid evolution, DNA methylation, ecological genetics, epialleles, natural variation},
	pages = {106--115}
}

@article{pitcherMultipleMatingSequential2003,
	title = {Multiple mating and sequential mate choice in guppies: females trade up},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000184689100012},
	abstract = {The trade-up hypothesis outlines a behavioural strategy that females could use to maximize the genetic benefits to their offspring. The hypothesis proposes that females should be more willing to accept a mate when the new male encountered is a superior genetic source to previous mates. We provide a direct test of the trade-up hypothesis using guppies (Poecilia reticulata), and evaluate both behavioural and paternity data. Virgin female guppies were presented sequentially with two males of varying attractiveness, and their responsiveness to each male was quantified. Male attractiveness (ornamentation) was scored as the amount of orange coloration on their body. Females were generally less responsive to second-encountered males, yet responsiveness to second males was an increasing function of male ornamentation. These attractive second males also sired a greater proportion of the offspring. There was an overall tendency for last-male advantage in paternity, and this advantage was most exaggerated when the second male was more ornamented than the first. Finally, we found that our estimate of relative sperm number did not account for any significant variation in paternity. Our results suggest that female guppies may use pre-copulatory mechanisms to maximize the genetic quality of their offspring},
	number = {1524},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Pitcher, T. E. and Neff, B. D. and Rodd, F. H. and Rowe, L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, ornamentation, Attractiveness, genetic benefits, guppies, guppy, INSEMINATION, male attractiveness, MALE COLOR PATTERNS, MALE PHENOTYPE, mate choice, offspring, orange, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, reticulata, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, mating, preference, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, multiple mating, genetic benefit, smooth newts, NO EVIDENCE, male ornamentation, responsiveness, multiple mating,mate choice,sperm competition,sperm precedence,paternity,guppy},
	pages = {1623--1629}
}

@article{nicolettoInfluenceWaterVelocity1996,
	title = {The influence of water velocity on the display behavior of male guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Nicoletto, P. F.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, display, display behaviour,guppy,Poecilia reticulata,water velocity},
	pages = {272--278}
}

@article{husteMovementsBreedingSite2006,
	title = {The movements and breeding site fidelity of the natterjack toad ({Bufo} calamita) in an urban park near {Paris} ({France}) with management recommendations},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0173-5373},
	url = {://WOS:000243058600008},
	doi = {10.1163/156853806778877130},
	abstract = {The isolation of animal populations due to urban activities provides a useful framework for studying the consequences of landscape fragmentation. We studied a population of natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) in an urban park near Paris, France. In 2001 and 2002 we used radio-tracking to estimate the terrestrial movements of adults around their breeding sites. Twenty-four toads were equipped with internal transmitters in 2001 to record movements during and after the breeding period. In 2002, 19 males were released at 300 and 380 meters from their breeding ponds. Natterjack toad movements around and outside their breeding ponds were reduced compared to previous observations on this species. The only exchanges that were observed occurred between closely neighbouring breeding sites. During a translocation experiment in 2002, 58\% of the displaced males returned to their site of capture and this happened mainly during the breeding period. The remaining 42\% stayed close to the release site. There was no exchange of males between distant breeding sites. Natterjack toad conservation needs to take into account the high fidelity to a breeding site and the reduced breeding dispersal and homing ability of these animals. Conservation biology in urban landscapes constitutes a specific urban ecology with specific concepts such as 'population area'. Information from this study can assist land managers in establishing protected areas of high habitat quality around breeding ponds in urban areas, and managing parks for the protection of amphibian populations, particularly by facilitating exchanges between available areas.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Amphibia-Reptilia},
	author = {Huste, A. and Clobert, J. and Miaud, C.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {561--568}
}

@article{dejongCharacterizationImmunematchedHematopoietic2010,
	title = {Characterization of immune-matched hematopoietic transplantation in zebrafish},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0006-4971},
	url = {://WOS:000289807600013},
	doi = {10.1182/blood-2010-09-307488},
	abstract = {Evaluating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function in vivo requires a long-term transplantation assay. Although zebrafish are a powerful model for discovering the genetics of hematopoiesis, hematopoietic transplantation approaches have been underdeveloped. Here we established a long-term reconstitution assay in adult zebrafish. Primary and secondary recipients showed multilineage engraftment at 3 months after transplantation. Limiting dilution data suggest that at least 1 in 65 000 zebrafish marrow cells contain re-populating activity, consistent with mammalian HSC frequencies. We defined zebrafish haplotypes at the proposed major histocompatibility complex locus on chromosome 19 and tested functional significance through hematopoietic transplantation. Matching donors and recipients dramatically increased engraftment and percentage donor chimerism compared with unmatched fish. These data constitute the first functional test of zebrafish histocompatibility genes, enabling the development of matched hematopoietic transplantations. This lays the foundation for competitive transplantation experiments with mutant zebrafish HSCs and chemicals to test for effects on engraftment, thereby providing a model for human hematopoietic diseases and treatments not previously available. (Blood. 2011;117(16):4234-4242)},
	language = {English},
	number = {16},
	journal = {Blood},
	author = {de Jong, J. L. O. and Burns, C. E. and Chen, A. T. and Pugach, E. and Mayhall, E. A. and Smith, A. C. H. and Feldman, H. A. and Zhou, Y. and Zon, L. I.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {MUTATIONS, SYSTEM, LINEAGE, MHC CLASS-I, MUTANTS, STEM-CELL ASSAYS, VIVO},
	pages = {4234--4242}
}

@article{nicotraPlantPhenotypicPlasticity2010,
	title = {Plant phenotypic plasticity in a changing climate},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1360-1385},
	url = {://WOS:000285905400005},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.008},
	abstract = {Climate change is altering the availability of resources and the conditions that are crucial to plant performance. One way plants will respond to these changes is through environmentally induced shifts in phenotype (phenotypic plasticity). Understanding plastic responses is crucial for predicting and managing the effects of climate change on native species as well as crop plants. Here, we provide a toolbox with definitions of key theoretical elements and a synthesis of the current understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying plasticity relevant to climate change. By bringing ecological, evolutionary, physiological and molecular perspectives together, we hope to provide clear directives for future research and stimulate cross-disciplinary dialogue on the relevance of phenotypic plasticity under climate change.},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Plant Science},
	author = {Nicotra, A. B. and Atkin, O. K. and Bonser, S. P. and Davidson, A. M. and Finnegan, E. J. and Mathesius, U. and Poot, P. and Purugganan, M. D. and Richards, C. L. and Valladares, F. and van Kleunen, M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {life-history, RESPONSES, adaptive evolution, reaction norms, arabidopsis-thaliana, change impacts, global change, maturation temperature, tree species range, water availability},
	pages = {684--692}
}

@article{kellerIndiscriminateAltruismUnduly1997,
	title = {Indiscriminate altruism: {Unduly} nice parents and siblings},
	volume = {12},
	url = {ISI:A1997WJ60000008},
	abstract = {Many animals can identify their relatives and bias altruistic behaviour in their favour. However, recent studies have also uncovered cases where nepotism might be expected but is weak or absent within social groups. For instance, in some bird and mammal species, males apparently feed offspring that have been sired by other males at the same rate as their own offspring. Similarly, social insect workers fail to favour more closely related individuals within their colony. Why is this so?},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Keller, L.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, evolution, MALES, offspring, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, insect, ANIMALS, theory, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, social, bird, genetics, ALTRUISM, discrimination, related, asymmetry, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, DIVERSITY, nepotism, siblings, COLONIES, COLONY, MULTIPLE-QUEEN COLONIES, SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA, HONEY-BEES},
	pages = {99--103}
}

@article{hanskiMetapopulationDynamics1998,
	title = {Metapopulation dynamics},
	volume = {396},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/23876},
	number = {6706},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hanski, Ilkka},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {41--49}
}

@article{griffithsBenefitsGeneticDiversity2001,
	title = {The benefits of genetic diversity outweigh those of kin association in a territorial animal},
	volume = {268},
	url = {ISI:000169471800012},
	abstract = {The theories of kin selection and heterogeneous advantage have been central to studies of altruistic behaviour and the evolution of sex over the last 35 years. Yet they predict diametrically opposite effects of genetic diversity on population density Close relatives gain inclusive fitness advantages by preferentially associating with and behaving altruistically towards one another. However, heterogeneous advantage, which predicts competition to be highest when genetic diversity is low suggests that benefits will be greater for individuals in groups of non-kin. Here we test how these two processes balance and affect the productivity of populations of animals in natural habitats. We report fr om a study of juvenile Atlantic salmon in the wild that heterogeneous advantage outweighs the benefits of kin-biased behaviour, resulting in a 1.8-fold higher population biomass and significantly better condition of individual fish},
	number = {1473},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Griffiths, S. W. and Armstrong, J. D.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, Fisher, HOUSE, P1, population, quality, selection, sex, BENEFITS, fitness, size, ANIMALS, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, theory, INDIVIDUALS, condition, population density, POPULATIONS, WILD, HABITAT, STRATEGIES, kin, SCOTLAND, STREAM, SEXES, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, GENETIC-BASIS, ADVANTAGE, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, kin selection, ATLANTIC SALMON, SALAR, JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON, kill selection, Salmo salar, TRUTTA},
	pages = {1293--1296}
}

@article{irschickIntegratingFunctionEcology2001,
	title = {Integrating function and ecology in studies of adaptation: {Investigations} of locomotor capacity as a model system},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0066-4162},
	url = {://WOS:000172908800013},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114048},
	abstract = {Understanding adaptation in morphological and physiological traits requires elucidation of how traits relate to whole-organism performance and how performance relates to fitness. A common assumption is that performance capacities are utilized by and important to organisms. For some systems, it is assumed that high levels of physical fitness, as indexed by measures of locomotor performance, lead to high fitness levels. Although biologists have appreciated this, little attention has been paid to quantifying how organisms use their performance capacities in nature. We argue that for the study of adaptation to proceed, greater integration of laboratory studies of performance and behavioral/ecological studies is needed, and we illustrate this approach by examining two questions. First, how does the environment affect locomotor function in nature? Second, what percentage of locomotor capacities do animals use in nature? A review of studies in several animal groups shows widespread effects of the environment on measures of locomotor function.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Irschick, D. J. and Garland, T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, PERFORMANCE, BODY-SIZE, field, LIZARDS, birds, ANOLIS LIZARDS, CALLISAURUS-DRACONOIDES, DIVING BEHAVIOR, FULGENS URANIIDAE MOTHS, LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA L, marine mammals, MIGRATING, NATURAL FREE-FLIGHT, NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS, WEST-INDIAN LIZARD},
	pages = {367--+}
}

@article{weygoldtBiologyPseudoscorpions1969,
	title = {The {Biology} of {Pseudoscorpions}},
	author = {Weygoldt, P.},
	year = {1969},
	keywords = {BIOLOGY}
}

@article{dengInbreedingDepressionInferred1997,
	title = {Inbreeding depression and inferred deleterious-mutation parameters in {Daphnia}},
	volume = {147},
	url = {ISI:A1997XT62000013},
	abstract = {DENG and LYNCH recently proposed a method for estimating deleterious genomic mutation parameters from changes in the mean and genetic Variance of fitness traits upon inbreeding in outcrossing populations. Such observations are readily acquired in cyclical parthenogens. Selfing and life-table experiments were performed for two such Daphnia populations. We observed a significant inbreeding depression and an increase of genetic Variance for all traits analyzed. DENG and LYNCH'S original procedures were extended to estimate genomic mutation rate (U), mean dominance coefficient ((h) over bar), mean selection coefficient ((s) over bar), and scaled genomic mutational variance (V-m/V-e). On average, (U) over cap, (h) over bar (h) over cap, (s) over bar (s) over cap and (V) over cap(m)/V-e ({\textless}{\textasciicircum}{\textgreater} indicates an estimate) are 0.74, 0.30, 0.14 and 4.6E-4, respectively. For the true values, the (U) over cap and (h) over bar (h) over cap are lower bounds, and (s) over bar (s) over cap and (V) over cap(m)/V-e upper bounds. The present (U) over cap, (h) over bar (h) over cap and (V) over cap(m)/V-e are in general concordance with earlier results. The discrepancy between the present s and that from mutation-accumulation experiments in Drosophila (similar to 0.04) is discussed. It is shown that different reproductive modes do not affect gene frequency at mutation-selection equilibrium if mutational effects on fitness are multiplicative and not completely recessive},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Deng, H. W. and Lynch, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, population, selection, TRAITS, fitness, INCREASE, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, VARIANCE, deleterious mutation, mutation, outcrossing, SELF-FERTILIZATION, selfing, dominance, genetic variance, SMALL POPULATIONS, FREQUENCIES, sexual reproduction, Daphnia, LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS, founder events, BREEDING-SYSTEM VARIATION, CLONAL-DIVERSITY, MUTATION ACCUMULATION},
	pages = {147--155}
}

@article{lettyEffectTranslocationSurvival2003,
	title = {Effect of translocation on survival in wild rabbit ({Oryctolagus} cuniculus)},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {1616-5047},
	url = {://WOS:000184497400008},
	doi = {10.1078/1616-5047-00092},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Mammalian Biology},
	author = {Letty, J. and Aubineau, J. and Marchandeau, S. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {250--255}
}

@article{polakowVocalSignatureNaked1900,
	title = {A vocal signature in the {Naked} {Mole}-{Rat} ({Heterocephalus} glaber) but not in the {Barking} {Gecko} ({Ptenopus} kochi)? : {An} information-theory approach to understanding the bases of individual voice variation {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {A vocal signature in the {Naked} {Mole}-{Rat} ({Heterocephalus} glaber) but not in the {Barking} {Gecko} ({Ptenopus} kochi)? : {An} information-theory approach to understanding the bases of individual voice variation {T2}  -?},
	author = {Polakow, D. and Telford, S.},
	year = {1900},
	keywords = {variation, call, Naked Mole-Rat,Barking Gecko}
}

@article{pocklingtonPredationFemalesMales1995,
	title = {Predation on females or males: who pays for bright male traits?},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Pocklington, R. and Dill, L. M.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {call, predation, colour patterns,female preference,guppy,mate choice,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {1122--1124}
}

@article{chapronConservationControlStrategies2003,
	title = {Conservation and control strategies for the wolf ({Canis} lupus) in western {Europe} based on demographic models},
	volume = {326},
	issn = {1631-0691},
	url = {://WOS:000185644600006},
	doi = {10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00148-3},
	abstract = {Securing the long-term acceptance of large carnivores such as the wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe and North America raises a difficult challenge to conservation biologists: planning removals to reduce depredations on livestock while ensuring population viability. We use stochastic-stage-structured population models to investigate wolf population dynamics and to assess alternative management strategies. Among the various management strategies advocated by agencies, zoning that involves eliminating wolves outside a restricted area should be designed with caution, because probabilities of extinction are extremely sensitive to the maximum number of packs that a zone can support and to slight changes in stage specific survival probabilities. In a zoned population, viability is enhanced more by decreasing mortality rates in all classes than by increasing wolf zone size. An alternative to zoning is adaptive management, where there is no limit on pack number but population control can be operated whenever some predefined demographic conditions are met. It turns out that an adaptive management strategy that removes a moderate percentage (10\%) of the population following each year of more than 5\% of total population growth would provide visible actions addressing public concerns while keeping extinction probability low. (C) 2003 Academie des sciences. Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	author = {Chapron, G. and Legendre, S. and Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J. and Haight, R. G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {575--587}
}

@article{wardSexualConflictDung1992,
	title = {Sexual conflict in the dung fly {Sepsis} cynipsea},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Ward, P. I. and Hemmi, J. and R ””sli, T.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {sexual selection, flies, sexual conflict, mating system, conflict, dung fly, Sepsis cynipsea, genitalia, Copula},
	pages = {649--653}
}

@article{endlerInnovationSignalEfficiency2001,
	title = {Innovation and signal efficiency affect the outcome of sexual selection in bowerbirds bu elaboration does not},
	journal = {in review},
	author = {Endler, J. A. and Westcott, D. and Madden, J. and Robson, T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, bowerbird}
}

@article{moliniaAssistedBreedingSkinks2010,
	title = {Assisted breeding of skinks or {How} to teach a lizard old tricks!},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1931-7603},
	url = {://WOS:000286471400019},
	abstract = {Reproductive technologies are invaluable tools for understanding how different species reproduce. Contemporary techniques like artificial insemination established long ago in livestock have been used to assist the breeding of threatened species ex situ, even restoring them to nature. Key to successfully adapting these technologies, often to few numbers of endangered animals, is initial testing and development of procedures in a taxonomically related model species. McCann's Skink (Oligosoma maccanni) is a viviparous lizard that is still relatively abundant and its reproductive cycle in the subalpine area of Macraes Flat in southern New Zealand has recently been described. Assisted breeding techniques are being developed in this skink as a model for threatened lizard species, such as the Grand Skink (Oligosoma grande) and Otago Skink (Oligosoma otagense). Progress on methods to collect, assess and store sperm, and artificial insemination are reported here. These techniques will need refinement to be effectively adapted to threatened lizards but will significantly increase our knowledge of their unique reproductive mechanisms. In the longer term they are expected to improve substantially captive breeding success and will be vital tools to aid genetic management of animals bred for release to restored ecosystems and secure genetic repositories for future restoration needs.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Herpetological Conservation and Biology},
	author = {Molinia, F. C. and Bell, T. and Norbury, G. and Cree, A. and Gleeson, D. M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION, population, CONSERVATION, multiple paternity, CLIMATE-CHANGE, genetic, MANAGEMENT, semen, AMPHIBIAN, artificial insemination, assisted breeding, NEW-ZEALAND, Oligosoma species, reproductive technologies, skink sperm, threatened lizards, TILIQUA-NIGROLUTEA, VIVIPAROUS LIZARD},
	pages = {311--319}
}

@article{schoenerLifehistoryModelsExtinction2003,
	title = {Life-history models of extinction: {A} test with island spiders},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000186719000003},
	doi = {10.1086/378693},
	abstract = {This study analyzes extinction patterns for two species of orb spiders monitored annually on 77 islands over a continuous 20-yr period. One species, Argiope argentata, has large populations sometimes crashing quickly to extinction and a much weaker relation of extinction likelihood to population size than does the other species, Metepeira datona. Demographic models were built for both species and matched against observations. Differences between the species in life-history traits - estimated with measurements from the field together with incorporation of demographic stochasticity, a population ceiling, and environmental stochasticity, were necessary to fit the observed extinction curves. As predicted from life-history patterns, long-term population growth rates ( and hence predicted extinction probabilities) are relatively very sensitive to values of juvenile survivorship. Models are also sensitive to variation in the population ceiling and environmental noise, which tend to act in a complementary manner. A simple model with no age structure was able to fit the data on large initial population sizes but not on small initial population sizes, showing that life cycle characteristics interact with the various sources of stochasticity and hence have to be taken into account to produce a precise model of the extinction process.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Schoener, T. W. and Clobert, J. and Legendre, S. and Spiller, D. A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {558--573}
}

@article{ariyomoHeritabilityBoldnessAggressiveness//,
	title = {Heritability of {Boldness} and {Aggressiveness} in the {Zebrafish}},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84872675308&partnerID=40&md5=2ba50602e5d352fe88fe93a039c4d209},
	abstract = {Behavioural traits that are consistent over time and in different contexts are often referred to as personality traits. These traits influence fitness because they play a major role in foraging, reproduction and survival, and so it is assumed that they have little or no additive genetic variance and, consequently, low heritability because, theoretically, they are under strong selection. Boldness and aggressiveness are two personality traits that have been shown to affect fitness. By crossing single males to multiple females, we estimated the heritability of boldness and aggressiveness in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. The additive genetic variance was statistically significant for both traits and the heritability estimates (95 \% confidence intervals) for boldness and aggressiveness were 0.76 (0.49, 0.90) and 0.36 (0.10, 0.72) respectively. Furthermore, there were significant maternal effects accounting for 18 and 9 \% of the proportion of phenotypic variance in boldness and aggressiveness respectively. This study shows that there is a significant level of genetic variation in this population that would allow these traits to evolve in response to selection. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.},
	journal = {Behavior Genetics},
	author = {Ariyomo, T. O. and Carter, M. and Watt, P. J.},
	keywords = {Maternal effects, heritability, Additive genetic variance, Personality traits, Boldness, Aggressiveness},
	pages = {1--7}
}

@article{mackenzieMeasuringSexualSelection1995,
	title = {Measuring sexual selection},
	volume = {376},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Mackenzie, A. and Reynolds, J. D. and Sutherland, W. J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, lek,sexual selection},
	pages = {471}
}

@article{chapmanEvolutionaryConflictsInterest2006,
	title = {Evolutionary conflicts of interest between males and females.},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.020},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict arises from differences in the evolutionary interests of males and females and can occur over traits related to courtship, mating and fertilisation through to parental investment. Theory shows that sexual conflict can lead to sexually antagonistic coevolution (SAC), where adaptation in one sex can lead to counter-adaptation in the other. Thus, sexual conflict can lead to evolutionary change within species. In addition, SAC can--through its effects on traits related to the probability of mating and of zygote formation--potentially lead to reproductive isolation. In this review, I discuss that, although sexual conflict is ubiquitous, the actual expression of sexual conflict leading to SAC is less frequent. The balance between the benefits and costs of the manipulation of one sex by the other, and the availability of mechanisms by which conflict is expressed, determine whether actual sexual conflict is likely to occur. New insights address the relationship between sexual conflict and conflict resolution, adaptation, sexual selection and fitness. I suggest that it will be useful to examine systematically the parallels and contrasts between sexual and other evolutionary conflicts. Understanding why some traits, but not others, are subject to evolutionary change by SAC will require data on the mechanisms of the traits involved and on the relative benefits and costs of manipulation and resistance to manipulation.},
	journal = {Current biology : CB},
	author = {Chapman, Tracey},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, female, sex, ANIMALS, Male, Selection, Genetic, reproduction, Conflict (Psychology)},
	pages = {R744--54}
}

@article{lailvauxSexDeathAging2010,
	title = {Sex, death and aging: life history trade-offs between reproductive investment and whole-organism performance in {Teleogryllus} commodus crickets},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000280297000382},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Zajitschek, F. and Brooks, R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {E96--E96}
}

@article{roffInbreedingDepressionTests2002,
	title = {Inbreeding depression: tests of the overdominance and partial dominance hypotheses},
	volume = {56},
	abstract = {Abstract.-The two principal theories of the causal mechanism for inbreeding depression are the partial dominance hypothesis and the overdominance hypothesis. According to the first hypothesis, inbreeding increases the frequency of homozygous combinations of deleterious recessive alleles thereby decreasing fitness, whereas the overdominance hypothesis posits that inbreeding increases homozygosity and thus reduces the frequency of the superior heterozygotes. These two hypotheses make different predictions on the effect of crossing inbred lines: the overdominance hypothesis predicts that trait means will be restored to the outbred means, whereas the partial dominance hypothesis predicts that trait means will exceed those of the outbred population. I tested these predictions using seven inbred lines of the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus. Fourteen generations of brother-sister mating resulted in an inbreeding depression of 20-34\% in four traits: nymphal weights at ages 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, and early fecundity. An incomplete diallel cross of these lines showed genetic variation among lines and an increase in all trait means above the outbred means, with three being significantly higher. These results provide support for the partial dominance hypothesis and are inconsistent with the overdominance hypothesis.},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Roff, D.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {inbreeding, inbreeding depression, dominance},
	pages = {768--775}
}

@article{gerhardtFemaleMateChoice1991,
	title = {Female mate choice in treefrogs: static and dynamic acoustic criteria},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gerhardt, H. C.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, mate choice, female mate choice, female preference, male mating success, Anura, acoustic properties of calls, calling performance, treefrogs},
	pages = {615--635}
}

@article{olssonCostsReproductionLizard2001,
	title = {Costs of reproduction in a lizard species: a comparison of observational and experimental data},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:000168901700013},
	doi = {10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930113.x},
	abstract = {Life history theory predicts that increasing investments into reproduction compromises survival and future reproduction. However, demonstrating such costs is confounded by positive correlations between life history traits. For example, individuals in good condition may be good at both surviving and reproducing. We studied such processes in a viviparous snow skink lizard (Niveoscincus microlepidotus) from high elevation sites in Tasmania, Australia. Our results show a stark difference in costs of reproduction between unmanipulated females from the natural population versus experimentally manipulated females (using follicle stimulating hormones). In the unmanipulated females, females with relatively larger reproductive investments survived better than females with smaller reproductive investments. In the experimental group, however, females forced to 'over-invest' into a larger clutch survived less well than controls. Thus, our study confirms the potential dangers of non-experimental estimation of costs of reproduction.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Shine, R. and Wapstra, E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {121--125}
}

@article{collinsFemaleMateChoice1994,
	title = {Female mate choice in the zebra finch- the effect of male beak colour and male song},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Collins, S. A. and Hubbard, C. and Houtman, A. M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, female mate choice, zebra finch, colour, mate preference, song, male song, beak colour, song rate},
	pages = {21--25}
}

@article{ritchieVariationMaleSong1992,
	title = {Variation in male song and female preferences within a population of  {Ephippiger} ephippiger  ({Orthoptera}: {Tettigoniidae})},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Ritchie, M. G.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {population, variation, female preference, preference, song, male song, mating signals, bushcricket, Ephippiger ephippiger},
	pages = {845--855}
}

@article{waldmanMechanismsKinRecognition1987,
	title = {Mechanisms of kin recognition},
	volume = {128},
	url = {ISI:A1987K312500003},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Waldman, B.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, sex, parental care, signals, insect, pheromone, phenotype, natural selection, human, BEHAVIOR, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, NATURAL-SELECTION, social, kin, communication, RECOGNITION, SELFISH, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, sociobiology, PHEROMONES},
	pages = {159--185}
}

@article{snellIntrapopulationVariationPredatoravoidance1988,
	title = {Intrapopulation variation in predator-avoidance performance of {Galápagos} lava lizards: {The} interaction of sexual and natural selection},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02207566},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Snell, Howard L. and Jennings, Randy D. and Snell, Heidi M. and Harcourt, Sylvia},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {353--369}
}

@article{pizzariSexualConflictSexual2004,
	title = {Sexual conflict and sexual selection: {Measuring} antagonistic coevolution},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000222513900023},
	abstract = {Arnqvist (2004) raises some concerns with several of the points made by Pizzari and Snook (2003) on the study of sexually antagonistic coevolution (SAC) generated by sexual conflict, arguing that: (1) sexual conflict cannot be expressed in terms of average male and female fitness; (2) our criticism of current experimental approaches, particularly interpopulation crosses, is unjustified; and (3) the alternative experimental approach we proposed is problematic. Here we discuss and respond to these criticisms by: (1) clarifying that we can distinguish between SAC and mutualistic sexual coevolution by measuring changes in the average fitness of the reproducing subsamples of males and females of a population across generations, (2) maintaining that testing SAC using interpopulation crosses is undermined by the lack of a priori knowledge of what traits mediate SAC across isolated populations, and (3) reinforcing the advantages of our experimental approach to distinguish between sexually mutualistic and antagonistic selection},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pizzari, T. and Snook, R. R.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, Fisher, MALES, mate choice, P1, population, selection, TRAITS, fitness, mating, BIOLOGY, Darwin, theory, sexual conflict, POPULATIONS, bird, birds, genetics, mating system, mating systems, conflict, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, GENERATIONS, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, LEK PARADOX, ISOLATED POPULATION, ADVANTAGE, PERSPECTIVE, sexually antagonistic, sexually antagonistic coevolution, sexual coevolution},
	pages = {1389--1393}
}

@article{hughesIntegratingMolecularTechniques1998,
	title = {Integrating molecular techniques with field methods in studies of social behavior: {A} revolution results},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:000072387600003},
	abstract = {Studies of social behavior cover a broad spectrum of interactions, from shortterm pairing between individuals to more complex interactions within and among groups that have stable membership, particularly in vertebrate and insect societies. The addition of molecular techniques to widely used ecological, demographic, and behavioral methods has provided evidence that the behavioral dynamics of populations are far more complex than had been thought. These revelations have caused reassessment of established hypotheses and broadened the array of tractable questions. In this review I first discuss studies of vertebrate mating systems in which these techniques have been used to reveal the "genetic mating system," often yielding results that have shaken long-held hypotheses about monogamy and polygyny. Second, I discuss studies of social groups in which the techniques have allowed assessment of kinship and thereby permitted more comprehensive application of kin selection theory; these studies have illuminated phenomena as diverse as ant colony sex ratios and cooperative breeding in birds. The use of DNA sequence data to provide robust phylogenies that support rigorous comparative analyses is just beginning. Such analyses will lead to investigation of how changes in species' environments have been associated with evolutionary changes in social behavior},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Hughes, C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, evolution, i, population, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, insect, mating, field, Social Behavior, theory, sex ratio, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, PRIMATES, social, DYNAMICS, bird, birds, genetics, kinship, mating system, mating systems, microsatellites, ENVIRONMENT, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, polygyny, ant, RATIO, molecular techniques, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, monogamy, paternity, DNA, MARKERS, COLONIES, cooperative breeding, COLONY, wasp, kin selection, SEX-RATIOS, SOCIAL INSECTS, phylogeny, spectra, DNA fingerprinting, PHYLOGENIES, SEX-RATIO, pairing, sex ratios, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, COMMON VAMPIRE BAT, APIS-MELLIFERA L, AVIAN MATING SYSTEMS, CONSPECIFIC NEST PARASITISM, DNA-FINGERPRINTING EVIDENCE, INTRASPECIFIC BROOD PARASITISM, LEPTOTHORAX-ACERVORUM HYMENOPTERA, molecular markers, PREDOMINANTLY MONOGAMOUS BIRD},
	pages = {383--399}
}

@article{riceEvolutionSexChromosome1996,
	title = {Evolution of the {Y} sex chromosome in animals},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Bioscience},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, call, Y, Y chromosome, deleterious mutation, recombination, muller's ratchet, clonal},
	pages = {331--343}
}

@article{schluterEcologyOriginSpecies2001,
	title = {Ecology and the origin of species},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Schluter, D.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ecological speciation, speciation},
	pages = {325--413}
}

@article{haskinsInheritanceCertainColour1951,
	title = {The inheritance of certain colour patterns in wild populations of  {Lebistes} reticulataus  in {Trinidad}},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Haskins, C. P. and Haskins, E. F.},
	year = {1951},
	keywords = {population, colour, Y, Lebistes, Y-linkage},
	pages = {216--225}
}

@article{foreroCausesFitnessConsequences2002,
	title = {Causes and fitness consequences of natal dispersal in a population of black kites},
	volume = {83},
	url = {ISI:000173967500024},
	abstract = {Natal dispersal is of central interest when determining demography, and genetic structure of populations and managing endangered species with fragmented distributions. However, methodological limitations linked to spatial and temporal constraints have prevented studies of natal dispersal in long-lived birds. Moreover, the consequences of natal dispersal have mainly been related to the first breeding attempt rather than to lifetime reproductive success. We studied the causes and Fitness consequences of natal dispersal in a population of Black Kites at Donana National Park (southern Spain). From 1986 to 1995 we marked 2929 nestlings with plastic numbered bands. We annually monitored marked birds in breeding territories, their breeding success, and the survival of nonbreeding birds. Additionally, we searched for marked birds in broad areas of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. Median natal dispersal distance was 4.8 km (N = 285), with males more often dispersing shorter distances and females dispersing at all distance categories equally. Density of conspecifics negatively affected dispersal distances of both males and females. In addition, single and first-hatched males born in areas with high breeding density dispersed shorter distances. Dispersal distances tended to be correlated between siblings. possibly a result of sharing similar environmental conditions. We did not find evidence that dispersal was an active mechanism aimed to prevent close inbreeding. Patterns of dispersal in this population are probably driven by intraspecific competition. Males that dispersed shorter distances showed higher lifetime reproductive success (LRS). LRS did not differ among females dispersing different distances, but females that dispersed farther mated with more experienced males. These sex differences in dispersal patterns and their consequences may be explained by the inequality between sexes in breeding roles in this species. Familiarity with the natal area could be important for males, which defend territories and resources, while females may increase their fitness through mate choice and breeding dispersal. High levels of philopatry in Donana National Park may be a result of a surplus of food resources and the effects of conspecific attraction in densely populated areas. However. the degree of philopatry may vary between populations and with time, subject to differences in ecological pressures},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Forero, M. G. and Donazar, J. A. and Hiraldo, F.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, competition, evolution, female, i, MATE, mate choice, population, sex, fitness, resources, survival, CONSEQUENCES, reproductive success, SUCCESS, natal dispersal, condition, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, territory, bird, birds, BREEDING SUCCESS, genetics, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, philopatry, SONG SPARROWS, FAMILIARITY, related, intraspecific competition, attraction, DISTANCE, GREAT TIT, collared flycatcher, dispersal distances, food, Spain, constraints, BREEDING DISPERSAL, horn, BIASED DISPERSAL, Black Kites, BUSTARD OTIS-TARDA, DONANA-NATIONAL-PARK, HATCHING ASYNCHRONY, Milvus migrans, MILVUS-MIGRANS, PHOENICOPTERUS-RUBER-ROSEUS},
	pages = {858--872}
}

@article{puurtinenGeneticCompatibilitySexual4,
	title = {Genetic compatibility and sexual selection},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4FG4B8K-1/2/ab092bb891394880e427e60bc251bd24},
	abstract = {[Full article] In a recent review in  TREE   [1], Mays and Hill discuss the interface between sexual selection for good genes (i.e. female choice based on traits indicating heritable fitness) and sexual selection for genetic compatibility (i.e. how well the genes of the parents function together in their offspring). We feel that the scope of their contribution is somewhat limited, primarily because they implicitly equate genetic compatibility with genetic dissimilarity. Compatibility does, however, not equal dissimilarity. The relationship between genetic dissimilarity and offspring fitness is such that the highest level of fitness (compatibility) is achieved at intermediate levels of genetic dissimilarity [2]; in the low dissimilarity end of the continuum, reproduction between close relatives yields low fitness, as does reproduction between species in the other end of the continuum. Even within populations, maximal genetic dissimilarity between parents might not yield the fittest offspring 3 and 4.We suggest that genetic compatibility is best understood as non-additive genetic variance in fitness, and good genes, correspondingly, as additive genetic variance in fitness [5]. The genetic mechanisms underlying non-additive genetic variance are diverse, but all include interactions between genetic elements 6 and 7. For example, dominance effects are responsible for inbreeding depression [8], which can be considered a special case of genetic incompatibility. Outbreeding depression, however, reflects epistasis (interactions between alleles residing in different loci), caused by the disruption of co-adapted gene complexes [9]. Because a large part of the standing genetic variation for fitness often seems to be due to epistatic genetic effects [10], genetic compatibility might be important in mate choice.Mays and Hill suggest that females face a dilemma when choosing males with 'good' versus 'compatible' genes [1]. We suggest that this is not necessarily so. If good genes are understood to be additive genetic variance in fitness, and compatibility is understood to be non-additive genetic variance in fitness, good genes and genetic compatibility are, by definition, uncorrelated. Indeed, females might use both criteria in mate choice 11 and 12. By combining information about additive genetic quality and about compatibility of potential mates, a female might have fitter offspring than by using either criterion alone. Discussion in this field began with the problem of polyandry and the concept of genetic incompatibility [6]. Genetic incompatibility then referred to negative interactions between genetic elements inherited from the parents that cause inviability in the zygote. Thus, the original idea was that there are costs of incompatibility (and selection to avoid these costs). More recently, however, there has been a shift towards discussing mate choice and genetic compatibility, where genetic compatibility refers to non-additive genetic effects that might increase offspring fitness above what would be expected from random mating 1 and 5. Thus, the idea now seems to be that there are benefits of genetic compatibility (and selection to accrue these benefits). Although selection for genetic compatibility is an appealing concept, such choice is likely to be limited to specific genetic systems (e.g. MHC genes).This is because selection for compatibility requires that individuals know their own genotype as well as the genotypes of potential mates. Opportunity for selection is also hampered if many genes are involved, and if the interactions between genetic elements are complex. Because the precise combination of genes in each zygote is affected by random segregation and crossing over in meiosis in both parents, more-complex genetic interactions will result in unpredictable offspring performance. It thus seems that there are severe constraints for the evolution of mate choice based on compatibility, in spite of the fact that non-additive genetic variation for fitness should be common.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Puurtinen, Mikael and Ketola, Tarmo and Kotiaho, Janne S.},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, COMPATIBILITY, genetic compatibility},
	pages = {157--158}
}

@article{arnegardPopulationStructureColour1998,
	title = {Population structure and colour variation of the cichlid fish  {Labeotropheus} fuelleborni  {Ahl} along a recently formed archipelago of rocky habitat patches in southern {Malawi}},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Arnegard, M. E. and Markert, J. A. and Danley, P. D. and Stauffer, J. R. and Ambali, A. J. and Kocher, T. D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {fish, population, variation, genetic differentiation,microsatellites,habitat heterogeneity,isolation by distance,haplochromine cichlid},
	pages = {119--130}
}

@article{shawGeneticConsequencesArtificial1992,
	title = {Genetic consequences of an artificial introduction of guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata ) in {N}. {Trinidad}},
	volume = {248},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Shaw, P. W. and Carvalho, G. R. and Seghers, B. H. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, guppy,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {111--116}
}

@article{rabouamNatalPhilopatryClose1998,
	title = {Natal philopatry and close inbreeding in {Cory}'s shearwater ({Calonectris} diomedea)},
	volume = {115},
	url = {ISI:000073131400023},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Auk},
	author = {Rabouam, C. and Thibault, J. C. and Bretagnolle, V.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, population, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, natal philopatry, X, migration, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, genetics, philopatry, MATE FIDELITY},
	pages = {483--486}
}

@article{roweSexuallyAntagonisticCoevolution2002,
	title = {Sexually antagonistic coevolution in a mating system: combining experimental and comparative approaches to address evolutionary processes},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rowe, L. and Arnqvist, G.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {mating, mating system, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, sexually antagonistic, sexually antagonistic coevolution},
	pages = {754 --767}
}

@article{chapmanSexualConflict2003,
	title = {Sexual conflict},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:000180007200010},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict occurs when the genetic interests of males and females diverge. Recent evidence supporting the view that male and female genomes are in conflict has now revolutionized the way in which we interpret interactions between the sexes, and suggests that sexual conflict is a potent force in male-female coevolution. Here, we consider the nature of sexual conflict and what distinguishes it from models of coevolution by sexual selection. There are advantages and pitfalls to the various experimental and comparative approaches now used. More precise predictions derived from theory are essential to evaluate much of the empirical data in support of sexually antagonistic coevolution. Equally, there needs to be a mechanistic understanding of the traits underlying sexual conflict to formulate and test these predictions},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Chapman, T. and Arnqvist, G. and Bangham, J. and Rowe, L.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, P1, selection, sex, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, CHARACTERS, model, MODELS, insect, mating, BIOLOGY, Darwin, theory, form, sexual conflict, genetics, conflict, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, speciation, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL, SELFISH, RESISTANCE, divergence, sexually antagonistic, sexually antagonistic coevolution},
	pages = {41--47}
}

@article{arakHiddenPreferencesEvolution1993,
	title = {Hidden preferences and the evolution of signals},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Arak, A. and Enquist, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {evolution, preference, display,hidden preferences,selection,signals},
	pages = {207--213}
}

@article{fromanSpermMobilityMechanisms2002,
	title = {Sperm mobility: mechanisms of fertilizing efficiency, genetic variation and phenotypic relationship with male status in the domestic fowl, {Gallus} gallus domesticus},
	volume = {269},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/269/1491/607.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2001.1925},
	abstract = {When females are sexually promiscuous, sexual selection continues after insemination through sperm competition and cryptic female choice, and male traits conveying an advantage in competitive fertilization are selected for. Although individual male and ejaculate traits are known to influence paternity in a competitive scenario, multiple mechanisms coâ€occur and interact to determine paternity. The way in which different traits interact with each other and the mechanisms through which their heritability is maintained despite selection remain unresolved. In the promiscuous fowl, paternity is determined by the number of sperm inseminated into a female, which is mediated by male social dominance, and by the quality of the sperm inseminated, measured as sperm mobility. Here we show that: (i) the number of sperm inseminated determines how many sperm reach the female spermâ€storage sites, and that sperm mobility mediates the fertilizing efficiency of inseminated sperm, mainly by determining the rate at which sperm are released from the female storage sites, (ii) like social status, sperm mobility is heritable, and (iii) subdominant males are significantly more likely to have higher sperm mobility than dominant males. This study indicates that although the functions of social status and sperm mobility are highly interdependent, the lack of phenotypic integration of these traits may maintain the variability of male fitness and heritability of fertilizing efficiency.},
	number = {1491},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Froman, David P. and Pizzari, Tommaso and Feltmann, Allen J. and Castillo-Juarez, Hector and Birkhead, Tim R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {607--612}
}

@article{wilkinsonResistanceGeneticCorrelation1990,
	title = {Resistance of genetic correlation structure to directional selection in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wilkinson, G. S. and Fowler, K. and Partridge, L.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Drosophila, selection, call, genetic correlation, Drosophila melanogaster,gentic covariances},
	pages = {1990--2003}
}

@article{shawPolygenicInheritanceBehavioural1996,
	title = {Polygenic inheritance of a behavioural phenotype: interspecific genetics of song in the {Hawaiian} cricket genus  {Laupala}},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Shaw, K. L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {call, cricket, phenotype, genetics, song, crickets,genetics of species differences,Hawaii,hybridization,Laupala,song evolution,speciation},
	pages = {256--266}
}

@article{houleCommentMetaanalysisHeritability1997,
	title = {Comment on "{A} meta-analysis of the heritability of developmental stability" by {Moller} and {Thornhill}},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Houle, D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {heritability, call, antisymmetry,fluctuating asymmetry,genetic coefficient of variation,heritability},
	pages = {17--20}
}

@article{blowsOrientationGeneticVariancecovariance2004,
	title = {Orientation of the genetic variance-covariance matrix and the fitness surface for multiple male sexually-selected traits.},
	volume = {163},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Blows, M.W. and Chenoweth, S.F. and Hine, E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {fitness, sexually selected traits, fitness surface, surface, thin-plate spline},
	pages = {329--340}
}

@article{pilastroCrypticFemalePreference2004,
	title = {Cryptic female preference for colorful males in guppies},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000220704800022},
	abstract = {Cryptic female choice (CFC) refers to female-mediated processes occurring during or after copulation that result in biased sperm use in favor of preferred or compatible males. Despite recent empirical support for this hypothesis, evidence that CFC contributes towards the evolution of male body ornaments, in the same way that precopulatory female choice does, is currently lacking. Here, we tested the possibility that CFC selects for increased male attractiveness in the guppy Poecilia reticulata, a freshwater fish exhibiting internal fertilization. Specifically, we examined whether females are able to manipulate the number of sperm transferred or retained at copulation in favor of relatively attractive males. In support of this prediction, we found that following solicited copulations the number of sperm inseminated is influenced exclusively by the female's perception of relative male coloration, independent of any direct manipulation of males themselves. Because females prefer brightly colored males during precopulatory mate choice, our finding that colorful males are also favored as a consequence of enhanced insemination success indicates that cryptic female choice can reinforce precopulatory preferences for extravagant male ornaments},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pilastro, A. and Simonato, M. and Bisazza, A. and Evans, J. P.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, Attractiveness, AUSTRALIA, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, INSEMINATION, male attractiveness, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, ornament, ornaments, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, female preference, preference, genetics, postcopulatory sexual selection, COPULATIONS, paternity, CRITERIA, Cryptic female choice, COLORATION, male ornaments, female control, manipulate, male ornament, MALE TRAITS, sperm use},
	pages = {665--669}
}

@article{sheldonMalePhenotypeFertility1994,
	title = {Male {Phenotype} , {Fertility} , and the {Pursuit} of {Extra}-{Pair} {Copulations} by {Female} {Birds}},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.1994.0089},
	journal = {Society},
	author = {Sheldon, B C and B, Proc R Soc Lond},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {25--30}
}

@article{hoskenFemaleMultipleMating1999,
	title = {Female multiple mating, inbreeding avoidance, and fitness: it is not only the magnitude of costs and benefits that counts},
	volume = {10},
	url = {ISI:000082834600015},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Hosken, D. J. and Blanckenhorn, W. U.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, MALE PHENOTYPE, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, quality, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, fitness, insect, mating, Y, multiple mating, polyandry, heterozygosity, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, AVOIDANCE, genetics, P2, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, SEXES, inbreeding-avoidance, paternity, sperm selection, PATHOGENS},
	pages = {462--464}
}

@article{legrandMetatronExperimentalSystem2012,
	title = {The {Metatron}: an experimental system to study dispersal and metaecosystems for terrestrial organisms},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1548-7105},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2104 http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nmeth.2104.html#supplementary-information},
	journal = {Nat Meth},
	author = {Legrand, Delphine and Guillaume, Olivier and Baguette, Michel and Cote, Julien and Trochet, Audrey and Calvez, Olivier and Zajitschek, Susanne and Zajitschek, Felix and Lecomte, Jane and Benard, Quentin and Le Galliard, Jean-Francois and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {828--833}
}

@article{clarkSenescenceGeneticcorrelationHangup1987,
	title = {Senescence and the genetic-correlation hang-up},
	volume = {129},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Clark, A. G.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {life history, senescence, genetic correlation},
	pages = {932--940}
}

@article{bellHandicapPrincipleSexual1978,
	title = {The handicap principle in sexual selection},
	volume = {32},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bell, G.},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, handicap principle, mate preference,sexual selection},
	pages = {872--885}
}

@article{bergerRecognitionKinAvoidance1997,
	title = {Recognition of kin and avoidance of inbreeding in the montane vole,  {Microtus} montanus},
	volume = {78},
	url = {ISI:A1997YJ07900019},
	abstract = {Young females of Microtus montanus were housed with an adult male for 9 days postweaning and their sexual maturation noted. Males caused sexual maturation (seen from increased uterine weight) in strange females, but not in daughters. When litters were cross-fostered at birth, males caused sexual maturation in biological daughters that were separated from them at birth, but not in foster daughters. This shows that this species has a mechanism for avoiding inbreeding, with recognition of kin based on familiarity},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Berger, P. J. and Negus, N. C. and Day, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {behaviour, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, population, signals, inbreeding, MECHANISM, social, X, AVOIDANCE, FAMILIARITY, RECOGNITION, WEIGHT, siblings, MEADOW VOLES, PENNSYLVANICUS, OCHROGASTER, CALIFORNIA VOLES, prairie vole, sexual maturation, SEXUAL-MATURATION, avoidance of inbreeding, PINE VOLES, Microtus montanus, montane vole, recognition of kin, REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT},
	pages = {1182--1186}
}

@article{ayasseMatingBehaviorChemical2001,
	title = {Mating behavior and chemical communication in the order hymenoptera},
	volume = {46},
	url = {ISI:000167877300003},
	abstract = {Insects of the order Hymenoptera are biologically and economically important members of natural and agro ecosystems and exhibit diverse biologies, mating systems, and sex pheromones. We review what is known of their sex pheromone chemistry and function, paying particular emphasis to the Hymenoptera Aculeata (primarily ants, bees, and sphecid and vespid wasps), and provide a framework for the functional classification of their sex pheromones. Sex pheromones often comprise multicomponent blends derived from numerous exocrine tissues, including the cuticle. However, very few sex pheromones have been definitively characterized using bioassays, in part because of the behavioral sophistication of many Aculeata. The relative importance of species isolation versus sexual selection in shaping sex pheromone evolution is still unclear. Many species appear to discriminate among mates at the level of individual or kin/colony, and they use antiaphrodisiacs. Some orchids use hymenopteran sex pheromones to dupe males into performing pseudocopulation, with extreme species specificity},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	author = {Ayasse, M. and Paxton, R. J. and Tengo, J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, i, MALES, MATE, selection, sex, insect, mating, field, ANIMALS, pheromone, BEHAVIOR, social, X, genetics, mating system, mating systems, communication, speciation, ant, par, coevolution, mating strategies, PHEROMONES, lipid, wasp, Hymenoptera, MATING-BEHAVIOR, sex pheromone, olfaction, PARASITIC WASP, BEE LASIOGLOSSUM-ZEPHYRUM, chemical mimicry, chemistry, EUSOCIAL HALICTINE BEE, MALE PINE SAWFLIES, MALE REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR, MANDIBULAR GLAND SECRETIONS, PAPER WASPS POLISTES, POLISTES-DOMINULUS HYMENOPTERA, SCAPTOTRIGONA-POSTICA, sex pheromones, SEX-PHEROMONE, STINGLESS BEE},
	pages = {31--78}
}

@article{mcallisterReducedSequenceVariability1999,
	title = {Reduced sequence variability on the neo-{Y} chromosome of  {Drosophila} americana americana},
	volume = {153},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {McAllister, B. F. and Charlesworth, B.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, Y chromosome, Sex chromosomes, neo-X, neo-Y},
	pages = {221--233}
}

@article{carrellContributionsSpermatozoaEmbryogenesis2008,
	title = {Contributions of spermatozoa to embryogenesis: assays to evaluate their genetic and epigenetic fitness},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1472-6483},
	url = {://WOS:000254868900002},
	abstract = {During fertilization, spermatozoa contribute genetic and epigenetic factors that affect early embryogenesis. Genetic factors include a haploid genome with intact coding regions and regulatory regions for essential genes. The DNA must contain the proper copy number of essential genes, and cannot have increased single- or double- stranded DNA breaks. Epigenetic factors include a functional centrosome, proper packaging of the chromatin with protamines, modifications of histones, and imprinting of genes. Additionally, the fertilizing spermatozoon provides mRNAs and micro RNAs, which may contribute to the embryonic transcriptome and regulate embryonic gene expression. These epigenetic factors, directly or indirectly, affect the expression of genes in the developing embryo. Each of these contributions represents areas of potential sperm dysfunction, and they are the focus of ongoing research to develop assays which will allow further analysis of their clinical significance. This review briefly describes the current status of research into the genetic and epigenetic contributions of spermatozoa to embryogenesis, and the quest for clinical screening assays. The challenges to validation and clinical application of such testing are also discussed.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Reproductive Biomedicine Online},
	author = {Carrell, D. T.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {sperm, epigenetics, chromatin, DNA methylation, assisted reproduction, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, male-infertility, mammalian development, aberrant, aneuploidy, centrosomal function, centrosome, chromosome-abnormalities, copy-number variation, DNA integrity, embryo development, meiotic segregation patterns, protamine},
	pages = {474--484}
}

@article{crudgingtonExperimentalRemovalElevation2005,
	title = {Experimental removal and elevation of sexual selection: {Does} sexual selection generate manipulative males and resistant females?},
	volume = {165},
	url = {ISI:000228094600008},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict over reproduction can occur between males and females. In several naturally promiscuous insect species, experimental evolution studies that have enforced monogamy found evidence for sexual conflict. Here, we subjected the naturally promiscuous, sperm-heteromorphic fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura to enforced monogamy, standard levels of promiscuity, and elevated opportunities for promiscuity in four replicate lines. We examined the effect of male and female selection history and the proximate effect of variation in male density on female fitness parameters. We found that male density rather than male selection history explained a greater degree of female fecundity, egg hatching success, and productivity. Additionally, females selected under elevated promiscuity had greater fecundity and hatching success than did enforced monogamy females. Selection line males do not differ in their capacity to coerce females to remate, suggesting no divergence in precopulatory manipulative ability. However, these males did vary in their ability to suppress female remating, suggesting postcopulatory manipulation. These results indicate that sexual conflict can be manifested through both the proximate effects of male density and the historical levels of sexual selection and that the sexes respond differentially to these factors and further stress the multifarious channels of sexual communication that contribute to fitness},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Crudgington, H. S. and Beckerman, A. P. and Brustle, L. and Green, K. and Snook, R. R.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, egg, ABILITY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, selection, sex, variation, fitness, SEXUAL-SELECTION, BODY-SIZE, fecundity, insect, reproductive success, SUCCESS, flies, ENGLAND, HISTORIES, HISTORY, reproduction, fruit fly, sexual conflict, conflict, STRESS, communication, experimental evolution, EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL, SEXES, monogamy, divergence, DROSOPHILA-PSEUDOOBSCURA, female remating, PERSPECTIVE, promiscuity, hatching success, SPERM HETEROMORPHISM, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER FEMALES, FLY SEPSIS-CYNIPSEA, PSEUDOOBSCURA, enforced monogamy, sexual conflict,sexually antagonistic coevolution,Drosophila pseudoobscura,Drosophila melanogaster,precopulatory sexual selection,postcopulatory sexual selection},
	pages = {S72--S87}
}

@article{thornhillEvolutionSexualDifferences1900,
	title = {The evolution of sexual differences in insects {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {The evolution of sexual differences in insects {T2}  -?},
	author = {Thornhill, R. and Gwynne, D. T.},
	year = {1900},
	keywords = {evolution, insect, call, natural selection,sexual selection},
	pages = {172--179}
}

@article{clutton-brockSelfishSentinelsCooperative1999,
	title = {Selfish sentinels in cooperative mammals},
	volume = {284},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Clutton-Brock, T. H. and O'Riain, M. J. and Brotherton, P. N. M. and Gaynor, D. and Kansky, R. and Griffin, A. S. and Manser, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {guarding, meerkats, sentinels, Suricatta suricatta},
	pages = {1640--1644}
}

@article{olssonMajorHistocompatibilityComplex2003,
	title = {Major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in sand lizards},
	volume = {270},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000186662700039},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2003.0079},
	abstract = {In mice and man, females prefer males with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotype different to their own. We tested whether this phenomenon also occurs in the Swedish sand lizard (Lacerta agilis). Females in a laboratory experiment preferred to associate with odour samples obtained from more distantly related males at the MHC class 1 loci. Data on free-ranging lizards suggest that associations between males and females are non-random with respect to MHC genotype. However, male spatial distribution and mobility during the mating season suggest that the non-random pairing process in the wild may also be driven by corresponding genetic benefits to males pairing with less related females.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Madsen, T. and Nordby, J. and Wapstra, E. and Ujvari, B. and Wittsell, H.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {S254--S256}
}

@article{shusterGeneticInteractionMale1997,
	title = {Genetic interaction between male mating strategy and sex ratio in a marine isopod},
	volume = {388},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Shuster, S. M. and Sassaman, C.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {sex, mating, sex ratio, mating strategy, morphs, isopod crustacean, male mating strategy},
	pages = {373--377}
}

@book{russellScientificOutlook1931,
	title = {The {Scientific} {Outlook}},
	author = {Russell, B. and George, Allen and {Unwin}},
	year = {1931}
}

@article{haranoDirectEffectsPolyandry3,
	title = {Direct effects of polyandry on female fitness in  {Callosobruchus} chinensis},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4J90W5P-3/2/b2610c537d64b91431fecfe84f0d56c8},
	abstract = {In many insect species with high levels of polyandry, females benefit directly from remating. The effects of remating on female fitness have generally been examined by comparing the fitness of females in multiple-mating and single-mating treatments. In this standard approach, females in the multiple-mating group that refuse to remate are often excluded from the analysis. We investigated the effects of remating in the adzuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis, a species with low levels of polyandry. Females that refused to remate when given an opportunity to do so were less fecund and shorter lived than females that accepted remating. In this case, excluding females that refuse to remate from the multiple-mating treatment biases the composition of the two treatment populations, and is thus problematic. When we included such females, we found no difference in fecundity, fertility and longevity between females given an opportunity to remate and those that were not. In addition, when we compared females that were allowed to complete remating naturally and those whose remating was interrupted before sperm transfer we found significantly negative effects of female remating on fecundity, suggesting that remating reduces the fitness of polyandrous females in C. chinensis, which is inconsistent with many studies on polyandrous species},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Harano, Tomohiro and Yasui, Yukio and Miyatake, Takahisa},
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, population, sperm, fitness, fecundity, insect, longevity, multiple mating, polyandry, transfer, POPULATIONS, SPERM TRANSFER, female remating, polyandrous females, FERTILITY, BIASES},
	pages = {539--548}
}

@article{farrBiasedSexRatios1981,
	title = {Biased sex ratios in laboratory strains of guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Farr, J. A.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, sex, call, sex ratio, sex ratios, sexual selection,muller's ratchet,meiotic drive,guppy,sex ratio,y chromosome},
	pages = {237--248}
}

@article{riceMaleFitnessIncreases1998,
	title = {Male fitness increases when females are eliminated from gene pool: {Implications} for the {Y} chromosome},
	volume = {95},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {fitness, call, Y, Y chromosome, female fitness,genetic hitchhiking,male fitness,Y chromosomes},
	pages = {6217--6221}
}

@article{eisnerChemistrySexualSelection1995,
	title = {The chemistry of sexual selection},
	volume = {92},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Eisner, T. and Meinwald, J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, Lepidoptera, pheromone, parental investment, sperm selection, Utetheisa ornatrix, pyrrolizidine alkaloid},
	pages = {50--55}
}

@article{dugatkinInterfaceCulturallyBased1996,
	title = {Interface between culturally based preferences and genetic preferences: {Female} mate choice in {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {93},
	url = {ISI:A1996UD37500028},
	abstract = {The relative contribution of genetic and socio-cultural factors in the shaping of behavior is of fundamental importance to biologists and social scientists, Set it has proven to be extremely difficult to study in a controlled, experimental fashion, Here I describe experiments that examined the strength of genetic and cultural (imitative) factors in determining female mate choice in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Female guppies from the Paria River in Trinidad have a genetic, heritable preference for the amount of orange body color possessed by males, Female guppies will, however, also copy (imitate) the mate choice of other females in that when two males are matched for orange color, an ''observer'' female will copy the mate choice of another (''model'') female. Three treatments were undertaken in which males differed by an average of 12\%, 24\%, or 40\% of the total orange body color, In all cases, observer females viewed a model female prefer the less colorful male, When males differed by 12\% or 24\%, observer females preferred the less colorful male and thus copied the mate choice of others, despite a strong heritable preference for orange body color in males, When males differed by 40\% orange body color, however, observer females preferred the more colorful male and did not copy the mate choice of the other female. In this system, then, imitation can ''override'' genetic preferences when the difference between orange body color in males is small or moderate, but genetic factors block out imitation effects when the difference in orange body color in males is large, This experiment provides the first attempt to experimentally examine the relative strength of cultural and genetic preferences for a particular trait and suggests that these two factors moderate one another in shaping social behavior},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, Fisher, guppies, guppy, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, orange, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, female mate choice, model, SEXUAL-SELECTION, PREFERENCES, Social Behavior, COLOR PATTERNS, experiment, preference, theory, male-male competition, BEHAVIOR, social, MALE PREDATION RISK, SYSTEM, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, TRINIDAD, sociobiology, SET, TRINIDAD GUPPY, allopaternal care, COTTIDAE, culture, GOBIO L PISCES, imitation},
	pages = {2770--2773}
}

@article{fahrigNonoptimalAnimalMovement2007,
	title = {Non-optimal animal movement in human-altered landscapes},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://000250985100001},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01326.x},
	abstract = {1. I synthesize the understanding of the relationship between landscape structure and animal movement in human-modified landscapes. 2. The variety of landscape structures is first classified into four categories: continuous habitat, patchy habitat with high-quality matrix, patchy habitat with low-quality matrix, and patchy, ephemeral habitat. Using this simplification I group the range of evolved movement parameters into four categories or movement types. I then discuss how these movement types interact with current human-caused landscape changes, and how this often results in non-optimal movement. 3. From this synthesis I develop a hypothesis that predicts the relative importance of the different population-level consequences of these non-optimal movements, for the four movement types. 4. Populations of species that have inhabited landscapes with high habitat cover or patchy landscapes with low-risk matrix should have evolved low boundary responses and moderate to high movement probabilities. These species are predicted to be highly susceptible to increased movement mortality resulting from habitat loss and reduced matrix quality. 5. In contrast, populations of species that evolved in patchy landscapes with high-risk matrix or dynamic patchy landscapes are predicted to be highly susceptible to decreased immigration and colonization success, due to the increasing patch isolation that results from habitat loss. 6. Finally, I discuss three implications of this synthesis: (i) 'least cost path' analysis should not be used for land management decisions without data on actual movement paths and movement risks in the landscape; (ii) 'dispersal ability' is not simply an attribute of a species, but varies strongly with landscape structure such that the relative rankings of species' dispersal abilities can change following landscape alteration; and (iii) the assumption that more mobile species are more resilient to human-caused landscape change is not generally true, but depends on the structure of the landscape where the species evolved.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Fahrig, L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, landscape structure, mortality, FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES, colonization, DISPERSAL BEHAVIOR, CONSPECIFIC ATTRACTION, dispersal ability, DROSOPHILA-SUBOBSCURA, ELK CERVUS-ELAPHUS, GAP-CROSSING DECISIONS, HABITAT PATCH SIZE, least cost path, METAPOPULATION MODEL, POPULATION CONSEQUENCES, STRUCTURED POPULATIONS},
	pages = {1003--1015}
}

@article{maloneGeneticConsequencesPleistocene2003,
	title = {Genetic consequences of {Pleistocene} fragmentation: {Isolation}, drift, and loss of diversity in rock iguanas ({Cyclura})},
	volume = {4},
	url = {ISI:000180268600001},
	abstract = {Pleistocene fragmentation of the Great Bahama Bank resulted in one large and several small populations of rock iguanas (Cyclura cychlura). We explore patterns of genetic variation within and among these island populations using mitochondrial sequence data (partial ND4 to tRNA(Leu)) in combination with eight polymorphic microsatellite loci (2 to 10 alleles). Genetic data support two phylogeographically distinct groups, Andros Island and the Exuma cays. This result conflicts with current subspecific taxonomy in which three subspecies are described. Analyses of allelic data indicate that most island populations are currently demographically independent. Pairwise Fst values between eight island populations range from 0.18 to 0.63, and 6 of 135 individuals are misassigned in an assignment test. Population-genetic diversity is characterized using standard measures such as number of alleles and heterozygosity (H) in addition to a normalized Shannon-Weaver index of diversity (D). We find genetic diversity in the Andros Island population comparable to that in other non-piscine animals (avg. \# of alleles = 5, avg. H = 0.56, avg. D = 0.66) while in the Exuma cays populations these measures are much lower (avg. \# of alleles = 2.75-1.625, avg. H = 0.43-0.17, avg. D = 0.45-0.18). These data are used to discuss conservation management strategies, including prioritization and translocation},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics},
	author = {Malone, C. L. and Knapp, C. R. and Taylor, J. F. and Davis, S. K.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, population, variation, CONSEQUENCES, ANIMALS, theory, allele, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, genetics, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, P2, conflict, genetic variation, MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS, genetic diversity, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, SMALL POPULATIONS, alleles, CONSERVATION GENETICS, DISTANCE, FLOW, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, NUCLEAR, EVOLUTIONARILY-SIGNIFICANT-UNITS, iguanas, mtDNA sequence, Pleistocene},
	pages = {1--15}
}

@article{duftyHormonesDevelopmentalPlasticity2002,
	title = {Hormones, developmental plasticity and adaptation},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://WOS:000174446400012},
	doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02498-9},
	abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is the extent to which an organism can change its physiology, behaviour, morphology and/or development in response to environmental cues. Environmentally induced differences in the endocrine system are among the underlying causes of phenotypic plasticity. For example, maternal and other environmental influences on developing young can affect the range of physiological and behavioural responses available to them as adults. The mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity can be elucidated using multidisciplinary approaches, in which the dynamic interactions among developmental, hormonal and environmental factors are considered. Such studies point to the importance of considering the overall developmental trajectory of an organism when assessing the adaptive value of phenotypic variation, rather than simply evaluating the individual at a single point in time.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Dufty, A. M. and Clobert, J. and Moller, A. P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {190--196}
}

@article{joronCaptivityMasksInbreeding2003,
	title = {Captivity masks inbreeding effects on male mating success in butterflies},
	volume = {424},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Joron, M. and Brakefield, P. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {butterfly, mating, inbreeding, male mating success, mating success},
	pages = {191--194}
}

@article{gerhardtReproductiveCharacterDisplacement1994,
	title = {Reproductive character displacement of female mate choice in the grey treefrog,  {Hyla} chrysoscelis.},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gerhardt, H. C.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, female mate choice, reinforcement, reproductive character displacement},
	pages = {959--969}
}

@article{blumsteinKinDiscriminationMacropod2002,
	title = {Kin discrimination in a macropod marsupial},
	volume = {108},
	url = {ISI:000177775300005},
	abstract = {Differential treatment of kin is ubiquitous in social animals. Parents often behave preferentially towards their dependent offspring. Species in several taxa also bias behaviour towards non-descendent kin. This latter phenomenon has not been demonstrated in marsupials, which are reportedly less social than eutherian mammals. We report the first evidence of non-parental kin-biased behaviour in a macropodid marsupial. Experimental pairing of individuals based on kinship reliably altered the rate of aggression between individuals in pairs of female tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii ). This effect is probably attributable to relatedness rather than to familiarity. Marsupial sociality may be substantially more complex than is currently recognized},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Blumstein, D. T. and Ardron, J. G. and Evans, C. S.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, offspring, ANIMALS, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, MAMMALS, social, CONSERVATION, kinship, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, kin discrimination, sociality, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, foraging, ORGANIZATION, EUGENII, GROUP-SIZE, TAMMAR WALLABIES, VIGILANCE},
	pages = {815--823}
}

@article{roisinPhilopatricReproductionPrime1999,
	title = {Philopatric reproduction, a prime mover in the evolution of termite sociality?},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Insectes Socieaux},
	author = {Roisin, Y.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, reproduction, polymorphism, cooperative breeding, eusociality, dispersal strategy, Isoptera, neoteny},
	pages = {297--305}
}

@article{adlerPaternalEffectsOffspring2012,
	title = {Paternal {Effects} on {Offspring} {Fitness} {Reflect} {Father}’s {Social} {Environment}},
	issn = {0071-3260},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9211-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s11692-012-9211-6},
	abstract = {In many species, males influence phenotypic traits in their offspring through non-genetic paternal effects. Such effects can represent a form of paternal investment, and males may benefit by adjusting the effects depending on environmental parameters, such as operational sex ratio, so as to maximize offspring fitness. In the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis, fathers reared on a nutrient-rich larval diet produce larger offspring, independent of the rearing environment of the offspring. Here we asked whether this paternal effect was influenced by the social environment to which fathers were exposed. We found significant interactions of the effects of paternal larval diet quality and social environment (same-sex vs. mixed-sex groups) on offspring fitness-related traits. Fathers reared on a nutrient-rich diet produced larger male offspring when housed in mixed-sex groups. However, fathers reared on a nutrient-rich diet produced more viable offspring (or more viable sperm) when housed in same-sex groups prior to mating. These results suggest that fitness-enhancing paternal effects can trade off, consistent with parental investment theory on the offspring size-number trade-off, which suggests that these traits represent alternative investment options and parents are selected to optimize the balance based on a range of environmental variables. This is the first study to show that males can facultatively modulate paternal effects based on the social environment},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Adler, Margo I and Bonduriansky, Russell},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Paternal effects, Development, Offspring size, Adaptive phenotypic plasticity, Larval diet, Social environment},
	pages = {1--5},
	file = {Paternal effects on offspring fitness reflect fathers social environment - InvenZone:files/4360/paternal-effects-on-offspring-fitness-reflect-fathers-social-environment-571569745.html:text/html}
}

@article{nitterusManipulatedStructuralVariability2008,
	title = {Manipulated structural variability affects the habitat choice of two ground-living beetle species in a laboratory experiment},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0785-8760},
	url = {://000257503700006},
	abstract = {The habitat choice of two ground-living carabid beetle species (Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Fabricius) and Carabus hortensis Linneaus) was investigated in a laboratory experiment. Beetles were released in test arenas with two options of manipulated structural variability on the ground, i.e.; bare ground spots versus spots with logging residue (slash). Beetles were studied for 600 seconds and the total time spent on bare ground versus in slash was measured. The results revealed a preference for slash covered ground amongst the investigated beetles. Regardless of species or type of release spot (in the middle of the bare ground or in slash), the carabids resided significantly longer in slash compared with the bare ground. The results support recent studies emphasizing the importance of microhabitat variability for the abundance distribution of arthropods in managed systems.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Entomologica Fennica},
	author = {Nitterus, K. and Gunnarsson, A. and Gunnarsson, B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, COLEOPTERA, ANIMAL MOVEMENT, food, FOREST, HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES, CARABIDAE, ABUNDANCE, CLEAR-CUTS, COMPLEXITY},
	pages = {122--128}
}

@article{reznickGeneticDeterminationOffspring1982,
	title = {Genetic determination of offspring size in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {120},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Reznick, D.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, offspring, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, size, call, Offspring size, grandfather effect,guppy,offspring size,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {181--188}
}

@article{wellsReproductiveBehaviorAerobic1984,
	title = {Reproductive behavior and aerobic capacities of male american toads ( {Bufo} americanus ): is behavior constrained by physiology?},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	author = {Wells, K. D. and Taigen, T. L.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {reproductive behaviour, Bufo, toad, Anura, Bufo americanus, amphibia, aerobic capacity, behavioural variation, Bufonidae, physiological constraints},
	pages = {292--298}
}

@article{shermanConsistentPaternitySkew2009,
	title = {Consistent {Paternity} {Skew} through {Ontogeny} in {Peron}'s {Tree} {Frog} ({Litoria} peronii)},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {://WOS:000272830300020},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0008252},
	abstract = {Background: A large number of studies in postcopulatory sexual selection use paternity success as a proxy for fertilization success. However, selective mortality during embryonic development can lead to skews in paternity in situations of polyandry and sperm competition. Thus, when assessment of paternity fails to incorporate mortality skews during early ontogeny, this may interfere with correct interpretation of results and subsequent evolutionary inference. In a previous series of in vitro sperm competition experiments with amphibians (Litoria peronii), we showed skewed paternity patterns towards males more genetically similar to the female. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we use in vitro fertilizations and sperm competition trials to test if this pattern of paternity of fully developed tadpoles reflects patterns of paternity at fertilization and if paternity skews changes during embryonic development. We show that there is no selective mortality through ontogeny and that patterns of paternity of hatched tadpoles reflects success of competing males in sperm competition at fertilization. Conclusions/Significance: While this study shows that previous inferences of fertilization success from paternity data are valid for this species, rigorous testing of these assumptions is required to ensure that differential embryonic mortality does not confound estimations of true fertilization success.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Sherman, Craig D. H. and Wapstra, Erik and Olsson, Mats},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009}
}

@article{alataloHeritabilitiesParadigmShifts1997,
	title = {Heritabilities and paradigm shifts},
	volume = {385},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Alatalo, R. V. and Mappes, J. and Elgar, M. A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {heritability, female choice,good genes},
	pages = {402--403}
}

@article{lc/pezAcquiredResistanceAffects1998,
	title = {Acquired resistance affects male sexual display and female choice in guppies},
	volume = {265},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {L¢pez, S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, guppies, guppy, call, display, handicap, acquired resistance, Gyrodactylus},
	pages = {717--723}
}

@article{charlesworthModelEvolutionChromosomes1978,
	title = {A model for the evolution of {Y} chromosomes and dosage compensation},
	volume = {75},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Charlesworth, B.},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {evolution, model, Y chromosome, chromosomes, muller's ratchet, dosage compensation},
	pages = {5618--5622}
}

@article{bondApostaticSelectionBlue1998,
	title = {Apostatic selection by blue jays produces balanced polymorphism in virtual prey},
	volume = {395},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bond, A. B. and Kamil, A. C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {selection, polymorphism, apostatic selection,polymorphism,functional responses,frequency dependence},
	pages = {594--596}
}

@article{smithIncestCommonGray1997,
	title = {Is incest common in gray wolf packs?},
	volume = {8},
	url = {ISI:A1997XM65400005},
	abstract = {Wolf packs generally consist of a breeding pair and their maturing offspring that help provision and protect pack young. Because the reproductive tenure in wolves is often short, reproductively mature offspring might replace their parents, resulting in sibling or parent-offspring matings. To determine the extent of incestuous pairings, we measured relatedness based on variability in 20 microsatellite loci of mated pairs, parent-offspring pairs, and siblings in two populations of gray wolves. Our 16 sampled mated pairs had values of relatedness nor overlapping those of known parent-offspring or sibling dyads, which is consistent with their being unrelated or distantly related. These results suggest that full siblings or a parent and its offspring rarely mate and that incest avoidance is an important constraint on gray wolf behavioral ecology},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Smith, D. and Meier, T. and Geffen, E. and Mech, L. D. and Burch, J. W. and Adams, L. G. and Wayne, R. K.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, MATE, offspring, PAIR, population, mating, field, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, wolf, WOLVES, AVOIDANCE, genetics, microsatellites, COMMON, related, Canada, paternity, VARIABILITY, MINNESOTA, siblings, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, GENETIC-MARKERS, pairing, IDENTIFICATION, canis lupus, GRAY WOLF, CANIS-LUPUS, gray wolves},
	pages = {384--391}
}

@article{evansMaleMatingBehaviour1999,
	title = {Male mating behaviour and sperm production characteristics under varying sperm competition risk in guppies},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000083929700009},
	abstract = {Since natural populations of guppies, Poecilia reticulata, often differ from one another in social structure, the intensity of sperm: competition is likely to vary between localities. Guppies are promiscuous, with female choice for colourful males playing a central role in the mating system. In addition, male guppies use forced copulations to circumvent female choice. Both methods of copulation are used interchangeably by individual males, but the degree to which either is used may depend on the social environment into which males are born. Here we show that male mating behaviour varies according to the rearing sex ratio: when reared in male-biased groups, males performed more forced copulations and fewer courtship displays but showed the opposite pattern of behaviour when reared in female-biased groups. Our prediction, based on sperm competition theory, that stripped sperm number would reflect social structure was not supported by our results. Instead, the overall level of sexual activity (gonopodial thrusts + sigmoid displays) was a better predictor of sperm number in the different groups of males. Rearing density, where sex ratio was controlled, did not significantly affect male mating behaviour or sperm traits. Males reared under the different sex ratios continued to show their characteristic behaviour patterns when placed in equal sex ratio tanks. We conclude, therefore, that males adopt mating strategies to suit their social environment, and that these strategies remain fixed, for short periods at least, if population structure changes. (C) 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, association, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, fish, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, BODY-SIZE, mating, Darwin, ENGLAND, theory, NUMBER, sex ratio, phenotypic plasticity, display, displays, POPULATIONS, social, STRATEGIES, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, risk, mating behaviour, ENVIRONMENT, pattern, patterns, SCOTLAND, RATIO, SYSTEM, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, COPULATIONS, SEXES, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, MALE GUPPIES, courtship display, forced copulation, forced copulations, intensity, male mating behaviour, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, SEX-RATIOS, SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENT, GAMES, sperm production, SEX-RATIO, population structure, sex ratios, EJACULATE CHARACTERISTICS, EASTERN MOSQUITOFISH},
	pages = {1001--1006}
}

@article{servedioEffectsGeneFlow1997,
	title = {The effects of gene flow on reinforcement},
	volume = {51},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Servedio, M. R. and Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, reinforcement, gene flow, gene flow,isolating mechanism,migration,peripheral isolation,reinforcement,simulations},
	pages = {1764--1772}
}

@article{reznickSelectionNatureExperimental2003,
	title = {Selection in nature: {Experimental} manipulations of natural populations},
	volume = {43},
	url = {ISI:000222235200679},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Reznick, D. N. and Ghalambor, C. K.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {population, selection, BIOLOGY, POPULATIONS, NATURAL-POPULATION, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, experimental manipulation},
	pages = {973--973}
}

@article{mollerFemaleChoiceSelects1988,
	title = {Female choice selects for male sexual tail ornaments in the monogamous swallow},
	volume = {332},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, female preference, swallow, tail ornaments},
	pages = {640--641}
}

@article{barberHowStrongAre2001,
	title = {How strong are familiarity preferences in shoaling fish?},
	volume = {61},
	url = {ISI:000169360600013},
	abstract = {Individual fish of certain species show preferences for rejoining shoals of familiar individuals, suggesting that the development of familiarity within groups may be beneficial to group members. However, the relative value of shoaling with familiar individuals compared to, for example, joining a larger or more phenotypically matched group, is not known. We first confirmed, in separate experiments, that European minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus, prefer to join shoals of familiar individuals (with which they had been kept for 14 days) over unfamiliar ones, and show an increasing preference for the larger of two unfamiliar shoals presented in numerical size ratios of 1:1, 1:1.2, 1:1.9 and 1:4. In the latter experiment, test fish showed a marginal preference for the larger shoal at size ratio 1:1.2, and significant preferences in the 1:1.9 and 1:4 trials. To examine how test fish traded off familiarity against group size, we used the same shoal size ratios in a third experiment, this time with the smaller shoal being composed of individuals familiar to the test fish. In these trials, preferences for larger (nonfamiliar) and smaller (familiar) groups were balanced at the 1:1.9 shoal size ratio, and test fish significantly preferred the larger shoal only in the 1:4 trials. This suggests that the fish perceive the value of shoaling with familiars as equivalent to the benefits gained by doubling shoal size. Our results also indicate that preferences for familiar shoalmates are sufficient to offset defection to slightly larger groups. We discuss how this may stabilize group composition in natural habitats. (C) 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Barber, I. and Wright, H. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, ECOLOGY, fish, fishes, i, BENEFITS, size, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, experiment, preference, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, predation, HABITAT, FAMILIARITY, RATIO, parasitism, individual recognition, shoal, shoaling, SCHOOLING PREFERENCES, GROUP-SIZE, CYPRINODONTIDAE, KILLIFISH FUNDULUS-DIAPHANUS, MINNOW, MINNOWS},
	pages = {975--979}
}

@article{richardsonPollinatorBehaviourMate2000,
	title = {Pollinator behaviour, mate choice and the realised mating systems of {Grevillea} mucronulata and {Grevillea} sphacelata},
	volume = {48},
	url = {ISI:000087479300010},
	abstract = {Successful long-term conservation and management of populations of plants requires successful management of the suite of factors that determine their 'realised' mating systems. Within the genus Grevillea, mating systems are potentially complex. They may vary among species and among populations within a species, reflecting variation in pollinator behaviour and diversity ('potential' mating systems) and in breeding system (the 'preferred' mating system). We used a combination of pollinator observations, pollination experiments and electrophoretic analysis of seed from open pollinations, to examine variation in potential and preferred mating systems in two populations of each of two 'spider-flowered' Grevillea species: G. mucronulata (visited by honeyeaters and honeybees, although only birds effected pollen removal and transfer) and G. sphacelata (visited only by honeybees, which made frequent contact with pollen and stigmas). Almost all observed bird and insect foraging bouts on either species involved movements among inflorescences within plants or among inflorescences on closely neighbouring plants. On the basis of these data, the mating system was predicted to involve a high level of selfing or inbreeding. However, the pollination experiment revealed that both species were highly self-incompatible and showed a clear preference for outcross pollen in mate-choice experiments. For both species, fruit set through autogamy was lower than 0.7\% and fruit set from self-pollinations was always significantly lower than for outcross pollinations (0-11\% cf. 25-33\% for G. mucronulata and 0\% cf. 4.2-8.8\% for G. sphacelata). Allozyme studies revealed that genotypes in open-pollinated seeds on 20 G. mucronulata and 20 G. sphacelata plants were surprisingly uniform, best explained by outcrossed matings between close neighbours. We found little between-population variation in any aspect of the mating system for either species. These studies reveal that the preferred mating system of the plant and the pattern of pollinator behaviour interact to determine the mating system in a population, emphasising the need for a multifaceted investigation of mating systems, especially in predicting the fates of populations that have pollination systems altered by disturbance, small size, isolation and introduced species such as the honeybee},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Botany},
	author = {Richardson, M. B. G. and Ayre, D. J. and Whelan, R. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, AUSTRALIA, behaviour, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, variation, size, insect, mating, Darwin, preference, transfer, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, genetics, mating system, mating systems, PLANTS, selfing, movement, DIVERSITY, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, foraging, introduced, SET, BREEDING SYSTEM, MANAGEMENT, HONEY-BEES, BANKSIA-SPINULOSA, BARKLYANA PROTEACEAE, R BR, SELECTIVE FRUIT ABORTION},
	pages = {357--366}
}

@article{brooksFemaleGuppiesUse1995,
	title = {Female guppies use orange as a mate choice cue: a manipulative test},
	volume = {30},
	journal = {South African Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Caithness, N.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, orange, manipulate, light},
	pages = {200--201}
}

@article{rafinskiSpermMixingAlpine2002,
	title = {Sperm mixing in the {Alpine} newt ({Triturus} alpestris)},
	volume = {80},
	url = {ISI:000178309200019},
	abstract = {In polyandrous females the ultimate stage of cryptic female choice may involve egg-sperm interactions during different phases of fertilization. This form of sperm discrimination is possible only when sperm from different males have simultaneous access to eggs at the site of fertilization. In polyandrous newts of the genus Triturus, eggs are fertilized internally by sperm stored for an extensive period of time in the tubular spermatheca. The extent of sperm mixing, which is a necessary condition for cryptic female choice involving sperm-egg interactions, was studied in doubly mated female Alpine newts, Triturus alpestris. Using an allozyme marker the paternity of offspring sired by the two males was established in both series of larvae reared from eggs produced consecutively over short period of time (ca. 2 h) and batches of eggs collected during longer periods of time (up to 26 days). Significant sperm mixing was unequivocally demonstrated by the mixed paternity of the progeny produced in series. The paternity pattern in batches of eggs collected during longer periods of time showed neither significant predominance of either male in the progeny nor any effects of sperm stratification in the tubules of the spermatheca},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Rafinski, J. and Osikowski, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, egg, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, INSEMINATION, MALES, offspring, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATION, Y, form, polyandry, condition, sperm-egg interaction, discrimination, patterns, Canada, paternity, Cryptic female choice, larvae, polyandrous females, Triturus alpestris, PRECEDENCE, RED-SPOTTED NEWT, SMOOTH NEWT, VULGARIS},
	pages = {1293--1298}
}

@article{lailvauxFunctionalPerspectiveSexual8,
	title = {A functional perspective on sexual selection: insights and future prospects},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4K9CCRK-1/2/784e8fc55529fd642cb2d49267df0aed},
	abstract = {A large number of sexual selection studies have focused on examining the morphological and behavioural factors involved in male combat and female choice, such as whether large males achieve higher reproductive success compared with smaller males. However, until recently, the mechanistic reasons why such cues are linked to male dominance or female choice have been elusive. An emerging body of work shows that physiological and whole-organism performance capacities are important in individual reproductive success. Males with high performance or other physiological capacities (e.g. endurance, biting) often enjoy an advantage over males with poorer performance capacities during male-male contests. In contrast, few studies have examined links between performance and female choice. Here, we highlight recent key literature integrating sexual selection, performance and physiology. We also point to areas where a more rigorous investigation of underlying physiological processes may yield insights into sexual selection. In particular, we note that current progress in several important areas may be hampered by an inadequate physiological understanding of condition. We suggest a conceptual approach that may shed light on the physiological factors underlying condition, and we point out several other potentially important avenues for future research},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Lailvaux, Simon P. and Irschick, Duncan J.},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, female, MALES, PERFORMANCE, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, reproductive success, SUCCESS, NUMBER, condition, dominance, ADVANTAGE, PERSPECTIVE, INSIGHTS, light},
	pages = {263--273}
}

@incollection{gowatyFeminismEvolutionaryBiology1997,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Feminism and {Evolutionary} {Biology}: {Boundaries}, {Intersections} and {Frontiers}},
	shorttitle = {Sexual dialectics, sexual selection, and variation in reproductive behavior},
	booktitle = {Sexual dialectics, sexual selection, and variation in reproductive behavior},
	publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A. and Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, variation, call, competition,fitness,mating systems,reproductive success,sexual selection,sperm competition},
	pages = {351--384}
}

@article{reddonParentalEffectsAnimal2012,
	title = {Parental effects on animal personality},
	volume = {23},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/2/242.abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arr210},
	abstract = {Parental effects are any effect parents may have on the phenotype of their offspring over and above direct genetic transmission. By adaptively adjusting the phenotypes of their offspring to suit future environmental conditions, parents may increase their own fitness. A likely target of this parental programming is behavior, and the resulting variation in individual behavior can lead to diverse animal personalities. Here, I argue that parental effects may be an important source of variation in behavior and that by synthesizing the fields of parental effects and animal personality, we can gain novel insights into the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of individual variation.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Reddon, Adam R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {242--245}
}

@book{hanskiMetapopulationEcology1999,
	address = {Oxford},
	series = {Oxford series in ecology and evolution},
	title = {Metapopulation ecology},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Hanski, I.},
	year = {1999}
}

@article{tomkinsHeritabilitySizeNot1999,
	title = {Heritability of size but not symmetry in a sexually selected trait chosen by female earwigs},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Tomkins, J. L. and Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {size, heritability, call, symmetry, developmental instability,fluctuating asymmetry,heritability,ornament,sexual selection},
	pages = {151--157}
}

@article{sullivanMateChoiceInformation1994,
	title = {Mate choice as an information gathering process under time constraint: implications for behaviour and signal design},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Sullivan, M. S.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, mate choice, call, mate choice,sexual ornamentation,signals},
	pages = {141--151}
}

@article{carriereCoadaptationFemaleMorphology1997,
	title = {The coadaptation of female morphology and offspring size: a comparative analysis in crickets},
	volume = {110},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Carriere, Y. and Masaki, S. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {offspring, size, cricket, Offspring size},
	pages = {197--204}
}

@article{snowPatternSpermTransfer2004,
	title = {Pattern of sperm transfer in redback spiders: implications for sperm competition and male sacrifice},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000223042500011},
	abstract = {Many sperm competition studies have identified copulation duration as an important predictor of paternity. This result is often interpreted as a sperm transfer effect-it is assumed that sperm transfer is limited by copulation duration. Here we test the assumption of duration-dependent sperm transfer in the Australian redback spider, Latrodectus hasselti, in which a correlation between copulation duration and paternity has been implicated in the evolution of a rare male self-sacrifice behavior. Male redbacks facilitate sexual cannibalism by females during copulation. Sexual cannibalism is apparently adaptive for redback males, in part because it results in longer copulations (25 versus 11 min.), and copulation duration is positively correlated with paternity. We assessed sperm transfer in normal copulations and in copulations that we terminated at 5, 10, or 20 min. Our results show that the paternity advantage of sexual cannibalism is not owing to time-dependent sperm transfer, as redback males transfer the majority of their sperm within the first 5 min of copulation. This suggests that the link between copulation duration and paternity may instead be owing to cryptic female choice or the transfer of nongametic ejaculatory substances. Results further indicate that the act of cannibalism itself might play a role in mediating sperm transfer. This study highlights the importance of understanding mechanisms of sperm transfer when attempting to interpret the outcome of sperm competition studies},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Snow, L. S. E. and Andrade, M. C. B.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, P1, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, insect, mating, transfer, BEHAVIOR, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, pattern, Canada, COPULATIONS, paternity, Cryptic female choice, SPERM TRANSFER, female control, SCATOPHAGA-STERCORARIA, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, spider, cannibalism, COPULATION DURATION, redback spider, sexual cannibalism, YELLOW DUNG FLIES, DOILY SPIDER, FLOUR BEETLE, Latrodectus hasselti, PROLONGED COPULATION},
	pages = {785--792}
}

@article{trouveReproductiveMateChoice1999,
	title = {Reproductive and mate choice strategies in the hermaphroditic flatworm {Echinostoma} caproni},
	volume = {90},
	url = {ISI:000083254100019},
	abstract = {Due to the important role that mating systems play in the evolution of species, we investigate the selfing rate and mate choice in the simultaneous hermaphroditic parasite Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda). The echinostomes were maintained in two situations in mice: (1) double infections where the two individuals do or do not belong to the same geographic area isolate, and (2) triple infections where two of the three individuals originate from the same isolate and the third one originates from a different isolate. This experimental design permits analysis of intra- and interisolate selfing rates and of mate preference. We predict, in the first experiment, no difference between intra- and interisolate selfing rates, In the second experiment we expect a preferential outcrossing between individuals originating from the same isolate in order to avoid hybrid breakdown. The results obtained corroborate our predictions and emphasize the important and synergistic roles of selfing, inbreeding depression, and hybrid breakdown in the evolution of echinostome reproductive strategies},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Heredity},
	author = {Trouve, S. and Renaud, F. and Durand, P. and Jourdane, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, female, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, SPERM COMPETITION, mating, mate preference, preference, INDIVIDUALS, polymorphism, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, STRATEGIES, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating system, mating systems, hybrid, outcrossing, selfing, STRATEGY, MICE, HYBRID BREAKDOWN, INCIPIENT SPECIATION, female control, INFECTION, ASCIDIAN DIPLOSOMA-LISTERIANUM, FRESH-WATER SNAILS, OUTCROSSING RATES},
	pages = {582--585}
}

@article{rowlandVideoPlaybackExperiments1995,
	title = {Video playback experiments on stickleback mate choice: female motivation and attentiveness to male colour cues},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Rowland, W. J. and Bolyard, K. J. and Jenkins, J. J. and Fowler, J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, stickleback, colour, preference, choosiness, repeatability, video, responsiveness},
	pages = {1559--1567}
}

@article{olssonTestosteroneTicksTravels2000,
	title = {Testosterone, ticks and travels: a test of the immunocompetence-handicap hypothesis in free-ranging male sand lizards},
	volume = {267},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000165402100016},
	abstract = {The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis suggests that androgen-dependent male characters constitute honest signals of mate and/or rival quality because of the imposed costs through immune suppression associated with elevated testosterone levels. We demonstrate in a field experiment that male sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) exposed to elevated testosterone suffered from increased mass loss and tick load compared to control males. Although the first of these two results could be due to an elevated basal metabolic rate from increased plasma testosterone levels, the increased parasite load was statistically independent of the loss in body condition and is likely to be due to compromised immune function. Testosterone-treated males showed greater mobility than control males, and greater mobility resulted in higher mating success. Our experiment thus lends support to the immunocompetence-handicap hypothesis, suggesting that male testosterone levels hate been moderated by balancing selection for reproductive success and sustained immune function.},
	number = {1459},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Wapstra, E. and Madsen, T. and Silverin, B.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {2339--2343}
}

@article{pfennigFacultativeMateChoice2007,
	title = {Facultative {Mate} {Choice} {Drives} {Adaptive} {Hybridization}},
	volume = {318},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/318/5852/965},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1146035},
	abstract = {Mating with another species (hybridization) is often maladaptive. Consequently, females typically avoid heterospecifics as mates. Contrary to these expectations, female spadefoot toads were more likely to choose heterospecific males when exposed to environmental conditions that favor hybridization. Indeed, those females with phenotypic characteristics for which hybridization is most favorable were most likely to switch from choosing conspecifics to heterospecifics. Moreover, environmentally dependent mate choice has evolved only in populations and species that risk engaging in, and can potentially benefit from, hybridization. Thus, when the benefits of mate choice vary, females may radically alter their mate selection in response to their own phenotype and their environment, even to the point of choosing males of other species.},
	number = {5852},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Pfennig, Karin S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {965--967}
}

@article{lehnerGenotypePhenotypeLessons2013,
	title = {Genotype to phenotype: lessons from model organisms for human genetics},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3404},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3404},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Lehner, Ben},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {168--178}
}

@article{watanabeIsolationCharacterization432003,
	title = {Isolation and characterization of 43 microsatellite {DNA} markers for guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {3},
	url = {ISI:000187401800002},
	abstract = {Thirty-nine polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were isolated from the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) genomic library. All of the loci showed moderate allelic variation ranging from two to seven alleles, with observed heterozygosities from 0.000 to 0.938. The microsatellite DNA markers isolated will be available for use in analysis of quantitative trait loci in breeding programmes and for population genetic studies on experimental fish},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Notes},
	author = {Watanabe, T. and Yoshida, M. and Nakajima, M. and Taniguchi, N.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {fish, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, variation, allele, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellite, DNA, MARKERS, alleles, microsatellite DNA, QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI},
	pages = {487--490}
}

@article{landryGoodGenesHeterozygosity2001,
	title = {'{Good} genes as heterozygosity': the major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in {Atlantic} salmon ({Salmo} salar)},
	volume = {268},
	url = {ISI:000169471800010},
	abstract = {According to the theory of mate choice based on heterozygosity, mates should choose each other in order to increase the heterozygosity of their offspring. In this study, we tested the 'good genes as heterozygosity' hypothesis of mate choice by documenting the mating patterns of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and microsatellite loci. Specifically, we tested the null hypotheses that mate choice in Atlantic salmon is not dependent on the relatedness between potential partners or on the MHC: similarity between mates. Three parameters were assessed: (i) the number of shared alleles between partners (x and y) at the MHC (M-xy), (ii) the MHC amino-acid genotypic distance between mates' genotypes (AA(xy)), and (iii) genetic relatedness between mates (r(xy)). We found that Atlantic salmon choose their mates in order to increase the heterozygosity of their offspring at the MHC and, more specifically, at the peptide-binding region, presumably in order to provide them with better defence against parasites and pathogens. This was supported by a significant difference between the observed and expected AA(xy) (p=0.0486). Furthermore, mate choice was not a mechanism of overall inbreeding a avoidance as genetic relatedness supported a random mating scheme (P = 0.445). This study provides the first evidence that MHC genes influence mate choice in fish},
	number = {1473},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Landry, C. and Garant, D. and Duchesne, P. and Bernatchez, L.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, fish, Fisher, genes, good genes, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, population, selection, INCREASE, mating, theory, Y, parasites, allele, heterozygosity, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, relatedness, similarity, inbreeding, MECHANISM, WILD, X, AVOIDANCE, genetics, MHC, genetic relatedness, patterns, pathogen, RECOGNITION, Canada, PACIFIC SALMON, RAINBOW-TROUT, MICE, alleles, immunogenetics, NO EVIDENCE, DISTANCE, mating patterns, ATLANTIC SALMON, defence, random mating, MHC CLASS-II, WILD ATLANTIC SALMON},
	pages = {1279--1285}
}

@article{magurranCostSexualHarassment1994,
	title = {A cost of sexual harassment in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {258},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Magurran, A. E. and Seghers, B. H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, cost, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,sexual harassment,sneaky mating},
	pages = {89--92}
}

@article{ericksonEffectsMateFamiliarity1972,
	title = {Effects of mate familiarity on courtship and reproductive success of ring dove ( {Streptopelia} risoria )},
	volume = {20},
	url = {ISI:A1972O031700020},
	number = {MAY},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Erickson, C. J. and Morris, R. L.},
	year = {1972},
	keywords = {courtship, MATE, reproductive success, SUCCESS, FAMILIARITY},
	pages = {341--\&}
}

@incollection{champagneGeneEnvironmentInterplay2012,
	address = {San Diego},
	edition = {77},
	series = {Interplay {Between} {Social} {Experiences} and the {Genome}: {Epigenetic} {Consequences} for {Behavior}},
	title = {Gene-{Environment} {Interplay}},
	isbn = {0065-2660 978-0-12-387687-4},
	shorttitle = {Interplay {Between} {Social} {Experiences} and the {Genome}: {Epigenetic} {Consequences} for {Behavior}},
	url = {://WOS:000310242200002},
	abstract = {Social experiences can have a persistent effect on biological processes leading to phenotypic diversity. Variation in gene regulation has emerged as a mechanism through which the interplay between DNA and environments leads to the biological encoding of these experiences. Epigenetic modifications-molecular pathways through which transcription is altered without altering the underlying DNA sequence-play a critical role in the normal process of development and are being increasingly explored as a mechanism linking environmental experiences to long-term biobehavioral outcomes. In this review, evidence implicating epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, in the link between social experiences occurring during the postnatal period and in adulthood and altered neuroendocrine and behavioral outcomes will be highlighted. In addition, the role of epigenetic mechanisms in shaping variation in social behavior and the implications of epigenetics for our understanding of the transmission of traits across generations will be discussed. (C) 2012, Elsevier Inc. Though our DNA sequence provides a template for generating individual differences and for the transmission of those characteristics across generations, it is evident that the environment contributes significantly to both of these processes. The dichotomy between the influences of nature (DNA) and nurture (environment) has become part of our theoretical framework for understanding the origins of our unique characteristics-ranging from personality to disease risk. However, advances in molecular biology have provided enlightenment regarding both the relationship between genotype and phenotype and the mechanisms through which environment shapes biological processes, and the insights gained from these advances has challenged the nature versus nurture dichotomy. It is becoming increasingly apparent that development is a process of dynamic interplay between the genome and our environmental experiences. This interplay is perhaps best illustrated in the concept of epigenetics-the study of those factors which alter the activity of genes without altering the underlying DNA sequence. There is increasing evidence that environmental experiences can come to shape the activity of genes through epigenetic pathways and thus the genotype to phenotype and environment to phenotype relationships may ultimately be governed by similar molecular processes. The investigation of environmentally induced epigenetic effects has highlighted the impact of a wide variety of environmental exposures, including nutritional levels during development, toxins, and both early and later life stressors (Champagne, 2010; Jirtle and Skinner, 2007). However, it is perhaps the interplay between social experiences and the genome which demonstrates most profoundly how nature and nurture interact. Across a variety of species, there is evidence for the effect of social experiences occurring across the lifespan on epigenetic pathways leading to broad phenotypic effects, including stress responsivity, learning/memory, and reproductive behavior (Champagne, 2010). Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms may account for the emergence of social experiences through the effects of these molecular modifications on social behavior (Auger et al., 2011; Kataoka et al., 2011). Ultimately, these interactive effects can lead to the transgenerational continuity of individual differences in neurobiological and behavioral characteristics (Champagne, 2008). In this chapter, evidence for the epigenetic consequence of social experiences, such as mother-infant interactions and adult social interactions, will be highlighted followed by a discussion of the epigenetic basis of variation in social behavior. This research contributes to our understanding of the inheritance of behavior and raises challenging questions regarding future directions in the study of behavioral epigenetics.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Advances in {Genetics}},
	publisher = {Elsevier Academic Press Inc},
	author = {Champagne, F. A.},
	editor = {Sokolowski, M. B. and Goodwin, S. F.},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {individual-differences, DNA, histone deacetylase inhibitors, maternal-care, methylation, corticotropin-releasing hormone, early-life stress, immature rat model, infant-mother attachment, medial preoptic area, receptor-alpha expression},
	pages = {33--57}
}

@article{syriatowiczConditiondependentVariationMate2003,
	title = {Condition-dependent variation in mate choice in guppies},
	journal = {in review},
	author = {Syriatowicz, A. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, variation, condition, condition-dependence}
}

@article{reznickImpactPredationLife1982,
	title = {The impact of predation on life history evolution in {Trinidadian} guppies: genetic basis of observed life history patterns},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Reznick, D.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, call, life history, predation, guppy,life history patterns,Poecilia reticulata,predator},
	pages = {1236--1250}
}

@article{magurranEvolutionaryImplicationsLargescale2001,
	title = {Evolutionary implications of large-scale patterns in the ecology of {Trinidadian} guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata.},
	volume = {73},
	abstract = {Previous investigations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, in Trinidad have demonstrated rapid population differentiation at small geographic scales. However, most studies to date have focused on localities in Trinidad's Northern Range where barrier water falls mark sharp discontinuities in the selection regime and limit scope for gene flow. There is little information on the ecology of the guppy in the rest of the island even though its distribution amongst fish communities and habitats has important evolutionary implications. To determine how large-scale distribution patterns might affect the evolutionary potential of the guppy we surveyed 80 sites representative of a broad range of freshwater environments. We found guppies, which occurred in 80\% of our samples, to be the most widely distributed freshwater fish in Trinidad. Guppies are common in predator-rich and turbid habitats, precisely those localities where female preferences are likely to be undermined. Moreover, the widespread distribution of this adaptable species, combined with its promiscuous mating system, may promote gene flow across geographical scales that transcend local selection regimes. These factors are likely to impede the evolution of reproductive isolation.},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Magurran, A. E. and Phillip, D. A. T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, predation, divergence, gene flow},
	pages = {1--9}
}

@book{zarBiostatisticalAnalysis1996,
	address = {Upper Saddle River, N.J.},
	title = {Biostatistical {Analysis}},
	publisher = {Prentice Hall},
	author = {Zar, J. H.},
	year = {1996}
}

@article{bredenTestFemaleAttraction1999,
	title = {A test for female attraction to male orange coloration in  {Poecilia} picta},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Environmental Biology of Fishes},
	author = {Breden, F. and Bertrand, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {orange, Poecilia, attraction, picta},
	pages = {449--453}
}

@article{oberVariationHLAGPromoter2003,
	title = {Variation in the {HLA}-{G} promoter region influences miscarriage rates},
	volume = {72},
	journal = {Am.J.Human Genet.},
	author = {Ober, C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {variation, RATES},
	pages = {1425--1435}
}

@article{peakallGENALEXGeneticAnalysis2006,
	title = {{GENALEX} 6: genetic analysis in {Excel}. {Population} genetic software for teaching and research},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1471-8278},
	url = {://WOS:000235725600089},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x},
	abstract = {GENALEX is a user-friendly cross-platform package that runs within Microsoft Excel, enabling population genetic analyses of codominant, haploid and binary data. Allele frequency-based analyses include heterozygosity, F statistics, Nei's genetic distance, population assignment, probabilities of identity and pairwise relatedness. Distance-based calculations include AMOVA, principal coordinates analysis (PCA), Mantel tests, multivariate and 2D spatial autocorrelation and TWOGENER. More than 20 different graphs summarize data and aid exploration. Sequence and genotype data can be imported from automated sequencers, and exported to other software. Initially designed as tool for teaching, GENALEX 6 now offers features for researchers as well. Documentation and the program are available at http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/GenAlEx/},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Notes},
	author = {Peakall, R. and Smouse, P. E.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, MARKERS, FLOW, PAIRWISE RELATEDNESS, spatial autocorrelation, AMOVA, population genetic analysis, Software, spatial autocorrelation analysis, teaching, TWOGENER},
	pages = {288--295}
}

@article{priceSelfishGeneticElements2008,
	title = {Selfish genetic elements and sexual selection: their impact on male fertility},
	volume = {132},
	issn = {0016-6707},
	url = {://000252540500008},
	doi = {10.1007/s10709-007-9173-2},
	abstract = {Females of many species mate with more than one male (polyandry), yet the adaptive significance of polyandry is poorly understood. One hypothesis to explain the widespread occurrence of multiple mating is that it may allow females to utilize post-copulatory mechanisms to reduce the risk of fertilizing their eggs with sperm from incompatible males. Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, frequent sources of reproductive incompatibilities, and associated with fitness costs. However, their impact on sexual selection is largely unexplored. In this review we examine the link between SGEs, male fertility and sperm competitive ability. We show there is widespread evidence that SGEs are associated with reduced fertility in both animals and plants, and present some recent data showing that males carrying SGEs have reduced paternity in sperm competition. We also discuss possible reasons why male gametes are particularly vulnerable to the selfish actions of SGEs. The widespread reduction in male fertility caused by SGEs implies polyandry may be a successful female strategy to bias paternity against SGE-carrying males.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Price, T. A. R. and Wedell, N.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {mate choice, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, stalk-eyed flies, polyandry, grasshopper, SEXUAL, DROSOPHILA-PSEUDOOBSCURA, male mate choice, FERTILITY, MOUSE T-HAPLOTYPES, X-CHROMOSOME DRIVE, á polyandry á, EYPREPOCNEMIS-PLORANS, fertility á mate choice, RATIO MEIOTIC DRIVE, SEGREGATION DISTORTION, selfish genetic elements, selfish genetic elements á, sexual selection á sperm, Y-CHROMOSOME},
	pages = {295--307}
}

@book{hardySexRatiosConcepts2002,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Sex {Ratios}: {Concepts} and {Research} {Methods}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Hardy, I. C. W. and Hardy, I. C. W.},
	year = {2002}
}

@article{markowEvolutionDrosophilaMating1996,
	title = {Evolution of {Drosophila} mating systems},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0071-3260},
	url = {://WOS:A1996BF66L00004},
	journal = {Evolutionary Biology, Vol 29},
	author = {Markow, T. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, MALES, SPERM COMPETITION, MALE SIZE, MELANOGASTER, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, GENETIC-BASIS, REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR, COPULATION DURATION, contribute, insemination reaction},
	pages = {73--106}
}

@article{marshallPollenDonorPerformance1998,
	title = {Pollen donor performance can be consistent across maternal plants in wild radish ({Raphanus} sativus, {Brassicaceae}): {A} necessary condition for the action of sexual selection},
	volume = {85},
	url = {ISI:000076633800005},
	abstract = {The possibility that sexual selection has played a role in the evolution of plant reproductive characters remains interesting, but controversial. One reason is that clear demonstration of the necessary conditions for sexual selection is lacking. For sexual selection to occur, differences in pollen donor performance must be consistent across maternal plants and not be due to mechanisms such as self-incompatibility that produce interactions between maternal plants and pollen donors. Here, I performed two experiments with wild radish to test whether differences in pollen donor performance are consistent across maternal plants and not due to subtle effects of the incompatibility system. In the first, all maternal and paternal lineages had different S-alleles. There were 16 maternal plants, four in each of four lineages and four pollen donors, one in each of four lineages. Rank order of pollen donor performance, in terms of number of seeds shed after mixed pollination, was highly consistent across maternal plants and maternal lineages. In addition, maternal stress treatment had an effect on mating success of pollen donors, but the effect was subtle and did not affect the rank order of seeds shed by the four pollen donors. In the second experiment, pollinations were performed on both mature and immature stigmas. Immature stigmas allowed some self seed set, so the incompatibility system was compromised. There was some nonrandom seed paternity on both mature and immature stigmas. However, the amount of nonrandom mating was less on immature stigmas. Taken together, these experiments show that the kind of consistent nonrandom mating necessary for sexual selection occurs in wild radish, but that the incompatibility system and the mechanisms for sorting among compatible mates may overlap in time of development or in some pathways},
	number = {10},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	author = {Marshall, D. L.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, PERFORMANCE, population, selection, sex, CHARACTERS, FERTILIZATION, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, Darwin, condition, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, WILD, inbreeding depression, STRESS, PLANTS, mating success, paternity, SET, DELPHINIUM-NELSONII, pollination, seed set, multiple paternity, plant mating systems, WILD RADISH, SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY, INCOMPATIBILITY, HIBISCUS-MOSCHEUTOS, TUBE GROWTH, nonrandom mating, Brassicaceae, CUCURBITA-PEPO CUCURBITACEAE, NONRANDOM FERTILIZATION, pollen competition, Raphanus sativus},
	pages = {1389--1397}
}

@article{chungSingleGeneAffects2014,
	title = {A {Single} {Gene} {Affects} {Both} {Ecological} {Divergence} and {Mate} {Choice} in {Drosophila}},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/02/12/science.1249998.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1249998},
	abstract = {Evolutionary changes in traits involved in both ecological divergence and mate choice may produce reproductive isolation and speciation. However, there are few examples of such dual traits, and the genetic and molecular bases of their evolution have not been identified. We show that methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons (mbCHCs) are a dual trait that affects both desiccation resistance and mate choice in Drosophila serrata. We identify a fatty acid synthase mFAS (CG3524) responsible for mbCHC production in Drosophila and find that expression of mFAS is undetectable in oenocytes (cells that produce CHCs) of a closely related, desiccation-sensitive species, D. birchii, due in part to multiple changes in cis-regulatory sequences of mFAS. We suggest that ecologically influenced changes in the production of mbCHCs have contributed to reproductive isolation between the two species.},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Chung, Henry and Loehlin, David W. and Dufour, Héloïse D. and Vacarro, Kathy and Millar, Jocelyn G. and Carroll, Sean B.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014}
}

@article{gordonAdaptiveChangesLife2009,
	title = {Adaptive {Changes} in {Life} {History} and {Survival} following a {New} {Guppy} {Introduction}},
	volume = {174},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000266566400004},
	doi = {10.1086/599300},
	abstract = {Numerous studies of wild populations have shown that phenotypic traits can change adaptively on short timescales, but very few studies have considered coincident changes in major fitness components. We here examine adaptive changes in life-history traits and survival rates for wild guppies introduced into new environments. Female life-history traits in the derived (Damier River) populations diverged from the ancestral (Yarra River) population, as a result of adaptation to predation regime ( high vs. low) and other aspects of the local river. Moreover, some components of the derived Damier populations, particularly juveniles, now show higher survival in the Damier than do contemporary representatives from the ancestral Yarra population. These results suggest that adaptive change can improve survival rates after fewer than 10 years ( fewer than 30 guppy generations) in a new environment.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Gordon, S. P. and Reznick, D. N. and Kinnison, M. T. and Bryant, M. J. and Weese, D. J. and Rasanen, K. and Millar, N. P. and Hendry, A. P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {evolution, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, fitness, life-history evolution, NATURAL-SELECTION, predation, extinction, conservation biology, rapid evolution, CONTEMPORARY MICROEVOLUTION, adaptive divergence, contemporary, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, mark recapture, TERM EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION},
	pages = {34--45}
}

@article{simmonsVariabilityCallStructure1992,
	title = {Variability in call structure and pairing success of male field crickets,  {Gryllus} bimaculatus : the effects of age, size and parasite load},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Simmons, L. W. and Zuk, M.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {size, call, cricket, field, Gryllus bimaculatus, age, load, parasite load, age indicator mechanism},
	pages = {1145--1152}
}

@article{cunninghamSexRolesSexual1998,
	title = {Sex roles and sexual selection},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://000078129400001},
	abstract = {Sexual Selection has been portrayed as acting predominantly on males who compete with each other over copulatory access to females; selection was considered to be driven by females choosing between males at the pre- or postcopulatory level. However, a broader view of sexual selection is now emerging. Examining male discrimination between females and female-female competition has been beneficial in identifying factors influencing the direction and strength of sexual selection. Furthermore, consideration of processes such as sexual coercion or genetic incompatibility, which indirectly influence an individual's set of copulation partners, gamete set or their offspring success, has helped to clarify the ways in which sexual selection may operate. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that not all copulations translate directly to paternity and that paternity does not necessarily translate into successful offspring. Postcopulatory and postfertilization mechanisms that influence not only paternity share but offspring recruitment now require further consideration. The benefits to each sex of copulating with particular partners or with more than one partner remains an area of debate. More carefully designed studies which eliminate alternative possibilities or quantify the relative importance of different selective pressures will also benefit from considering that not all copulations function solely to inseminate or receive sperm. It is also now clear that not all individuals of one sex follow the same strategy. Examining the variation between individuals in reproductive behaviour, fertilization success and offspring success will be important in establishing the selective pressures and mechanisms underlying the operation of sexual selection. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Cunningham, E. J. A. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {SPERM COMPETITION, INVESTMENT, male mating success, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, female control, DIFFERENTIAL-ALLOCATION HYPOTHESIS, MUTUAL MATE CHOICE, ASCIDIAN DIPLOSOMA-LISTERIANUM, PARENTAL, POTENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE RATES, PRUNELLA-COLLARIS},
	pages = {1311--1321}
}

@article{kniesHotterBetterBroader2009,
	title = {Hotter is better and broader: thermal sensitivity of fitness in a population of bacteriophages.},
	volume = {173},
	doi = {10.1086/597224},
	abstract = {Hotter is better is a hypothesis of thermal adaptation that posits that the rate-depressing effects of low temperature on biochemical reactions cannot be overcome by physiological plasticity or genetic adaptation. If so, then genotypes or populations adapted to warmer temperatures will have higher maximum growth rates than those adapted to low temperatures. Here we test hotter is better by measuring thermal reaction norms for intrinsic rate of population growth among an intraspecific collection of bacteriophages recently isolated from nature. Consistent with hotter is better, we find that phage genotypes with higher optimal temperatures have higher maximum growth rates. Unexpectedly, we also found that hotter is broader, meaning that the phages with the highest optimal temperatures also have the greatest temperature ranges. We found that the temperature sensitivity of fitness for phages is similar to that for insects.},
	journal = {The American naturalist},
	author = {Knies, Jennifer L and Kingsolver, Joel G and Burch, Christina L},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Genotype, Models, Genetic, Models, Biological, phylogeny, Hot Temperature, Adaptation, Biological, Adaptation, Biological: physiology, Bayes Theorem, Microvirus, Microvirus: genetics, Microvirus: growth \& development},
	pages = {419--30}
}

@article{reinholdNestsitePhilopatrySelection1998,
	title = {Nest-site philopatry and selection for environmental sex determination},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Reinhold, K.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, sex, sex ratio, reptiles, sex determination, environmental sex determination, ESD, nest-site philopatry},
	pages = {245--250}
}

@article{priceRolePhenotypicPlasticity2003,
	title = {The role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution},
	volume = {270},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000184272500001},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2003.2372},
	abstract = {Models of population divergence and speciation are often based on the assumption that differences between populations are due to genetic factors, and that phenotypic change is due to natural selection. It is equally plausible that some of the differences among populations are due to phenotypic plasticity. We use the metaphor of the adaptive landscape to review the role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution. Moderate levels of phenotypic plasticity are optimal in permitting population survival in a new environment and in bringing populations into the realm of attraction of an adaptive peak. High levels of plasticity may increase the probability of population persistence but reduce the likelihood of genetic change, because the plastic response itself places the population close to a peak. Moderate levels of plasticity arise whenever multiple traits, some of which are plastic and others not, form a composite trait involved in the adaptive response. For example, altered behaviours may drive selection on morphology and physiology. Because there is likely to be a considerable element of chance in which behaviours become established, behavioural change followed by morphological and physiological evolution may be a potent force in driving evolution in novel directions. We assess the role of phenotypic plasticity in stimulating evolution by considering two examples from birds: (i) the evolution of red and yellow plumage coloration due to carotenoid consumption; and (ii) the evolution of foraging behaviours on islands. Phenotypic plasticity is widespread in nature and may speed up, slow down, or have little effect on evolutionary change. Moderate levels of plasticity may often facilitate genetic evolution but careful analyses of individual cases are needed to ascertain whether plasticity has been essential or merely incidental to population differentiation.},
	number = {1523},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Price, T. D. and Qvarnstrom, A. and Irwin, D. E.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, plasticity, phenotypic plasticity},
	pages = {1433--1440}
}

@article{doiLocusFemaleDiscrimination2001,
	title = {A locus for female discrimination behaviour causing sexual isolation in  {Drosophila}},
	volume = {98},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Doi, M. and Matsuda, M. and Tomaru, M. and Matsubayashi, H. and Oguma, Y.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Drosophila, behaviour, discrimination, locus},
	pages = {6714--6719}
}

@article{hallRunawaySexualSelection2000,
	title = {Runaway sexual selection when female preferences are directly selected},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hall, D. W. and Kirkpatrick, M. and West, B.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, female preference, preference, runaway},
	pages = {1862--1869}
}

@article{magurranBehaviouralConsequencesArtificial1992,
	title = {Behavioural consequences of an artificial introduction of guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata ) in {N}. {Trinidad} : evidence for the evolution of anti-predator behaviour in the wild},
	volume = {248},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Magurran, A. E. and Seghers, B. H. and Carvalho, G. R. and Shaw, P. W.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, colour patterns,guppy,Poecilia reticulata,schooling behaviour,selection},
	pages = {117--122}
}

@article{hochbergCoevolutionCooperationDispersal2008,
	title = {The coevolution of cooperation and dispersal in social groups and its implications for the emergence of multicellularity},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	url = {://WOS:000259097700001},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-8-238},
	abstract = {Background: Recent work on the complexity of life highlights the roles played by evolutionary forces at different levels of individuality. One of the central puzzles in explaining transitions in individuality for entities ranging from complex cells, to multicellular organisms and societies, is how different autonomous units relinquish control over their functions to others in the group. In addition to the necessity of reducing conflict over effecting specialized tasks, differentiating groups must control the exploitation of the commons, or else be out-competed by more fit groups. Results: We propose that two forms of conflict - access to resources within groups and representation in germ line - may be resolved in tandem through individual and group-level selective effects. Specifically, we employ an optimization model to show the conditions under which different within-group social behaviors (cooperators producing a public good or cheaters exploiting the public good) may be selected to disperse, thereby not affecting the commons and functioning as germ line. We find that partial or complete dispersal specialization of cheaters is a general outcome. The propensity for cheaters to disperse is highest with intermediate benefit: cost ratios of cooperative acts and with high relatedness. An examination of a range of real biological systems tends to support our theory, although additional study is required to provide robust tests. Conclusion: We suggest that trait linkage between dispersal and cheating should be operative regardless of whether groups ever achieve higher levels of individuality, because individual selection will always tend to increase exploitation, and stronger group structure will tend to increase overall cooperation through kin selected benefits. Cheater specialization as dispersers offers simultaneous solutions to the evolution of cooperation in social groups and the origin of specialization of germ and soma in multicellular organisms.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hochberg, M. E. and Rankin, D. J. and Taborsky, M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {NAKED MOLE-RAT, HISTORY TRADE-OFFS, WHITE-WINGED CHOUGHS, BACTERIUM MYXOCOCCUS-XANTHUS, CELLULAR, DIVISION-OF-LABOR, GERM-SOMA DIFFERENTIATION, HYDRACTINIA-SYMBIOLONGICARPUS, HYDROID, KIN-SELECTION, PEMPHIGUS-SPYROTHECAE HEMIPTERA, SLIME-MOLDS},
	pages = {14}
}

@article{kuesterGroupFissionBarbary1997,
	title = {Group fission in {Barbary} macaques ({Macaca} sylvanus) at {Affenberg} {Salem}},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:000071525700006},
	abstract = {We analyzed eight group fissions occurring during a 20-year period in three groups of a free-ranging provisioned Barbary macaque population. The founder group fissioned four times within 3.5 years after transfer to the enclosure, indicating that external factors-new environment, more space, absence of other groups-facilitated group fissions. Two groups resulting from these fissions split twice within 2.5 and 1 years, respectively, many years later. The process of fissioning lasted from a few months to almost 2 years. Fissions were preceded by peripheralization/subgrouping of mainly young adult males (8-10 years old), suggesting that male competition was the primary force for the fissions. The males were joined by middle-to low-ranking but not the lowest-ranking females. The resulting new groups were usually smaller than the groups in which the former alpha-matriline-old groups-stayed, and they were also more variable in size and sex ratio, suggesting that variable numbers of surplus individuals were expelled during fission. Mean adult sex ratios were similar in both groups after fission, indicating that the competitively superior males in the old groups (groups + alpha-matriline) could not increase their breeding opportunities. Female kin, even of large matrilinies, almost always stayed together during fission. Natal males strongly preferred to join the old groups, and this preference was most pronounced in juveniles and subadults. Hence, most natal males stayed with maternally related females, i.e., remained true natal males, if the females stayed in old groups. They were separated from female kin, i.e., became seminatal, if the females joined the new groups. These seminatal males did not differ from natal males with respect to matrilineal rank, but they had more female relatives, above all more close relatives (sisters)},
	number = {6},
	journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
	author = {Kuester, J. and Paul, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, mate choice, P1, population, sex, INCREASE, size, preference, Y, transfer, sex ratio, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding avoidance, PRIMATES, SPACE, AVOIDANCE, kinship, ADULT MALE, related, ENVIRONMENT, male mating success, RATIO, BABOONS, TROOP, paternity, male competition, MACAQUES, SEX-RATIOS, food, kin cooperation, SEX-RATIO, sex ratios, FOUNDER, Barbary macaques, group choice, group fission, Macaca sylvanus, RANK RELATIONS, RHESUS-MONKEYS, SEMIFREE-RANGING POPULATION},
	pages = {941--966}
}

@article{blowsTaleTwoMatrices2007,
	title = {A tale of two matrices: multivariate approaches in evolutionary biology},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01164.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Two symmetric matrices underlie our understanding of microevolutionary change. The first is the matrix of nonlinear selection gradients (gamma) which describes the individual fitness surface. The second is the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) that influences the multivariate response to selection. A common approach to the empirical analysis of these matrices is the element-by-element testing of significance, and subsequent biological interpretation of pattern based on these univariate and bivariate parameters. Here, I show why this approach is likely to misrepresent the genetic basis of quantitative traits, and the selection acting on them in many cases. Diagonalization of square matrices is a fundamental aspect of many of the multivariate statistical techniques used by biologists. Applying this, and other related approaches, to the analysis of the structure of gamma and G matrices, gives greater insight into the form and strength of nonlinear selection, and the availability of genetic variance for multiple traits},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Blows, M. W.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {i, response, selection, TRAITS, fitness, BIOLOGY, form, COMMON, related, pattern, VARIANCE, selection gradients, genetic variance, QUANTITATIVE TRAITS, GENETIC-BASIS, genetic variance-covariance matrix, multivariate, fitness surface, EVOLUTIONARY, nonlinear selection, selection gradient, multiple traits},
	pages = {1--8}
}

@article{lososCautionaryCommentsMeasurement2002,
	title = {Cautionary comments on the measurement of maximum locomotor capabilities},
	volume = {258},
	doi = {10.1017/S0952836902001206},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Losos, Jonathan B. and Creer, Douglas a. and Schulte II, James a.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {PERFORMANCE, lizard, SPRINT SPEED, LOCOMOTION, METHODOLOGY},
	pages = {57--61}
}

@article{jullienSurvivalValueFlocking2000,
	title = {The survival value of flocking in neotropical birds: {Reality} or fiction?},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000166134400014},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3416:tsvofi]2.0.co;2},
	abstract = {Greater foraging efficiency and/or better predator avoidance have long been assumed and used as explanations for the evolution of flocking behavior in birds. Even if the debate between the validity of these two hypotheses remains open, one prediction is that living in flocks can favor increased survival rates. We gathered published and unpublished data from various tropical forests where bird species forage (1) exclusively alone or in pairs (2) in heterospecific flocks some of the time (facultative flock members), or (3) exclusively in heterospecific year-long associations (obligate flock members). We controlled statistically for effects of body size, nest type, clutch size, and phylogeny, and tested whether survival rates differed among these three groups. The survival rates of the obligate flock members (mean survival rate 68.7\%, range 48.0-87.0\%) were significantly higher than estimates for the species feeding alone or in pairs (mean survival rate 58.3\%, range 33.0-79.0\%). However, survival rates of the facultative hock members (mean survival rate 60.4\%, range 40.0-79.0\%) did not differ from those of the nonflocking species. Nevertheless, causes of such differences in survival can be explained by an alternative hypothesis. Life history theory predicts that higher survival for the obligate flocking species may be a response to low fecundity and productivity. Yet, the pattern "high survivorship, strikingly low fecundity" documented in obligate flocking species has never been observed among their solitary or facultative flocking counterparts. This result suggests that permanent obligate flocking can be an alternative ecological factor that may drive the evolution of life histories in tropical birds.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Jullien, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {3416--3430}
}

@article{donovanEffectPartnerFamiliarity1991,
	title = {The effect of partner familiarity on courtship success in the salamander  {Desmognathus} ochrophaeus},
	volume = {25},
	url = {ISI:A1991FB99200014},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
	author = {Donovan, A. and Verrell, P. A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {courtship, SUCCESS, FAMILIARITY},
	pages = {93--95}
}

@book{darwinOriginSpeciesMeans1859,
	title = {On the {Origin} of {Species} by means of {Natural} {Selection}, or the {Preservation} of {Favoured} {Races} in the {Struggle} for {Life}},
	author = {Darwin, Charles},
	year = {1859},
	keywords = {selection, natural selection}
}

@article{roffQuantitativeGeneticsFitness1987,
	title = {Quantitative genetics and fitness: lessons from  {Drosophila}},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Roff, D. A. and {Mousseau}},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {Drosophila, fitness, call, quantitative genetics, genetics, Drosophila,genetic covariance,heritability},
	pages = {103--118}
}

@article{murphyMatingPreferenceFunctions2000,
	title = {Mating preference functions of individual female barking treefrogs,  {Hyla} gratiosa,  for two properties of male advertisement calls},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Murphy, C. G. and Gerhardt, H. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mating, call, preference, repeatability, mating preference, preference function, treefrogs},
	pages = {660--669}
}

@article{gravesOriginEvolutionPsuedoautosomal1998,
	title = {The origin and evolution of the psuedoautosomal regions of human sex chromosomes},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Human Molecular Genetics},
	author = {Graves, J. A. M. and Wakefield, M. J. and Toder, R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, Y, human, par, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, pseudoautosomal},
	pages = {1991--1996}
}

@article{hedrickVarianceFemaleResponses1998,
	title = {Variance in female responses to the fine structure of male song in the field cricket,  {Gryllus} integer.},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Hedrick, A. and Weber, T.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {response, variation, cricket, preference, song, male song, Gryllus integer},
	pages = {582--591}
}

@article{mcclellandWhatFitnessOutcome2007,
	title = {What is the fitness outcome of crossing unrelated fish populations? {A} meta-analysis and an evaluation of future research directions},
	volume = {8},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-006-9178-x},
	abstract = {Outbreeding has been shown to decrease fitness in a variety of species, including several species of fish. An understanding of the general outcomes following outbreeding is required in order to understand the consequences of conservation-related actions and hybridization in aquaculture. A meta-analysis was conducted on outbreeding studies in fishes using 670 comparisons between parent populations and their hybrid progeny. Five hundred and seventy-six comparisons involved first generation hybrids (F1), and a much smaller number (94) involved second generation hybrids (F2). The overall response to outbreeding in the F1 and F2 generations was positive and significant (F1: d   i+* = 0.425 ± 0.121; F2: d   i+* = 0.548 ± 0.295, where d   i+* is the effect size of studies within generations); however, responses differed when studies were separated into groups describing the experimental environment, taxon, or trait. Findings may be biased by a few studies of large effect. Genetic distance explained little of the variance in effect sizes across studies. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that there is no reliable predictor for the effects of outbreeding in fishes, although inconsistencies in experimental design were noted across studies. Future research should include comparisons in both parental environments in order to detect the underlying mechanisms of outbreeding depression, and should focus on measurement of equivalent sets of fitness-related traits. Experimental design should permit estimation of genetic distances based on quantitative traits, which may in turn be meaningful predictors of the outcomes of outbreeding depression. Concerted and consistent research in this area will provide information of relevance to conservation, aquaculture and evolutionary studies.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics},
	author = {McClelland, Erin and Naish, Kerry},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {397--416}
}

@article{irwinSexualImprintingLearning1999,
	title = {Sexual imprinting, learning and speciation},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Irwin, D. E. and Price, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {birds, speciation, imprinting, reinforcement, sexual imprinting, hybridization, reproductive character displacement, song recognition},
	pages = {347--354}
}

@article{wearyProductDiscriminativeLearning1993,
	title = {A product of discriminative learning may lead to female preferences for elaborate males},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Weary, D. M. and Guilford, T. C. and Weisman, R. G.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, female preference, preference, female choice,female preferences,peak-shift,sexual imprinting,sexual selection},
	pages = {333--336}
}

@article{endlerPredationLightIntensity1987,
	title = {Predation, light intensity and courtship behaviour in  {Poecilia} reticulata  ({Pisces}: {Poeciliidae})},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {courtship, behaviour, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, predation, light, colour patterns,female choice,gonopodial thrusting,guppy,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {1376--1385}
}

@article{benschGeneticSimilarityParents1994,
	title = {Genetic similarity between parents predicts hatching failure - nonincestuous inbreeding in the great reed warbler},
	volume = {48},
	url = {ISI:A1994PQ53900007},
	abstract = {The DNA-fingerprinting technique was used to find the true pedigrees and to detect the overall genetic similarity between mates of great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) at an isolated breeding site in Sweden. The study covered 4 yr preceded by 3 yr when almost all adults and nestlings in the study area had been banded. DNA fingerprinting revealed that the putative father had sired 97\% of the young (N = 455). The mate's genetic similarity, revealed as the proportion of bands shared in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, was high compared with other species of wild birds. Also, band sharing was higher between mates native to the area than between pairs in which the female was experimentally introduced from a distant breeding site. Hatching success of eggs was negatively correlated with the degree of genetic similarity between the mates, whereas pedigree data, up to the level of great-grandparents, clearly demonstrated an absence of close inbreeding. These are the first data showing a significant fitness cost associated with the choice of a mate that has high genetic similarity, even if it is not a close kin. This cost might be caused by generalized negative consequences of genomewide inbreeding in the present study, possibly accentuated by recent population bottlenecks},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bensch, S. and Hasselquist, D. and von Schantz, T.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, egg, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, i, MATE, PAIR, population, fitness, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, reproductive success, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, MATES, GENETIC SIMILARITY, polymorphism, similarity, cost, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, WILD, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, kin, pattern, patterns, polygyny, bottleneck, bottlenecks, population bottlenecks, DIVERSITY, paternity, LENGTH, DNA, MARKERS, introduced, Acrocephalus, ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS, ACROCEPHALUS-ARUNDINACEUS, ARUNDINACEUS, GREAT REED WARBLER, GREAT REED WARBLERS, pedigree, DNA fingerprinting, hatching success, RESTRICTION, POPULATION BOTTLENECK, BAND SHARING, NONINCESTUOUS INBREEDING},
	pages = {317--326}
}

@article{madsenNovelGenesContinue2004,
	title = {Novel genes continue to enhance population growth in adders ({Vipera} berus)},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {://000223381700015},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Madsen, T. and Ujvari, B. and Olsson, M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {metapopulation, inbreeding depression, genetic variability, RESTORATION, snake, novel genes, population size, RESCUE, Vipera berus},
	pages = {145--147}
}

@book{bullEvolutionSexDetermining1983,
	address = {London},
	title = {Evolution of sex determining mechanisms},
	publisher = {Benjamin Cummings},
	author = {Bull, J. J.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, call}
}

@article{weimerskirchSURVIVALSOUTHERNALBATROSSES1987,
	title = {{SURVIVAL} {IN} 5 {SOUTHERN} {ALBATROSSES} {AND} {ITS} {RELATIONSHIP} {WITH} {THEIR} {LIFE}-{HISTORY}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:A1987K285000022},
	doi = {10.2307/4965},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Weimerskirch, H. and Clobert, J. and Jouventin, P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1043--1055}
}

@article{mollerDevelopmentalStabilityRelated1999,
	title = {Developmental stability is related to fitness},
	volume = {153},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {fitness, call, developmetnal stability,fitness,fluctuating asymmetry,meta-analysis},
	pages = {556--560}
}

@article{landeModelsSpeciationSexual1981,
	title = {Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits},
	volume = {78},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Lande, R.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, model, speciation, sexual selection,runaway,mate choice,speciation,lines of equillibria},
	pages = {3721--3725}
}

@article{cockburnDivorceDispersalIncest2003,
	title = {Divorce, dispersal and incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wren {Malurus} cyaneus},
	volume = {72},
	url = {ISI:000181967000001},
	abstract = {1. Between 1988 and 2001, we studied social relationships in the superb fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus (Latham), a cooperative breeder with male helpers in which extra-group fertilizations are more common than within-pair fertilizations. 2. Unlike other fairy-wren species, females never bred on their natal territory. First-year females dispersed either directly from their natal territory to a breeding vacancy or to a foreign 'staging-post' territory where they spent their first winter as a subordinate. Females dispersing to a foreign territory settled in larger groups. Females on foreign territories inherited the territory if the dominant female died, and were sometimes able to split the territory into two by pairing with a helper male. However, most dispersed again to obtain a vacancy. 3. Females dispersing from a staging post usually gained a neighbouring vacancy, but females gaining a vacancy directly from their natal territory travelled further, perhaps to avoid pairing or mating with related males. 4. Females frequently divorced their partner, although the majority of relationships were terminated by the death of one of the pair. If death did not intervene, one-third of pairings were terminated by female-initiated divorce within 1000 days. 5. Three divorce syndromes were recognized. First, females that failed to obtain a preferred territory moved to territories with more helpers. Secondly, females that became paired to their sons when their partner died usually divorced away from them. Thirdly, females that have been in a long relationship divorce once a son has gained the senior helper position. 6. Dispersal to avoid pairing with sons is consistent with incest avoidance. However, there may be two additional benefits. Mothers do not mate with their sons, so dispersal by the mother liberates her sons to compete for within-group matings. Further, divorcing once their son has become a breeder or a senior helper allows the female to start sons in a queue for dominance on another territory. Females that do not take this option face constraints on their ability to recruit more sons into the local neighbourhood},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Cockburn, A. and Osmond, H. L. and Mulder, R. A. and Green, D. J. and Double, M. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, ABILITY, evolution, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, PAIR, population, sex, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATIONS, model, survival, mating, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, inbreeding avoidance, social, territory, X, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, divorce, COMMON, related, dominance, cooperative breeding, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, constraints, WRENS, pairing, FAIRY-WRENS, Malurus cyaneus, MALURUS-CYANEUS, BREEDING DISPERSAL, COOPERATIVE BREEDER, HELPERS, Malurus},
	pages = {189--202}
}

@article{reznickFatCyclingMosquitofish1987,
	title = {Fat cycling in the mosquitofish ( {Gambusia} affinis ): fat storage as a reproductive adaptation},
	volume = {73},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Reznick, D. N. and Braun, B.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {adaptation, lipid, Gambusia, fat content},
	pages = {401--413}
}

@article{kondrashovMultidimensionalEpistasisDisadvantage2001,
	title = {Multidimensional epistasis and the disadvantage of sex},
	volume = {98},
	url = {ISI:000171558900049},
	abstract = {Sex is thought to facilitate accumulation of initially rare beneficial mutations by allowing simultaneous allele replacements at many loci. However, this advantage of sex depends on a restrictive assumption that the fitness of a genotype is determined by fitness potential, a single intermediate variable to which all loci contribute additively, so that new alleles can accumulate in any order. Individual-based simulations of sexual and asexual populations reveal that under generic selection, sex often retards adaptive evolution. When new alleles are beneficial only if they accumulate in a prescribed order, a sexual population may evolve two or more times slower than an asexual population because only asexual reproduction allows some overlap of successive allele replacements. Many other fitness surfaces lead to an even greater disadvantage of sex. Thus, either sex exists in spite of its impact on the rate of adaptive allele replacements, or natural fitness surfaces have rather specific properties, at least at the scale of intrapopulation genetic variability},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Kondrashov, F. A. and Kondrashov, A. S.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, Fisher, i, P1, population, selection, sex, fitness, Darwin, reproduction, theory, Y, allele, loci, POPULATIONS, genetics, REVEAL, speciation, mutation, MUTATIONS, VARIABILITY, alleles, fitness surface, ADVANTAGE, DOBZHANSKY, recombination, scale, epistasis, asexual reproduction, FA, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, FITNESS SURFACES, HOLEY ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPES, HYPERCUBE},
	pages = {12089--12092}
}

@article{leamyGeneticsEvolutionFluctuating2005,
	title = {The genetics and evolution of fluctuating asymmetry},
	volume = {36},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152640},
	abstract = {Variation in the subtle differences between right and left sides of bilateral characters, or fluctuating asymmetry (FA), has long been considered to be primarily environmental in origin, and this has promoted its use as a measure of developmental instability (DI) in populations. There is little evidence for specific genes that govern FA per se. Numerous studies show that FA levels in various characters are influenced by dominance and especially epistatic interactions among genes. An epistatic genetic basis for FA may complicate its primary use in comparisons of DI levels in outbred or wild populations subjected or not subjected to various environmental stressors. Although the heritability of FA typically is very low or zero, epistasis can generate additive genetic variation for FA that may allow it to evolve especially in populations subjected to bottlenecks, hybridizations, or periods of rapid environmental changes caused by various stresses},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Leamy, Larry J. and Klingenberg, Christian Peter},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {evolution, genes, population, variation, CHARACTERS, heritability, POPULATIONS, WILD, genetics, WILD POPULATION, genetic variation, STRESS, asymmetry, bottleneck, bottlenecks, dominance, GENETIC-VARIATION, fluctuating asymmetry, GENETIC-BASIS, epistasis, WILD POPULATIONS, FA, hybridization, developmental instability, INSTABILITY},
	pages = {1--21}
}

@article{svenssonEffectsNaturalSexual2006,
	title = {Effects of natural and sexual selection on adaptive population divergence and premating isolation in a damselfly},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000238969900012},
	abstract = {The relative strength of different types of directional selection has seldom been compared directly in natural populations. A recent meta-analysis of phenotypic selection studies in natural populations suggested that directional sexual selection may be stronger in magnitude than directional natural selection, although this pattern may have partly been confounded by the different time scales over which selection was estimated. Knowledge about the strength of different types of selection is of general interest for understanding how selective forces affect adaptive population divergence and how they may influence speciation. We studied divergent selection on morphology in parapatric, natural damselfly (Calopteryx splendens) populations. Sexual selection was stronger than natural selection measured on the same traits, irrespective of the time scale over which sexual selection was measured. Visualization of the fitness surfaces indicated that population divergence in overall morphology is more strongly influenced by divergent sexual selection rather than natural selection. Courtship success of experimental immigrant males was lower than that of resident males, indicating incipient sexual isolation between these populations. We conclude that current and strong sexual selection promotes adaptive population divergence in this species and that premating sexual isolation may have arisen as a correlated response to divergent sexual selection. Our results highlight the importance of sexual selection, rather than natural selection in the adaptive radiation of odonates, and supports previous suggestions that divergent sexual selection promotes speciation in this group.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Svensson, E. I. and Eroukhmanoff, F. and Friberg, M.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, population, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, population divergence, premating isolation, divergence, damselflies, damselfly},
	pages = {1242--1253}
}

@article{valoneEavesdroppingPerformanceCopying2007,
	title = {From eavesdropping on performance to copying the behavior of others: a review of public information use},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:000250131900001},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-007-0439-6},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Valone, T. J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {choice, guppy, MATE, POECILIA-RETICULATA, female mate choice, ALTRUISM, foraging, BREEDING HABITAT SELECTION, MALE GREAT TITS, assessment of quality, BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEES, CONSPECIFIC REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, fighting ability, INDIRECT RECIPROCITY, INTERACTIONS, MALE SAILFIN MOLLIES, PATCH ESTIMATION, social information, VOCAL},
	pages = {1--14}
}

@article{evansPatternsSpermPrecedence2001,
	title = {Patterns of sperm precedence and predictors of paternity in the {Trinidadian} guppy},
	volume = {268},
	url = {ISI:000168103900007},
	number = {1468},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, sperm, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, pattern, patterns, paternity, SPERM PRECEDENCE, PRECEDENCE},
	pages = {719--724}
}

@article{arnqvistSexualConflictSexual2004,
	title = {Sexual conflict and sexual selection: {Lost} in the chase},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000222513900022},
	abstract = {The emergent field of evolutionary biology that studies disparities between the evolutionary interests of alleles expressed in the two sexes, or sexual conflict, promises to offer novel insights into male-female coevolution and speciation. Our theoretical understanding of basic concepts is, however, still incomplete. In a recent perspective paper, Pizzari and Snook provided a framework for understanding sexually antagonistic coevolution and for distinguishing this process from other models of male-female coevolution and suggested an experimental protocol to test for sexually antagonistic coevolution. Here, I show that the framework is flawed, primarily because it is built upon the mistaken assumption that male and female fitness can evolve independently. Further, while the empirical strategy advocated has indeed offered important insights in the past, it does not allow unambiguous discrimination between competing hypotheses},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Arnqvist, G.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, Fisher, i, MALES, mate choice, P1, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, fitness, model, MODELS, parental care, field, BIOLOGY, reproduction, theory, Y, form, sex ratio, sexual conflict, allele, STRATEGIES, genetics, conflict, discrimination, speciation, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, SELFISH, STRATEGY, WATER STRIDERS, alleles, PERSPECTIVE, sexually antagonistic, INSIGHTS, female control, sexually antagonistic coevolution, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER FEMALES, ARMS RACES},
	pages = {1383--1388}
}

@article{evansFluctuatingAsymmetryLong1993,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry and long tails: the mechanical effects of asymmetry may act to enforce honest advertisement},
	volume = {253},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Evans, M. R.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, honest advertisement, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {205--209}
}

@article{radwanGoodGenesGo2002,
	title = {Good genes go fisherian},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Radwan, J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {good-genes, genes, good genes}
}

@article{kokkoFemaleChoiceSelects1999,
	title = {Female choice selects for lifetime lekking performance in black grouse males},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kokko, H. and Rintam„ki, P. T. and Alatalo, R. V. and H”glund, J. and Karvonen, E. and Lundberg, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, lekking, life history, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, lek, black grouse},
	pages = {2109--2115}
}

@article{ryanDirectionalPatternsFemale1992,
	title = {Directional patterns of female mate choice and the role of sensory biases},
	volume = {139},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Ryan, M. J. and Keddy-Hector, A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, female mate choice, call, female choice,female preference,Fishers theory,good genes,mate choice,sensory exploitation,sexual selection},
	pages = {S4--S35}
}

@article{morrisNegativeCorrelationTrait1996,
	title = {A negative correlation between trait and mate preference in  {Xiphophorus} pygmaeus},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Morris, M. R. and Wagner, Jr., W. E. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {call, mate preference, preference, sexual selection,mate choice,preference evolution,interpopulation study,body size},
	pages = {1193--1203}
}

@article{waserWhenShouldAnimals1986,
	title = {When should animals tolerate inbreeding},
	volume = {128},
	url = {ISI:A1986E696800007},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Waser, P. M. and Austad, S. N. and Keane, B.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, ANIMALS, BIOLOGY, inbreeding, social, CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY, incest},
	pages = {529--537}
}

@article{kruukPopulationDensityAffects1999,
	title = {Population density affects sex ratio variation in red deer},
	volume = {399},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kruuk, L. E. B. and Clutton-Brock, T. H. and Albon, S. D. and Pemberton, J. M. and Guinness, F. E.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {population, sex, variation, sex ratio, population density, red deer, sex ratios},
	pages = {459--461}
}

@article{iwasaContinualChangeMate1995,
	title = {Continual {Change} in {Mate} {Preferences}},
	volume = {377},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Iwasa, Y. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {call, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, sexual selection,mating preferences,Fisher,runaway,genetic correlation},
	pages = {420--422}
}

@article{kumpulainenParasitesSexualReproduction2004,
	title = {Parasites and sexual reproduction in psychid moths},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000222982800010},
	abstract = {Persistence of sexual reproduction among coexisting asexual competitors has been a major paradox in evolutionary biology. The number of empirical studies is still very limited, as few systems with coexisting sexual and strictly asexual lineages have been found. We studied the ecological mechanisms behind the simultaneous coexistence of a sexually and an asexually reproducing closely related species of psychid moth in Central Finland between 1999 and 2001. The two species compete for the same resources and are often infected by the same hymenopteran parasitoids. They are extremely morphologically and behaviorally similar and can be separated only by their reproductive strategy (sexual vs. asexual) or by genetic markers. We compared the life-history traits of these species in two locations where they coexist to test predictions of the cost-of-sex hypothesis. We did not find any difference in female size, number of larvae, or offspring survival between the sexuals and asexuals, indicating that sexuals are subject to cost of sex. We also used genetic markers to check and exclude the possibility of Wolbachia bacteria infection inducing parthenogenesis. None of the samples was infected by Wolbachia and, thus, it is unlikely that these bacteria could affect our results. We sampled 38 locations to study the prevalence of parasitoids and the moths' reproductive strategy. We found a strong positive correlation between prevalence of sexual reproduction and prevalence of parasitoids. In locations where parasitoids are rare asexuals exist in high densities, whereas in locations with a high parasitoid load the sexual species was dominant. Spatial distribution alone does not explain the results. We suggest that the parasite hypothesis for sex may offer an explanation for the persistence of sexual moths in this system},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Kumpulainen, T. and Grapputo, A. and Mappes, J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, female, HYPOTHESIS, offspring, P1, sex, TRAITS, resources, size, survival, MAINTENANCE, BIOLOGY, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, reproduction, theory, NUMBER, parasites, INDIVIDUALS, cost, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, STRATEGIES, genetics, P2, related, load, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, STRATEGY, SEXES, GENETIC-VARIATION, PERSISTENCE, MARKERS, larvae, paradox, recombination, INFECTION, moth, GENETIC-MARKERS, sexual reproduction, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, parthenogenesis, MUTATION ACCUMULATION, bag worm moth, CLONAL DIVERSITY, cost of sex, FRESH-WATER SNAIL, moths, parasite hypothesis, POTAMOPYRGUS-ANTIPODARUM, Red Queen hypothesis, Wolbachia},
	pages = {1511--1520}
}

@article{reznickBigHousesBig2000,
	title = {Big houses, big cars, superfleas and the costs of reproduction},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Reznick, D. and Nunney, L. and Tessier, A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {reproduction, cost, costs, trade-off, cost of reproduction},
	pages = {421--425}
}

@article{hellmannConstraintsReinforcementAdaptation//,
	title = {Constraints and reinforcement on adaptation under climate change: {Selection} of genetically correlated traits},
	volume = {137},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249334660&partnerID=40&md5=f8c22572a50c335706113236d6d3ee66},
	abstract = {Our failure to understand or predict evolutionary dynamics under climatic change precludes much conservation planning. Evolution may reduce extinction under global warming, but few studies have explored how genetic covariation, the norm for most quantitative traits, will affect the course of evolution under rapid climatic change. To draw attention to and begin to fill this gap, we draw from the population genetics literature and explore climate-driven evolution using a multi-trait model under two qualitative scenarios of climate change. Under a monotonic change in the mean environment and a change in the amplitude and frequency of a periodic environment, we show that the angle between the direction of the largest genetic covariation and the selection gradient is important in determining a population's fitness decline, or lag load. When the environment changes monotonically in the direction of the greatest covariation, the population is able to more closely track the changing environment resulting in a lower lag load. In contrast, when the environment changes in a direction of low covariation, the ability of the population to track the changing environment is lower, and the population experiences a higher lag load. In a periodic environment, populations suffer a higher lag load under increased environmental amplitude than under increased frequency. These observations suggest that populations where the angle between the largest genetic covariation and the selection gradient is large, as well as populations experiencing an increased magnitude of environmental extremes, may be vulnerable to extinctions and genetic bottlenecks and may benefit from conservation efforts that enhance the preservation of genetic diversity. To make specific predictions of evolutionary trajectories and obtain estimates of lag loads for natural populations, climatic changes have to be quantified in terms of fitness landscapes and genetic covariation among climate-related traits must be measured. We performed an extensive review of the literature and found only 24 studies that quantify covariation in traits involving climate. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Hellmann, J. J. and Pineda-Krch, M.},
	keywords = {Environmental change, G matrix, environmental variance, CORRELATED EVOLUTION, Fitness landscape},
	pages = {599--609}
}

@article{chenLowNRF2MRNA2012,
	title = {Low {NRF2} {mRNA} {Expression} in {Spermatozoa} from {Men} with {Low} {Sperm} {Motility}},
	volume = {228},
	issn = {0040-8727},
	url = {://WOS:000310859900012},
	doi = {10.1620/tjem.228.259},
	abstract = {Antioxidant genes and enzymes play important roles in human spermatogenesis. Although low levels of antioxidant enzyme expression are associated with poor sperm quality, it is not clear whether mRNA expression of antioxidant genes is lower in these men than in normozoospermic men. In this study, 55 asthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic patients and 65 controls were recruited. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR was performed and the abundance of mRNA of four antioxidant genes known to be important to spermatogenesis were evaluated. These genes were nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1), and superoxide dismutase isoenzyme 2 (SOD2). Results showed the level of NRF2 mRNA expression to be significantly lower in patients than in controls (P {\textless} 0.001), but no statistically significant difference in the level of SOD2, CAT, or GSTM1 gene expression was observed between the two groups. A significant correlation was observed between the level of NRF2 mRNA expression and specific sperm function parameters, including concentration, progressive motility, immotility, vitality, and morphology (all P {\textless} 0.01). NRF2 expression was also found to be associated with seminal SOD activity and mRNA levels of the CAT and SOD2 genes (all P {\textless} 0.05). Therefore, our data demonstrated that the level of NRF2 mRNA expression is significantly lower in human males with low sperm motility and correlated with specific sperm function parameters. This suggests that NRF2 is important to spermatogenesis and may serve as a useful biomarker in the prediction of male infertility.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine},
	author = {Chen, K. and Mai, Z. X. and Zhou, Y. L. and Gao, X. C. and Yu, B. L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {association, SYSTEMS, infertility, sperm motility, spermatogenesis, biomarker, blocks, cells, fertile, mRNA expression, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, OXIDATIVE STRESS, pathway, seminal plasma, superoxide-dismutase},
	pages = {259--266}
}

@article{frankeRoleLightEndogenous1986,
	title = {The role of light and endogenous factors in the timing of the reproductive cycle of  {Typosyllis} prolifera  and some other polychaetes},
	volume = {26},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Franke, H. D.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {polychaete, light, daylength, light-dark cycle, sexual development, timing mechanisms},
	pages = {433--445}
}

@article{wardForagingBenefitsShoaling2,
	title = {Foraging benefits of shoaling with familiars may be exploited by outsiders},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4DS93GH-5/2/d30607718bc33bbbedf192e0b4ef6bdf},
	abstract = {Previous studies have shown that social animals representing a range of taxa preferentially associate with individuals with whom they are familiar, gaining significant benefits from doing so. There is little information on whether outsiders might join such groups in order to participate in these benefits, however. We tested whether individual three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, were able to distinguish between unfamiliar conspecific groups on the basis of intragroup familiarity. Focal fish were given a choice of two stimulus shoals of fish with which they were unfamiliar. In one shoal, fish were familiar with one another and in the other, fish were unfamiliar with one another. Focal fish showed significant association preferences for the shoal composed of familiar individuals. We then tested a potential mechanism underlying this preference behaviour by measuring the swimming behaviour of the stimulus fish; no differences were found between the stimulus shoals. Finally, we examined possible functional explanations for the discrimination behaviour in a foraging context. We found that familiar shoals located the food patch more quickly and consumed more prey items than unfamiliar shoals. Furthermore, focal fish that were unfamiliar with the other individuals in the foraging shoal were able to exploit these benefits, arriving at the food patch more quickly and consuming more prey items when in a shoal of familiar individuals than when in a shoal of unfamiliar individuals. There is therefore a functional benefit to a fish joining a familiar shoal and this may explain why exclusively familiar shoals of sticklebacks may be relatively rare in the wild},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Ward, Ashley J. W. and Hart, Paul J. B.},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, fish, BENEFITS, stickleback, sticklebacks, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, preference, INDIVIDUALS, MECHANISM, social, WILD, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, Gasterosteus aculeatus, foraging, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, three-spined sticklebacks, context, food, INFORMATION, stimulus, shoal, shoaling, ACULEATUS, three-spined stickleback},
	pages = {329--335}
}

@article{bondurianskyRapidCostlyAgeing2002,
	title = {Rapid and costly ageing in wild male flies},
	volume = {420},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bonduriansky, R. and Brassil, C. E.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {flies, ageing, reproductive value, senescence},
	pages = {377}
}

@article{ericksonRethinkingOedipusEvolutionary1993,
	title = {Rethinking oedipus - an evolutionary perspective of incest avoidance},
	volume = {150},
	url = {ISI:A1993KN84500005},
	abstract = {The author presents a biological hypothesis of incest avoidance. Pertinent literature from evolutionary biology, ethology, anthropology, and clinical research is reviewed. Secure early bonding to immediate kin predicts later adaptive kin-directed behaviors, including preferential altruism (kin selection) and incest avoidance. Impaired bonding predicts aberrant kin-directed behavior, including diminished altruism, neglect, and an increased incidence of incest. Failed bonding predicts the highest frequency of incest. Secure bonding to kin may function to establish adaptive kin-directed behaviors, including incest avoidance. Bonding is conceived of as the developmental foundation of a form of social attraction, here called ''familial attraction, which is evolutionarily distinct from sexual attraction},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
	author = {Erickson, M. T.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {HYPOTHESIS, selection, BIOLOGY, HISTORIES, form, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding avoidance, social, AVOIDANCE, ALTRUISM, kin, TROOP, attraction, PERSPECTIVE, FREQUENCIES, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, kin selection, MACACA-FUSCATA, WESTERMARCK HYPOTHESIS, CHILDHOOD, CHILDREN, EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE, SEXUAL ABUSE},
	pages = {411--416}
}

@article{mollerFluctuatingAsymmetry1993,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry},
	volume = {363},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {217}
}

@article{lopez-fanjulEpistasisTemporalChange2004,
	title = {Epistasis and the temporal change in the additive variance-covariance matrix induced by drift},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000223583900002},
	abstract = {The effect of population bottlenecks on the components of the genetic covariance generated by two neutral independent epistatic loci has been studied theoretically (additive, cov(A); dominance, cov(D); additive-by-additive, cov(AA); additive-by-dominance, cov(AD); and dominance-by-dominance, cov(DD)). The additive-by-additive model and a more general model covering all possible types of marginal gene action at the single-locus level (additive/dominance epistatic model) were considered. The covariance components in an infinitely large panmictic population (ancestral components) were compared with their expected values at equilibrium over replicates randomly derived from the base population, after t consecutive bottlenecks of equal size N (derived components). Formulae were obtained in terms of the allele frequencies and effects at each locus, the corresponding epistatic effects and the inbreeding coefficient F-t, These expressions show that the contribution of nonadditive loci to the derived additive covariance (cov(At)) does not linearly decrease with inbreeding, as in the pure additive case, and may initially increase or even change sign in specific situations. Numerical examples were also analyzed, restricted for simplicity to the case of all covariance components being positive. For additive-by-additive epistasis, the condition cov(At) {\textgreater} cov(A) only holds for high frequencies of the allele decreasing the metric traits at each locus (negative allele) if epistasis is weak, or for intermediate allele frequencies if it is strong. For the additive/dominance epistatic model, however, cov(At) {\textgreater} cov(A) applies for low frequencies of the negative alleles at one or both loci and mild epistasis, but this result can be progressively extended to intermediate frequencies as epistasis becomes stronger. Without epistasis the same qualitative results were found, indicating that marginal dominance induced by epistasis can be considered as the primary cause of an increase of the additive covariance after bottlenecks. For all models, the magnitude of the ratio cov(At)/cov(A) was inversely related to N and t},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lopez-Fanjul, C. and Fernandez, A. and Toro, M. A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, EXPRESSION, population, selection, TRAITS, INCREASE, model, MODELS, size, BIOLOGY, lande, allele, loci, condition, inbreeding, genetics, inbreeding depression, COMPONENTS, related, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, bottleneck, DISEQUILIBRIUM, linkage, population bottlenecks, RATIO, covariance, dominance, genetic variance, QUANTITATIVE TRAITS, alleles, locus, genetic covariance, FREQUENCIES, HIGH-FREQUENCY, epistasis, Spain, ALLELE FREQUENCIES, COVARIANCE COMPONENTS},
	pages = {1655--1663}
}

@article{pilastroMalePhenotypePredicts2002,
	title = {Male phenotype predicts insemination success in guppies},
	volume = {269},
	url = {ISI:000176867700004},
	abstract = {Theory predicts that mate choice can lead to an increase in female fecundity if the secondary sexual traits used by females to assess male quality covary with the number of sperm transferred during copulation. Where females mate multiply, such a relationship between male attractiveness and ejaculate size may, additionally (or alternatively), serve to augment the effect of indirect selection by biasing paternity in favour of preferred males. In either case, a positive correlation between male attractiveness and the size of ejaculates delivered at copulation is predicted. To date, some of the most convincing (indirect) evidence for this prediction comes from the guppy, a species of fish exhibiting a resource-free mating system in which attractive males tend to have larger sperm reserves. We show that, during solicited copulations, male guppies with preferred phenotypes actually transfer more sperm to females than their less-ornamented counterparts, irrespective of the size of their initial sperm stores. Our results also reveal that, during coercive copulations, the relationship between ejaculate size and the male's phenotype breaks down. This latter result, in conjunction with our finding that mating speed-a factor under the female's control-is a significant predictor of ejaculate size, leads us to speculate that females may exert at least partial control over the number of sperm inseminated during cooperative matings},
	number = {1498},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Pilastro, A. and Evans, J. P. and Sartorelli, S. and Bisazza, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, indirect selection, sexual selection, Attractiveness, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, Fisher, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, INSEMINATION, male attractiveness, MALE PHENOTYPE, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, BENEFITS, INCREASE, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, fecundity, mating, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, theory, ejaculate, NUMBER, transfer, phenotype, adaptation, mating system, REVEAL, SYSTEM, COPULATIONS, SEXES, paternity, MALE GUPPIES, Cryptic female choice, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, phenotypes, male ornaments, direct benefits, female control, FEMALES MATE, MALE TRAITS, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, EJACULATE CHARACTERISTICS},
	pages = {1325--1330}
}

@article{neffStabilizingSelectionGenomic2004,
	title = {Stabilizing selection on genomic divergence in a wild fish population},
	volume = {101},
	url = {ISI:000220140400029},
	abstract = {Conservation programs use breeding protocols to increase genomic divergence (by mating genetically dissimilar individuals) in can attempt to circumvent population declines resulting from inbreeding depression. However, disruption of either beneficial gene complexes or local genetic adaptations can lead to outbreeding depression, and thus, there should be a reduction in fitness of individuals at either end of the genomic divergence continuum. Although such simultaneous inbreeding and outbreeding depression has been observed in plant populations, it rarely has been demonstrated in animal populations. Here, I use both genetic and phenotypic measures to show that there is stabilizing selection on genomic divergence in a wild population of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). I also show that breeding individuals that exercise mate choice produce offspring that are closer to the optimal level of genomic divergence than random mating alone would predict},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Neff, B. D.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, fish, Fisher, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, population, selection, fitness, INCREASE, mating, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, microsatellite, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, WILD, adaptation, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, SONG SPARROWS, WILD POPULATION, asymmetry, outbreeding, Canada, paternity, genetic adaptation, divergence, outbreeding depression, random mating, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, sunfish, BLUEGILL SUNFISH, PARENTAGE ANALYSIS, SUNFISH LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS},
	pages = {2381--2385}
}

@article{wapstraReproductiveCorrelatesAbdominal2001,
	title = {Reproductive correlates of abdominal fat body mass in {Niveoscincus} ocellatus, a skink with an asynchronous reproductive cycle},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0022-1511},
	url = {://WOS:000171136900006},
	doi = {10.2307/1565958},
	abstract = {The relationship between the annual cycle of energy storage, in the form of abdominal fat bodies, and reproduction was studied in lowland and subalpine populations of the viviparous skink, Ni-veoscincus ocellatus. This species displays an unusual asynchronous reproductive pattern in which male and female preparations for reproduction are separated temporally, thereby providing an opportunity to clarify our understanding about the energy demands of squamate reproduction. Abdominal fat bodies in both sexes showed distinct annual cycles that were positively correlated with resource availability, peaking in summer. In males, fat body mass was correlated positively with testes development and negatively with plasma testosterone concentrations and mating behavior. This is in contrast to the pattern observed in species with synchronous breeding cycles, where there is generally a negative relationship between testis size and lipid storage. We concluded that N. ocellatus is able to produce spermatozoa and develop abdominal fat reserves concurrently, and therefore testis size is unlikely to be constrained by energetic costs. In contrast, mating behavior appears to rely on stored energy, even though this results in reduced fat reserves for winter hibernation. Female fat bodies were smallest in midspring, coinciding with the end of vitellogenesis and early pregnancy. Vitellogenesis and early pregnancy appear to be energetically expensive and are reliant on stored energy in this species. Large fat bodies at the end of pregnancy in both populations are surprising given the reported high costs of reproduction. Two factors may contribute to this: resource availability may be greater in late summer, and the energetic costs associated with pregnancy appear to be highest in the early to midstages of gestation.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and Swain, R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {403--409}
}

@article{wagnerMixedMatingStrategies1994,
	title = {Mixed mating strategies by females weaken the sexy son hypothesis},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Wagner, R. H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {mating, call, sexy son, communication, mating strategy, polygyny,sexy son},
	pages = {1207--1209}
}

@article{patersonPerspectiveSpeciationReinforcement1982,
	title = {perspective on speciation by reinforcement},
	volume = {78},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	author = {Paterson, H. E. H.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {call, speciation, reinforcement, assortative mating,mate selection,speciation},
	pages = {53--57}
}

@article{danielsBetweenyearBreedingDispersal2000,
	title = {Between-year breeding dispersal in {Red}-cockaded {Woodpeckers}: {Multiple} causes and estimated cost},
	volume = {81},
	url = {ISI:000089093500010},
	abstract = {We studied between-year dispersal of adult females within a population of cooperatively breeding Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) in the Sandhills of North Carolina, using data collected between 1980 and 1995. We tested four hypotheses about the cause of breeding dispersal: inbreeding avoidance, mate choice, site choice, and social constraints. In addition, we assessed relationships among age, reproductive failure, and breeding dispersal, and we estimated cost of breeding dispersal by plotting mortality against dispersal rate as a function of circumstance. Breeding dispersal in the population that we studied is associated with multiple factors. Inbreeding avoidance influences dispersal of females whose sons inherit their natal territories. Mate choice influences dispersal of females whose mates have died; these females acquire older, higher quality mates by dispersing. In this study, there was no clear relationship between site choice and breeding dispersal. Social constraints do not appear to affect breeding dispersal in this population: no evidence was found to suggest that dispersal is associated with female-female competition, within-group competition for resources, or reproductive competition between mothers and helper sons. The effect of reproductive failure on breeding dispersal changes with female age. Reproductive failure is associated with breeding dispersal in young females only (those {\textless}3 yr old). Estimated mortality rates for breeding females that attempt to disperse vs. those that do not attempt to disperse were 59\% and 26\%, respectively; the difference between those rates is the estimated cost of breeding dispersal in this population, an additional 33\% probability of mortality. Thus, breeding females more than double their risk of mortality by dispersing},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Daniels, S. J. and Walters, J. R.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, quality, resources, CONSEQUENCES, SUCCESS, age, cost, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, social, territory, AVOIDANCE, birds, divorce, great tits, risk, reproductive competition, PROBABILITY, mortality, NO EVIDENCE, TESTS, FLORIDA, jay, cooperative breeding, SITE FIDELITY, constraints, Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker, WOODPECKER, BREEDING DISPERSAL, CAVITIES, cost of dispersal, North Carolina, PICOIDES-BOREALIS, site choice, social constraints},
	pages = {2473--2484}
}

@article{wapstraDisentanglingComplexitiesVertebrate2007,
	title = {Disentangling the complexities of vertebrate sex allocation: a role for squamate reptiles?},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:000246435000015},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15811.x},
	abstract = {Sex allocation is an important field in evolutionary biology, both historically and currently. However, while sex allocation theory has successfully predicted sex ratio bias in some taxa, most notably parasitic wasps, vertebrates are notorious for their poor fit to theoretical models. We argue that this arises from the use of very complex model systems to test relatively simple theoretical models. We further argue that squamate reptiles - lizards and snakes - have unduly been neglected in sex allocation studies and in fact may conform more readily to the underlying assumptions of existing theoretical models than many other vertebrates. We provide a five-point argument in favor of the use of squamates as model systems in sex allocation based on their diversity in sex determining mechanisms, life history biology, and ease of experimental manipulations.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Wapstra, Erik and Uller, Tobias and Pen, Ido and Komdeur, Jan and Olsson, Mats and Shine, Richard},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1051--1057}
}

@article{schluppBenefitMaleSailfin1994,
	title = {Benefit to male sailfin mollies of mating with heterospecific females},
	volume = {263},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Schlupp, I. and Marler, C. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {mating, call, gynogenetic species,sailfin mollies},
	pages = {373--374}
}

@article{ryderMateChoiceGenetic2009,
	title = {Mate choice for genetic quality : a test of the heterozygosity and compatibility hypotheses in a lek-breeding bird},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arp176},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Ryder, T B and Tori, W P and Blake, J G and Loiselle, B A and Parker, P G},
	year = {2009}
}

@article{spenceBehaviourEcologyZebrafish2008,
	title = {The behaviour and ecology of the zebrafish, {Danio} rerio},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1469-185X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00030.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00030.x},
	abstract = {The zebrafish Danio rerio, is an important model organism in developmental genetics, neurophysiology and biomedicine, but little is known about its natural ecology and behaviour. It is a small, shoaling cyprinid, native to the flood-plains of the Indian subcontinent, where it is found in shallow, slow-flowing waters. Zebrafish are group spawners and egg scatterers, although females are choosy with respect to sites for oviposition and males defend territories around such sites. Laboratory studies of zebrafish behaviour have encompassed shoaling, foraging, reproduction, sensory perception and learning. These studies are reviewed in relation to the suitability of the zebrafish as a model for studies on cognition and learning, development, behavioural and evolutionary ecology, and behavioural genetics.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Spence, Rowena and Gerlach, Gabriele and Lawrence, Christian and Smith, Carl},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Danio rerio, model organism, wild zebrafish, zebrafish behaviour, zebrafish ecology},
	pages = {13--34}
}

@article{tiedemannSexspecificDispersalMating1999,
	title = {On sex-specific dispersal and mating tactics in the common eider {Somateria} mollissima as inferred from the genetic structure of breeding colonies},
	volume = {136},
	url = {ISI:000084542600008},
	abstract = {The common elder is a colony breeding seaduck with extreme female philopatry. Molecular genetic techniques (mtDNA sequencing and microsatellite analysis) were applied on Baltic elders to infer sex-specific dispersal and mating tactics among breeding colonies with different seasonal migration behaviour, i.e. sedentary, short distance migratory, and long distance migratory. MtDNA patterns show pronounced differentiation among colonies in maternally inherited traits. The estimated number of exchanged females per generation was 1.0-1.4. Smaller colonies showed a lower level of genetic variation in mtDNA. Microsatellite patterns suggest male-mediated gene how to be sufficient for preventing inbreeding even in smaller colonies. However, though elders of different geographic origin mix on wintering grounds, where mating occurs, mate choice is not random: The bias towards mates of similar geographic origin might reflect a different time of arrival at the wintering ground for elders of different origin, together with the adaptive significance of early pair formation},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Tiedemann, R. and Von Kistowski, K. G. and Noer, H.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, PAIR, TRAITS, variation, mating, field, microsatellite, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MAMMALS, migration, birds, genetics, philopatry, COMMON, genetic variation, patterns, MATING TACTICS, MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS, GENETIC-VARIATION, DISTANCE, MOVEMENTS, COLONIES, differentiation, COLONY, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, phylogeny, PHYLOGENIES, mtDNA},
	pages = {1145--1155}
}

@article{hughesQuantitativeTraitLocus2006,
	title = {Quantitative trait locus analysis of male mating success and sperm competition in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000239682300010},
	abstract = {Much of sexual selection theory depends on assumptions about the genetic basis of variation in male mating success and sperm competitive ability. Despite intense interest in this topic, few genes have been identified that contribute to variation in these traits. Here we report the results of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of mating success of male Drosophila melanogaster when exposed to virgin females, remating success of males with previously mated females, and both defense and offense components of sperm competition. We found two to four significant QTLs for remating success, but no QTLs for mating success, even though mating success was more genetically variable than remating success in the recombinant inbred lines used in this study. By combining these results with data from previous gene-expression experiments, we were able to identify three X-linked candidate genes for variation in remating ability. For two of these genes, QTL and expression data were completely concordant with respect to directionality of effects: high mating success was associated with high levels of gene expression and with beneficial QTL effects on the trait. We found equivocal evidence for genetic variation in sperm offense and defense in the recombinant inbred lines, and we did not find any significant QTLs for either sperm competition trait},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hughes, K. A. and Leips, J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, ABILITY, competition, evolution, EXPRESSION, female, FEMALES, genes, MALES, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, variation, SEXUAL-SELECTION, heritability, mating, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, experiment, theory, BEHAVIOR, COMPONENTS, genetic variation, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, male mating success, mating success, GENETIC-VARIATION, locus, GENETIC-BASIS, X-linked, DISPLACEMENT, COMPETITIVE ABILITY, LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS, GENETIC ARCHITECTURE, PRECEDENCE, QTL, BULB MITE, AFFECTING LONGEVITY, gene mapping,male fitness,mating ability,quantitative genetics,sexual selection, RHIZOGLYPHUS-ROBINI},
	pages = {1427--1434}
}

@article{lailvauxEvolutionPerformancebasedMale2007,
	title = {The evolution of performance-based male fighting ability in {Caribbean} {Anolis} lizards},
	volume = {170},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000249307700010},
	doi = {10.1086/521234},
	abstract = {Despite the empirical and theoretical attention paid to the role of sexual signals in resolving agonistic interactions between conspecific males, few studies have applied a comparative perspective, particularly across species that vary in combat intensity. We investigated the relative roles of a male sexual signal (dewlap size) and whole-organism performance capacity (bite force) on male combat outcomes in nine species of Caribbean Anolis lizards that differ markedly in territoriality, as indicated by sexual size dimorphism. We found that (1) dewlap size was generally an honest signal of bite force in dimorphic but not less dimorphic species; (2) maximum bite force consistently predicted male combat success in dimorphic but not less dimorphic species; (3) in contrast to a priori predictions, dewlap size significantly predicted male combat success in less dimorphic but not dimorphic species; and (4) the incidence of biting but not dewlapping increases as species become more dimorphic. These findings suggest that more dimorphic (and hence more territorial) species escalate to biting during fights more readily compared with less territorial species. The ecological and behavioral qualities of species may therefore modify both the shape and the size of sexually selected traits as well as the nature of the information those traits convey.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Irschick, D. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {573--586}
}

@article{winemillerPhenotypicVariationMale1990,
	title = {Phenotypic variation in male guppies from natural inland populations: an additional test of {Haskins}' sexual selection/predation hypothesis},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Environmental Biology of Fishes},
	author = {Winemiller, K. O. and Leslie, M. and Roche, R.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, population, variation, phenotypic variation},
	pages = {179--191}
}

@article{bertramTemporallyFluctuatingSelection2002,
	title = {Temporally fluctuating selection of sex-limited signaling in the texas field cricket,  {Gryllus} texensis},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bertram, S. M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {selection, cricket, daqbook},
	pages = {1831--1839}
}

@article{bullSexDeterminationReptiles1980,
	title = {Sex determination in reptiles},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {Bull, J. J.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {sex, reptiles, sex determination, chromosomes},
	pages = {3--21}
}

@article{nishiboriEffectVisualDensity1993,
	title = {The effect of visual density on the fecundity of the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Environmental Biology of Fishes},
	author = {Nishibori, M. and Kawata, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, fecundity, call, Density of neighbor,visual cue,density dependence,fish},
	pages = {213--217}
}

@article{fitzpatrickColourfulMigratoryBirds1994,
	title = {Colourful migratory birds: evidence for a mechanis, other than parasite resistance for the maintenance of 'good genes' sexual selection},
	volume = {257},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Fitzpatrick, S.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, genes, good genes, selection, bird, birds, parasitism, good migrations mechanism},
	pages = {155--160}
}

@article{whileFemaleAggressionPredicts2009,
	title = {Female aggression predicts mode of paternity acquisition in a social lizard},
	volume = {276},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000265450700013},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.1926},
	abstract = {Individual differences in behaviour are ubiquitous in nature. Despite the likely role of selection in maintaining these differences, there are few demonstrations of their fitness consequences in wild populations and, consequently, the mechanisms that link behavioural variation to variation in fitness are poorly understood. Specifically, the consequences of consistent individual differences in behaviour for the evolution of social and mating strategies have rarely been considered. We examined the functional links between variation in female aggression and her social and mating strategies in a wild population of the social lizard Egernia whitii. We show that female Egernia exhibit temporally consistent aggressive phenotypes, which are unrelated to body size, territory size or social density. A female's aggressive phenotype, however, has strong links to her mode of paternity acquisition (within-versus extra-pair paternity), with more aggressive females having more offspring sired by extra-pair males than less aggressive females. We discuss the potential mechanisms by which female aggression could underpin mating strategies, such as the pursuit/acceptance of extra-pair copulations. We propose that a deeper understanding of the evolution and maintenance of social and mating systems may result from an explicit focus on individual-level female behavioural phenotypes and their relationship with key reproductive strategies.},
	number = {1664},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Sinn, David L. and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2021--2029}
}

@article{doolittlePhylogeneticClassificationUniversal1999,
	title = {Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree},
	volume = {284},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Doolittle, W. F.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {molecular phylogeny, lateral gene transfer (LGT)},
	pages = {2124--2128}
}

@article{riceSexualRecombinationPower2001,
	title = {Sexual recombination and the power of natural selection},
	volume = {294},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Rice, W. R. and Chippendale, A. K.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {selection, natural selection, recombination},
	pages = {555--559}
}

@article{shepherMateSelectionSecond1971,
	title = {Mate selection among second generation kibbutz adolescents and adults - incest avoidance and negative imprinting},
	volume = {1},
	url = {ISI:A1971Y180800002},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
	author = {Shepher, J.},
	year = {1971},
	keywords = {MATE, selection, sex, mate selection, AVOIDANCE, imprinting, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE},
	pages = {293--307}
}

@article{olsonCostlySexualSignals1998,
	title = {Costly sexual signals: are carotenoids rare, risky or required?},
	volume = {13},
	abstract = {Theories of animal signalling emphasize the importance of costliness-to be effective, signals must be dependable; to be dependable, signals must carry costs-and carotenoid-based signals are a favoured example. The traditional view that carotenoids are costly because they are scarce still carries weight. However, biomedical research has led to alternative views on costliness, mainly related to beneficial, but also to detrimental, effects of carotenoids. Recent improvements in our understanding of carotenoids suggest that the relative importance of these mechanisms will soon be determined, leading to a fresh outlook on cost-based signalling.},
	journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution (Personal edition)},
	author = {Olson, V a and Owens, I P},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {510--4}
}

@article{shohetFemaleAssociationPreferences2004,
	title = {Female association preferences based on olfactory cues in the guppy, {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {55},
	url = {ISI:000188384200006},
	abstract = {Guppies are highly sexually dimorphic. Females have been shown to mate preferentially with males with various visible traits and previous studies investigating mate choice have focussed on these visual cues. However, guppies have been shown to respond behaviourally to odour cues from conspecifics as well as from predators. Therefore, sexual selection in guppies may act on multiple sensory modalities, but so far only visual cues have been investigated. Here, we used a specially designed olfactory choice tank to determine whether females could detect other guppies on the basis of their olfactory cues only, and to determine whether females preferred to associate with males or females and whether they could distinguish between different males. We show that female guppies associated preferentially with other females when given a choice between water containing the odour cues from another fish and water containing no odour cues. When females were presented with olfactory cues from a male and a female, they investigated the female initially, but then most reversed their decision and swam to the male. Furthermore, we demonstrate that females associated preferentially with certain males based upon olfactory cues alone, but that this choice was in direct opposition to that made when the females received only visual cues from the same males},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Shohet, A. J. and Watt, P. J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, good genes, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, selection, sex, TRAITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, preference, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, discrimination, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, SEXES, olfactory cues, MALE TRAITS, VISUAL CUES, predators, MULTIPLE CUES, SALMON SALMO-SALAR},
	pages = {363--369}
}

@article{andradeSexualSelectionMale1996,
	title = {Sexual selection for male sacrifice in the {Australian} redback spider},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:A1996TP02200045},
	abstract = {During copulation, male redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti: Theridiidae) position themselves above the female's jaws. This apparent male complicity in sexual cannibalism is favored by sexual selection because cannibalized spiders receive two paternity advantages. First, cannibalized males copulated longer and fertilized more eggs than those that survived copulation. Second, females were more likely to reject subsequent suitors after consuming their first mate. These results represent empirical evidence for male copulatory suicide as an adaptive behavior},
	number = {5245},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Andrade, M. C. B.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, egg, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, P1, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, INSECTS, cricket, Darwin, BEHAVIOR, paternity, spider, cannibalism, ARANEAE, Latrodectus, redback, redback spider, sexual cannibalism, THERIDIIDAE, PATERNAL INVESTMENT, Latrodectus hasselti},
	pages = {70--72}
}

@article{olssonClimateChangeMultiple2011,
	title = {Climate change, multiple paternity and offspring survival in lizards},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000296702800024},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01387.x},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Schwartz, Tonia and Wapstra, Erik and Uller, Tobias and Ujvari, Beata and Madsen, Thomas and Shine, Richard},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {3323--3326}
}

@article{merilaEvolutionResponseClimate//,
	title = {Evolution in response to climate change: {In} pursuit of the missing evidence},
	volume = {34},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865181239&partnerID=40&md5=e676d84056be00f40d41c6145cfe24ee},
	abstract = {Climate change is imposing intensified and novel selection pressures on organisms by altering abiotic and biotic environmental conditions on Earth, but studies demonstrating genetic adaptation to climate change mediated selection are still scarce. Evidence is accumulating to indicate that both genetic and ecological constrains may often limit populations' abilities to adapt to large scale effects of climate warming. These constraints may predispose many organisms to respond to climate change with range shifts and phenotypic plasticity, rather than through evolutionary adaptation. In general, broad conclusions about the role of evolutionary adaptation in mitigating climate change induced fitness loss in the wild are as yet difficult to make. © 2012 WILEY Periodicals, Inc.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {BioEssays},
	author = {Merilä, J.},
	keywords = {evolution, adaptation, genetic variation, climate change},
	pages = {811--818}
}

@article{kolluruEffectsCarotenoidFood2006,
	title = {The effects of carotenoid and food intake on caudal fin regeneration in male guppies},
	volume = {68},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00976.x},
	abstract = {The trade-offs involved in allocating carotenoid pigments and food to healing and regrowing damaged caudal fin tissue v. other functions were examined in guppies Poecilia reticulata, a species in which females prefer males that display larger amounts of carotenoids in their skin. The guppies were derived from four natural populations in Trinidad that differed in resource availability but not predation intensity. Carotenoids, food and site of origin did not affect either absolute or relative fin regrowth, which suggested that fin regeneration in guppies was not constrained by carotenoid availability. It is possible that carotenoid intake influences fin regeneration in the presence of natural stressors such as predators. There was a significant negative interaction between food level in the laboratory and resource availability in the field: males from low-resource-availability sites regrew more fin tissue when raised on the high food level, and males from high-resource-availability sites regrew more fin tissue when raised on the low food level. The direction of this interaction runs counter to theoretical expectations},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Kolluru, G. R. and Ruiz, N. C. and Del Cid, N. and Dunlop, E. and Grether, G. F.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, MALES, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, field, PIGMENTS, display, POPULATIONS, predation, NATURAL-POPULATION, trade-off, trade-offs, TRINIDAD, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, DIRECTION, carotenoid, MALE GUPPIES, intensity, food, carotenoids, SITES, predators},
	pages = {1002--1012}
}

@article{ojangurenUncouplingLinksMale2004,
	title = {Uncoupling the links between male mating tactics and female attractiveness},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000226100600013},
	abstract = {Because not all females are equally attractive, and because mating reduces the chances of getting further copulations, males should prefer better-quality mates. In this paper, we use the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) to explore the effects of two non-correlated measures of female quality-size and reproductive status-on male mating decisions. All male guppies employ two alternative mating tactics. We found that large females, particularly those from a high predation site, were the target of most sneaky mating attempts. The response persisted in fish raised under standard conditions over several generations in the laboratory. In addition, nonpregnant females received more courtship displays. We conclude that males can discriminate among females and that they uncouple their mating tactics to track different axes of quality},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Ojanguren, A. F. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {courtship, Attractiveness, female, FEMALES, fish, fishes, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, MALES, MATE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, response, reticulata, selection, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, CONSEQUENCES, mating, BIOLOGY, life-history, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, MATES, display, displays, condition, costs, predation, risk, SCOTLAND, GENERATIONS, MATING TACTICS, alternative mating tactics, COPULATIONS, SIZE DIMORPHISM, courtship display, mating decision, GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA, MUTUAL MATE CHOICE, mating preferences,female size,sneaky mating,sigmoid displays,Trinidadian guppy,Poecilia reticulata, sneaky mating},
	pages = {S427--S429}
}

@article{barrickGenomeDynamicsExperimental2013,
	title = {Genome dynamics during experimental evolution},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3564},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3564},
	abstract = {Evolutionary changes in organismal traits may occur either gradually or suddenly. However, until recently, there has been little direct information about how phenotypic changes are related to the rate and the nature of the underlying genotypic changes. Technological advances that facilitate whole-genome and whole-population sequencing, coupled with experiments that 'watch' evolution in action, have brought new precision to and insights into studies of mutation rates and genome evolution. In this Review, we discuss the evolutionary forces and ecological processes that govern genome dynamics in various laboratory systems in the context of relevant population genetic theory, and we relate these findings to evolution in natural populations.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Barrick, Jeffrey E. and Lenski, Richard E.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {827--839}
}

@article{zukVariabilityAttractivenessMale1987,
	title = {Variability in attractiveness of male field crickets ({Orthoptera}: {Gryllidae}) to females},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Zuk, M.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, variation, cricket, field, age, age indicator mechanism},
	pages = {1240--1248}
}

@article{kurtzSexParasitesResistance2003,
	title = {Sex, parasites and resistance - an evolutionary approach},
	volume = {106},
	url = {ISI:000188422100008},
	abstract = {Immune systems are among the most diverse biological systems. An evolutionary arms race between hosts and rapidly evolving pathogens is supposed to be a reason for this diversity, and might explain why most eukaryotic hosts and parasites reproduce sexually. In this review, I will focus on possible benefits of sexual reproduction in hosts and parasites, using a model system consisting of a tapeworm and its two intermediate hosts, copepods and sticklebacks. We found that the hermaphroditic tapeworms can increase their infection success by reproducing sexually with a partner (outcrossing), instead of reproducing alone. The defence system of the copepods provides highly specific discrimination of antigenic characteristics of the tapeworms. This supports the finding that tapeworms benefit from outcrossing, but contradicts the conventional notion that the immune system of invertebrates, in contrast to vertebrates, is not able to react with specificity. Finally, sticklebacks seem to benefit from optimal diversity in their specific immune system. Previous studies showed that female sticklebacks prefer mates, which sire offspring with an optimal diversity in the MHC (genes involved in antigen presentation). We now found that these individuals suffer less from tapeworm infection. Furthermore, they are able to reduce the expression of an unspecific immune trait, thereby possibly avoiding harmful side effects of a highly activated, unspecific immune system},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Zoology},
	author = {Kurtz, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, fish, genes, i, MATE, mate choice, offspring, selection, sex, BENEFITS, INCREASE, model, stickleback, sticklebacks, SUCCESS, Darwin, mating preferences, reproduction, theory, Y, immunity, parasites, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, inbreeding, MHC, discrimination, host, pathogen, DIVERSITY, RESISTANCE, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, arms race, VERTEBRATES, defence, sexual reproduction, immune system, INNATE IMMUNITY, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, CELL PARASITISM, CESTODE SCHISTOCEPHALUS-SOLIDUS, COPEPODS, host-parasite co-evolution, INTERMEDIATE HOST, INVERTEBRATE IMMUNITY},
	pages = {327--339}
}

@article{koenigLifetimeReproductiveSuccess1987,
	title = {Lifetime reproductive success, selection, and the opportunity for selection in the white-tailed skimmer  {Plathemis} lydia  ({Odonata}:{Libellllulidae})},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Koenig, W. D. and Albano, S. S.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {selection, reproductive success, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, opportunity for selection, Odonata:Libellllulidae, white-tailed skimmer},
	pages = {22--36}
}

@article{sinervoAllometricEngineeringCausal1992,
	title = {Allometric engineering: {A} causal analysis of natural selection on offspring size},
	volume = {258},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and Doughty, P. and Huey, R. B. and Zamudio, K.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {offspring, selection, size, natural selection, Offspring size, egg \& clutch size},
	pages = {1927--1930}
}

@article{haydockSharedParentageIncest2001,
	title = {Shared parentage and incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker},
	volume = {10},
	url = {ISI:000169228200014},
	abstract = {Social groups of acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) range in size from unaided pairs to 15 adults. Behavioural indicators of mate guarding, assumed incest avoidance and observations of egg-laying indicate that social organization ranges from monogamous pairs to groups with up to seven male and three female putative cobreeders plus up to 10 nonbreeding helpers: In addition, groups occasionally lack a putative breeder throughout the breeding season. Here we report results from multilocus DNA fingerprinting of 372 nestlings from 123 nests in groups with putative cobreeders of one or both sexes. No extra-group fertilizations were found. Putative cobreeding males within social groups shared paternity. However, the most reproductively successful male was, on average, almost three times as successful as the next most successful and additional males only occasionally sired offspring. In contrast, cobreeding females shared parentage equally. Helpers never bred incestuously when their opposite-sex parent (or another relative, such as their uncle) held breeding status in the group. However, during breeding male vacancies, 14 nestlings were produced when helper males bred incestuously with their mother. Both male and female helpers usually became successful cobreeders with their same-sex parent following replacement of the opposite-sex breeder(s) by unrelated individuals},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Haydock, J. and Koenig, W. D. and Stanback, M. T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, P1, PAIR, population, sex, FERTILIZATION, FERTILIZATIONS, size, CONSEQUENCES, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, inbreeding avoidance, social, SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, guarding, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, reproductive competition, indicator, PARENTAGE, paternity, DNA, cooperative breeding, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, DNA fingerprinting, ACORN WOODPECKER, mate guarding, paternal care, WOODPECKER, social organization, SUPERB FAIRY-WRENS, ORGANIZATION, multilocus DNA fingerprinting, SHARED PATERNITY, HELPERS, GENETIC MONOGAMY, Melanerpes},
	pages = {1515--1525}
}

@article{evansExperimentalStudyMale1992a,
	title = {An experimental study of male ornament in the scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird: {I}. {The} role of pectoral tufts in territorial defence},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Evans, M. R. and Hatchwell, B. J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {ornament, reproductive success, honest signalling, male ornament, scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird, cheating, coverable badge hypothesis, pectoral tufts},
	pages = {413--419}
}

@article{phillipsVisualizingMultivariateSelection1989,
	title = {Visualizing multivariate selection},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Phillips, P. C. and Arnold, S. J.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {selection, multivariate selection, multivariate, canonical analysis},
	pages = {1209--1222}
}

@article{gibsonCopyingSexualSelection1992,
	title = {Copying and sexual selection},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Gibson, R. M. and H”glund, J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, copying, copying,lekking,mate choice,sexual selection},
	pages = {229--232}
}

@article{hartlFundamentalTheoremNatural1972,
	title = {A fundamental theorem of natural selection for sex linkage or arrhenotoky},
	volume = {106},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Hartl, D. L.},
	year = {1972},
	keywords = {selection, sex, call, natural selection, sex-linkage, fundamental theorem of natural selection,sex-linked genes},
	pages = {516--524}
}

@article{peacockNonrandomMatingPikas1997,
	title = {Nonrandom mating in pikas {Ochotona} princeps: evidence for inbreeding between individuals of intermediate relatedness},
	volume = {6},
	url = {ISI:A1997XV25000001},
	abstract = {The extent and effect of inbreeding in natural populations remain largely undetermined. Pikas Ochotona puinceps have been considered a likely candidate for close inbreeding in natural populations due to observations of frequent juvenile philopatry (colonization of natal home range or neighbouring home range) and high levels of spatial overlap and social tolerance between neighbouring individuals of the opposite sex. A 4-year investigation of inbreeding in pikas, however, has revealed that dispersal and mating patterns are uncoupled in this species, i.e. explained by different hypotheses. DNA fingerprinting analysis revealed that band-sharing scores between mated pairs, identified via parentage analysis, were not commensurate with band-sharing among known first-order relatives, but were similar to scores for a small sample of known second-order relatives (i.e. half-siblings, grandparent-grandchild pairs). Band-sharing scores between mated pairs were then compared with those between potential mated pairs within the population to assess whether mating was random or nonrandom with respect to genetic similarity. The results of Monte Carlo randomization tests show that pikas mated with individuals with intermediate genetic similarity in greater proportion than would be expected by chance. These data suggest mate choice in pikas may be based upon intermediate levels of relatedness},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Peacock, M. M. and Smith, A. T.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, PAIR, population, selection, sex, signals, mating, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, natural selection, GENETIC SIMILARITY, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, similarity, DISPERSAL, HOME-RANGE, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, social, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, mating behaviour, patterns, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, California, PARENTAGE, peacock, DNA, DOGS, mating patterns, DNA fingerprinting, HUMAN DNA, multilocus DNA fingerprinting, nonrandom mating, FINGERPRINTS, pikas},
	pages = {801--811}
}

@article{curioWhyYoungBirds1982,
	title = {Why do young birds reproduce less well?},
	volume = {125},
	journal = {Ibis},
	author = {Curio, E.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {parental care, age, bird, birds},
	pages = {400--404}
}

@article{hoviMateSamplingAssessment1994,
	title = {Mate sampling and assessment procedures in female pied flycatchers ( {Ficedula} hypoleuca )},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Hovi, M. and R„tti, O.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {flycatcher, pied flycatcher, mate sampling},
	pages = {127--137}
}

@article{sheldonEcologicalImmunologyCostly1996,
	title = {Ecological immunology; costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Sheldon, B. C. and Verhulst, S.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {call, trade-off, trade-offs, defence, immune system,parasites,sexual selection},
	pages = {317--321}
}

@article{wingeLocationEighteenGenes1927,
	title = {The location of eighteen genes in  {Lebistes} reticulatus},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Journ.of Gen.},
	author = {Winge, ™},
	year = {1927},
	keywords = {genes, call, Lebistes, Lebistes reticulatus},
	pages = {1--42}
}

@article{hatchwellDivorceCooperativelyBreeding2000,
	title = {Divorce in cooperatively breeding long-tailed tits: a consequence of inbreeding avoidance?},
	volume = {267},
	url = {ISI:000086850600012},
	abstract = {The decision of whether to divorce a breeding partner between reproductive attempts can significantly affect individual fitness. In this paper, we report that 63\% of surviving pairs of long-tailed tits Aegithalos caudatus divorced between years. We examine three likely explanations for the high divorce rate in this cooperative breeder. The 'better option' hypothesis predicts that divorce and re-pairing increases an individual's reproductive success. However, divorcees did not secure better partners or more helpers and there was no improvement in their reproductive success following divorce. The 'inbreeding avoidance' hypothesis predicts that females should disperse from their family group to avoid breeding with philopatric sons. The observed pattern of divorce was consistent with this hypothesis because, in contrast to the usual avian pattern, divorce was typical for successful pairs (81\%) and less frequent in unsuccessful pairs (36-43\%). The 'forced divorce' hypothesis predicts that divorce increases as the number of competitors increases. The pattern of divorce among failed breeders was consistent with this hypothesis, but it fails to explain the overall occurrence of divorce because divorcees rarely re-paired with their partners' closest competitors. We discuss long-tailed tits' unique association between divorce and reproductive success in the context of dispersal strategies for inbreeding avoidance},
	number = {1445},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Hatchwell, B. J. and Russell, A. F. and Ross, D. J. and Fowlie, M. K.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, evolution, female, i, MATE, mate choice, PAIR, selection, sex, fitness, reproductive success, SUCCESS, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, divorce, NATURAL-POPULATION, SONG SPARROWS, SPARROWS MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, INCREASES, NO EVIDENCE, cooperative breeding, INCEST AVOIDANCE, context, ACORN WOODPECKER, dispersal strategy, long-tailed tit, COOPERATIVE BREEDER},
	pages = {813--819}
}

@book{lowWhySexMatters2000,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	title = {Why {Sex} {Matters}: {A} {Darwinian} {Look} at {Human} {Behaviour}},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press.},
	author = {Low, B. S.},
	year = {2000}
}

@article{doligezClutchSizeReduction2003,
	title = {Clutch {Size} {Reduction} {As} a {Response} {To} {Increased} {Nest} {Predation} {Rate} in the {Collared} {Flycatcher}},
	volume = {84},
	doi = {10.1890/02-3116},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Doligez, Blandine and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {reproductive success, plasticity, trade-offs, intraspecific competition, collared flycatcher, BREEDING HABITAT SELECTION, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, ficedula, albicollis, clutch size reduction, individual strategy, nest predation, phenotypic, reproductive cost},
	pages = {2582--2588}
}

@article{CriteriaDemonstratingFemale2009,
	title = {Criteria for {Demonstrating} {Female} {Sperm} {Choice} {Author} ( s ): {Scott} {Pitnick} and {William} {D} . {Brown} {Published} by : {Society} for the {Study} of {Evolution} {Stable} {URL} : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640599},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Society},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1052--1056}
}

@article{ryanHighresolutionNetworkBiology2013,
	title = {High-resolution network biology: connecting sequence with function},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3574},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3574},
	abstract = {Proteins are not monolithic entities; rather, they can contain multiple domains that mediate distinct interactions, and their functionality can be regulated through post-translational modifications at multiple distinct sites. Traditionally, network biology has ignored such properties of proteins and has instead examined either the physical interactions of whole proteins or the consequences of removing entire genes. In this Review, we discuss experimental and computational methods to increase the resolution of protein-protein, genetic and drug-gene interaction studies to the domain and residue levels. Such work will be crucial for using interaction networks to connect sequence and structural information, and to understand the biological consequences of disease-associated mutations, which will hopefully lead to more effective therapeutic strategies.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Ryan, Colm J. and Cimermancic, Peter and Szpiech, Zachary A. and Sali, Andrej and Hernandez, Ryan D. and Krogan, Nevan J.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {865--879}
}

@article{nicholasSizePopulationRequired1980,
	title = {Size of population required for artificial selection},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Genetical Research},
	author = {Nicholas, F. W.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {population, selection, size, call, artificial selection, artificial selection,chance of success,coefficient of variation,genetic drift},
	pages = {85--105}
}

@article{pizzariSpermAllocationCoolidge10,
	title = {Sperm allocation, the {Coolidge} effect and female polyandry},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-46JYKR1-2/2/2a60baaec192d52c2e435e364a21c7d2},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pizzari, Tommaso},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {female, sperm, polyandry, allocation, sperm allocation},
	pages = {456--456}
}

@article{donoghueTurkeySpermMobility1999,
	title = {Turkey sperm mobility influences paternity in the context of competitive fertilisation},
	volume = {61},
	journal = {Biology of Reproduction},
	author = {Donoghue, A.M. and Sonstegard, T.S. and King, L.M. and Smith, E.J. and Burt, D.W.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {422--427}
}

@article{guilfordReceiverPsychologyandEvolution1991,
	title = {Receiver psychologyand the evolution of animal signals},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Guilford, T. and Stamp Dawkins, M.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {evolution, signals, call},
	pages = {1--14}
}

@article{mollerMaleTailLength1990,
	title = {Male tail length and female mate choice in the monogamous swallow  {Hirundo} rustica},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, Hirundo rustica, mate choice, female mate choice, swallow, tail length},
	pages = {458--465}
}

@article{hedrickMajorHistocompatibilityComplex2000,
	title = {Major histocompatibility complex variation in the {Arabian} oryx},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hedrick, P. W. and Parker, K. M. and Guti‚rrez-Espeleta, G. A. and Rattink, A. and Lievers, K.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {variation, MHC, Oryx, Arabian},
	pages = {2145--2151}
}

@article{maccallumHabitatPreferenceBombina1998,
	title = {Habitat preference in the {Bombina} hybrid zone in {Croatia}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://000072433200025},
	abstract = {This paper demonstrates the effect of habitat heterogeneity and a habitat preference on the genetic structure of a hybrid zone between the toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata (Anura: Discoglossidae); 1613 toads from 85 sites across a transect near Pescenica, Croatia, were scored for five unlinked diagnostic allozyme markers. These were found to be largely concordant. Aside from minor systematic deviations, there was little Variance in allele frequency among loci within sites. Yet the allele frequencies did not follow a smooth dine, but formed a mosaic in the center, such that neighboring sites could differ markedly in their enzyme score. A detailed ecological survey revealed a correlation between this pattern and habitat. In keeping with the typical breeding sites of the parental taxa, B. bombina-like hybrids were found more often in ponds, whereas B. variegata-like hybrids were more common in puddles. In addition, there was significant heterozygote deficit (F-IS) and strong linkage disequilibrium (R), both of which were stronger on the B. bombina side of the transect, and stronger in puddles than ponds. Mark-recapture data showed: (1) that the animals disperse beyond the scale of the habitat pattern; (2) frequent turn-over of individuals within sites; and (3) nonrandom movement between two sites of different habitat type. We conclude that an active habitat preference must contribute to the observed association between marker alleles and habitat. As a consequence, there is incomplete mixing of the two gene pools, which could explain the high level of F-IS and R. The asymmetry in these parameters may reflect asymmetry in the preference or in the distribution of habitats across the zone. We discuss the implications of habitat preference for the dynamics of hybrid zones.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {MacCallum, C. J. and Nurnberger, B. and Barton, N. H. and Szymura, J. M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {selection, discoglossidae, speciation, linkage, linkage disequilibrium, reinforcement, gene flow, Anura, B-VARIEGATA, Bombina, cline, CLINES, FIRE-BELLIED TOADS, habitat preference, hybrid zone},
	pages = {227--239}
}

@article{choeSexualSelectionMating1994,
	title = {Sexual selection and mating system in  {Zorotypus} gurneyi  {Choe} ({Insecta}:{Zoraptera}) {II}. {Determinants} and dynamics of dominance},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Choe, J. C.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, size, mating, age, mating system, dominance, life history strategy, Zoraptera},
	pages = {233--237}
}

@article{seymourHighEffectiveInbreeding2001,
	title = {High effective inbreeding coefficients correlate with morphological abnormalities in populations of {South} {Australian} koalas ({Phascolarctos} cinereus)},
	volume = {4},
	url = {ISI:000170344000004},
	abstract = {Koalas have undergone a series of sequential founding events on islands in south-eastern Australia in recent times, Populations in South Australia at the Eyre Peninsula and Mt Lofty Ranges were founded in the 1960s from a colony on Kangaroo Island. The Kangaroo Is. colony was derived from animals introduced to French Island from mainland Victoria over a century ago. In this study, we first use microsatellite markers to quantify levels of genetic variation within the South Australian koala populations and the relatively unperturbed Strzelecki Ranges population from mainland Victoria. This analysis revealed low levels of allelic diversity (1.7 +/- 0.2 to 2.7 +/- 0.5) and heterozygosity (0.208 +/- 0.088 to 0.340 +/- 0.110) in the three South Australian koala populations relative to the Strzelecki Ranges population, which has the highest levels of allelic diversity (4.7 +/- 1.1) and heterozygosity (0.476 +/- 0.122) in Victoria. Second, we measured the incidence of testicular aplasia, a unilateral or bilateral failure in testicular development, in the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Is. populations, and in the ultimate founding population at French Is. Testicular aplasia was present at a frequency of 4.3\% in French Is., 12.8\% in Kangaroo is. and 23.9\% in the Eyre Peninsula, but was undetectable in the non-bottle necked Pilliga State Forest population of New South Wales. The incidence of testicular aplasia correlated positively with effective inbreeding coefficients derived from heterozygosity values (0.13 +/- 0.06 in the Pilliga State Forest, 0.57 +/- 0.17 in French Is., 0.63 +/- 0.12 on Kangaroo Is. and 0.77 +/- 0.12 in the Eyre Peninsula), which may indicate inbreeding depression. These findings are of concern when evaluating the long-term conservation and viability of the South Australian koala populations, which may benefit from genetic augmentation in the future. Finally, unconfirmed reports suggested that animals from other states in Australia were introduced into the Mt Lofty Ranges population. Therefore, we quantified differentiation between the three South Australian populations and the Strzelecki Ranges and French Is. populations, based on microsatellites and mtDNA d-loop region variation. R-statistics and Goldstein's delta mu square distance revealed that differentiation at nuclear loci between populations paralleled known recent population history, except for the close relationship between Mt Lofty Ranges and French Is. This suggested a recent contribution to the Mt Lofty Ranges populations of animals derived from the French Is. translocation program. Furthermore, mtDNA d-loop analysis found no evidence of contributions to the gene pool from animals of New South Wales or Queensland stock, implying that the population was derived exclusively from Victorian stock},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Seymour, A. M. and Montgomery, M. E. and Costello, B. H. and Ihle, S. and Johnsson, G. and St John, B. and Taggart, D. and Houlden, B. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, i, population, variation, ANIMALS, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, genetic variation, viability, bottleneck, ISLAND, indicator, GENETIC-VARIATION, MARKERS, introduced, NO EVIDENCE, DISTANCE, differentiation, mtDNA, NUCLEAR, ISLAND POPULATIONS, FOOTED ROCK-WALLABY, MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL REGION},
	pages = {211--219}
}

@article{sinervoErosionLizardDiversity2011,
	title = {Erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches},
	volume = {328},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://WOS:000277618800050},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1184695},
	abstract = {It is predicted that climate change will cause species extinctions and distributional shifts in coming decades, but data to validate these predictions are relatively scarce. Here, we compare recent and historical surveys for 48 Mexican lizard species at 200 sites. Since 1975, 12\% of local populations have gone extinct. We verified physiological models of extinction risk with observed local extinctions and extended projections worldwide. Since 1975, we estimate that 4\% of local populations have gone extinct worldwide, but by 2080 local extinctions are projected to reach 39\% worldwide, and species extinctions may reach 20\%. Global extinction projections were validated with local extinctions observed from 1975 to 2009 for regional biotas on four other continents, suggesting that lizards have already crossed a threshold for extinctions caused by climate change.},
	number = {5980},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and Mendez-de-la-Cruz, F. and Miles, D. B. and Heulin, B. and Bastiaans, E. and Cruz, M. V. S. and Lara-Resendiz, R. and Martinez-Mendez, N. and Calderon-Espinosa, M. L. and Meza-Lazaro, R. N. and Gadsden, H. and Avila, L. J. and Morando, M. and De la Riva, I. J. and Sepulveda, P. V. and Rocha, C. F. D. and Ibarguengoytia, N. and Puntriano, C. A. and Massot, M. and Lepetz, V. and Oksanen, T. A. and Chapple, D. G. and Bauer, A. M. and Branch, W. R. and Clobert, J. and Sites, J. W.},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {894--899}
}

@article{lInternationalAssociationEcology2010,
	title = {International {Association} for {Ecology} {The} {Mating} {Call} of {Hybrids} of the {Fire}-{Bellied} {Toad} and {Yellow}-{Bellied} {Toad} ( {Bombina} {Published} by : {Springer} in cooperation with {International} {Association} for {Ecology} {Stable} {URL} : http://www.jstor.org/stable/4214984},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {L, Bombina and Schneider, Hans and Eichelberg, Helga},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {61--71}
}

@article{schluppMaleSailfinMollies1997,
	title = {Male sailfin mollies ( {Poecilia} latipinna ) copy the mate choice of other males},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Schlupp, I. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, Poecilia, call, heterospecific matings,mate choice,mate-copying,Pisces,Poecilia formosa,Poecilia latipinna Poeciliidae,Teleostei},
	pages = {104--107}
}

@article{hoffmanNoRelationshipMicrosatellite2006,
	title = {No relationship between microsatellite variation and neonatal fitness in {Antarctic} fur seals, {Arctocephalus} gazella},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://000237516500023},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Hoffman, J. I. and Forcada, J. and Amos, W.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {survival, reproductive success, heterozygosity, relatedness, inbreeding, red deer, DEPRESSION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, paternity, parental relatedness, HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS, GENETIC-MARKERS, SOAY SHEEP, pinniped, SOUTH-GEORGIA, PARENTAL, birth weight, heterozygosity-fitness correlation (HFC), internal relatedness, maternal effect, necropsy},
	pages = {1995--2005}
}

@article{skoglundCompetitiveInteractionsShape2011,
	title = {Competitive interactions shape offspring performance in relation to seasonal timing of emergence in {Atlantic} salmon},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000286985800008},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01783.x},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}1. Timing of birth/hatching may have strong effects on offspring fitness. Breeding time is generally considered to have evolved to match offspring arrival with optimal seasonal environmental conditions, though this is rarely tested experimentally and factors shaping the relations between timing of birth and reproductive success are often poorly understood. 2. By manipulating incubation temperature of Atlantic salmon embryos, and hence controlling for maternal and genetic effects, we obtained offspring emerging from nests prior to (accelerated), during and after (decelerated) normal emergence times, and accordingly experienced widely different seasonal environmental conditions at emergence (stream temperature range 4-16 degrees C). The accelerated group emerged at temperatures that are generally considered to be highly sub-optimal for growth and likely imposes strong constraints on feeding and activity, and during a peak in water discharge which is expected to negatively influence habitat availability. 3. In the wild, overall mortality during the period after emergence was 79\%, and was significantly affected by both release density and emergence timing. Accelerated offspring, which emerged earliest and experienced the harshest environmental conditions, had both highest survival and largest final body size. The effect was particularly strong at the high density release site, where survival of accelerated offspring was significantly higher than both the normal and decelerated groups. 4. In more controlled semi-natural environments, all developmental groups were able to perform well, but accelerated offspring had a relatively better performance than the later emerging offspring when density was high. Furthermore, the relative performance of the different groups was not sensitive to water discharge regimes (temporally stable vs. fluctuating). 5. These results suggest that the performance of offspring in relation to seasonal timing of emergence is highly affected by competitive interactions in Atlantic salmon. Although a match between phenology and optimal seasonal environmental conditions may be highly important for organisms depending on specific resources that are only available during a limited period of the season, such resources may be available in variable amounts year around for many organisms. For these, offspring success may to a larger degree be shaped by the timing of their hatching/birth relative to each other, and particularly so under high population densities.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Skoglund, H. and Einum, S. and Robertsen, G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {PERFORMANCE, selection, BODY-SIZE, GROWTH, life-history, density dependence, parus-major, temperature, CLIMATE-CHANGE, SALAR, Salmo salar, breeding time, life-history transition, match-mismatch, phenology, THERMAL, trophic interactions},
	pages = {365--374}
}

@article{dreissAgeSexspecificResponse2010,
	title = {Age- and sex-specific response to population density and sex ratio},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000274483400021},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arp198},
	abstract = {Both population density and sex ratio shape competition for mates, resources and mating costs. Thus they may critically affect the intensity of sexual selection in the populations. Susceptibility to inter- and intrasexual competition, which changes with age in a large number of species, may additionally influence population response to these demographic factors. In this study, we monitored 16 seminatural populations of common lizards (Lacerta vivipara) to determine whether the reproductive output varied with male and female densities as a function of the individual sex and age. Our results suggest that the intensity of sexual selection was weaker in male-biased populations, supporting new theoretical models. In populations with a male-biased sex ratio, reproductive success was more equally distributed between males and, unlike female-biased populations, the choosiest females (middle-aged) did not obtain sires of higher quality than low-performance females. Our results also suggest that age may influence the intensity of sexual conflict. Middle-aged females (the class with the best performance) produced offspring with a lower body condition in male-biased populations, suggesting that they may be the preferred target of male harassment. By contrast, a male-biased sex ratio appeared to be beneficial for low-quality females, allowing these females to obtain higher quality sires and to produce offspring with a better body condition. These age- and sex-dependent responses to population density and sex ratio have important implications for population ecology and sexual selection.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Dreiss, A. N. and Cote, J. and Richard, M. and Federici, P. and Clobert, J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {356--364}
}

@article{savalliMateChoiceYellowshouldered1994,
	title = {Mate choice in the yellow-shouldered widowbird: correlates of male attractiveness},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Savalli, U. M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Attractiveness, male attractiveness, mate choice, ornament, widowbird, Euplectes macrourus, yellow shouldered widowbird},
	pages = {227--234}
}

@article{eniglMateChoicePredaceous2004,
	title = {Mate choice in the predaceous mite {Phytoseiulus} persimilis: evidence of self-referent phenotype matching?},
	volume = {112},
	url = {ISI:000222578700003},
	abstract = {Close inbreeding may have negative fitness effects. Consequently, organisms have evolved various mechanisms, which enable them to avoid close inbreeding. In no-choice and choice experiments we assessed whether the predaceous mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) avoids close inbreeding by kin recognition. No-choice experiments demonstrated that virgin females more readily accept unrelated males than they accept related ones, which suggests a female preference for unrelated mates. Because each female had been reared in isolation prior to experiments, females most likely imprinted on themselves, and later used self-referent phenotype matching to assess potential mating partners. In contrast, neither female nor male choice experiments indicated a preference. Analyses of female and male behavior revealed that in choice experiments, female preference for unrelated males was probably confounded by male competition and/or altered by the different ecological context posed by choice experiments},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata},
	author = {Enigl, M. and Schausberger, P.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, i, mate choice, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, mating, female preference, preference, Y, phenotype, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding depression, discrimination, related, KIN RECOGNITION, male competition, context, spider, male choice, GENETICAL EVOLUTION, Acari, ACARINA-PHYTOSEIIDAE, HETEROSPECIFIC EGGS, METASEIULUS-OCCIDENTALIS, mite, Phytoseiidae, PREDATORY MITE, SPIDER-MITE},
	pages = {21--28}
}

@article{wolfEvolutionIndicatorTraits1997,
	title = {The evolution of indicator traits for parental quality: the role of maternal and paternal effects},
	volume = {150},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Wolf, J. B. and Moore, A. J. and Brodie, III, E. D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, quality, call, Paternal effects, indicator, genetic variation,indicator trait,mate choice,mating preference,parental investment},
	pages = {639--649}
}

@article{hojesjoImportanceBeingFamiliar1998,
	title = {The importance of being familiar: individual recognition and social behavior in sea trout ({Salmo} trutta)},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:000078631100004},
	abstract = {This study addressed two hypotheses: (1) that individual recognition is used to reduce the cost of contesting resources in sea trout and (2) that the hatchery environment selects against individual recognition. Predictions from these hypotheses were tested in laboratory experiments where behavior and growth were studied in juvenile sea trout. Intact groups of familiar fish were compared with groups that contained both familiar and unfamiliar individuals. In general, the results were in agreement with the first hypothesis. Familiar fish in intact groups had more stable dominance ranks, higher food intake, and better utilization of food. Familiarity also reduced the distance to the nearest neighbor. Furthermore, initiators of conflicts were more likely to win against familiar fish than against strangers. These results support game-theory-based hypotheses explaining the dear-enemy phenomenon as an effect of familiarity. A picture emerges in which familiarity stabilizes the hierarchical structure of a group and governs behavioral modifications that will promote feeding and growth, in turn leading to higher fitness. The second hypothesis, which predicted a reduced effect of individual recognition in sea-ranched trout, was not strongly supported because familiarity affected sea-ranched and wild trout similarly in most respects. However, familiarity was not beneficial for growth in sea-ranched trout, whereas it increased growth rate in wild fish. In addition, sea-ranched trout tended to maintain larger distances to their nearest neighbors than did wild trout},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Hojesjo, J. and Johnsson, J. I. and Petersson, E. and Jarvi, T.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, Fisher, fishes, HYPOTHESIS, i, P1, fitness, resources, Social Behavior, experiment, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, cost, social, WILD, conflict, FAMILIARITY, ENVIRONMENT, SYSTEM, RECOGNITION, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, AGGRESSION, dominance, DISTANCE, dominance rank, food, RANK, individual recognition, FA, brown trout, ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR, ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS, NEIGHBORS, TRUTTA, ATTRITION, HATCHERY, MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS, Salmo trutta, WAR},
	pages = {445--451}
}

@article{baurRandomMatingRespect1997,
	title = {Random mating with respect to relatedness in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail {Arianta} arbustorum},
	volume = {116},
	url = {ISI:A1997YD64200003},
	abstract = {A previous study showed negative effects of inbreeding on reproductive success in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Different mechanisms of inbreeding avoidance such as kin recognition, sex-biased dispersal patterns, and variation in mating systems have evolved in a variety of organisms. We performed mate-choice tests to examine whether individuals of A. arbustorum discriminate between full-sibs and non-sibs from the same population, and whether incestuous matings reduce the snails' subsequent reproductive success. Snails mated randomly with respect to degree of relatedness, indicating a lack of inbreeding avoidance by selective mating. Snails which mated with full-sibs did not differ in number of eggs, hatching success of eggs, and number of offspring produced from those mated with unrelated conspecifics. Our results indicate that there is no kin recognition mechanism in A. arbustorum. We suggest that multiple mating with different partners, as observed in the field, may reduce inbreeding effects in this species},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	author = {Baur, B. and Baur, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, egg, evolution, MATE, mate choice, offspring, population, sex, variation, FULL-SIB, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, lande, multiple mating, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, AVOIDANCE, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating system, mating systems, patterns, SELF-FERTILIZATION, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, hermaphrodite, sex-biased dispersal, hatching success, cannibalism, random mating, GASTROPODA, ALPINE POPULATIONS, gastropod, HELICIDAE, PULMONATA, pulmonate},
	pages = {294--298}
}

@article{houdeCorrelatedEvolutionFemale1990,
	title = {Correlated evolution of female mating preferences and male color patterns in the guppy  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {248},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Houde, A. E. and Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, mating, call, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, colour patterns,mate choice,sexual selection},
	pages = {1405--1408}
}

@article{dahlbomBoldnessPredictsSocial2011,
	title = {Boldness {Predicts} {Social} {Status} in {Zebrafish} ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {://WOS:000294121300060},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0023565},
	abstract = {This study explored if boldness could be used to predict social status. First, boldness was assessed by monitoring individual zebrafish behaviour in (1) an unfamiliar barren environment with no shelter (open field), (2) the same environment when a roof was introduced as a shelter, and (3) when the roof was removed and an unfamiliar object (Lego (R) brick) was introduced. Next, after a resting period of minimum one week, social status of the fish was determined in a dyadic contest and dominant/subordinate individuals were determined as the winner/loser of two consecutive contests. Multivariate data analyses showed that males were bolder than females and that the behaviours expressed by the fish during the boldness tests could be used to predict which fish would later become dominant and subordinate in the ensuing dyadic contest. We conclude that bold behaviour is positively correlated to dominance in zebrafish and that boldness is not solely a consequence of social dominance.},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Dahlbom, S. J. and Lagman, D. and Lundstedt-Enkel, K. and Sundstrom, L. F. and Winberg, S.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {individual-differences, BEHAVIOR, STRESS, RAINBOW-TROUT, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, SALVELINUS-ALPINUS, responsiveness, AGONISTIC, DOMINANT-SUBORDINATE RELATIONSHIPS, BEHAVIOR GENETIC MODEL, BRAIN SEROTONERGIC ACTIVITY, COPING STYLES},
	pages = {7}
}

@article{partProblemsTestingInbreeding1996,
	title = {Problems with testing inbreeding avoidance: {The} case of the collared flycatcher},
	volume = {50},
	url = {ISI:A1996VE70000024},
	abstract = {Four year's data on collared flycatchers, Ficedula albicollis, breeding in a nestbox plot on the island of Gotland, Sweden, was used to investigate whether individuals avoid mating with close kin (i.e., parents or sibs). Only one case of close inbreeding (0.5\% of all pairs) was observed during the years of study. The observed frequency of close inbreeding was compared to expected frequencies based on two different null models. Assuming no inbreeding avoidance behaviors (e.g., dispersal or kin recognition), but taking into account the fact that mortality, and different arrival and pairing times of individuals reduce the probability of mating with close kin, the expected frequency of close inbreeding is 10\% and 15\% for female and male recruits (i.e., born in the study plot), respectively. However, assuming mating to be random within the study plot reduced the expected frequency of close inbreeding to 1\% or less for both males and females. Consequently, conclusions drawn concerning inbreeding avoidance depend on the null model used. Contrasting estimated costs of tolerating close inbreeding with those of avoiding it (by dispersal to other plots), however, suggests that the costs of avoiding close inbreeding are substantially greater than those of tolerating it. Therefore, although inbreeding avoidance cannot be rejected as a cause of dispersal of this species, it is not the primary cause, and particularly not for sex-biased dispersal. The general problems of investigating inbreeding avoidance are discussed. It is argued that all previous null models based on random mating in finite populations produce expected frequencies of close inbreeding that in fact include inbreeding avoidance, since they implicitly assume random dispersal within a finite population. Thus, comparisons between observed and expected frequencies of close inbreeding based on random mating are inadequate. The most promising method of investigating inbreeding avoidance is to experimentally study individual movements and mating preferences in the presence and absence of close kin.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Part, T.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, AVOIDANCE, flycatcher, inbreeding-avoidance, collared flycatcher},
	pages = {1625--1630}
}

@article{hollandSexualSelectionFails2002,
	title = {Sexual selection fails to promote adaptation to a new environment},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Holland, B.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, adaptation},
	pages = {721--730}
}

@article{hohenbokenInbreedingReproductionMice1998,
	title = {Inbreeding and reproduction in mice divergently selected for response to a dietary toxin},
	volume = {49},
	url = {ISI:000073635200015},
	abstract = {This study was conducted to determine whether inbreeding coefficients of selected parents or of progeny differed between lines of mice selected for increased or decreased responsiveness to a nutritional toxicosis. A second objective was to determine whether the influence of inbreeding of parents and/or progeny on reproductive traits differed between those lines. Mice were selected divergently for 8 generations for the effect on post-weaning growth of endophyte-infected fescue seed in their diet. Forty pairs (or in Generation 7, 20 pairs) were selected and mated per generation in each line. Inbreeding increased 0.5 to 0.6\% per generation in both lines, a rate close to that predicted from genetic theory. Inbreeding coefficients of selected parents were not higher in the susceptible than in the resistant line. A difference would have been expected if the inbreeding coefficient had been correlated with susceptibility to toxicosis. The magnitudes of inbreeding depression for reproductive traits did not differ significantly between lines. The average inbreeding coefficient of the potential litter tended to be higher in nonfertile than fertile matings (P = 0.10), but inbreeding coefficients of sires and dams did not differ between successful and unsuccessful matings. Inbred litters tended to be born earlier than noninbred litters (P = 0.10). Inbred dams produced smaller litters than noninbred dams (main effect P {\textless} 0.05) but only when the litter also was inbred (interaction P {\textless} 0.01). Sex ratio was not influenced by inbreeding of sire, dam or litter, but there was a higher proportion of male progeny in the susceptible than in the resistant line (P = 0.01). To avoid reduced reproductive fitness, laboratory animal populations should be managed to minimize inbreeding of progeny and dam. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Theriogenology},
	author = {Hohenboken, W. D. and Wagner, C. R. and Blodgett, D. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, i, mate choice, P1, PAIR, population, response, selection, sex, TRAITS, fitness, mating, GROWTH, reproduction, theory, sex ratio, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, GENERATIONS, RATIO, REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS, KIN RECOGNITION, MICE, mouse, diet, SEX-RATIO, responsiveness, REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY},
	pages = {1397--1407}
}

@article{eimesExtrapairFertilizationGenetic2005,
	title = {Extrapair fertilization and genetic similarity of social mates in the {Mexican} jay},
	volume = {16},
	url = {ISI:000227126700019},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression should favor the ability of females to avoid inbreeding or minimize its effects. We tested for a relationship between genetic similarity of social pairs and the occurrence of extrapair fertilization (EPF) in the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina). Multilocus minisatellite and microsatellite DNA fingerprinting was used to detect extrapair young and measure genetic similarity between social parents. We found that 12 of 31 (39\%) nests had at least one EPF and 15 of 93 (16\%) young were the result of EPF. The mean DNA fingerprinting band sharing score between social mates who had at least one EPF was significantly higher than the mean band sharing score between mates who did not (0.35 versus 0.25). The mean band sharing score for non-EPF dyads (0.25) was similar to the background band sharing among nonrelatives (0.23). The mean band sharing score for mates that had an EPF was significantly higher than that of nonrelatives (background) and was significantly lower than that of half-siblings (0.52). Our results showed a highly significant relationship between genetic similarity of social mates and incidence of EPF},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Eimes, J. A. and Parker, P. G. and Brown, J. L. and Brown, E. R.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, ABILITY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MATE, PAIR, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATION, MATES, GENETIC SIMILARITY, microsatellite, similarity, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, social, birds, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, DIVERSITY, DNA, jay, DNA fingerprinting, microsatellite DNA, INCOMPATIBILITY, PAIR PATERNITY, minisatellite, Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican jay, BAND SHARING, extra-pair fertilization,mate choice,Aphelocoma,genetic relatedness,inbreeding depression},
	pages = {456--460}
}

@article{jonesMicrosatelliteAnalysisMaternity1997,
	title = {Microsatellite analysis of maternity and the mating system in the {Gulf} pipefish  {Syngnathus} scovelli,  a species with male pregnancy and sex-role reversal},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Jones, A. G. and Avise, J. C.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {mating, microsatellite, mating system},
	pages = {203--213}
}

@article{clobertDEPENDENCEENVIRONMENTALFACTORSESTIMATION1985,
	title = {{DEPENDENCE} {OF} {ENVIRONMENTAL}-{FACTORS} {IN} {ESTIMATION} {OF} {SURVIVAL} {RATES} {FROM} {CAPTURE}-{RECAPTURE}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0006-341X},
	url = {://WOS:A1985A569000019},
	doi = {10.2307/2530974},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Lebreton, J. D.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1985},
	pages = {1031--1037}
}

@book{mousseauAdaptiveGeneticVariation2000,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Adaptive {Genetic} {Variation} in the {Wild}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Mousseau, T. A. and Sinervo, B. and Endler, J. A.},
	year = {2000}
}

@article{wapstraGeographicAnnualVariation2001,
	title = {Geographic and annual variation in life-history traits in a temperate zone {Australian} skink},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0022-1511},
	url = {://WOS:000169202600003},
	doi = {10.2307/1566108},
	abstract = {Life-history theory seeks to explain patterns of variation between species or populations of the same species. Studies of squamates in general, and lizards in particular, have assumed a prominent place in the understanding of such variation. However, to date, there have been surprisingly few studies of the Scincidae, a major squamate taxon. We investigated geographic and interannual variation in life-history traits in two populations of the Tasmanian spotted snow skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, living at the climatic extremes of the species' distribution. Within each population, there were no interannual or intersexual differences in adult body size. However, mature individuals from a cold subalpine/alpine site were significantly larger at maturity, and had a larger maximum body size than mature individuals from a warmer coastal site. These findings am consistent with current predictions of the proximate effect of the thermal environment on lizard growth and size and age at maturity. In both populations, female fecundity was size-related. Litter size did not vary between years at either site, but, contrary to expectations, females from the cold site had the same or higher size-adjusted reproductive output as those from the warm coastal site. We suggest that resource availability is high at both sites and that a high reproductive output by females from the cold site does not confer a significantly higher survival risk than a lower reproductive commitment. Offspring were largest at the cold site, which is consistent with variation in offspring size of other widespread species and may occur because of strong selective pressures on early survival and growth at the cold site.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and Swain, R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {194--203}
}

@article{cachatMeasuringBehavioralEndocrine2010,
	title = {Measuring behavioral and endocrine responses to novelty stress in adult zebrafish},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1754-2189},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2010.140 http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v5/n11/abs/nprot.2010.140.html#supplementary-information},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Nat. Protocols},
	author = {Cachat, Jonathan and Stewart, Adam and Grossman, Leah and Gaikwad, Siddharth and Kadri, Ferdous and Chung, Kyung Min and Wu, Nadine and Wong, Keith and Roy, Sudipta and Suciu, Christopher and Goodspeed, Jason and Elegante, Marco and Bartels, Brett and Elkhayat, Salem and Tien, David and Tan, Julia and Denmark, Ashley and Gilder, Thomas and Kyzar, Evan and DiLeo, John and Frank, Kevin and Chang, Katie and Utterback, Eli and Hart, Peter and Kalueff, Allan V.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1786--1799}
}

@article{mckayeSexualSelectionGenetic1993,
	title = {Sexual selection and genetic relationships of a sibling species complex of bower building cichlids in {Lake} {Malawi}, {Africa}},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Japan.J.Ichthyol.},
	author = {McKaye, K. R. and Howard, J. H. and Stauffer, J. R. and Morgan, R. P. and Shonhiwa, F.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, cichlid, cichlid,lek-breeding,sexual selection},
	pages = {15--21}
}

@article{grafenFormalDarwinismIndividualasmaximizingagent1999,
	title = {Formal {Darwinism}, the individual-as-maximizing-agent analogy and bet-hedging},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Grafen, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, bet-hedging,Darwinism,game-theory,maximizing agent,population genetics,reproductive value},
	pages = {799--803}
}

@article{bentonMeasuringMateChoice1998,
	title = {Measuring mate choice using correlation: the effect of female sampling behaviour},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Benton, T. G. and Evans, M. R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {behaviour, mate choice, correlation,decision rules,mate choice,mate sampling,sexual selection},
	pages = {91--98}
}

@article{mclainCopeRulesSexual1993,
	title = {Cope's rules, sexual selection and the loss of ecological plasticity},
	volume = {68},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {McLain, D. K.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, plasticity, extinction},
	pages = {490--500}
}

@article{hueySeasonalVariationThermoregulatory1977,
	title = {Seasonal variation in thermoregulatory behavior and body temperature of diurnal {Kalahari} lizards},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Huey, R B and Pianka, E R},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {1066--1075}
}

@article{mousseauEvolutionMaternalEffects2009,
	title = {Evolution of maternal effects: past and present},
	volume = {364},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	url = {://WOS:000264661500001},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0303},
	number = {1520},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Mousseau, Timothy A. and Uller, Tobias and Wapstra, Erik and Badyaev, Alexander V.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1035--1038}
}

@article{cresswellCanEvolutionaryStable1991,
	title = {Can evolutionary stable strageties exist?},
	volume = {60},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Cresswell, J. E. and Sayre, C. F.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {ESS, evolutionary stable strageties, ESP, evolutionary stable population},
	pages = {382--385}
}

@article{candolinChangesExpressionHonesty2000,
	title = {Changes in expression and honesty of sexual signalling over the reproductive lifetime of sticklebacks},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Candolin, U.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {stickleback, sticklebacks, honest advertisement, age, signalling, sexual signalling},
	pages = {2425--2430}
}

@article{bredenBredenReplies1988,
	title = {Breden replies},
	volume = {332},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Breden, F.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {call, female preference,guppy,mating success,sexual selection},
	pages = {594}
}

@article{kruukHeritabilityFitnessWild2000,
	title = {Heritability of fitness in a wild mammal population},
	volume = {97},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Kruuk, L. E. B. and Clutton-Brock, T. H. and Slate, J. and Pemberton, J. M. and Brotherstone, S. and Guinness, F. E.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {population, fitness, heritability, red deer, Fisher's fundamental theorem, genetic variance},
	pages = {698--703}
}

@article{guilfordZahavianCuckoosEvolution1989,
	title = {Zahavian cuckoos and the evolution of nestling discrimination by hosts},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Guilford, T. and Read, A. F.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {evolution, discrimination, host, European cuckoo, Zahavi's model},
	pages = {600--601}
}

@article{sargentCourtshipMateChoice1998,
	title = {Courtship and mate choice in fishes: integrating behavioural and sensory ecology},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Sargent, R. C. and Rush, V. N. and Wisenden, B. D. and Yan, H. Y.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, courtship, fishes, mate choice, call, female preference,guppy,male ornamentation,sexual selection,three-spined stickleback},
	pages = {82--96}
}

@article{shackletonFightingSuccessAttractiveness2005,
	title = {Fighting success and attractiveness as predictors of male mating success in the black field cricket, {Teleogryllus} commodus: the effectiveness of no-choice tests},
	volume = {58},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-004-0907-1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Shackleton, Michelle a. and Jennions, Michael D. and Hunt, John},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, male fighting ability, no-choice tests, teleogryllus},
	pages = {1--8}
}

@article{islesPossibleRoleImprinted2002,
	title = {A possible role for imprinted genes in inbreeding avoidance and dispersal from the natal area in mice},
	volume = {269},
	url = {ISI:000175122500002},
	abstract = {The expression of a subset of mammalian genes is subject to parent of origin effects (POE), most of which can be explained by genomic imprinting. Analysis of mutant animals has demonstrated that a number of imprinted genes influence brain development and behaviour. Here we provide evidence for POE on olfactory related behaviour and sensitivity to maternal odour cues. This was investigated by examining the odour preference behaviour of reciprocal cross F, mice made by embryo transfer to genetically unrelated foster parents. We determined that both adult males and females show an avoidance of female urinary odours of their genetic maternal but not paternal origin. This was found not to be due to any previous exposure to these odours or due to self-learning, but may be related to direct effects on the olfactory system, as reciprocal F, males show differential sensitivity to female odour cues. Currently the most robust theory to explain the evolution of imprinting is the conflict hypothesis that focuses on maternal resource allocation to the developing foetus. Kinship considerations are also likely to be important in the selection of imprinted genes and we discuss our findings within this context, suggesting that imprinted genes act directly on the olfactory system to promote post-weaning dispersal from the natal area},
	number = {1492},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Isles, A. R. and Baum, M. J. and Ma, D. and Szeto, A. and Keverne, E. B. and Allen, N. D.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, genes, selection, ANIMALS, GROWTH, preference, theory, allocation, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, AVOIDANCE, genetics, kinship, conflict, related, communication, Genomic Imprinting, imprinting, KIN RECOGNITION, MICE, context, WILD HOUSE MICE, olfaction, BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT, MATERNAL-BEHAVIOR, MUS-DOMESTICUS RUTTY, odour preference, parent of origin effects, URINE MARKING},
	pages = {665--670}
}

@article{luboyaMOLTINGSURVIVALRATE1988,
	title = {{MOLTING} {AND} {SURVIVAL} {RATE} {OF} {BREEDING} {ARTHROPODS} - {A} {METHOD} {OF} {ESTIMATION}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {0243-766X},
	url = {://WOS:A1988Q286700005},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-Oecologia Generalis},
	author = {Luboya, K. and Berthet, P. and Clobert, J. and Vera, H.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {293--297}
}

@article{landeQuantitativeGeneticalAnalysis1979,
	title = {Quantitative genetical analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain:body size allometry},
	volume = {33},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lande, R.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, size, quantitative genetics, multivariate selection, multivariate, allometry},
	pages = {402--416}
}

@article{osorioAccurateMemoryColour1999,
	title = {Accurate memory for colour but not pattern contrast in chicks},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Osorio, D. and Jones, C. D. and Vorobyev, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {colour, stimulus, chicks, wavelength sensitive photoreceptors},
	pages = {199--202}
}

@article{bredenMolecularPhylogenyLivebearing1999,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of the live-bearing fish genus  {Poecilia}  ({Cyprinodontiformes}: {Poeciliidae})},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	author = {Breden, F. and Ptacec, M. B. and Rashed, M. and Taphorn, D. and Figueiredo, C. A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {fish, Poecilia, microsatellite, phylogeny, molecular phylogeny},
	pages = {95--104}
}

@article{millarDisentanglingSelectiveFactors2006,
	title = {Disentangling the selective factors that act on male colour in wild guppies},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:000235418400001},
	abstract = {The colour pattern of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) is thought to evolve as a compromise between sexual selection (favouring conspicuousness) and natural selection (favouring crypsis). Underpinning this classic explanation is the observation that guppies living with dangerous fish predators are less colourful than guppies living without these predators. However, high fish-predation sites are generally farther downstream than low fish-predation sites, and so may also differ in physical habitat features related to stream size, as well as in the abundance of predatory prawns (Macrobrachium crenulatum). The goal of our study was to disentangle the effects of fish predation on colour evolution from the potential effects of physical habitat features and predation by prawns. We collected 20 male guppies from each of 29 sites in two Trinidadian rivers. We then quantified the colour pattern of these fish; each spot was measured for size and assigned to a colour category. For each site, we determined the fish predation regime and quantified stream size, water colour, canopy openness, and prawn abundance. We then used regressions to assess the relative importance of these factors in explaining variation in guppy colour. Supporting previous work, the presence of predatory fishes was the most important explanatory variable for many components of colour pattern. Physical habitat features explained some of the remaining variation, but in inconsistent ways between the two rivers. The abundance of predatory prawns also explained variation in male colour. Our results suggest that predatory fishes impose the strongest selection on the colour pattern of male guppies but that other factors are also important.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Millar, N. P. and Reznick, D. N. and Kinnison, M. T. and Hendry, A. P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, mate-choice, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, life-history evolution, patterns, COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY, NUPTIAL COLOR},
	pages = {1--12}
}

@article{westemeierTrackingLongtermDecline1998,
	title = {Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population},
	volume = {282},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://000077246600043},
	language = {English},
	number = {5394},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Westemeier, R. L. and Brawn, J. D. and Simpson, S. A. and Esker, T. L. and Jansen, R. W. and Walk, J. W. and Kershner, E. L. and Bouzat, J. L. and Paige, K. N.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {genetic diversity, GENETIC RESCUE, conservation biology, DIRECTIONS, ATTWATERS PRAIRIE-CHICKEN},
	pages = {1695--1698}
}

@article{spenceMaleTerritorialityMediates2005,
	title = {Male territoriality mediates density and sex ratio effects on oviposition in the zebrafish, {Danio} rerio},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://000230036400010},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.10.010},
	abstract = {Skew in the operational sex ratio of a population can have important consequences for mating competition and typically results in differential mating success. Population density can also influence mating behaviour and may interact with the operational sex ratio. We investigated the effects of both density and operational sex ratio on male territoriality and female oviposition in the zebrafish. We manipulated the sex bias in favour of either males or females at two density levels and measured the impact on females of aggression and courtship behaviour by territorial males in terms of egg production. Total egg production increased as a function of the number of females in each of the four treatments. However, mean per capita egg production was lower at high densities. We propose that this effect was due to increased aggression at high densities by territorial males towards rivals, which interrupted female spawning attempts. At high densities, territorial males maintained high rates of aggression regardless of sex bias, but courtship rates were significantly lower in male-biased treatments. We further propose that this response, whereby males constrain courtship in the presence of potential rivals, may be adaptive in the context of sperm competition avoidance. (c) 2005 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Spence, R. and Smith, C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, fish, selection, sperm, model, BRACHYDANIO-RERIO, male-male competition, RHODEUS-SERICEUS, male mating success, POPULATION-DENSITY},
	pages = {1317--1323}
}

@article{mazziInbreedingAffectsFemale2004,
	title = {Inbreeding affects female preference for symmetry in computer-animated sticklebacks},
	volume = {34},
	url = {ISI:000220818600006},
	abstract = {Fluctuating asymmetries are small random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral traits caused by the inability of individuals to cope with stress during development. The degree of asymmetry of secondary sexual characters is supposed to convey information about a male's phenotypic and/or genetic quality, and females are thus expected to use bilateral symmetry as a cue in mate choice. We offered female three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) that had been inbred for one generation and outbred control females the choice between computer-animated male models differing exclusively in the symmetry of their pelvic spines. Inbred females exhibited a significantly stronger preference for the symmetric model than outbred females, suggesting that females of relatively poor quality are more prepared to pay the costs of choosiness and obtain higher marginal benefits from their discrimination than females of better quality},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavior Genetics},
	author = {Mazzi, D. and Kunzler, R. and Largiader, C. R. and Bakker, T. C. M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, quality, selection, TRAITS, BENEFITS, male sexual ornaments, model, MODELS, sexual characters, stickleback, sticklebacks, Darwin, female preference, preference, choosiness, symmetry, genetic quality, INDIVIDUALS, cost, costs, inbreeding, genetics, discrimination, STRESS, Gasterosteus aculeatus, asymmetry, LEK PARADOX, fluctuating asymmetry, MARKERS, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, three-spined sticklebacks, ZEBRA FINCHES, secondary sexual character, secondary sexual characters, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, 3-SPINED STICKLEBACKS, beetle horns, computer animation},
	pages = {417--424}
}

@article{wagnerComplexAdaptationsEvolution1996,
	title = {Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wagner, G. P. and Altenburg, L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {evolution, quantitative genetics, adaptation, pleiotropy, evolution of development, evolutionary computation, genetic representations, modularity},
	pages = {967--976}
}

@article{kodric-brownMechanismsSexualSelection1990,
	title = {Mechanisms of sexual selection: insights from fishes},
	volume = {27},
	journal = {Ann.Zool.Fennici},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fishes, selection, call, nuptual coloration,pigments,sexual selection},
	pages = {87--100}
}

@article{thumanGeneticSimilarityNonrandom4,
	title = {Genetic similarity and the nonrandom distribution of paternity in a genetically highly polyandrous shorebird},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4F02KX9-9/2/f01889f59ed448f0fd9c29aaa8f7ba57},
	abstract = {The extent to which two parents are related to each other can strongly influence the fitness of the offspring. Although females should choose mates based on the level of genetic similarity, current evidence suggests that behavioural kin discrimination in birds is limited and may preclude this possibility. We investigated the potential for cryptic sperm selection in the polyandrous, lek-breeding ruff, Philomachus pugnax. In direct sperm competition between two males, the one that fertilized the majority of offspring was most often least genetically similar to the female. This was not due to intrinsic male qualities such as sperm mobility or ejaculate size, because the predictive variable is the genotype of one male relative to that of the female and of the other competing male. This is an extrinsic quality and an individual male may be favoured in one competitive triad (a female and two competing males) but not in another. This finding has implications for the extent to which birds can adaptively optimize outbreeding, even in the absence of the behavioural ability to discriminate genetic similarity and has broad implications for sexual selection in birds, a taxon in which high levels of genetic polyandry are the norm},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Thuman, Katherine A. and Griffith, Simon C.},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ABILITY, competition, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, quality, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, fitness, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, ejaculate, MATES, polyandry, GENETIC SIMILARITY, similarity, extrinsic, intrinsic, bird, birds, discrimination, kin, kin discrimination, related, outbreeding, paternity, sperm selection, ruff},
	pages = {765--770}
}

@article{aggletonThereLefthandedAdvantage1990,
	title = {Is there a left-handed advantage in "ballistic" sports?},
	volume = {21},
	journal = {Internation Journal of Sports Psychology},
	author = {Aggleton, J. P. and Wood, C. J.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {46--47}
}

@article{kirkpatrickGoodGenesDirect1996,
	title = {Good genes and direct selection in the evolution of mating preferences},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, genes, good genes, mate choice, selection, mating, call, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, deleterious mutation, direct selection},
	pages = {2125--2140}
}

@article{curtsingerAntagonisticPleiotropyReversal1994,
	title = {Antagonistic pleiotropy, reversal of dominance, and genetic polymorphism},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Curtsinger, J. W. and Service, P. M. and Prout, T.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, polymorphism, polymorphism,selection, dominance},
	pages = {210--228}
}

@article{soubryPaternalEnvironmentalLegacy2014,
	title = {A paternal environmental legacy: {Evidence} for epigenetic inheritance through the male germ line},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0265-9247},
	url = {://WOS:000332378800006},
	doi = {10.1002/bies.201300113},
	abstract = {Literature on maternal exposures and the risk of epigenetic changes or diseases in the offspring is growing. Paternal contributions are often not considered. However, some animal and epidemiologic studies on various contaminants, nutrition, and lifestyle-related conditions suggest a paternal influence on the offspring's future health. The phenotypic outcomes may have been attributed to DNA damage or mutations, but increasing evidence shows that the inheritance of environmentally induced functional changes of the genome, and related disorders, are (also) driven by epigenetic components. In this essay we suggest the existence of epigenetic windows of susceptibility to environmental insults during sperm development. Changes in DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs are viable mechanistic candidates for a non-genetic transfer of paternal environmental information, from maturing germ cell to zygote. Inclusion of paternal factors in future research will ultimately improve the understanding of transgenerational epigenetic plasticity and health-related effects in future generations.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Bioessays},
	author = {Soubry, A. and Hoyo, C. and Jirtle, R. L. and Murphy, S. K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {offspring, epigenetics, ENVIRONMENT, DNA methylation, spermatogenesis, transgenerational effects, imprinted genes, CHILDHOOD, disease, adult-onset, developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), diet-induced obesity, high-fat diet, in-vivo, leukemia, parental obesity, paternal exposures, polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons, radiation-exposure, slow growth period},
	pages = {359--371}
}

@article{jonesEvolutionAlternativeCryptic2002,
	title = {The evolution of alternative cryptic female choice strategies in age-structured populations},
	volume = {56},
	abstract = {Cryptic female choice is a potentially important aspect of the sexual selection process. According to the theory of sexual dialectics, postcopulation manipulation of relative male fertilization success can provide an avenue by which females can circumvent attempts by males to control female reproduction. Here I use stochastic models to investigate the evolution of cryptic female choice in populations with and without age structure. In populations without age structure, cryptic female choice will evolve only when (1) precopulatory mate choice by females is inefficient, (2) variation in male fitness is correlated with a trait upon which a female can base her choice of mates, and (3) the cost of multiple mating is not too high. In populations with age structure, similar conditions apply. However, selection sometimes favors females that employ alternative strategies of female choice at different ages. These results help to define the types of biological systems in which we should expect to see the evolution of cryptic female choice. They also illustrate that the evolution of choice strategies in females may be complex and may mirror in some important respects the evolution of alternative mating tactics in males},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Jones, A. G.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, evolution, population, Cryptic female choice},
	pages = {2530--2536}
}

@article{snookSpermCompetitionNot1,
	title = {Sperm in competition: not playing by the numbers},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4DR895M-1/2/46bd7bc28962e0eb4f5746e64db8973d},
	abstract = {The outcome of sperm competition is mediated largely by the relative numbers of sperm from competing males. However, substantial variation in features of sperm morphology and behaviour, such as length, longevity and motility, exists and researchers have suggested that this variation functions in postcopulatory sexual selection. Recent studies have determined the effect of these sperm-quality traits on fertilization success and a synthesis of this literature reveals that they are important in both sperm competition and cryptic female choice. To understand how postcopulatory sexual selection influences sperm traits, future research should determine sex-specific interactions that influence paternity, identify genetic correlations between ejaculate characters, quantify the relative costs of producing different sperm traits, and test assumptions of models of sperm quality evolution. Such research will shed light on what evolutionary pressures are responsible for the diversity in sperm morphometry and behaviour},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Snook, Rhonda R.},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, MALES, quality, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, variation, CHARACTERS, FERTILIZATION, model, MODELS, longevity, SUCCESS, ejaculate, cost, costs, DIVERSITY, paternity, Cryptic female choice, genetic correlation, genetic correlations, morphology, light, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, SPERM MORPHOLOGY},
	pages = {46--53}
}

@article{kusmierskiMolecularInformationBowerbird1993,
	title = {Molecular information on bowerbird phylogeny and the evolution of exaggerated male characteristics},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Kusmierski, R. and Borgia, G. and Crozier, R. H. and Chan, B. H. Y.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, phylogeny, mitochondrial DNA, cost of display, bowerbird, evolution of display, exaggerated male characters, transferral effect},
	pages = {737--752}
}

@article{hurstEvolutionGenomicAnatomy1999,
	title = {The evolution of genomic anatomy},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Hurst, L. D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, call, chromosomal location,drift,genome,selection},
	pages = {108--112}
}

@article{pomiankowskiRunawayOrnamentDiversity1998,
	title = {Runaway ornament diversity caused by {Fisherian} sexual selection},
	volume = {95},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A. and Iwasa, Y.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, ornament, call, runaway, female preference,Fisher's runaway process,mate preference,sexual ornaments},
	pages = {5106--5111}
}

@article{VariationMatingCall2010,
	title = {Variation in {Mating} {Call} {Across} the {Hybrid} {Zone} between the {Fire}-{Bellied} {Toads} {Bombina} bombina and {B} . variegata {Author} ( s ): {Neil} {Sanderson} , {Jacek} {M} . {Szymura} , {Nicholas} {H} . {Barton} {Published} by : {Society} for the {Study} of {Evolution} {Stable} {URL} : http://w},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Society},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {595--607}
}

@article{kodric-brownRoleMalemaleCompetition1996,
	title = {Role of male-male competition and female choice in the development of breeding coloration in pupfish ( {Cyprinodon} pecosensis )},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, competition, call, male-male competition, breeding colouration,Cyprinodon pecosensis,experimental manipulations,female choice,intersexual selection,intrasexual selection,pupfish,social signal},
	pages = {431--437}
}

@article{tregenzaFemalePreferenceMale10,
	title = {Female preference for male courtship song and its role as a signal of immune function and condition},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4KSVG68-1/2/eada09085c898d39f5765bf2c551210c},
	abstract = {The acoustic signals of insects are examples of sexually selected traits predominantly used by females to identify, locate and choose between potential mates. In addition to the conspicuous calling songs found in many groups, many male Orthopterans also produce a distinct courtship song when in close proximity to a female. It has been suggested that these courtship songs are indicators of male quality and may be used by females to discriminate between potential mates, but little evidence is available. We measured temporal characteristics of courtship song in the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus and three different aspects of the immune response of the same males. The relations between courtship song structure and immunity appeared to be too weak to be biologically important and hence it seems unlikely that females could use only the song parameters we measured to discriminate in favour of mates with higher immunity. However, when we compared the propensity of males to sing and the structure of their courtship songs before and after they were forced to mount an immune response, we found strong effects of our immune challenge procedure. When females were played songs manipulated to sound like those produced by males with high or low encapsulation abilities (a measure of immunity), they responded more rapidly to the songs corresponding to a high immune response},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Tregenza, Tom and Simmons, Leigh W. and Wedell, Nina and Zuk, Marlene},
	keywords = {courtship, ABILITY, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, quality, response, TRAITS, signals, insect, INSECTS, cricket, female preference, preference, MATES, immunity, condition, song, indicator, PROPENSITY, sexually selected traits, SIGNAL, courtship song, IMMUNE-RESPONSE, calling songs, Teleogryllus oceanicus, sound},
	pages = {809--818}
}

@book{slaterEssentialsAnimalBehaviour1999,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Essentials of {Animal} behaviour},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Slater, P. J. B.},
	year = {1999}
}

@article{gaonaDynamicsViabilityMetapopulation1998,
	title = {Dynamics and viability of a metapopulation of the endangered {Iberian} lynx ({Lynx} pardinus)},
	volume = {68},
	url = {ISI:000075196100003},
	abstract = {The use of metapopulation models in conservation biology is growing exponentially, but there is a need for empirical studies that support theoretical approaches, especially for species with large and long-lived individuals. In this paper we explore the viability and dynamics of a real metapopulation of an endangered mammal by combining field work and modeling in order to support conservation decisions and evaluate theoretical approaches. The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), considered the most vulnerable felid in the world, is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, The persistence of the species is handicapped by the high fragmentation of its populations. Fewer than 1000 individuals are distributed in nine isolated populations, each of them also fragmented but with their patches connected by dispersers, in what could be called metapopulations. One of these metapopulations, including similar to 60 individuals, inhabits the Donana National Park (DNP) and its surroundings. Demographic and behavioral data gathered over one decade for this lynx population were employed to develop a spatially realistic structured model with density-dependent fecundity and migration, including demographic and environmental stochasticity. Such a model is used to identify the demographic features that determine the dynamics of this population and to predict its risk of decline under a set of alternative assumptions. A hypothetical lynx metapopulation with values of the parameters such as those observed in Donana, but without stochastic events, could sustain itself over time. Results of this deterministic model show how females occupy all the potential breeding territories, while males are below the carrying capacity. The metapopulation has a source-sink structure, with the sources internal and the sinks external to the national park. Sinks result from reduced survival rather than reduced fecundity, as generally assumed. High mortality in sink patches is deterministic, deriving both from within-patch risks and from factors related to the landscape matrix among patches. The survival rate of adults with territories in the sources was the most sensitive parameter, leading the dynamics of the metapopulation. When we include demographic stochasticity in the model, the population becomes extinct 22\% of the time within 100 yr, and this value increases to 33.8\% when environmental stochasticity is also considered. Most of the metapopulation extinctions occurred because of the disappearance of males due to sex differences in demographic parameters related to behavioral aspects (e.g., dispersal rate). Different scenarios were simulated as modifications affecting either within- or between-patch dynamics. Changes in the carrying capacity of source and sink patches would have very different consequences in terms of metapopulation persistence: one breeding territory increase in the largest source reduces metapopulation extinction risk from 33.8 to 17.2\% in 100 yr, while an increase of three territories in the largest sink does not modify the extinction risk. In this sense, results suggest that the best management strategy for conservation should be restoring habitat at the source patches and reducing mortality at the sinks. The results of our models emphasize the need for empirical studies to characterize metapopulations in nature and distinguish between such terms as source-sink, mainland-island, nonequilibrium, or even "refuge" metapopulations},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	author = {Gaona, P. and Ferreras, P. and Delibes, M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, P1, population, sex, INCREASE, model, MODELS, survival, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, fecundity, field, BIOLOGY, lande, INDIVIDUALS, DISPERSAL, POPULATIONS, SPACE, territory, WILD, DYNAMICS, extinction, HABITAT, metapopulation, migration, STRATEGIES, CONSERVATION, EXTINCTION RISK, genetics, inbreeding depression, risk, related, viability, INCREASES, STRATEGY, SEXES, DIVERSITY, species diversity, PERSISTENCE, mortality, conservation biology, SET, ISOLATED POPULATION, ENVIRONMENTAL STOCHASTICITY, endangered, Spain, METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS, SEX-DIFFERENCES, MASSACHUSETTS, MANAGEMENT, SIMULATION-MODEL, RISK ASSESSMENT, stochasticity, DONANA-NATIONAL-PARK, carrying capacity, DEMOGRAPHIC STOCHASTICITY, EUROPEAN LYNX, FELIS-PARDINA, Iberian lynx, intrinsic dispersal, landscape matrix, LEADBEATERS POSSUM, LICHENOSTOMUS MELANOPS CASSIDIX, Lynx pardinus, lynxes, MANAGEMENT OPTIONS, POPULATION EXTINCTION, population viability analysis, protected area, refuge, simulation model, source-sink dynamics, SPANISH LYNX},
	pages = {349--370}
}

@article{kempPredictingDirectionOrnament2009,
	title = {Predicting the direction of ornament evolution in {Trinidadian} guppies ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {276},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000271578700011},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.1226},
	abstract = {Sexual selection is thought to be opposed by natural selection such that ornamental traits express a balance between these two antagonistic influences. Phenotypic variation among populations may indicate local shifts in this balance, or that different stable 'solutions' are possible, but testing these alternatives presents a major challenge. In the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a small freshwater fish with male-limited ornamental coloration, these issues can be addressed by transplanting fish among sites of varying predation pressure, thus effectively manipulating the strength and nature of natural selection. Here, we contrast the evolutionary outcome of two such introductions conducted in the Trinidadian El Cedro and Aripo Rivers. We use sophisticated colour appraisal methods that account for full spectrum colour variation and which incorporate the very latest visual sensitivity data for guppies and their predators. Our data indicate that ornamentation evolved along different trajectories: whereas Aripo males evolved more numerous and/or larger orange, black and iridescent markings, El Cedro males only evolved more extensive and brighter iridescence. Examination of the El Cedro experiment also revealed little or no ornamental evolution at the control site over 29 years, which contrasts markedly with the rapid (approx. 2-3 years) changes reported for introduction populations. Finally, whole colour-pattern analysis suggested that the greatest visual difference between El Cedro introduction and control fish would be perceived by the two most salient viewers: guppies and the putatively dangerous predator Crenicichla alta. We discuss whether and how these evolutionary trajectories may result from founder effects, population-specific mate preferences and/or sensory drive.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1677},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Kemp, D. J. and Reznick, D. N. and Grether, G. F. and Endler, J. A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {choice, HYPOTHESIS, mate choice, population, colour, life-history evolution, mate preference, NATURAL-SELECTION, predation, FEMALE GUPPIES, MALE TRAITS, DETECTION, ENTIRE COLOR PATTERNS, iridescence, MOTION, ultraviolet, vision},
	pages = {4335--4343}
}

@article{vonschantzGoodGenesOxidative1999,
	title = {Good genes, oxidative stress and condition-dependent sexual signals},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {von Schantz, T. and Bensch, S. and Grahn, M. and Hasselquist, D. and Wittzell, H.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {good-genes, genes, good genes, signals, call, allelic variation,detoxication,major histocompatibility complex,oxidative stress,sexual ornaments},
	pages = {1--12}
}

@article{okaneSexualBehaviourCourting1999,
	title = {Sexual behaviour; courting dissatisfaction},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {O'Kane, C. J. and Asztalos, Z.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {behaviour, call, sexual behaviour, courtship genetics,Drosophila,sexual behaviour},
	pages = {R289--R292}
}

@article{cotePersonalityTraitsDispersal2010,
	title = {Personality traits and dispersal tendency in the invasive mosquitofish ({Gambusia} affinis).},
	volume = {277},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.2128},
	abstract = {Ecological invasions, where non-native species spread to new areas, grow to high densities and have large, negative impacts on ecological communities, are a major worldwide problem. Recent studies suggest that one of the key mechanisms influencing invasion dynamics is personality-dependent dispersal: the tendency for dispersers to have a different personality type than the average from a source population. We examined this possibility in the invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). We measured individual tendencies to disperse in experimental streams and several personality traits: sociability, boldness, activity and exploration tendency before and three weeks after dispersal. We found that mosquitofish display consistent behavioural tendencies over time, and significant positive correlations between all personality traits. Most notably, sociability was an important indicator of dispersal distance, with more asocial individuals dispersing further, suggesting personality-biased dispersal on an invasion front. These results could have important ecological implications, as invasion by a biased subset of individuals is likely to have different ecological impacts than invasion by a random group of colonists.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	author = {Cote, Julien and Fogarty, Sean and Weinersmith, Kelly and Brodin, Tomas and Sih, Andrew},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, Personality traits, colonization success, invasion dynamic, social tendency},
	pages = {1571--9}
}

@article{grantEvolutionDarwinFinches1993,
	title = {Evolution of {Darwin}'s finches caused by a rare climatic event},
	volume = {251},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Grant, B. R. and Grant, P. R.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {evolution, Darwin's finches, beak size, Galapagos islands},
	pages = {111--117}
}

@article{pooleMateGuardingReproductive1989,
	title = {Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in {African} elephants},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Poole, J. H.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, reproductive success, elephant, guarding, mate guarding},
	pages = {842--849}
}

@article{wadeSexualSelectionVariance1979,
	title = {Sexual selection and variance in reproductive success},
	volume = {114},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Wade, M. J.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {sexual selection, i, selection, reproductive success},
	pages = {742--747}
}

@article{tidemannBreedingBiologyGouldian1999,
	title = {Breeding biology of the {Gouldian} {Finch}  {Erythrura} gouldiae , an endangered finch of northern {Australia}},
	volume = {99},
	journal = {EMU},
	author = {Tidemann, S. C. and Lawson, C. and Elvish, R. and Boyden, J. and Elvish, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {FINCH, Erythrura gouldiae, gouldian finch, breeding biology},
	pages = {191--199}
}

@article{roweLekParadoxCapture1996,
	title = {The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits},
	volume = {263},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Rowe, L. and Houle, D.},
	year = {1996},
	note = {tex.ids: roweLekParadoxCapture1996a
publisher: Royal Society},
	keywords = {call, condition, lek, genetic variance, paradox, female preference,genetic variance,good genes,lek paradox,sexually selected traits},
	pages = {1415--1421},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7700/Rowe and Houle - 1996 - The lek paradox and the capture of genetic varianc.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7701/rspb.1996.html:text/html}
}

@article{kerthExtremeSexbiasedDispersal2002,
	title = {Extreme sex-biased dispersal in the communally breeding, nonmigratory {Bechstein}'s bat ({Myotis} bechsteinii)},
	volume = {11},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/mec},
	abstract = {Abstract Maternity colonies of the communally breeding, nonmigratory Bechstein's bat consist of closely related females that live together with unrelated females, and average colony relatedness is low despite the absence of immigration. We compared the genetic structure of both nuclear and mitochondrial microsatellites in order to quantify sex-specific dispersal rates. More specifically, we aimed at testing whether male dispersal is able to balance the genetic effect of strong (absolute) female philopatry. Absolute female philopatry, indicated by an extreme mitochondrial DNA population differentiation of 96\%, was indeed opposed by strong (possibly complete) male dispersal. Based on our knowledge of the biology of Myotis bechsteinii, we conclude that inbreeding avoidance is likely to be the crucial factor driving male dispersal in this species},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Kerth, G. and Mayer, F. and Petit, E.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, population, BIOLOGY, microsatellite, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, AVOIDANCE, microsatellites, philopatry, related, BAT, inbreeding-avoidance, RATES, DNA, COLONIES, differentiation, COLONY, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, immigration, sex-biased dispersal, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, mitochondrial DNA, NUCLEAR, male dispersal, dispersal rates, population differentiation},
	pages = {1491--1498}
}

@article{mazziInbreedingDevelopmentalStability2002,
	title = {Inbreeding and developmental stability in three-spined sticklebacks ({Gasterosteus} aculeatus {L}.)},
	volume = {89},
	url = {ISI:000178645600009},
	abstract = {Fluctuating asymmetry, small non-directional departures from perfect symmetry in bilateral traits, results from the inability of individuals to buffer development against genetic and environmental perturbations. Fluctuating asymmetry is a widely used measure of developmental stability, and developmental stability has been hypothesised to be inversely related to heterozygosity. We compared male three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) that had been inbred for one generation to outbred control males with respect to the asymmetry of a set of bilateral morphometric traits. Inbred fish developed significantly more asymmetric pectoral fins than their outbred counterparts, whereas neither the magnitude of asymmetry for pelvic spines nor for gill covers significantly responded to the treatment. Our results conform to a pattern of heterogeneity amongst traits in their tendency to develop asymmetrically in response to stress},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Mazzi, D. and Largiader, C. R. and Bakker, T. C. M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, fish, MALES, mate choice, response, selection, TRAITS, CHARACTERS, stickleback, sticklebacks, symmetry, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, genetics, related, STRESS, Gasterosteus aculeatus, asymmetry, MICE, fluctuating asymmetry, conservation biology, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, three-spined sticklebacks, STABILITY, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI, three-spined stickleback},
	pages = {293--299}
}

@article{brownKinReconitionMajor1994,
	title = {Kin reconition and the major histocompatibility complex - an integrative review},
	volume = {143},
	url = {ISI:A1994NC03300005},
	abstract = {The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been theorized to play a critical role in kin recognition in two contexts, mating and cooperation. Recent work has greatly strengthened this view. The MHC is uniquely important for understanding the evolution of kin recognition because so much is known about its genetics, cell biology, and molecular evolutionary history. Our review integrates recent advances in these fields around the central theme of kin recognition. The chemical cues involved in mammals are controversial and appear to involve microorganisms in some cases. The genes that code MHC glycoproteins, although highly diverse within many species, are similar across generic boundaries in primates and rodents. The potential mechanisms of selection for the incredible allelic diversity at MHC loci are as controversial as ever, but they now also include behavioral mechanisms of disassortative mating and inbreeding avoidance. These studies show how behavior, disease, and molecular genetics can be integrated in a context of evolution and natural selection},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Brown, J. L. and Eklund, A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {evolution, genes, selection, sex, signals, mating, field, mating preferences, phenotype, natural selection, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, NATURAL-SELECTION, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, PRIMATES, RODENT, rodents, social, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, genetics, code, MHC, RECOGNITION, SELFISH, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, DIVERSITY, cooperation, MICE, MUS-MUSCULUS, immunogenetics, DROSOPHILA-PSEUDOOBSCURA, context, ANTIGEN-BINDING, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE, CHEMICAL CUES, NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION, OVERDOMINANT SELECTION, CHEMOSENSORY RECOGNITION, OLFACTORY RECOGNITION},
	pages = {435--461}
}

@article{roulinEvolutionMaintenanceAdaptive2004,
	title = {The evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of genetic colour polymorphism in birds},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {1464-7931},
	url = {://000225673400006},
	doi = {10.1017/s1464793104006487},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Roulin, A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {heritability, polymorphism, birds, SIGNAL, alternative strategies, genetic correlation, heterosis, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, pleiotropy, WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, ZONOTRICHIA-ALBICOLLIS GMELIN, ANSER-CAERULESCENS-CAERULESCENS, condition-dependent, CORVUS-CORONE-CORNIX, genetic colour, GUILLEMOT, LESSER SNOW GOOSE, OWLS TYTO-ALBA, RUFF PHILOMACHUS-PUGNAX, SKUA, STERCORARIUS-PARASITICUS, URIA-AALGE},
	pages = {815--848}
}

@article{brittnacherGeneticVariationGenetic1981,
	title = {Genetic variation and genetic load due to the male reproductive component of fitness in {Drosophila}},
	volume = {97},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Brittnacher, J. G.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {female choice, Drosophila, variation, fitness, genetic variation, virility},
	pages = {719--730}
}

@article{iyengarFemaleChoiceIncreases1999a,
	title = {Female choice increases offspring fitness in an arctiid moth  ({Uthesia} ornatrix)},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Iyengar, V. K. and Eisner, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, offspring, fitness, indicator, direct benefits, Arctiid moth, alkaloid, moths},
	pages = {15013--15016}
}

@article{markusMicroorganismsBloodNaturally1986,
	title = {Micro-organisms in the blood of naturally infected girdled lizards  {Cordylus} vittifer},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	author = {Markus, M. B. and Jacobsen, N. H. G. and Chidrawi, M. J. and McClain, E.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {LIZARDS, parasites, lizard},
	pages = {650--651}
}

@article{quellerSpanielsStMarx1995,
	title = {The spaniels of {St}. {Marx} and the panglossian paradox: a critique of a rhetorical programme},
	volume = {70},
	journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {Queller, D. C.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {paradox},
	pages = {485--489}
}

@article{harveyInbreedingAnimalsAvoid1986,
	title = {Inbreeding - {Do} animals avoid incest?},
	volume = {320},
	url = {ISI:A1986A911800026},
	number = {6063},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Harvey, P. H. and Ralls, K.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, ANIMALS, ENGLAND, inbreeding, CONSERVATION, philopatry, incest},
	pages = {575--576}
}

@article{khooSexlinkageBlackCaudalpeduncle1999,
	title = {Sex-linkage of the black caudal-peduncle and red tail genes in the {Tuxedo} strain of the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata.},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Zoological Science},
	author = {Khoo, G. and Lim, T. M. and Chan, W. K. and Phang, V. P. E.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {genes, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, Y chromosome, X and Y chromosome, sex-linkage},
	pages = {629--638}
}

@article{henleSecuringConservationBiodiversity2010,
	title = {Securing the {Conservation} of {Biodiversity} across {Administrative} {Levels} and {Spatial}, {Temporal}, and {Ecological} {Scales} {Research} {Needs} and {Approaches} of the {SCALES} {Project}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0940-5550},
	url = {://WOS:000283386300007},
	abstract = {Biodiversity conservation measures and biological processes often do not match in scale The EU funded project SCALES (Securing the Conservation of biodiversity across Administrative Levels and spatial, temporal, and Ecological Scales) is intended to solve this challenge SCALES analyses how selected pressures (climate change, habitat loss, fragmentation, disturbance), their drivers, and their impacts on biodiversity change with spatial and temporal scale The project develops methods for a better understanding of scaling properties of biological processes from the genetic level to populations. communities, and ecosystem functions SCALES also seeks ways to integrate the Issue of scale into policy, decision-making, and biodiversity management, focusing on networks of protected areas, regional connectivity, and biodiversity monitoring},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Gaia-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society},
	author = {Henle, K. and Kunin, W. and Schweiger, O. and Schmeller, D. S. and Grobelnik, V. and Matsinos, Y. and Pantis, J. and Penev, L. and Potts, S. G. and Ring, I. and Simila, J. and Tzanopoulos, J. and van den Hove, S. and Baguette, M. and Clobert, J. and Excoffier, L. and Framstad, E. and Grodzinska-Jurczak, M. and Lengyel, S. and Marty, P. and Moilanen, A. and Porcher, E. and Storch, D. and Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Sykes, M. T. and Zobel, M. and Settele, J.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {187--193}
}

@article{robertsonRapidDivergenceSocial2009,
	title = {Rapid divergence of social signal coloration across the {White} {Sands} ecotone for three lizard species under strong natural selection},
	volume = {98},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01291.x},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Robertson, Jeanne Marie and Rosenblum, Erica Bree},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {243--255}
}

@article{laloiRelationshipFemaleMating2009,
	title = {Relationship between female mating strategy, litter success and offspring dispersal},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	url = {://WOS:000267660600011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01335.x},
	abstract = {The relationship between mating systems and dispersal has generally been studied at the population and species levels. It has hardly ever been investigated at the individual level, by studying the variations of mating and dispersal strategies between individuals. We investigated this relationship in a natural population of the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). Assuming that dispersal has a genetic basis, juvenile dispersal would be expected to be more family-dependent in monoandrous litters than in polyandrous litters. The opposite pattern was observed. Thus, maternal effects and/or litter effects play a greater role than genetic determinism in shaping the dispersal phenotype of juveniles. Moreover, the relationship between female mating strategy and offspring dispersal depended on litter success, in a way consistent with an influence of mother-offspring competition. Such a link between mating and dispersal strategies of individuals may have major repercussions for the way we consider the roles of these processes in population functioning.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Laloi, D. and Richard, M. and Federici, P. and Clobert, J. and Teillac-Deschamps, P. and Massot, M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {823--829}
}

@article{olssonCostlyParasiteResistance2005,
	title = {Costly parasite resistance: a genotype-dependent handicap in sand lizards?},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {://WOS:000232170300032},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2005.0339},
	abstract = {Male sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) with a specific restriction fragment length polymorphism fragment in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotype ('O-males') are more resistant to ectoparasites (a tick, Ixodes ricinus) than are males that lack this fragment ('NO-males') However, emerging evidence suggests Thai such adaptive immune responses are costly, here manifested by reduced body condition and a compromised defence against secondary infections by haemoprotid parasites that use the ticks as vectors. Subsequent to tick encounter, O-males suffer from a higher leucocyte-erythrocyte ratio, and higher haemoprotid parasitaemia, in particular in relation to vector encounter rate. Furthermore, O-males (i.e. successful tick defenders) with more haemoprotid parasites remaining in their blood stream were in better body condition, whereas this did not apply in NO-males, demonstrating that the adaptive immunoreaction can-in the short term-be energetically even more costly than being moderately parasitized. In agreement with Zahavian handicap theory, O-males had a (marginally) higher reproductive success than males that lacked this fragment.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Wapstra, E. and Madsen, T. and Ujvari, B. and Rugfelt, C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {375--377}
}

@article{dugatkinChoiceExperimentsCognition1994,
	title = {Choice experiments and cognition: a reply to {Lamprecht} \& {Hofer}},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. E. and Wilson, D. S.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice}
}

@article{houdeEffectsFemaleChoice1988,
	title = {The effects of female choice and male-male competition on the mating success of male guppies},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, competition, guppies, guppy, mating, call, male-male competition, mating success, colour patterns,female preference,guppy,mating success},
	pages = {888--896}
}

@article{quinnChemosensoryRecognitionSiblings1985,
	title = {Chemosensory recognition of siblings in juvenile coho salmon (oncorhynchus-kisutch)},
	volume = {33},
	url = {ISI:A1985ABC1100004},
	number = {FEB},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Quinn, T. P. and Busack, C. A.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {fish, P1, ENGLAND, migration, imprinting, RECOGNITION, COHO SALMON, JUVENILE COHO SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, siblings, CHEMOSENSORY RECOGNITION},
	pages = {51--56}
}

@article{kraaijeveld-smitFactorsInfluencingPaternity2002,
	title = {Factors influencing paternity success in {Antechinus} agilis: last-male sperm precedence, timing of mating and genetic compatibility},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000173865600012},
	abstract = {We describe the patterns of paternity success from laboratory mating experiments conducted in Antechinus agilis, a small size dimorphic carnivorous marsupial (males are larger than females). A previous study found last-male sperm precedence in this species, but they were unable to sample complete Utters, and did not take male size and relatedness into account. We tested whether last-male sperm precedence regardless of male size still holds for complete litters. We explored the relationship between male mating order, male size, timing of mating and relatedness on paternity success. Females were mated with two males of different size with either the large or the small male first, with 1 day rest between the matings. Matings continued for 6 h. in these controlled conditions male size did not have a strong effect on paternity success, but mating order did. Males mating second sired 69.5\% of the offspring. Within first mated males, males that mated closer to ovulation sired more offspring, To a lesser degree, variation appeared also to be caused by differences in genetic compatibility of the female and the male, where high levels of allele-sharing resulted in lower paternity success},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Kraaijeveld-Smit, F. J. L. and Ward, S. J. and Temple-Smith, P. D. and Paetkau, D.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, Fisher, MALES, offspring, selection, sperm, variation, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, MALE SIZE, mating, SUCCESS, genetic compatibility, relatedness, condition, genetics, microsatellites, patterns, paternity, PATERNITY SUCCESS, multiple paternity, promiscuity, spermatozoa, INCOMPATIBILITY, FEMALES MATE, SPERM PRECEDENCE, MANAGEMENT, DASYURIDAE, PRECEDENCE, Antechinus agilis, last-male sperm precedence, STUARTII MARSUPIALIA},
	pages = {100--107}
}

@article{magurranGeneticDivergenceFemale1996,
	title = {Genetic divergence, female choice and male mating success in {Trinidadian} guppies},
	volume = {133},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Magurran, A. E. and Paxton, C. G. M. and Seghers, B. H. and Shaw, P. W. and Carvalho, G. R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, guppies, guppy, mating, male mating success, mating success, divergence},
	pages = {503--517}
}

@article{hoskenHowImportantSexual2005,
	title = {How important is sexual conflict?},
	volume = {165},
	url = {ISI:000228094600001},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Hosken, D. and Snook, R.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {female choice, evolution, MALES, mate choice, selection, BENEFITS, ENGLAND, sexual conflict, adaptation, conflict, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, antagonistic coevolution, PERSPECTIVE},
	pages = {S1--S4}
}

@article{branaMorphologicalCorrelatesBurst2003,
	title = {Morphological correlates of burst speed and field movement patterns: the behavioural adjustment of locomotion in wall lizards ({Podarcis} muralis)},
	volume = {80},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00226.x},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Braña, Florentino},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {135--146}
}

@article{lailvauxDoesWholeorganismPerformance2009,
	title = {Does whole-organism performance indicate genetic quality? {A} test using the black field cricket ({Teleogryllus} commodus)},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000268808800383},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Hall, M. D. and Brooks, R. C.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {E96--E96}
}

@article{bereczkeiSexualImprintingHuman2004,
	title = {Sexual imprinting in human mate choice},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000223994100005},
	abstract = {Animal and human studies have shown that individuals choose mates partly on the basis of similarity, a tendency referred to as homogamy. Several authors have suggested that a specific innate recognition mechanism, phenotypic matching, allows the organism to detect similar others by their resemblance to itself. However, several objections have been raised to this theory on both empirical and theoretical grounds. Here, we report that homogamy in humans is attained partly by sexual imprinting on the opposite-sex parent during childhood. We hypothesized that children fashion a mental model of their opposite-sex parent's phenotype that is used as a template for acquiring mates. To disentangle the effects of phenotypic matching and sexual imprinting, adopted daughters and their rearing families were examined. judges found significant resemblance on facial traits between daughter's husband and her adoptive father. Furthermore, this effect may be modified by the quality of the father-daughter relationship during childhood. Daughters who received more emotional support from their adoptive father were more likely to choose mates similar to the father than those whose father provided a less positive emotional atmosphere},
	number = {1544},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Bereczkei, T. and Gyuris, P. and Weisfeld, G. E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, HOUSE, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, quality, selection, TRAITS, model, mating, PREFERENCES, theory, phenotype, GENETIC SIMILARITY, human, Humans, INDIVIDUALS, similarity, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, social, FAMILY, pattern, EXPERIENCE, imprinting, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, sociobiology, odor, PERSONALITY, sexual imprinting, phenotype matching, COUPLES, evolved mating preferences, homogamy, SOCIALIZATION},
	pages = {1129--1134}
}

@article{hillGeographicVariationMale1994,
	title = {Geographic variation in male ornamentation and female mate preference in the house finch: a comparative test of models of sexual selection},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Hill, G. E.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {ornamentation, sexual selection, selection, variation, model, mate preference, preference, geographic variation, male ornamentation},
	pages = {64--73}
}

@article{marinEvolutionaryDynamicsSex1998,
	title = {The evolutionary dynamics of sex determination},
	volume = {281},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Marin, I. and Baker, B. S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sex, sex determination},
	pages = {1990--1998}
}

@article{legalliardEffectPatchOccupancy2005,
	title = {Effect of patch occupancy on immigration in the common lizard},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000227593600005},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2004.00912.x},
	abstract = {1. Colonization is critical to invasion propensity and the viability of fragmented populations. This study evaluates the behavioural and demographic effects of patch occupancy on immigration in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). 2. We manipulated connected two-patch systems during one year. Two treatments were contrasted: both patches initially occupied vs. one occupied patch connected to one empty patch. Effects of manipulation were measured on emigration from occupied patches, on settlement in arrival patches and on demographic parameters in residents and immigrants. 3. Settlement probability was not influenced by the presence of conspecifics, but unsettled lizards stayed longer in initially empty than in occupied patches. The relationship between yearlings' body condition and emigration probability was affected by the manipulation, indicating that different yearlings disperse depending upon metapopulation structure. 4. Growth and maturation rate were influenced positively in juveniles colonizing empty patches, whereas there was no difference between immigrants to occupied patches and residents. Faster growth allowed female juvenile immigrants to reproduce earlier during colonization. No effect on growth or reproduction was detected in yearlings and adults. Selective benefits of colonization at the juvenile stage may provide an ultimate explanation for why natal dispersal prevails over breeding dispersal in this species. 5. At the population level, immigration and increased reproductive recruitment led to higher population growth in colonized patches. This may contribute to the species' capacity to develop and maintain a wide geographical distribution.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {241--249}
}

@article{mollerWhyHaveBirds1993,
	title = {Why have birds got multiple sexual ornaments?},
	volume = {32},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Moller, A. P. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, bird, birds, courtship display, multiple message hypothesis, redundant signal hypothesis, unreliable signal hypothesis},
	pages = {167--176}
}

@article{komersInfluenceDominanceAge1989,
	title = {Influence of dominance and age on mate choice in black-billed magpies: an experimental study},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Komers, P. E. and Dhindsa, M. S.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, age, dominance},
	pages = {645--655}
}

@article{brooksVariationFemaleMate2002,
	title = {Variation in female mate choice within guppy populations: population divergence, multiple ornaments and the maintenance of polymorphism},
	volume = {in press.},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Brooks, R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, population, variation, female mate choice, ornament, ornaments, polymorphism, divergence, multiple ornament, multiple ornaments}
}

@article{THERMALBIOLOGYMICROHABITAT1991,
	title = {{THERMAL} {BIOLOGY}, {MICROHABITAT} {SELECTION}, {AND} {CONSERVATION} {OF} {THE} {INSULAR} {LIZARD} {PODARCIS}-{HISPANICA}-{ATRATA}},
	volume = {85},
	abstract = {We studied aspects of the thermal biology and microhabitat selection of the endangered lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata during autumn in the field and laboratory.  Body temperatures (T(b) of active lizards were within a narrow range, were largely independent of ambient temperatures, and exhibited little diel variation.  Activity T(b)s largely coincided with the selected temperatures maintained in a laboratory thermogradient and with T(b)s that maximize running performance.  Alternation of basking with other activities and shuttling between sun and shade were obvious aspects of thermoregulatory behaviour.  Lizards shifted microhabitat use throughout the day.  During early morning and late afternoon, basking lizards were restricted to rocky sites surrounded by shrubs.  Near midday lizards used a wider array of microhabitats, and many moved in open grassy sites.  Juveniles maintained lower activity T(b)s, had lower selected temperatures, and basked less frequently than the adults.  Juveniles occupied open grassy patches more often than the adults.  We discuss the relevance of our results for the conservation of this extremely rare lizard and the management of its habitats.},
	journal = {OECOLOGIA},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, PERFORMANCE, BEHAVIOR, CONSERVATION, ENVIRONMENT, LACERTA-VIVIPARA, HABITAT SELECTION, ECTOTHERMS, BODY TEMPERATURE, SENSITIVITY, LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE, THERMOREGULATION, BODY-TEMPERATURE, GALAPAGOS LAND IGUANAS, PODARCIS},
	pages = {366--374}
}

@article{gillingsDNATechnologyEvolution1,
	title = {{DNA} technology and evolution of the {Central} {Dogma}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534713002498},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2013.10.001},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Gillings, Michael R. and Westoby, Mark},
	pages = {1--2}
}

@article{chenowethContributionSelectionGenetic2010,
	title = {The {Contribution} of {Selection} and {Genetic} {Constraints} to {Phenotypic} {Divergence}},
	volume = {175},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000273650200007},
	doi = {10.1086/649594},
	abstract = {Although divergent natural selection is common in nature, the extent to which genetic constraints bias evolutionary trajectories in its presence remains largely unknown. Here we develop a general framework to integrate estimates of divergent selection and genetic constraints to estimate their contributions to phenotypic divergence among natural populations. We apply these methods to estimates of phenotypic selection and genetic covariance from sexually selected traits that have undergone adaptive divergence among nine natural populations of the fly Drosophila serrata. Despite ongoing sexual selection within populations, differences in its direction among them, and genetic variance for all traits in all populations, divergent sexual selection only weakly resembled the observed pattern of divergence. Accounting for the influence of genetic covariance among the traits significantly improved the alignment between observed and predicted divergence. Our results suggest that the direction in which sexual selection generates divergence may depend on the pattern of genetic constraint in individual populations, ultimately restricting how sexually selected traits may diversify. More generally, we show how evolution is likely to proceed in the direction of major axes of genetic variance, rather than the direction of selection itself, when genetic variance-covariance matrices are ill conditioned and genetic variance is low in the direction of selection.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Chenoweth, S. F. and Rundle, H. D. and Blows, M. W.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, quantitative genetics, NATURAL-SELECTION, LEK PARADOX, sexually selected traits, microevolution, mate recognition, g-matrix, drosophila-serrata, covariance-matrix, quantitative characters, STABILIZING SELECTION},
	pages = {186--196}
}

@article{bakkerStudyIntersexualSelection1999,
	title = {The study of intersexual selection using quantitative genetics},
	volume = {136},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Bakker, T. C. M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {selection, ornament, heritability, preference, quantitative genetics, genetic correlation},
	pages = {1237--1265}
}

@article{brownKinDiscriminationSalmonids1996,
	title = {Kin discrimination in salmonids},
	volume = {6},
	url = {ISI:A1996UV07400004},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries},
	author = {Brown, G. E. and Brown, J. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, fish, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, discrimination, kin, kin discrimination, RECOGNITION, COHO SALMON, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, RAINBOW-TROUT, SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L, sibling recognition, FA, JUVENILE ARCTIC CHARR, salmonids, FOOD ABUNDANCE, MALE ATLANTIC SALMON, OLFACTORY SENSITIVITY, SALAR L},
	pages = {201--219}
}

@article{kodric-brownDietaryCarotenoidsMale1989,
	title = {Dietary carotenoids and male mating success in the guppy: an environmental component to female choice},
	volume = {25},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, A.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, guppies, guppy, mating, call, male mating success, mating success, carotenoid, carotenoids, carotenoids,mating success,pigment,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {393--401}
}

@article{lacyEffectivenessSelectionReducing1998,
	title = {Effectiveness of selection in reducing the genetic load in populations of {Peromyscus} polionotus during generations of inbreeding},
	volume = {52},
	url = {ISI:000074621000026},
	abstract = {It has been hypothesized that natural selection reduces the "genetic load" of deleterious alleles from populations that inbreed during bottlenecks, thereby ameliorating impacts of future inbreeding. We tested the efficiency with which natural selection purges deleterious alleles from three subspecies of Peromyscus polionotus during 10 generations of laboratory inbreeding by monitoring pairing success, litter size, viability, and growth in 3604 litters produced from 3058 pairs. In P. p. subgriseus, there was no reduction across generations in inbreeding depression in any of the fitness components. Strongly deleterious recessive alleles may have been removed previously during episodes of local inbreeding in the wild, and the residual genetic load in this population was not further reduced by selection in the lab. In P. p. rhoadsi, four of seven fitness components did show a reduction of the genetic load with continued inbreeding. The average reduction in the genetic load was as expected if inbreeding depression in this population is caused by highly deleterious recessive alleles that are efficiently removed by selection. For P. p. leucocephalus, a population that experiences periodic bottlenecks in the wild, the effect of further inbreeding in the laboratory was to exacerbate rather than reduce the genetic load. Recessive deleterious alleles may have been removed from this population during repeated bottlenecks in the wild; the population may be close to a threshold level of heterozygosity below which fitness declines rapidly. Thus, the effects of selection on inbreeding depression varied substantially among populations, perhaps due to different histories of inbreeding and selection},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lacy, R. C. and Ballou, J. D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {ABILITY, evolution, PAIR, population, selection, variation, fitness, MODELS, size, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, Darwin, GROWTH, lande, natural selection, allele, heterozygosity, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, WILD, extinction, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, viability, threshold, bottleneck, GENERATIONS, GENETIC LOAD, load, population bottlenecks, SELF-FERTILIZATION, alleles, fitness components, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS, pairing, Peromyscus polionotus},
	pages = {900--909}
}

@article{gandonKinCompetitionCost1999,
	title = {Kin competition, the cost of inbreeding and the evolution of dispersal},
	volume = {200},
	url = {ISI:000083388900001},
	abstract = {Dispersal is often presented as a mechanism to avoid competition among relatives and inbreeding depression. However, the formal analysis of the effects of both these factors on the evolution of dispersal has only been conducted in few studies with strong restrictive assumptions. In this paper, I first derive the evolutionary stable dispersal rate as a function of three parameters: (1) the cost of dispersal, c, (2) the coefficient of relatedness among randomly chosen offspring, R, and (3) the cost of inbreeding, delta. In a second step, relatedness is used as a dynamical variable for the derivation of the evolutionarily stable dispersal rate. Finally, in a third step, relatedness and the cost of inbreeding are assumed to be dynamical variables. This allows to analyse the more realistic situation where dispersal, relatedness and the cost of inbreeding are coevolving simultaneously. Several subcases are considered depending on the genetic determinism (haploid or diploid), the control of the dispersal strategy (parent or offspring control of dispersal) and the plasticity of dispersal with sexes (with or without sex-specific dispersal rates). This analysis clarifies the role of the cost of inbreeding and kin competition on the evolution of dispersal (in particular on the evolution of sex-biased dispersal rates) and leads to quantitative and testable predictions. (C) 1999 Academic Press},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Gandon, S.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, i, offspring, population, selection, sex, model, lande, plasticity, relatedness, cost, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, social, X, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating systems, philopatry, haploid, sex-biased dispersal, dispersal strategy, OPTIMAL RATES, dispersal rates, CONTINUOUS STABILITY},
	pages = {345--364}
}

@phdthesis{zajitschekInterplaySexualSelection2008,
	address = {Sydney},
	type = {Research},
	title = {The interplay between sexual selection, inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance in the guppy, {Poecilia} reticulata},
	shorttitle = {Inbreeding avoidance in guppies},
	language = {English},
	school = {University of New South Wales},
	author = {Zajitschek, S.R.K},
	year = {2008}
}

@article{crewsEpigeneticTransgenerationalInheritance2012,
	title = {Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of altered stress responses},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {://WOS:000304991100073},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118514109},
	abstract = {Ancestral environmental exposures have previously been shown to promote epigenetic transgenerational inheritance and influence all aspects of an individual's life history. In addition, proximate life events such as chronic stress have documented effects on the development of physiological, neural, and behavioral phenotypes in adulthood. We used a systems biology approach to investigate in male rats the interaction of the ancestral modifications carried transgenerationally in the germ line and the proximate modifications involving chronic restraint stress during adolescence. We find that a single exposure to a common-use fungicide (vinclozolin) three generations removed alters the physiology, behavior, metabolic activity, and transcriptome in discrete brain nuclei in descendant males, causing them to respond differently to chronic restraint stress. This alteration of baseline brain development promotes a change in neural genomic activity that correlates with changes in physiology and behavior, revealing the interaction of genetics, environment, and epigenetic transgenerational inheritance in the shaping of the adult phenotype. This is an important demonstration in an animal that ancestral exposure to an environmental compound modifies how descendants of these progenitor individuals perceive and respond to a stress challenge experienced during their own life history.},
	language = {English},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Crews, D. and Gillette, R. and Scarpino, S. V. and Manikkam, M. and Savenkova, M. I. and Skinner, M. K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {EXPRESSION, Anxiety, BEHAVIOR, memory, amygdaloid complex, brain, endocrine disruptors, hippocampal-formation, male rats, Restraint stress},
	pages = {9143--9148}
}

@article{alBiteforcePerformanceHead2006,
	title = {Bite-force performance and head shape in a sexually dimorphic crevice-dwelling lizard , the common chuckwalla [ {Sauromalus} ater ( = obesus )]},
	journal = {Society},
	author = {Al, E T and Lappin, A Kristopher and Hamilton, Paul S and Sullivan, Brian K},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {215--222}
}

@article{alataloPhenotypicSelectionHeritable1990,
	title = {Phenotypic selection on heritable size traits: environmental variance and genetic response},
	volume = {135},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Alatalo, R. V. and Gustafsson, L. and Lundberg, A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {selection, size, heritability, genotype by environment interaction, environmental variance, heritable traits},
	pages = {464--471}
}

@article{dohertySexualSelectionAffects2003,
	title = {Sexual selection affects local extinction and turnover in bird communities},
	volume = {100},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Doherty, Jr., P. F. and Sorci, G. and Royle, J. A. and Hines, J. E. and Nichols, J. D. and Boulinier, T.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, extinction, bird},
	pages = {5858--5862}
}

@article{jennionsSenseHistory2001,
	title = {A sense of history},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {113--115}
}

@article{postmaEvolutionaryGeneticsEvolution2006,
	title = {Evolutionary genetics: {Evolution} of mate choice in the wild},
	volume = {444},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05501},
	number = {7121},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Postma, Erik and Griffith, Simon C. and Brooks, Robert},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, WILD, genetics, EVOLUTIONARY, EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS},
	pages = {E16--E16}
}

@article{immlerSequentialPolyandryAffords2009,
	title = {Sequential polyandry affords post-mating sexual selection in the mouths of cichlid females},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:000266266300014},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-009-0744-3},
	abstract = {Females mating with multiple males may obtain direct benefits such as nuptial gifts or paternal care or indirect (i.e. genetic) benefits resulting in higher-quality offspring. While direct benefits are easily identified, it is difficult to determine indirect benefits, and it is hence largely unclear how they are obtained. This is particularly true in species with external fertilisation, where females seem to have little control over fertilisation. In cichlids, most maternal mouthbrooders show sequential multiple mating, where females visit several males for egg deposition. Genetic data revealed that multiple paternity of eggs and young in the mouth of females is common, but behavioural data of female spawning decisions are missing. Here, we test four hypotheses to explain female multiple mating in the maternally mouthbrooding cichlid, Ophthalmotilapia ventralis: (1) fertilisation insurance, (2) genetic bet-hedging, (3) female choice and (4) 'sperm shopping' (i.e. induction of sperm competition resulting in sexually selected sperm). Detailed observations of spawning behaviour in the field combined with histological analyses of the male reproductive organs suggest that fertilisation insurance, genetic bet-hedging and pre-mating female choice are unlikely to explain the sequential female multiple mating in O. ventralis. Instead, cryptic female choice by sperm shopping, i.e. post-mating sexual selection, is most compatible with our data and might be the major ultimate cause of multiple mating in females of this species and of mouthbrooding cichlids with maternal care in general. Our study provides new insight into ultimate causes of sequential polyandry in species with external fertilisation, as hitherto post-mating sexual selection by cryptic female choice has been assumed to be incompatible with external fertilisation mechanisms except by components of the ovarian fluid.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Immler, S. and Taborsky, M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1219--1230}
}

@article{waldmanEcologyKinRecognition1988,
	title = {The ecology of kin recognition},
	volume = {19},
	url = {ISI:A1988R137700021},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Waldman, B.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, Fisher, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, sex, parental care, signals, insect, theory, Y, pheromone, phenotype, natural selection, DISPERSAL, infanticide, NATURAL-SELECTION, PRIMATES, social, CONSERVATION, philopatry, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, sociobiology, PHEROMONES, pollination, FLORIDA, jay, horn},
	pages = {543--571}
}

@article{raymondFrequencydependentMaintenanceLeft1996,
	title = {Frequency-dependent maintenance of left handedness in humans},
	volume = {263},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Raymond, M. and Pontier, D. and Dufour, A. B. and Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {human, left handedness},
	pages = {1627--1633}
}

@article{colegraveMateChoicePolyandry2002,
	title = {Mate choice or polyandry: reconciling genetic compatibility and good genes sexual selection},
	volume = {4},
	url = {ISI:000177917500008},
	abstract = {Sexual selection for good genes is based on the assumption that 'good genes' are equally good for all females. In contrast, selection for genetic compatibility is based on the assumption that offspring viability will depend on the interaction between male and female genotypes, and hence one male may not be good for all females. Here we present a simple model to examine the relationship between the genetic compatibility hypothesis and good genes sexual selection. We examine the circumstances under which selection arising from genetic compatibility will favour an increase in the number of males a female mates with. Our model shows that if there is some cost of mating, then some form of sperm selection based on compatibility is essential for the evolution of polyandry for compatibility. Furthermore, we found that when both good genes and compatibility selection are in operation, selection for compatibility can reduce directional sexual selection by causing females to mate with males of lower genetic quality},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Colegrave, N. and Kotiaho, J. S. and Tomkins, J. L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, good genes, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, quality, selection, sperm, BENEFITS, INCREASE, model, mating, PREFERENCES, handicap principle, Y, form, polyandry, genetic compatibility, genetic quality, cost, genetics, SCOTLAND, viability, FIELD CRICKET, female control, sperm selection, INCOMPATIBILITY, CRICKET GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, indicator mechanism},
	pages = {911--917}
}

@incollection{partridgeSexualSelectionTesting1987,
	address = {Chichester, U.K.},
	title = {Sexual selection: testing the alternatives.},
	shorttitle = {Life-history constraints on sexual selection},
	booktitle = {Life-history constraints on sexual selection},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Partridge, L. and Endler, J. A. and Bradbury, J. W. and Andersson, M. B.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {reproductive effort, sexual selection, selection, life history, constraints, residual reproductive value},
	pages = {265--277}
}

@article{riceDangerousLiasons2000,
	title = {Dangerous liasons},
	volume = {97},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {conflict, antagonistic coevolution, antagonistic genes, inter-sexual conflict},
	pages = {12935--12955}
}

@incollection{clobertLizardEcologyHistorical1994,
	title = {Lizard {Ecology}: {Historical} and {Experimental} {Perspectives}},
	isbn = {0-691-03649-7},
	shorttitle = {Determinants of dispersal behavior - the common lizard as a case study},
	url = {://WOS:A1994BA82A00012},
	booktitle = {Determinants of dispersal behavior - the common lizard as a case study},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Massot, M. and Lecomte, J. and Sorci, G. and Defraipont, M. and Barbault, R.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {183--206}
}

@article{leeMetabolicRateRegulates2012,
	title = {Metabolic rate regulates {L1} longevity in {C}. elegans},
	volume = {7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044720},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0044720},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Animals have to cope with starvation. The molecular mechanisms by which animals survive long-term starvation, however, are not clearly understood. When they hatch without food, {\textless}italic{\textgreater}C. elegans{\textless}/italic{\textgreater} arrests development at the first larval stage (L1) and survives more than two weeks. Here we show that the survival span of arrested L1s, which we call L1 longevity, is a starvation response regulated by metabolic rate during starvation. A high rate of metabolism shortens the L1 survival span, whereas a low rate of metabolism lengthens it. The longer worms are starved, the slower they grow once they are fed, suggesting that L1 arrest has metabolic costs. Furthermore, mutants of genes that regulate metabolism show altered L1 longevity. Among them, we found that AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), as a key energy sensor, regulates L1 longevity by regulating this metabolic arrest. Our results suggest that L1 longevity is determined by metabolic rate and that AMPK as a master regulator of metabolism controls this arrest so that the animals survive long-term starvation.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	number = {9},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	author = {Lee, Inhwan and Hendrix, Amber and Kim, Jeongho and Yoshimoto, Jennifer and You, Young-Jai},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {e44720}
}

@article{vandoornEvolutionFemalePreferences2004,
	title = {The evolution of female preferences for multiple indicators of quality},
	volume = {164},
	url = {ISI:000223099300007},
	abstract = {In a variety of species, females exhibit preferences for multiple male ornaments. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Which, if any, of these hypotheses is the most plausible in general remains largely unresolved based on the available empirical data. Yet theoretical studies conclude that the evolution of preferences for multiple signals of male quality is unlikely, especially when the use of an additional cue in mate choice strongly increases the overall cost of choice. This would imply that most male courtship characters do not reflect the male's genetic quality but instead evolved through Fisherian sexual selection. However, the existing models focus on ornaments that signal overall genetic quality and do not address the possibility that different ornaments provide information about different aspects of quality. Therefore, we develop a model in which the ornaments act as signals for distinct quality components. When the ornaments provide overlapping information about these quality components, we retrieve the results of earlier models. However, when the ornaments provide independent information, preferences for multiple ornaments may evolve, even when exhibiting multiple preferences is costly. We discuss our results in relation to the multiple-message and redundant-signal hypotheses for ornament diversity and identify parallels between Fisherian and good-genes mechanisms for the evolution of multiple ornaments},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {van Doorn, G. S. and Weissing, F. J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, sexual selection, courtship, evolution, good genes, mate choice, quality, selection, model, MODELS, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, signals, female preference, preference, cost, population divergence, indicator, fluctuating asymmetry, male ornaments, male ornament, cost of choice, multiple ornament, multiple ornaments, MALE ADORNMENT, MALLARD MATING PREFERENCES, multiple ornaments,good genes,Fisherian runaway, multiple preferences, TUFTED MALACHITE SUNBIRD},
	pages = {173--186}
}

@article{maynardsmithTheoriesSexualSelection1991,
	title = {Theories of sexual selection},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Maynard Smith, J.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, theory, female choice,Fisher's process,handicaps,honest signalling,sexual selection},
	pages = {146--151}
}

@article{coteSocialPersonalitiesInfluence2007,
	title = {Social personalities influence natal dispersal in a lizard.},
	volume = {274},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3734},
	abstract = {Animal personalities are common across taxa and have important evolutionary and ecological implications. Such consistent individual differences correlate with important life-history traits such as dispersal. Indeed, some environmental conditions are supposed to determine dispersers with a specific personality. For example, an increased density should promote the departure of individuals with less social tolerance. Therefore, we hypothesized that dispersers from high-density populations should primarily be asocial individuals, whereas dispersers from low-density populations should be social individuals. In the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), we measured attraction towards the odour of conspecifics on juveniles at birth as a metric of social tolerance. We then released these juveniles into populations of different densities and measured dispersal and settlement behaviours with regard to social tolerance. One year later, we again measured the social tolerance of surviving individuals. The social tolerance is constant across time and strongly reflects the individual's dispersal and settlement patterns with respect to population density. These results strongly suggest that social personalities exist and influence dispersal decisions. Further studies will help to elucidate the proximate and ultimate determinants of social personalities.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	author = {Cote, J and Clobert, J},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Male, Social Behavior, population density, Lizards: physiology, PERSONALITY, France, Spatial Behavior, Spatial Behavior: physiology, Personality: physiology},
	pages = {383--90}
}

@book{majerusEvolutionFourBillion1996,
	address = {London},
	title = {Evolution : {The} {Four} {Billion} {Year} {War}},
	publisher = {Longman},
	author = {Majerus, M. and Amos, W. and Hurst, G.},
	year = {1996}
}

@article{bernatchezMHCStudiesNonmodel2003,
	title = {{MHC} studies in nonmodel vertebrates: what have we learned about natural selection in 15 years?},
	volume = {16},
	url = {ISI:000182322200001},
	abstract = {Elucidating how natural selection promotes local adaptation in interaction with migration, genetic drift and mutation is a central aim of evolutionary biology. While several conceptual and practical limitations are still restraining our ability to study these processes at the DNA level, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) offer several assets that make them unique candidates for this purpose. Yet, it is unclear what general conclusions can be drawn after 15 years of empirical research that documented MHC diversity in the wild. The general objective of this review is to complement earlier literature syntheses on this topic by focusing on MHC studies other than humans and mice. This review first revealed a strong taxonomic bias, whereby many more studies of MHC diversity in natural populations have dealt with mammals than all other vertebrate classes combined. Secondly, it confirmed that positive selection has a determinant role in shaping patterns of nucleotide diversity in MHC genes in all vertebrates studied. Yet, future tests of positive selection would greatly benefit from making better use of the increasing number of models potentially offering more statistical rigour and higher resolution in detecting the effect and form of selection. Thirdly, studies that compared patterns of MHC diversity within and among natural populations with neutral expectations have reported higher population differentiation at MHC than expected either under neutrality or simple models of balancing selection. Fourthly, several studies showed that MHC-dependent mate preference and kin recognition may provide selective factors maintaining polymorphism in wild outbred populations. However, they also showed that such reproductive mechanisms are complex and context-based. Fifthly, several studies provided evidence that MHC may significantly influence fitness, either by affecting reproductive success or progeny survival to pathogens infections. Overall, the evidence is compelling that the MHC currently represents the best system available in vertebrates to investigate how natural selection can promote local adaptation at the gene level despite the counteracting actions of migration and genetic drift. We conclude this review by proposing several directions where future research is needed},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bernatchez, L. and Landry, C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ABILITY, evolution, fish, genes, MATE, mate choice, population, selection, fitness, model, MODELS, survival, reproductive success, SUCCESS, mate preference, preference, form, natural selection, human, Humans, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, polymorphism, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, WILD, adaptation, migration, genetics, NATURAL-POPULATION, MHC, patterns, pathogen, mutation, RECOGNITION, Canada, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, DIVERSITY, MICE, DNA, MARKERS, immunogenetics, MHC diversity, differentiation, POSITIVE SELECTION, aim, DIRECTIONS, VERTEBRATES, ATLANTIC SALMON, ANTIGENS, genetic drift, SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L., BALANCING SELECTION, local adaptation, population differentiation, SALMON SALMO-SALAR, CLASS-I MHC, FREE-LIVING RUMINANT, pathogen resistance, SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY ALLELES},
	pages = {363--377}
}

@article{griffithsFamiliaritySchoolingFish1997,
	title = {Familiarity in schooling fish: {How} long does it take to acquire?},
	volume = {53},
	url = {ISI:A1997XA36700007},
	abstract = {Previous work has demonstrated that fish prefer to school with familiar individuals. In this study schooling preferences for familiar female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, developed gradually over 12 days, but once established were maintained. This contrasts with condition-dependent recognition in which fish rapidly learn to discriminate between conspecifics on the basis of obvious morphological differences such as body size. (C) 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Griffiths, S. W. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, female, fish, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, size, sticklebacks, body size, BODY-SIZE, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, preference, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, FAMILIARITY, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, TRINIDAD, shoal, PREDATOR INSPECTION, SCHOOLING PREFERENCES, MINNOWS},
	pages = {945--949}
}

@article{reznickImpactPredationLife1982a,
	title = {The impact of predation on life history evolution in {Trinidadian} guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Reznick, D. and Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, life history, predation, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,predation},
	pages = {160--177}
}

@article{tsujiReproductiveConflictsLevels1995,
	title = {Reproductive conflicts and levels of selection in the ant  {Pristomyrmex} pungens : contextual analysis and partitioning of covariance},
	volume = {146},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Tsuji, K.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {selection, call, conflict, ant, covariance, ant,directional selection,Pristomyrmex pungens},
	pages = {586--607}
}

@article{freebergAssortativeMatingCaptive1996,
	title = {Assortative mating in captive cowbirds is predicted by social experience},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Freeberg, T. M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {mating, assortative mating, display, social, cowbirds},
	pages = {1129--1142}
}

@article{edelaarMatchingHabitatChoice2008,
	title = {Matching habitat choice causes directed gene flow: a neglected dimension in evolution and ecology.},
	volume = {62},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00459.x},
	abstract = {Gene flow among populations is typically thought to be antagonistic to population differentiation and local adaptation. However, this assumes that dispersing individuals disperse randomly with respect to their ability to use the environment. Yet dispersing individuals often sample and compare environments and settle in those environments that best match their phenotype, causing directed gene flow, which can in fact promote population differentiation and adaptation. We refer to this process as "matching habitat choice." Although this process has been acknowledged by several researchers, no synthesis or perspective on its potentially widespread importance exists. Here we synthesize empirical and theoretical studies, and offer a new perspective that matching habitat choice can have significant effects on important and controversial topics. We discuss the potential implications of matching habitat choice for the degree and rate of local adaptation, the evolution of niche width, adaptive peak shifts, speciation in the presence of gene flow, and on our view and interpretation of measures of natural selection. Because of its potential importance for such a wide range of topics, we call for heightened empirical and theoretical attention for this neglected dimension in evolutionary and ecological studies.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {Edelaar, Pim and Siepielski, Adam M and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Selection, Genetic, phenotype, Biological Evolution, ENVIRONMENT, gene flow, population dynamics, Adaptation, Biological, Genetic Speciation},
	pages = {2462--72}
}

@article{shineMaternalManipulationOffspring1996,
	title = {Maternal manipulation of offspring phenotypes via nest-site selection in an oviparous lizard},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:A1996VE19800023},
	doi = {10.2307/2265785},
	abstract = {Mothers may be able to manipulate the phenotypes of their progeny not only via direct pathways (e.g., allocation of nutrients and energy), but also indirectly, by inducing particular developmental pathways through selection of nest sites and thus, incubation conditions. In the field, female skinks (Bassiana duperreyi) in montane southeastern Australia select nest sites with specific thermal characteristics-especially, a high mean temperature and a high diel range in temperature. Monitoring of 14 natural nests throughout most of the incubation period revealed considerable differences among nests in both means and variances of thermal regimes. Laboratory experiments on this species show that both the mean and the variance of incubation temperatures profoundly influence developmental rates (and hence, incubation periods) as well as the body shape, activity levels, thermoregulatory behavior, and running speeds of the hatchlings. Hence, a female's selection of a particular nest site can substantially modify both the time of emergence of the hatchlings, and the morphology and behavior of her offspring. Even within a single nest, minor differences among eggs in their depth below the ground surface will directly affect thermal variance, and so may strongly influence rates of embryogenesis and the phenotype of the hatchling. The effects of thermal variance (independent of the mean) on embryonic development rates and hatchling phenotypes suggest that data from constant-temperature incubation in the laboratory should be interpreted with caution.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Shine, R. and Harlow, P. S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {HYPOTHESIS, PERFORMANCE, survival, plasticity, BEHAVIOR, lizard, Development, phenotypic, hatchling performance, incubation, incubation-temperature, pine snakes, snakes pituophis-melanoleucus, temperature effects, turtles, viviparity},
	pages = {1808--1817}
}

@article{priceHowDoesOffspring1998,
	title = {How does offspring quality change with age in male  {Drosophila} melanogaster ?},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Behavior Genetics},
	author = {Price, D. K. and Hansen, T. F.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Drosophila, good genes, mate choice, offspring, quality, ABVI, age, indicator, tree review},
	pages = {395--402}
}

@article{landeSexualDimorphismSexual1980,
	title = {Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lande, R.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, adaptation, dimorphism, sexual dimorphism},
	pages = {292--305}
}

@article{mcveanEvidenceSelectivelyFavourable1997,
	title = {Evidence for a selectively favourable reduction in the mutation rate of the {X} chromosome},
	volume = {386},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {McVean, G. T. and Hurst, L. D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {X, X and Y chromosomes, deleterious mutation, mutation, X-linked, sex-chromosomes, autosome},
	pages = {388--392}
}

@article{tokarzMaleMatingPreference1992,
	title = {Male mating preference for unfamiliar females in the lizard,  {Anolis} sagrei},
	volume = {44},
	url = {ISI:A1992KF88900005},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Tokarz, R. R.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, mating, preference, mating preference, lizard},
	pages = {843--849}
}

@article{schmollReviewPerspectiveContextdependent2011,
	title = {A review and perspective on context-dependent genetic effects of extra-pair mating in birds},
	volume = {152},
	issn = {0021-8375},
	url = {://WOS:000293409700022},
	doi = {10.1007/s10336-011-0683-4},
	abstract = {The evolutionary origin and the maintenance of extra-pair mating in birds has been a major field of study in the last decades, but no consensus has been reached on the adaptive significance of this behaviour for female birds. The genetic benefit hypothesis proposes that extra-pair sires provide alleles of superior quality and/or better compatibility compared to the social mate, resulting in offspring of higher reproductive value. One frequently adopted approach to test this idea compares the performance of maternal half-siblings in broods with multiple paternity. However, results from such comparisons are inconsistent. Here I discuss the concept that the magnitude of genetic fitness benefits from extra-pair mating depends on the environmental context. To date, context-dependent genetic effects in maternal half-sibling comparisons have been demonstrated for only five passerine bird species. In none of the studies were the crucial environmental conditions experimentally manipulated, and the potentially confounding effects of differential maternal investment in relation to paternity were also largely not accounted for. A number of high-quality data sets on fitness consequences of extra-pair mating behaviour are available that could be (re-) analysed for context-dependence given that relevant gradients of the environment have been recorded and their use is well justified a priori. Such relevant variation may include, for example, the time of breeding in temperate regions, hatching order, but also offspring sex. Primarily, however, experimental approaches are required that systematically and gradually vary fitness-relevant environmental gradients, such as food availability or parasite abundance, and analyse the resulting differential fitness effects while controlling for differential investment. The context dependency of the genetic effects of extra-pair mating behaviour may offer an opportunity for reconciling conflicting results from different extra-pair paternity studies within and across species. More generally, it could allow a better understanding of under which environmental conditions will selection act to maintain a female mating bias towards extra-pair males with potentially far-reaching implications for the ecology and evolution of mating preferences and the maintenance of genetic variation in (sexually) selected traits.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	author = {Schmoll, T.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {good genes, mate choice, multiple mating, inbreeding depression, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, collared flycatcher, COMPATIBLE GENES, FITNESS CONSEQUENCES, genotype-by-environment interaction, BY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, Context-dependence, Differential investment, FLYCATCHER FICEDULA-ALBICOLLIS, Half-sibling comparison, INCREASE OFFSPRING HETEROZYGOSITY, SECONDARY, SEXUAL CHARACTER, SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS PASSERINE, TIT PARUS-MAJOR},
	pages = {265--277}
}

@article{pialekChoosingMatesComplementary2,
	title = {Choosing mates: complementary versus compatible genes},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4F14YT6-4/2/981e12904f375b4ebdbe5ab0b87c09ee},
	abstract = {In a recent review in TREE based on behavioural ecological data and recent advances in molecular genetic techniques, Mays and Hill [1] distinguish two models underlying female preference for potential mates, good-genes preferences versus preferences based on 'genetic compatibility'. The genetic compatibility model assumes that heterozygotes have a fitness advantage compared with homozygotes and, therefore, that females benefit by choosing sires with whom they are genetically compatible; that is, females preferentially mate with genetically dissimilar males or those males with whom they share the fewest alleles across loci. Although we agree with the substance of this model, the term 'genetic compatibility' is also used by evolutionary biologists but in a different context, which could lead to some confusion. The Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation (DMMS; reviewed in [2]) states that reproductive isolation between species arises as a result of the fixation of genetic incompatibilities between at least two loci in different populations. Different alleles, however, are perfectly fit in their own populations. When two diverging populations come into contact, the resulting hybrids can be sterile or inviable as a result of epistatic interactions between different genomes. Although both models [1,2] invoke genetic compatibility, mate choice with respect to genotype is fundamentally different in each case. Given that, in its simplest form, the DMMS requires two loci, we demonstrate the consequences of mate choice in individuals with the two-locus genotypes AAbb and aaBB. Whereas the 'choice for compatibility' model proposes that AAbb females will increase the fitness of their offspring by choosing aaBB males [1], in the DMMS, AAbb females that choose genetically distinct aaBB males will produce progeny with lower fitness owing to either inviability or sterility. The word 'compatibility' is used to describe different mechanisms of mate choice in each case. Confusion might arise particularly in modelling pre- or postcopulation female choice and mating preferences in areas where two (or more) species or geographical races meet and hybridize. To eliminate this ambiguity, we recommend using the term 'mating with genetically dissimilar mates' or 'choice for genetic complementarity' [3] when referring to the models discussed by Mays and Hill [1], preserving the term 'genetic (in)compatibility' for topics concerning the genetics of speciation.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pialek, Jaroslav and Albrecht, Tomas},
	keywords = {genes, MATE, choosing},
	pages = {63--63}
}

@article{segerUnifyingGeneticModels1985,
	title = {Unifying genetic models for the evolution of female choice},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Seger, J.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, evolution, model, call, female choice,female mating preference},
	pages = {1185--1193}
}

@article{eppsHighwaysBlockGene2005,
	title = {Highways block gene flow and cause a rapid decline in genetic diversity of desert bighorn sheep},
	volume = {8},
	url = {ISI:000231737200002},
	abstract = {The rapid expansion of road networks has reduced connectivity among populations of flora and fauna. The resulting isolation is assumed to increase population extinction rates, in part because of the loss of genetic diversity. However, there are few cases where loss of genetic diversity has been linked directly to roads or other barriers. We analysed the effects of such barriers on connectivity and genetic diversity of 27 populations of Ovis canadensis nelsoni (desert bighorn sheep). We used partial Mantel tests, multiple linear regression and coalescent simulations to infer changes in gene flow and diversity of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. Our findings link a rapid reduction in genetic diversity (up to 15\%) to as few as 40 years of anthropogenic isolation. Interstate highways, canals and developed areas, where present, have apparently eliminated gene flow. These results suggest that anthropogenic barriers constitute a severe threat to the persistence of naturally fragmented populations},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Epps, C. W. and Palsboll, P. J. and Wehausen, J. D. and Roderick, G. K. and Ramey, R. R. and McCullough, D. R.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {population, INCREASE, ENGLAND, POPULATIONS, extinction, metapopulation, CONSERVATION, HABITAT FRAGMENTATION, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, RATES, PERSISTENCE, DNA, MARKERS, TESTS, FLOW, gene flow, BIGHORN SHEEP, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, CLIMATE-CHANGE, mitochondrial DNA, NUCLEAR, MANAGEMENT, COALESCENT, PARTIAL MANTEL TESTS, POPULATION EXTINCTION, AMPLIFICATION, DWELLING MOUNTAIN SHEEP, gene flow,genetic diversity,habitat fragmentation,metapopulation,Ovis canadensis,road, POPULATION SUBDIVISION, SHEEP, WILDLIFE},
	pages = {1029--1038}
}

@article{kellyPredationRiskReduces2001,
	title = {Predation risk reduces male-male sexual competition in the {Trinidadian} guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {51},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Kelly, C. D. and Godin, J. G. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {competition, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, predation risk, reticulata, predation, risk},
	pages = {95--100}
}

@article{glazierTradeoffsReproductiveSomatic2000,
	title = {Trade-offs between reproductive and somatic (storage) investments in animals: a comparative test of the {Van} {Noordwijk} and {De} {Jong} model},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Glazier, D. S.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {model, trade-off, trade-offs},
	pages = {539--555}
}

@article{basoloFemalePreferenceMale1990,
	title = {Female preference for male sword length in the green swordtail,  {Xiphophorus} helleri  ({Pisces}: {Poeciliidae})},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Basolo, A. L.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {female preference, preference, female preference,male sword length,sexual dimorphism},
	pages = {332--338}
}

@article{alonso-alvarezExperimentalTestDosedependent2004,
	title = {An experimental test of the dose-dependent effect of carotenoids and immune activation on sexual signals and antioxidant activity},
	volume = {164},
	url = {ISI:000224700600009},
	abstract = {Carotenoid-based sexual traits are thought to be reliable indicators of male quality because they might be scarce and therefore might indicate the ability of males to gather high-quality food and because they are involved in important physiological functions (as immune enhancers and antioxidants). We performed an experiment where male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) were provided with increasing carotenoid doses in the drinking water during 4 weeks (bill color of this species is a carotenoid-based sexual signal). Simultaneously, birds were split into two groups: one receiving weekly injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in order to activate the immune system, the other being injected with the same volume of phosphate buffered saline. We assessed how carotenoid availability and immune activation affected the amount of circulating plasma carotenoids, the beak color, and the antioxidant defenses (assessed as the resistance of red blood cells to a controlled free radical attack). Carotenoid availability affected the amount of circulating carotenoids and beak color; both variables reached a plateau at the highest carotenoid doses. Immune activation diverted carotenoids from plasma, and this in turn affected the expression of the sexual trait. Finally, we found a positive correlation between the change in circulating carotenoids and antioxidant defenses. These results support the idea that carotenoids have important physiological properties that ensure the honesty of carotenoid-based sexual traits},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Alonso-Alvarez, C. and Bertrand, S. and Devevey, G. and Gaillard, M. and Prost, J. and Faivre, B. and Sorci, G.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, EXPRESSION, female, i, MALES, P1, POECILIA-RETICULATA, quality, selection, TRAITS, signals, zebra finch, reproduction, Y, nutrition, ageing, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, ant, indicator, carotenoid, RESISTANCE, honesty, FINCH, FINCHES, ZEBRA FINCHES, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, food, Spain, carotenoids, TAENIOPYGIA-GUTTATA, CHICKENS, NT, immune system, PLASMA CAROTENOIDS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, BILL COLOR, BLACKBIRDS, FEMALE ZEBRA FINCHES, immune activation, ornamental coloration, RADICALS, zebra},
	pages = {651--659}
}

@article{otronenMovementPatternsSphaeridium1983,
	title = {Movement patterns in {Sphaeridium}: differences between species, sexes, and feeding and breeding individuals},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Journal of animal ecology},
	author = {Otronen, Merja and Hanski, Ilkka},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {663--680}
}

@article{baronLifeHistoryVipera1996,
	title = {Life history of {Vipera} ursinii ursinii at {Mont}-{Ventoux} ({France})},
	volume = {319},
	issn = {0764-4469},
	url = {://WOS:A1996TU94700009},
	abstract = {The life history of Vipera ursinii ursinii at Mont-Ventoux (France) is documented on the basis of mark-recapture data collected on a long-term field study (1973-1991). Traits under consideration relate to the individual growth, survival and reproduction of the snakes. Demographic variations (i.e., among individuals), temporal variations (across years) and spatial variations (between 2 distinct patches of habitat) in the traits are analyzed, as well as phenotypic correlations. In doing so, we get insights into the phenotypic plasticity of V. ursinii and the determinants of reproductive effort in this species. Plasticity is demonstrated in individual growth (spatially variable), parturition date and litter size (temporal variations), and offspring mass (temporal and demographic variations). Spatial variations in individual growth and temporal fluctuations in parturition date might be driven by exogenous factors (local humidity and duration of sunny conditions in summer, respectively). Litter size (corrected for maternal body size) and neonate mass vary across years. Controlling for this time effect, litter size and neonate mass appear to be negatively correlated. We suggest that neonate mass might be subject to endogenous factors, e.g. female mating success if sperm competition occurs-with yearly fluctuations in litter size that would result as a by-product of a physiological trade-off with neonate mass. Litter size varies less amongst individuals than throughout a female's lifespan, whereas offspring mass vary more among litters than within a given litter. Finally, survival probabilities (that depend on age), reproductive frequency (dominated by a biennial cycle), relative clutch mass (that usually increases with maternal size) and lifter sex ratio seem to be strongly canalized. Reproductive effort is assessed by the relative clutch mass, which tightly correlates with post-partum body condition. Except in one year, relative clutch mass increases with body size. In fact, this relationship might differ among broods that are laid after a non-reproductive year versus those laid on the second of 2 consecutive breeding. Reproductive effort per offspring is independent of maternal size and neonate gender, while litter sex ratio is biased (in Savor of males). There is no significant survival cost of reproduction : there is no reduction in survival probability when maturity is reached neither in males nor in females; the adult female survival rate is independent of the reproductive status; offspring mass as a possible indicator of juvenile survival is not influenced by maternal reproductive effort. In contrast a major cost of reproduction impacts on potential fecundity, through the usual alternation of reproductive and non-reproductive years, although consecutive breeding are feasible. Determinants of reproductive frequency may involve the effect of current reproductive effort on subsequent reproductive status, and that of body size. Finally, males might undergo a similar cost in potential fecundity, as they also, seem to alternate years of high and low sexual activity. In conclusion, we discuss the constraint exerted by the peculiar foraging ecology of the Orsini's viper (whose diet is almost entirely insectivorous) upon the evolution of its life history.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie Iii-Sciences De La Vie-Life Sciences},
	author = {Baron, J. P. and Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J. and StGirons, H.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {57--69}
}

@article{houdeGeneticDifferenceFemale1988,
	title = {Genetic difference in female choice between two guppy populations},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, guppies, guppy, population, call, colour patterns,genetic variation,guppy,mating preference},
	pages = {510--516}
}

@article{mollerMetaanalysisHeritabilityDevelopmental1997,
	title = {A meta-analysis of the heritability of developmental stability},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Moller, A. P. and Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {heritability, call, META-analysis, developmental stability,directional selection,fluctuating asymmetry,fluctuating selection,heritability,meta-analysis},
	pages = {1--16}
}

@article{welchGeneticBenefitsFemale2003,
	title = {Genetic benefits of a female mating preference in gray tree frogs are context-dependent},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Welch, A. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {genetic benefits, mating, preference, mating preference, genetic benefit, frog, female mating preference, context},
	pages = {883--893}
}

@article{hbelReproductiveCharacterDisplacement2003,
	title = {Reproductive character displacement in the acoustic communication system of green tree frogs ( {Hyla} cinerea )},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {H”bel, G. and Gerhardt, H. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {communication, frog, acoustic communication, reproductive character displacement},
	pages = {894--904}
}

@book{bussEvolutionDesireStrategies1994,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The {Evolution} of {Desire}: {Strategies} of {Human} {Mating}},
	isbn = {0-465-02143-3},
	publisher = {Basic Books},
	author = {Buss, D. M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {80}
}

@article{hollandChaseawaySelectionAntagonistic1998,
	title = {Chase-away selection: antagonistic seduction versus resistance},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Holland, B. and Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {selection, call},
	pages = {1--7}
}

@article{harshmanInferenceSpermCompetition1998,
	title = {Inference of sperm competition from broods of field-caught {Drosophila}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000076931100010},
	doi = {10.2307/2411303},
	abstract = {In field studies of multiple mating and sperm competition there typically is no experimental control over the number of times that a female mates, the interval between matings, or the genetic identity of multiple fathers contributing to a brood. Irrespective of this complexity, high-resolution molecular markers can be used to assign paternity with considerable confidence. This study employed two highly heterozygous microsatellite loci to assess multiple paternity and sperm displacement in a sample of broods taken from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. The large number of alleles present at each of the loci makes it difficult to derive explicit maximum-likelihood estimates for multiple paternity and sperm displacement from brood samples. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate maximum-likelihood parameters for the distribution of female remating frequency and the proportion of offspring shed by the second or subsequent mating males. Estimates were made based on genotypes scored at two distinct marker loci because they were found to give statistically homogeneous results. Fitting a Poisson distribution of number of matings, the mean number of males mated by a female was 1.82. The sperm displacement parameter estimated from doubly mated females were 0.79 and 0.86 for the two loci (0.83 for the joint estimate). The overall probability that a multiply mated female will be misclassified as singly mated was only 0.006, which indicates that microsatellites can provide excellent resolution for identifying multiple mating. In addition, microsatellites can be used to generate relatively precise estimates of sperm precedence in brood-structured samples from a natural population.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Harshman, L. G. and Clark, A. G.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, INSEMINATION, SPERM COMPETITION, multiple mating, MECHANISMS, microsatellites, MELANOGASTER, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, DISPLACEMENT, PSEUDOOBSCURA, concurrent multiple paternity},
	pages = {1334--1341}
}

@article{spurrierLekBehaviourCaptive1994,
	title = {Lek behaviour in captive sage grouse  {Centrocercus} urophasianus},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Spurrier, M. F. and Boyce, M. S. and Manly, B. F. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {female choice, Attractiveness, behaviour, display, lek, lek behaviour, sage grouse},
	pages = {303--310}
}

@article{laneParentingConception2014,
	title = {Parenting from before conception},
	volume = {345},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6198/756.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1254400},
	abstract = {At fertilization, the gametes endow the embryo with a genomic blueprint, the integrity of which is affected by the age and environmental exposures of both parents. Recent studies reveal that parental history and experiences also exert effects through epigenomic information not contained in the DNA sequence, including variations in sperm and oocyte cytosine methylation and chromatin patterning, noncoding RNAs, and mitochondria. Transgenerational epigenetic effects interact with conditions at conception to program the developmental trajectory of the embryo and fetus, ultimately affecting the lifetime health of the child. These insights compel us to revise generally held notions to accommodate the prospect that biological parenting commences well before birth, even prior to conception.},
	number = {6198},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Lane, Michelle and Robker, Rebecca L. and Robertson, Sarah A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {756--760}
}

@book{falconerIntroductionQuantitativeGenetics1996,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Introduction to {Quantitative} {Genetics}, 4th edn},
	isbn = {0-582-24302-5},
	publisher = {Longman},
	author = {Falconer, D. S. and Mackay, T. F. C.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {30}
}

@article{bildeTransitionSocialInbred2005,
	title = {The transition to social inbred mating systems in spiders: role of inbreeding tolerance in a subsocial predecessor},
	volume = {59},
	url = {ISI:000226737900015},
	abstract = {The social spiders are unusual among cooperatively breeding animals in being highly inbred. In contrast, most other social organisms are outbred owing to inbreeding avoidance mechanism,,. The social spiders appear to originate from solitary subsocial ancestors, implying a transition from outbreeding to inbreeding mating systems. Such a transition may be constrained by inbreeding avoidance tactics or fitness loss due to inbreeding depression. We examined whether the mating system of a subsocial spider, in a genus with three social congeners, is likely to facilitate or hinder the transition to inbreeding social systems. Populations of subsocial Stegodyphus lineatus are substructured and spiders occur in patches, which may consist of kin groups. We investigated whether male mating dispersal prevents matings within kin groups in natural populations. Approximately half of the marked males that were recovered made short moves ({\textless} 5m) and mated within their natal patch. This potential for inbreeding was counterbalanced by a relatively high proportion of immigrant males. In mating experiments, we tested whether inbreeding actually results in lower offspring fitness. Two levels of inbreeding were tested: full sibling versus non-sib matings and matings of individuals within and between naturally occurring patches of spiders. Neither full siblings nor patch mates were discriminated against as mates. Sibling matings had no effect on direct fitness traits such as fecundity, hatching success, time to hatching and survival of the offspring, but negatively affected offspring growth rates and adult body size of both males and females. Neither direct nor indirect fitness measures differed significantly between within patch and between-patch pairs. We tested the relatedness between patch mates and nonpatch mates using DNA fingerprinting (TE-AFLP). Kinship explained 30\% of the genetic variation among patches, confirming that patches are often composed of kin. Overall, we found limited male dispersal, lack of kin discrimination, and tolerance to low levels of inbreeding These results suggest a history of inbreeding which may reduce the frequency of deleterious recessive alleles in the population and promote the evolution of inbreeding tolerance. It is likely that the lack of inbreeding avoidance in subsocial predecessors has facilitated the transition to regular inbreeding social systems},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bilde, T. and Lubin, Y. and Smith, D. and Schneider, J. M. and Maklakov, A. A.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, PAIR, population, TRAITS, variation, fitness, size, survival, body size, BODY-SIZE, fecundity, mating, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, BIOLOGY, experiment, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life-history, MATES, natal dispersal, allele, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, social, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, kinship, mating system, mating systems, NATURAL-POPULATION, discrimination, kin, kin discrimination, genetic variation, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, outbreeding, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, inbreeding-avoidance, GENETIC-VARIATION, DNA, alleles, FREQUENCIES, siblings, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, social system, DNA fingerprinting, hatching success, spider, TRANSITION, male dispersal, OFFSPRING FITNESS, ARANEAE, COOPERATIVE SPIDER, DNA fingerprinting,inbreeding avoidance,inbreeding tolerance,inbreeding rate,kin-structured population,life-history traits,sibling mating,sex-specific dispersal, POPULATION-GENETIC-STRUCTURE, STEGODYPHUS-LINEATUS ERESIDAE},
	pages = {160--174}
}

@incollection{parmesanAnnualReviewEcology2006,
	address = {Palo Alto},
	edition = {37},
	series = {Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change},
	title = {Annual {Review} of {Ecology} {Evolution} and {Systematics}},
	isbn = {1543-592X 978-0-8243-1437-8},
	shorttitle = {Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change},
	url = {://WOS:000243038500023},
	abstract = {Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research. Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountain top species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change. Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected. Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming. Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species' ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins. Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level.},
	language = {English},
	booktitle = {Annual {Review} of {Ecology} {Evolution} and {Systematics}},
	publisher = {Annual Reviews},
	author = {Parmesan, C.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {north-atlantic oscillation, global warming, phenology, aquatic, asynchrony, butterfly metapopulation, environmental-change, hudson-bay, polar bears, population ecology, range shift, species range, terrestrial, terrestrial ecosystems, trophic, united-states, western english-channel},
	pages = {637--669}
}

@article{gomendioMaleFertilitySex12,
	title = {Male {Fertility} and {Sex} {Ratio} at {Birth} in {Red} {Deer}},
	volume = {314},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/314/5804/1445},
	abstract = {Efforts to test sex ratio theory have focused mostly on females. However, when males possess traits that could enhance the reproductive success of sons, males would also benefit from the manipulation of the offspring sex ratio. We tested the prediction that more-fertile red deer males produce more sons. Our findings reveal that male fertility is positively related to the proportion of male offspring. We also show that there is a positive correlation between the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (a main determinant of male fertility) and the proportion of male offspring. Thus, males may contribute significantly to biases in sex ratio at birth among mammals, creating the potential for conflicts of interest between males and females},
	number = {5804},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Gomendio, Montserrat and Malo, Aurelio F. and Soler, Ana J. and Fernandez-Santos, Maria R. and Esteso, Milagros C. and Garcia, Andres J. and Roldan, Eduardo R. S. and Garde, Julian},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, MALES, offspring, sex, TRAITS, reproductive success, SUCCESS, theory, sex ratio, MAMMALS, red deer, conflict, related, REVEAL, RATIO, SEXES, FERTILITY, spermatozoa, SEX-RATIO, BIASES},
	pages = {1445--1447}
}

@phdthesis{zajitschekSexdependentAgeingReproductive2007,
	address = {Sydney},
	type = {{PhD} thesis},
	title = {Sex-dependent ageing and reproductive effort in the {Australian} black field cricket ({Teleogryllus} commodus)},
	shorttitle = {Ageing in {Teleogryllus} commodus},
	school = {UNSW},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix},
	year = {2007}
}

@article{candolinMalemaleCompetitionFacilitates1999,
	title = {Male-male competition facilitates female choice in sticklebacks},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Candolin, U.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, competition, stickleback, sticklebacks, call, female choice,male-male competition,nuptial colouration,sexual signalling,three-spined stickleback},
	pages = {785--789}
}

@article{graySexualSelectionSpeciation2000,
	title = {Sexual selection and speciation in field crickets},
	volume = {97},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Gray, D. A. and Cade, W. H.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, cricket, speciation},
	pages = {14449--14454}
}

@article{laloiMultiplePaternityClutches2004,
	title = {Multiple paternity in clutches of common lizard {Lacerta} vivipara: data from microsatellite markers},
	volume = {13},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.02102.x},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Laloi, D. and Richard, M. and Lecomte, J. and Massot, M. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {LIZARDS, mating system, microsatellites, lacerta vivipara, multiple paternity, 2003, accepted 20 november 2003, received 23 september 2003, revision received 20 november},
	pages = {719--723}
}

@article{lummaaReproductiveInvestmentPreindustrial2001,
	title = {Reproductive investment in pre-industrial humans: the consequences of offspring number, gender and survival},
	volume = {268},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Lummaa, V.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {offspring, survival, human, reproductive investment},
	pages = {1977--1983}
}

@article{reeveEvolutionConspecificAcceptance1989,
	title = {The evolution of conspecific acceptance threshholds},
	volume = {133},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Reeve, H. K.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {evolution, call, conspecific acceptance thresholds,kin discrimination},
	pages = {407--435}
}

@article{roldanInbreedingFluctuatingAsymmetry1998,
	title = {Inbreeding, fluctuating asymmetry, and ejaculate quality in an endangered ungulate},
	volume = {265},
	url = {ISI:000071993600011},
	abstract = {An ever-increasing number of species are suffering marked reductions in population size as a consequence of human activities. To understand the impact-of these changes it is essential to assess how small population size affects individual fitness and the viability of populations. This issue acquires special relevance among endangered species in which numbers have decreased to such an extent that captive breeding must be established with a few founders. A major risk associated with small population size is inbreeding depression. The effects of inbreeding upon male reproductive traits are the subject of an ongoing controversy, since the evidence linking lack of genetic variability and poor ejaculate quality at the population level has been criticized recently by several authors. We report that among Gazella cuvieri males, inbreeding coefficient shows a strong inverse relationship with ejaculate duality. Furthermore, the degree of fluctuating asymmetry is positively related to the coefficient of inbreeding and negatively related to the proportion of normal sperm, suggesting that it is a reliable indicator of genetic stress and of ejaculate quality},
	number = {1392},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Roldan, E. R. S. and Cassinello, J. and Abaigar, T. and Gomendio, M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, MALE PHENOTYPE, MALES, population, quality, sperm, TRAITS, fitness, size, CONSEQUENCES, ejaculate, GENETIC SIMILARITY, human, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, ungulate, ungulates, DEPRESSION, genetics, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, risk, related, STRESS, viability, asymmetry, indicator, VARIABILITY, fluctuating asymmetry, conservation biology, FERTILITY, Spain, spermatozoa, genetic variability, endangered species, SPERM MORPHOLOGY, AFRICAN CHEETAH, gazelles, FOUNDER, coefficient of inbreeding},
	pages = {243--248}
}

@article{amosFemaleGreySeals2001,
	title = {Do female grey seals select genetically diverse mates?},
	volume = {62},
	url = {ISI:000170395600019},
	abstract = {Like most mammals, grey seals, Halichoerus grypus, are thought to be polygynous. However, genetic analysis reveals that as few as 1\% of males gain reproductive success that is significantly above average. At the same time there appear to be more full siblings than can be accounted for by chance, implying some level of partner fidelity. We used an enlarged data set to show that, on average, maternal half-siblings who have different fathers are significantly more diverse than expected from random mating. This unexpected pattern is too strong to be accounted for by influxes of males from other breeding colonies and hence implies female choice for partner diversity. We argue that behavioural mate choice is an unlikely explanation and speculate that naturally occurring antisperm antibodies could modulate sperm competition through weak immunointolerance of sperm from previous partners. Whatever the mechanism, choice for diverse partners will tend to increase the local effective population size. We used a simple model to show that such a strategy could be favoured at the level of the individual in small closed or semiclosed populations of long-lived species where polygyny would lead to a rapid increase in the level of inbreeding. (C) 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Amos, W. and Wilmer, J. W. and Kokko, H.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, INCREASE, model, size, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, human, relatedness, inbreeding, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, red deer, STRATEGIES, polygyny, male mating success, STRATEGY, DIVERSITY, effective population size, siblings, COLONIES, COLONY, grey seal, NORTH-RONA, SITE FIDELITY, sperm selection, GRAY SEAL, HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS, GENETIC-ANALYSIS, random mating, ANTISPERM ANTIBODIES},
	pages = {157--164}
}

@article{griffithWhyBirdsEngage2003,
	title = {Why do birds engage in extra-pair copulation?},
	volume = {422},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:000182432600040},
	doi = {10.1038/422833b},
	number = {6934},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Griffith, S. C. and Montgomerie, R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {833--833}
}

@article{blowsMeasuringNonlinearSelection2003,
	title = {Measuring non-linear selection},
	volume = {in press},
	abstract = {n},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Blows, M. W. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {selection, nonlinear selection}
}

@article{lailvauxNoEvidenceFemale2006,
	title = {No evidence for female association with high-performance males in the green anole lizard, {Anolis} carolinensis},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0179-1613},
	url = {://WOS:000238354500011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01210.x},
	abstract = {Sexual selection theory suggests that females may gain significant indirect fitness benefits from mating with males expressing good genes, particularly in animal species where the males provide no parental care. Whole-organism performance abilities have previously been shown to enhance both survival and reproductive success in a range of taxa, and females who mate with high-performance males might therefore gain significant indirect performance benefits. We tested the hypothesis that females associate preferentially with high-performance males in the green anole lizard Anolis carolinensis in laboratory trials using multivariate statistical techniques. Our results indicate that male performance abilities do not influence female mating preferences, either in isolation or as a combined suite of traits. Thus, any indirect performance benefits that a female might gain for her offspring are likely not a result of a female choice process.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Irschick, D. J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {707--715}
}

@article{jonesClusteredMicrosatelliteMutations1999,
	title = {Clustered microsatellite mutations in the pipefish  {Syngnathus} typhle},
	volume = {152},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Jones, A. G. and Rosenqvist, G. and Berglund, A. and Avise, J. C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, microsatellite, mutation, clustered microsatellite mutations,pipefish},
	pages = {1057--1063}
}

@article{baerSpermStorageInduces2006,
	title = {Sperm storage induces an immunity cost in ants},
	volume = {441},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04698},
	abstract = {Ant queens are among the most long-lived insects known1, 2. They mate early in adult life and maintain millions of viable sperm in their sperm storage organ until they die many years later3, 4. Because they never re-mate, the reproductive success of queens is ultimately sperm-limited, but it is not known what selective forces determine the upper limit to sperm storage. Here we show that sperm storage carries a significant cost of reduced immunity during colony founding. Newly mated queens of the leaf-cutting ant Atta colombica upregulate their immune response shortly after completing their nest burrow, probably as an adaptive response to a greater exposure to pathogens in the absence of grooming workers. However, the immune response nine days after colony founding is negatively correlated with the amount of sperm in the sperm storage organ, indicating that short-term survival is traded off against long-term reproductive success. The immune response was lower when more males contributed to the stored sperm, indicating that there might be an additional cost of mating or storing genetically different ejaculates.},
	number = {7095},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Baer, Boris and Armitage, Sophie A. O. and Boomsma, Jacobus J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sperm, immunity, cost, ant, STORAGE},
	pages = {872--875}
}

@article{lailvauxHornSizePredicts2005,
	title = {Horn size predicts physical performance in the beetle {Euoniticellus} intermedius ({Coleoptera} : {Scarabaeidae})},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000231397300011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01024.x},
	abstract = {1. In many animals, the size of secondary sexual ornaments is known to be related to the probability of victory in fights between males, and hence to fighting ability. However, few studies have attempted to link fighting ability to any physical performance measures. 2. Here we show that horn size in the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius accurately predicts two types of whole-organism performance, independent of body size, that are likely to play an important role in male contests: the force required to pull a beetle out of a tunnel, and the distance the beetle was able to run before exhaustion (maximum exertion). 3. Body length is also a statistically significant predictor of pulling force, but not of exertion, suggesting that horn size is a more reliable predictor of performance than body size alone, a result that is consistent with a previous finding that horn size becomes more important in determining victory in male-male contests as body size increases. 4. This study is the first to establish direct links between whole-organism performance abilities, male armaments and fighting ability in the same species. Our findings suggest that physiological performance capacities are important factors underlying the evolution of signal expression in E. intermedius, and should be considered in future studies of the evolution of animal signalling.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Hathway, J. and Pomfret, J. and Knell, R. J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {632--639}
}

@article{valsecchiInfluenceKinshipFamiliarity2002,
	title = {Influence of kinship and familiarity on the social and reproductive behaviour of female {Mongolian} gerbils},
	volume = {14},
	url = {ISI:000179832100005},
	abstract = {A series of studies focused on kin discrimination and inbreeding avoidance in female Mongolian gerbils. Kin discrimination was examined in a novel free choice test, as well as by the more traditional reproductive test. The former entailed an ethological analysis of the behaviour of female gerbils in either a binary or a multiple choice with different males while the latter involved the pairing of females with different classes of male gerbils. The binary choice experiment, during which a female chose between a male Sibling Raised Together and a male Non-Sibling Raised Apart, showed that female choice was biased by individual male cues other than kinship. The multiple choice experiment, during which a female chose between Sibling Raised Together, Non-Sibling Raised Apart, Non-Sibling Raised Together and Sibling Raised Apart males, revealed that female gerbils expressed a preference based on relatedness. The pairing of Sibling Raised Together, Non-Sibling Raised Apart and Sibling Raised Apart animals did not reveal any tendency to avoid inbreeding. Taken together, these results show that female gerbils are capable of kin discrimination on the base of kin per se, even though they did not show this ability in all the experimental contexts. This highlights the exquisite sensitivity of social assessment in female Mongolian gerbils, and points towards new investigations on inbreeding avoidance in this species},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ethology Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Valsecchi, P. and Razzoli, M. and Choleris, E.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, ABILITY, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, mate choice, ANIMALS, preference, relatedness, reproductive behaviour, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, social, AVOIDANCE, kinship, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, kin discrimination, KIN RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, functional-significance, context, MICE ACOMYS-CAHIRINUS, WILD HOUSE MICE, pairing, VOLES MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER, free choice test, gerbils, MERIONES-UNGUICULATUS, PRAIRIE VOLES, social behaviour},
	pages = {239--253}
}

@article{kotiahoResolutionLekParadox2001,
	title = {Towards a resolution of the lek paradox},
	volume = {410},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kotiaho, J. S. and Simmons, L. W. and Tomkins, J. L.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {good-genes, indirect selection, genetic variation, lek, indicator, paradox},
	pages = {684--686}
}

@article{griffithExtraPairPaternity2002,
	title = {Extra pair paternity in birds: a review of interspecific variation and adaptive function},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:000178962500001},
	abstract = {The application of molecular genetic techniques has revolutionized our view of avian mating systems. Contrary to prior expectations, birds are only very rarely sexually monogamous, with 'extra-pair offspring' found in approximately 90\% of species. Even among socially monogamous species, over 11\% of offspring are, on average, the result of extra-pair paternity (EPP). Based on over 150 molecular genetic studies of EPP in birds, we review two topical areas: (i) ecological explanations for interspecific variation in the rate of EPP; and (ii) evidence bearing on the adaptive function of EPP. We highlight the remaining challenges of understanding the relative roles of genes and ecology in determining variation between taxa in the rate of extra paternity, and testing for differences between extra-pair offspring and those sired within-pair},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Griffith, S. C. and Owens, I. P. F. and Thuman, K. A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, competition, evolution, genes, i, Maternal effects, offspring, PAIR, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, mating, wolf, WOLVES, bird, birds, mating system, mating systems, P2, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, polygyny, monogamy, paternity, GREAT REED WARBLER, HIGH-FREQUENCY, house sparrow, extrapair paternity, secondary sexual character, SWALLOW HIRUNDO-RUSTICA, PAIR PATERNITY, SUPERB FAIRY-WRENS, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, AVIAN MATING SYSTEMS, TIT PARUS-MAJOR, avian breeding systems, BREEDING TROPICAL SONGBIRD, SPARROW PASSER-DOMESTICUS},
	pages = {2195--2212}
}

@article{batemanChangesPhenotypicBehaviour2001,
	title = {Changes in phenotypic behaviour of a bushcricket with mating history},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Behaviour},
	author = {Bateman, P. W.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {behaviour, mating, costs, risk, cost of choice, bushcricket},
	pages = {333--343}
}

@article{anderssonSexualSelectionNatural1982,
	title = {Sexual selection, natural selection and quality advertisement},
	volume = {17},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Andersson, M. B.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, Fisherian mating advantage,handicap mechanism,heritability of fitness,mortality,optimal ornament size,phenotypic quality,reproductive effort,sexual ornaments},
	pages = {375--393}
}

@article{kaplanHitchhikingEffectRevisited1989,
	title = {The "{Hitchhiking} effect" revisited},
	volume = {123},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Kaplan, N. L. and Hudson, R. R. and Langley, C. H.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {loci, alleles, locus, hitchhiking effect},
	pages = {887--899}
}

@article{pizzariPerspectiveSexualConflict2003,
	title = {Perspective: {Sexual} conflict and sexual selection: {Chasing} away paradigm shifts},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000183997400001},
	abstract = {Traditional models of sexual selection propose that partner choice increases both average male and average female fitness in a population. Recent theoretical and empirical work, however, has stressed that sexual conflict may be a potent broker of sexual selection. When the fitness interests of males and females diverge, a reproductive strategy that increases the fitness of one sex may decrease the fitness of the other sex. The chase-away hypothesis proposes that sexual conflict promotes sexually antagonistic, rather than mutualistic, coevolution, whereby manipulative reproductive strategies in one sex are counteracted by the evolution of resistance to such strategies in the other sex. In this paper, we consider the criteria necessary to demonstrate the chase-away hypothesis. Specifically, we review sexual conflict with particular emphasis on the chase-away hypothesis; discuss the problems associated with testing the predictions of the chase-away hypothesis and the extent to which these predictions and the predictions of traditional models of sexual selection are mutually exclusive; discuss misconceptions and mismeasures of sexual conflict; and suggest an alternative approach to demonstrate sexual conflict, measure the intensity of sexually antagonistic selection in a population, and elucidate the coevolutionary trajectories of the sexes},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pizzari, T. and Snook, R. R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, Fisher, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, population, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, female mate choice, fitness, INCREASE, model, MODELS, insect, mating, mating preferences, reproduction, theory, form, sexual conflict, adaptation, genetics, mating system, mating systems, conflict, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, communication, speciation, INCREASES, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, STRATEGY, RESISTANCE, sexually antagonistic, intensity, promiscuity, sexual antagonism, chase-away, sexual coevolution, DNA-SEQUENCES, MALE-DRIVEN EVOLUTION, sexual mutualism},
	pages = {1223--1236}
}

@article{jegalianWhyWeird2001,
	title = {Why the {Y} is {So} {Weird}},
	volume = {February},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	author = {Jegalian, K. and Lahn, B. T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Y, Y chromosome, Y-linkage},
	pages = {42--47}
}

@article{brownChemicalAlarmSignals1999,
	title = {Chemical alarm signals in wild {Trinidadian} guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {77},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Brown, G. E. and Godin, J. G. J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, signals},
	pages = {562--570}
}

@article{butlinHeritabilityEstimatesCharacters1986,
	title = {Heritability estimates for characters under sexual selection in the grasshopper,  {Chorthippus} brunneus},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Butlin, R. K. and Hewitt, G. M.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, ornament, heritability, call, cricket, grasshopper},
	pages = {1256--1261}
}

@article{dallBehaviouralEcologyPersonality2004,
	title = {The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1461-0248},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00618.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00618.x},
	abstract = {Individual humans, and members of diverse other species, show consistent differences in aggressiveness, shyness, sociability and activity. Such intraspecific differences in behaviour have been widely assumed to be non-adaptive variation surrounding (possibly) adaptive population-average behaviour. Nevertheless, in keeping with recent calls to apply Darwinian reasoning to ever-finer scales of biological variation, we sketch the fundamentals of an adaptive theory of consistent individual differences in behaviour. Our thesis is based on the notion that such ‘personality differences’ can be selected for if fitness payoffs are dependent on both the frequencies with which competing strategies are played and an individual's behavioural history. To this end, we review existing models that illustrate this and propose a game theoretic approach to analyzing personality differences that is both dynamic and state-dependent. Our motivation is to provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of an apparently common animal trait: personality, which has far reaching ecological and evolutionary implications.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Dall, Sasha R. X. and Houston, Alasdair I. and McNamara, John M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {behavioural syndromes, behavioural ecology, Adaptive individual differences, evolutionary game theory, life history strategies, personality differences, state-dependent dynamic programming},
	pages = {734--739}
}

@article{bartonUnderstandingQuantitativeGenetic2002,
	title = {Understanding quantitative genetic variation},
	volume = {3},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Genetics},
	author = {Barton, N. and Keightley, P. D.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {variation, heritability, quantitative genetics, polymorphism, genetic variation, dominance, epistasis, frequency dependence},
	pages = {11--20}
}

@article{luttbegStatedependentMateassessmentMateselection2001,
	title = {State-dependent mate-assessment and mate-selection behaviour in female threespine sticklebacks ( {Gasterosteus} aculeatus , {Gasterosteiformes}: {Gasterosteidae})},
	volume = {107},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Luttbeg, B. and Towner, M. C. and Wandesforde-Smith, A. and Mangel, M. and Foster, S. A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {behaviour, mate selection, stickleback, sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, threespine stickleback, condition dependent choice},
	pages = {545--558}
}

@article{magurranSexualConflictConsequence1994,
	title = {Sexual conflict as a consequence of ecology : evidence from guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata , populations in {Trinidad}},
	volume = {255},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Magurran, A. E. and Seghers, B. H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, population, reticulata, call, sexual conflict, conflict, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,sexual harassment,sneaky mating},
	pages = {31--36}
}

@article{calhimPostcopulatorySexualSelection2007,
	title = {Postcopulatory {Sexual} {Selection} {Is} {Associated} with {Reduced} {Variation} in {Sperm} {Morphology}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {://WOS:000207445700015},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000413},
	abstract = {Background. The evolutionary role of postcopulatory sexual selection in shaping male reproductive traits, including sperm morphology, is well documented in several taxa. However, previous studies have focused almost exclusively on the influence of sperm competition on variation among species. In this study we tested the hypothesis that intraspecific variation in sperm morphology is driven by the level of postcopulatory sexual selection in passerine birds. Methodology/Findings. Using two proxy measures of sperm competition level, (i) relative testes size and (ii) extrapair paternity level, we found strong evidence that intermale variation in sperm morphology is negatively associated with the degree of postcopulatory sexual selection, independently of phylogeny. Conclusions/Significance. Our results show that the role of postcopulatory sexual selection in the evolution of sperm morphology extends to an intraspecific level, reducing the variation towards what might be a species-specific 'optimum' sperm phenotype. This finding suggests that while postcopulatory selection is generally directional (e.g., favouring longer sperm) across avian species, it also acts as a stabilising evolutionary force within species under intense selection, resulting in reduced variation in sperm morphology traits. We discuss some potential evolutionary mechanisms for this pattern.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Calhim, S. and Immler, S. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2007}
}

@article{aragonDispersalStatusdependentResponse2006,
	title = {Dispersal status-dependent response to the social environment in the common lizard, {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000240288900019},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01164.x},
	abstract = {1. Individuals following different strategies such as philopatry or dispersal may also differ in other phenotypic traits, since dispersing individuals have to face novel physical and social environments. There is growing evidence of the use of information obtained from conspecifics in a variety of contexts. It has been demonstrated that before natal dispersal, juveniles of Lacerta vivipara use social information through conspecific chemical cues, and that various phenotypes use this information differently. We hypothesized that, after dispersal, the behavioural responses of yearlings to different social environments assessed through conspecific odours depend on the dispersal status. 2. We tested the response of philopatric and dispersing yearlings of L. vivipara to different types of social cues, controlling for the prenatal and postnatal environment. Each yearling was faced with environments with no conspecific odours, with scent-marks from one or three yearlings that were held isolated during captivity, and from three socially housed yearlings. Thus, we examined the response to the number of donors and to the social environment experienced by donors. We recorded the time spent walking and attempting to escape as indicators of activity and avoidance response, respectively. 3. Philopatric and dispersing individuals reacted differently to the social environments presented through odour marks. This dispersal status-dependent response was not modulated by the prenatal and postnatal factors examined.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Aragon, P. and Meylan, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {900--907}
}

@article{qvarnstrmGenotypebyenvironmentInteractionsDetermination1999,
	title = {Genotype-by-environment interactions in the determination of the size of a secondary sexual character in the collared flycatcher ( {Ficedula} albicollis )},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Qvarnstr”m, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {size, heritability, call, flycatcher, genetic benefit, genotype by environment interaction, collared flycatcher, g*e, genotype by environment},
	pages = {1564--1572}
}

@article{kokkoWhyMutualMate2002,
	title = {Why is mutual mate choice not the norm? {Operational} sex ratios, sex roles and the evolution of sexually dimorphic and monomorphic signalling},
	volume = {357},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kokko, H. and Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, mate choice, sex, mutual, sex ratio, signalling, sex ratios},
	pages = {319--330}
}

@article{kruczekBehaviouralDevelopmentConspecific2003,
	title = {Behavioural development of conspecific odour preferences in bank voles, {Clethrionomys} glareolus},
	volume = {64},
	url = {ISI:000184863900006},
	abstract = {Biological odours of conspecifics are known to have strong influences on behavioural interaction in bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus. This experiment tested two hypotheses. (1) Olfactory cues from familiar and unfamiliar mature opposite-sex Conspecifics differ in their attractiveness to males and females, and their behavioural reactions change with age. (2) A genetically based mechanism is involved in female recognition of kin. In a two-choice preference test, prepubertal males and females were more attracted to familiar than to unfamiliar odours of opposite-sex conspecifics, as manifested by more time spent sniffing familiar voles. As the young reached sexual maturity they shifted their odour preferences. Mature males and females preferred the novel odour of unrelated opposite-sex conspecifics to that of relatives. The results of experiments testing the second hypothesis indicate that females use a genetically based mechanism to recognise their kin. Young and mature females were able to recognise the odour of their biological but socially unknown fathers, and showed the same pattern of behaviour as females in previous experiments. The possible biological functions of kin recognition in bank voles are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Kruczek, M. and Golas, A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, behaviour, signals, mating preferences, preference, age, MECHANISM, social, SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, MUS-DOMESTICUS, GOLDEN-HAMSTERS, MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER, voles, bank vole, odour preference, PRAIRIE VOLES, BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, MAJOR URINARY PROTEINS, SPACING BEHAVIOR},
	pages = {31--39}
}

@article{houleCoevolutionCostlyMate2002,
	title = {Coevolution of costly mate choice and condition-dependent display of good genes},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Houle, D. and Kondrashov, A. S.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, genes, good genes, mate choice, display, coevolution},
	pages = {97--104}
}

@article{sinervoRolePleiotropyVs2008,
	title = {The role of pleiotropy vs signaller-receiver gene epistasis in life history trade-offs: dissecting the genomic architecture of organismal design in social systems},
	volume = {101},
	issn = {0018-067X},
	url = {://WOS:000258598400001},
	doi = {10.1038/hdy.2008.64},
	abstract = {Traditional life history theory ignores trade-offs due to social interactions, yet social systems expand the set of possible trade-offs affecting a species evolution-by introducing asymmetric interactions between the sexes, age classes and invasion of alternative strategies. We outline principles for understanding gene epistasis due to signaller-receiver dynamics, gene interactions between individuals, and impacts on life history trade-offs. Signaller-receiver epistases create trade-offs among multiple correlated traits that affect fitness, and generate multiple fitness optima conditional on frequency of alternative strategies. In such cases, fitness epistasis generated by selection can maintain linkage disequilibrium, even among physically unlinked loci. In reviewing genetic methods for studying life history trade-offs, we conclude that current artificial selection or gene manipulation experiments focus on pleiotropy. Multi-trait selection experiments, multi-gene engineering methods or multiple endocrine manipulations can test for epistasis and circumvent these limitations. In nature, gene mapping in field pedigrees is required to study social gene epistases and associated trade-offs. Moreover, analyses of correlational selection and frequency-dependent selection are necessary to study epistatic social system trade-offs, which can be achieved with group-structured versions of Price's (1970) equation.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and Clobert, J. and Miles, D. B. and McAdam, A. and Lancaster, L. T.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {197--211}
}

@article{akimotoInbreedingDepressionIncreased2006,
	title = {Inbreeding depression, increased phenotypic variance, and a trade-off between gonads and appendages in selfed progeny of the aphid {Prociphilus} oriens},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000235477400008},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Akimoto, S.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, VARIANCE, trade-off, PROGENY},
	pages = {77--86}
}

@article{readEvolutionBirdSong1992,
	title = {The evolution of bird song: comparative analysis},
	volume = {338},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Read, A. F. and Weary, D. M.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {evolution, parental care, migration, bird, mating system, song, bird song, migratory behaviour},
	pages = {165--187}
}

@article{redfieldProblemEvolutionSex1999,
	title = {The problem of the evolution of sex},
	volume = {196},
	journal = {Biol.Bull.},
	author = {Redfield, R. J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, call, sexual reproduction},
	pages = {404--407}
}

@article{sacchiMicrogeographicVariationColour2007,
	title = {Microgeographic variation of colour morph frequency and biometry of common wall lizards},
	volume = {273},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00342.x},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Sacchi, R. and Scali, S. and Pupin, F. and Gentilli, a. and Galeotti, P. and Fasola, M.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {colour, polymorphism, PODARCIS, common wall lizard, microgeographic variation},
	pages = {389--396}
}

@article{solaCytogeneticsBisexualUnisexual1993,
	title = {Cytogenetics of bisexual/unisexual species of  {Poecilia} . {IV}. {Sex} chromosomes, sex chromatin composition and {Ag}-{NOR} polymorphisms in  {Poecilia} latipinna : a population from {Mexico}},
	volume = {70},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Sola, L. and Bressanello, S. and Rasch, E. M. and Monaco, P. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Poecilia, population, sex, call, polymorphism, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, fish,NOR polymorphism,Poecilia latipinna,Poeciliidae,sex chromatin,sex chromosomes},
	pages = {67--71}
}

@article{sheldonNaturalSelectionInheritance2003,
	title = {Natural selection and inheritance of breeding time and clutch size in the collared flycatcher},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Sheldon, B. C. and Kruuk, L. E. B. and Meril„, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {selection, size, natural selection, clutch size, flycatcher, collared flycatcher},
	pages = {406--420}
}

@article{seehausenCichlidFishDiversity1997,
	title = {Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection},
	volume = {277},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Seehausen, O. and Van Alphen, J. J. M. and Witte, F.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fish, selection, cichlid},
	pages = {1808--1811}
}

@article{barlowColoursParentsCompanions1990,
	title = {Do the colours of parents, companions and self influence assortative mating in the polychromatic {Midas} cichlid?},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Barlow, G. W. and Francis, R. C. and Baumgartner, J. V.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {mating, assortative mating, Cichlasoma citrinellum,cichlid,female choice,colour pattern},
	pages = {713--722}
}

@article{arnoldMeasurementNaturalSexual1984,
	title = {On the measurement of natural and sexual selection: theory},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Arnold, S. J. and Wade, M. J.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection},
	pages = {709--719}
}

@article{burleySignificanceAgeReproductive1979,
	title = {The significance of age and reproductive experience in the mate preferences of feral pigeons,  {Columba} livia},
	volume = {27},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Burley, N. and Moran, N.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {mate preference, mate preferences, preference, age, age indicator mechanism, pigeons},
	pages = {686--698}
}

@article{puseySexbiasedDispersalInbreeding1987,
	title = {Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals},
	volume = {2},
	url = {ISI:A1987K646300005},
	abstract = {Sex differences in dispersal distance are widespread in birds and mammals, but the predominantly dispersing sex differs consistently between the classes. There has been persistent debate over the relative importance of two factors - intrasexual competition and inbreeding avoidance - in producing sex-biased dispersal, and over the sources of the difference in dispersal patterns between the two classes. Recent studies cast new light on these questions.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pusey, A. E.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {competition, sex, ENGLAND, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, pattern, patterns, SEXES, inbreeding-avoidance, DISTANCE, sex-biased dispersal, light, SEX-DIFFERENCES, INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION},
	pages = {295--299}
}

@article{vanhavreShoalingKinRecognition1988,
	title = {Shoaling and kin recognition in the threespine stickleback (gasterosteus-aculeatus l)},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:A1988R741400004},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biology of Behaviour},
	author = {VanHavre, N. and Fitzgerald, G. J.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, fish, P1, signals, stickleback, sticklebacks, BIOLOGY, social, predation, kin, Gasterosteus aculeatus, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, threespine stickleback, shoaling, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS L},
	pages = {190--201}
}

@article{akagawaAlternativeMaleMating1993,
	title = {Alternative male mating tactics in  {Hypoptychus} dybowskii  ({Gasterosteiformes}): territoriality, body size, and nuptial colouration},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Japan.J.Ichthyol.},
	author = {Akagawa, I. and Okiyama, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {size, body size, Hypoptychus dybowskii,nuptial colouration,reproductive behaviour,sexual selection},
	pages = {343--350}
}

@article{tang-martinezMechanismsKinDiscrimination2001,
	title = {The mechanisms of kin discrimination and the evolution of kin recognition in vertebrates: a critical re-evaluation},
	volume = {53},
	url = {ISI:000167686700004},
	abstract = {I re-examine the four most widely proposed mechanisms of kin discrimination among vertebrates and conclude that the current categorization of kin discrimination mechanisms has been counterproductive because it has a hindered a clear understanding of the basic mechanisms by which animals discriminate kin. I suggest that there likely is only one authentic mechanism of kin discrimination and that this mechanism is learning, particularly associative learning and habituation. Observed differences in the way animals discriminate between kin and non-kin are due only to the cues (e.g., individually-distinctive, family-distinctive, or self) that are used, and not to different mechanisms per se. I also consider whether kin discrimination is mediated by specially evolved kin recognition systems, defined as neural mechanisms that allow animals to directly classify conspecifics as either kin or non-kin. A preliminary analysis of vertebrate recognition systems suggests that specialized neural: endocrine, and developmental mechanisms specifically for recognizing kin have not evolved. Rather, kin discrimination results from an extension of other, non-specialized sensory and cognitive abilities of animals, and may be derived from other forms of social recognition, such as individual, group, or species recognition. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Tang-Martinez, Z.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, ABILITY, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, parental care, signals, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, form, phenotype, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, social, adaptation, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, kin discrimination, species recognition, RECOGNITION, SELFISH, CONSPECIFICS, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, GOLDEN-HAMSTERS, individual recognition, MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER, SPINY MICE, VERTEBRATES, evolution of recognition, mechanisms of recognition, NESTMATE DISCRIMINATION, recognition cues, role of kin selection, social recognition, SOCIAL WASPS, T-COMPLEX},
	pages = {21--40}
}

@article{gibsonFemaleChoiceSage1996,
	title = {Female choice in sage grouse: the roles of attraction and active comparison},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Gibson, R. M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, display, mating behaviour, lek, attraction, constraints, sage grouse, active choice, passive attraction},
	pages = {55--59}
}

@article{shineProximateDeterminantsSexual1990,
	title = {Proximate determinants of sexual differences in adult body size},
	volume = {135},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Shine, R.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {size, body size, call, dimorphism},
	pages = {278--283}
}

@article{matthysenFamilyMovementsIndependence2010,
	title = {Family movements before independence influence natal dispersal in a territorial songbird},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://WOS:000274518000006},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-009-1483-x},
	abstract = {Dispersal behaviour in territorial species is typically assumed to be independent of parental behaviour except for the possible role of parental eviction from the natal territory. Great tits defend exclusive territories at the onset of breeding but after fledging undertake substantial excursions with dependent offspring, sometimes covering distances equivalent to ten or more breeding territories and even moving across open spaces into neighbouring woodlots. We show that postfledging family movements are significantly associated with subsequent dispersal directions of recruits by comparing observed angles of movement with a simulated distribution taking into account the patchy nature of the landscape. However, the extent of family movements did not predict dispersal distances. Our findings provide an explanation for previously observed similarities in dispersal direction between siblings in the same study population, as well as for effects of nest site location on dispersal. More generally we show the existence of a novel mechanism for parents to influence dispersal and fine-scale kinship structure among their offspring.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Matthysen, E. and Van Overveld, T. and Van de Casteele, T. and Adriaensen, F.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {parental care, CONSEQUENCES, BEHAVIOR, P-CAERULEUS, GREAT TIT, habitat use, TITS PARUS-MAJOR, PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT, BARNACLE GEESE, BIRD POPULATION, Dispersal direction, POSTFLEDGING SURVIVAL},
	pages = {591--597}
}

@article{sorciNaturalSelectionHatchling1999,
	title = {Natural selection on hatchling body size and mass in two environments in the common lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1522-0613},
	url = {://WOS:000082698900004},
	abstract = {Differences in life-history traits among populations living in different environments can arise as adaptations to different selective regimes present in these environments. In this study, we investigated patterns of natural selection on body size (snout-vent length and tail length) and mass in hatchlings of the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) raised in two different environments, where the local populations of L. vivipara have different life-history traits. To investigate patterns of natural selection, we raised hatchlings from one high-altitude population in outdoor enclosures located at high and low altitude and we recaptured them before they entered hibernation. We found significant directional selection for higher hatchling body mass and tail length at both sites, whereas hatchling snout-vent length was not correlated with survival. Stabilizing selection gradients were not significant for any of the traits considered at both sites. Differential hatching mortality may directly affect maternal investment in litter size. In this case, the proper focus of selection might be on mothers. We checked this issue by estimating: (1) the trade-off between litter size and hatchling size and mass; and (2) the correlation between litter size and the proportion of living offspring per litter. Although litter size was negatively associated with hatching size and mass, we did not find any correlation between fecundity and offspring survival. In conclusion, we found no differences in the patterns of selection between the two environments. These findings are in agreement with previous results showing that differences in life-history traits between these high- and low-altitude populations' may arise from plastic responses to proximate cues, rather than genetic adaptation to different selection pressures.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Sorci, G. and Clobert, J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {303--316}
}

@article{immlerPronouncedWithinindividualPlasticity2010,
	title = {Pronounced within-individual plasticity in sperm morphometry across social environments},
	volume = {64},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Immler, S and Pryke, S R and Birkhead, T R and Griffith, S C},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1634--1643}
}

@article{healeySeeingRedMorphspecific2007,
	title = {Seeing red: morph-specific contest success and survival rates in a colour-polymorphic agamid lizard},
	volume = {74},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.017},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Healey, M and Uller, T and Olsson, M},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {resources, polymorphism, SIGNAL, COLORATION, and constitute one of, animal contests are driven, by the demand for, contest, ctenophorus pictus, endler 1986, painted dragon, strongest selection pressures in, such as sexual partners, the, the wild},
	pages = {337--341}
}

@article{clobertESTIMATIONAGESPECIFICBREEDING1994,
	title = {{THE} {ESTIMATION} {OF} {AGE}-{SPECIFIC} {BREEDING} {PROBABILITIES} {FROM} {RECAPTURES} {OR} {RESIGHTINGS} {IN} {VERTEBRATE} {POPULATIONS} .2. {LONGITUDINAL} {MODELS}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0006-341X},
	url = {://WOS:A1994NX42800006},
	doi = {10.2307/2533381},
	abstract = {We provide a statistical framework to estimate age-specific breeding probabilities in vertebrate populations, from recaptures or resightings of individuals marked as young. We consider data collected at one or possibly several points over time, when individual recapture histories are known, leading to models which we call longitudinal models. An example of resightings of black-headed gulls, Larus ridibundus, is considered.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Lebreton, J. D. and Allaine, D. and Gaillard, J. M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {375--387}
}

@article{patriquin-meldrumFemaleThreespinedSticklebacks1998,
	title = {Do female three-spined sticklebacks copy the mate choice of others?},
	volume = {151},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Patriquin-Meldrum, K. J. and Godin, J. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, stickleback, sticklebacks, call, sexual selection,mate choice,copying,fish,stickleback},
	pages = {570--577}
}

@article{revillaEffectsMatrixHeterogeneity2004,
	title = {Effects of matrix heterogeneity on animal dispersal: {From} individual behavior to metapopulation-level parameters},
	volume = {164},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://000224700600002},
	abstract = {Mounting theoretical and empirical evidence shows that matrix heterogeneity may have contrasting effects on metapopulation dynamics by contributing to patch isolation in nontrivial ways. We analyze the movement properties during interpatch dispersal in a metapopulation of Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). On a daily temporal scale, lynx habitat selection defines two types of matrix habitats where individuals may move: open and dispersal habitats (avoided and used as available, respectively). There was a strong and complex impact of matrix heterogeneity on movement properties at several temporal scales (hourly and daily radiolocations and the entire dispersal event). We use the movement properties on the hourly temporal scale to build a simulation model to reconstruct individual dispersal events. The two most important parameters affecting model predictions at both the individual (daily) and metapopulation scales were related to the movement capacity (number of movement steps per day and autocorrelation in dispersal habitat) followed by the parameters representing the habitat selection in the matrix. The model adequately reproduced field estimates of population-level parameters (e.g., interpatch connectivity, maximum and final dispersal distances), and its performance was clearly improved when including the effect of matrix heterogeneity on movement properties. To assume there is a homogeneous matrix results in large errors in the estimate of interpatch connectivity, especially for close patches separated by open habitat or corridors of dispersal habitat, showing how important it is to consider matrix heterogeneity when it is present. Movement properties affect the interaction of dispersing individuals with the landscape and can be used as a mechanistic representation of dispersal at the metapopulation level. This is so when the effect of matrix heterogeneity on movement properties is evaluated under biologically meaningful spatial and temporal scales.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Revilla, E. and Wiegand, T. and Palomares, F. and Ferreras, P. and Delibes, M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {connectivity, landscape structure, EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS, FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES, LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL, spatial ecology, Lynx pardinus, autocorrelated random walk, CONNECTIVITY MEASURES, ENDANGERED IBERIAN, HABITAT CONNECTIVITY, individual-based spatially explicit simulations, interpatch, INTERPATCH MOVEMENTS, Lynx, matrix fragmentation, PRAIRIE PLANTHOPPER, standard of plausibility},
	pages = {E130--E153}
}

@article{fromhageEvolutionMateChoice2009,
	title = {Evolution of mate choice for genome-wide heterozygosity.},
	volume = {63},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00575.x},
	abstract = {The extent to which indirect genetic benefits can drive the evolution of directional mating preferences for more ornamented mates, and the mechanisms that maintain such preferences without depleting genetic variance, remain key questions in evolutionary ecology. We used an individual-based genetic model to examine whether a directional preference for mates with higher genome-wide heterozygosity (H), and consequently greater ornamentation, could evolve and be maintained in the absence of direct fitness benefits of mate choice. We specifically considered finite populations of varying size and spatial genetic structure, in which parent-offspring resemblance in heterozygosity could provide an indirect benefit of mate choice. A directional preference for heterozygous mates evolved under broad conditions, even given a substantial direct cost of mate choice, low mutation rate, and stochastic variation in the link between individual heterozygosity and ornamentation. Furthermore, genetic variance was retained under directional sexual selection. Preference evolution was strongest in smaller populations, but weaker in populations with greater internal genetic structure in which restricted dispersal increased local inbreeding among offspring of neighboring females that all preferentially mated with the same male. These results suggest that directional preferences for heterozygous or outbred mates could evolve and be maintained in finite populations in the absence of direct fitness benefits, suggesting a novel resolution to the lek paradox.},
	journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
	author = {Fromhage, Lutz and Kokko, Hanna and Reid, Jane M},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {evolution, female, ANIMALS, Male, Models, Genetic, Sexual Behavior, Animal, inbreeding, genetic variation, Mating Preference, Animal},
	pages = {684--94}
}

@article{olssonOffspringSizenumberStrategies2002,
	title = {Offspring size-number strategies: experimental manipulation of offspring size in a viviparous lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000174295500017},
	doi = {10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00600.x},
	abstract = {1. Aspects of female 'offspring size vs number' strategies were studied in the viviparous Common Lizard, Lacerta vivipara Jacquin, by surgical yolk extraction from ovarian follicles and ovulated eggs in the oviduct ('allometric engineering'). 2. This method has previously been applied exclusively to oviparous lizards but here it is applied to a viviparous taxon. 3. There was a strong negative relationship between the amount of yolk removed and the size of offspring at birth, and yolk-removed young were smaller and in poorer condition at birth than their control counterparts from within the same litters. 4. In yolk-removed young physiological performance was positively correlated with body mass. 5. Maternal resource provisioning thus influences offspring physiological performance, which suggests ongoing selection on female optimization of the offspring size-number trade-off.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Wapstra, E. and Olofsson, C.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {135--140}
}

@article{muirPossibleEcologicalRisks1999,
	title = {Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: {Sexual} selction and the {Trojan} gene hypothesis},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Muir, W. M. and Howard, R. D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, mating, risk, mating success, growth enhancements, transgene frequency, transgenic organism},
	pages = {13853--13856}
}

@article{koskinenContemporaryFisherianLifehistory2002,
	title = {Contemporary fisherian life-history evolution in small salmonid populations},
	volume = {419},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Koskinen, M. T. and Haugen, T. O. and Primmer, C. R.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, population, life history, life-history evolution},
	pages = {826--830}
}

@article{engqvistMaleAttractivenessNegatively2011,
	title = {Male attractiveness is negatively genetically associated with investment in copulations},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000289299500022},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arq211},
	abstract = {In species with high male mating effort, there is a trade-off between mating effort spent in a current mating and resources left for future matings. Males are therefore expected to allocate resources prudently across successive matings. Attractive males that will have a high mating success might therefore be forced to decrease mating investment in comparison with less-attractive males. Furthermore, if there is genetic variation in attractiveness, one might expect to find a negative genetic correlation between attractiveness and mating investment. Here, this genetic prediction is tested using the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata (Insecta: Mecoptera). In this species, males offer costly salivary secretions as nuptial gifts to females. By producing large secretions, males increase copulation duration and sperm transfer, thus gaining an advantage in sperm competition. I used a full-sib breeding design and found that both attractiveness and mating investment showed considerable heritability. Most importantly, there was a significant negative genetic correlation between attractiveness and mating investment: In families with attractive individuals, males produced smaller salivary secretions than in those with less-attractive males. The results thus demonstrate an important evolutionary trade-off between mating success and sperm competition success.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Engqvist, L.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, MATE, SPERM COMPETITION, CONSEQUENCES, Male, female preference, nuptial gifts, postcopulatory sexual selection, mating success, FIELD CRICKET, EVOLUTIONARY, life-history trade-offs, BUSH-CRICKETS, alternative mating strategies, body, MALE QUALITY, Panorpa, SCORPIONFLY PANORPA-COGNATA},
	pages = {345--349}
}

@article{coopermanDifferentSexualTraits2007,
	title = {Different sexual traits show covariation among genotypes: implications for sexual selection},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/311},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arl085},
	abstract = {An unresolved question in sexual selection research is whether different secondary sexual traits are developmentally independent or instead whether their degree of expression is a manifestation of a general resource pool (i.e., condition) within the organism. If degree of expression of different sexual traits reflects ability to accumulate condition, then covariation should exist across genotypes in the expression of these traits, even if they are very different in kind. Here we present evidence for predicted covariation between morphological (sex comb size) and behavioral (courtship song) sexual traits among genetic lines of Drosophila bipectinata Duda extracted from a natural population. There is evidence that both these traits in Drosophila are condition dependent and subject to sexual selection. We detected significant body size-independent differences in comb size among 32 lines. Replicate lines exhibiting relatively high and low values of comb size were then subjected to analyses of courtship song. High sex comb lines exhibited shorter mean burst period and shorter mean burst duration than low sex comb lines. These song differences occurred only during the distant pursuit phase of male courtship and existed despite factoring out individual variations in sex comb size, the trait on the basis of which test lines were originally chosen. The results verify the prediction of an association between condition-dependent secondary sexual traits across genotypes and, therefore, support the existence of an overall genetic quality related to condition acquisition.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behav. Ecol.},
	author = {Cooperman, Alison F. and Polak, Michal and Evans, Christopher S. and Taylor, Phillip W.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {311--317}
}

@article{kellySpatialTemporalVariation1992,
	title = {Spatial and temporal variation in selection on correlated life-history traits and plant size in  {Chamaecrista} fasciculata.},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Kelly, C. A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {selection, variation, size, life history, life history traits},
	pages = {1658--1673}
}

@article{williamsNaturalSelectionCosts1966,
	title = {Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of {Lack}'s principle},
	volume = {100},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Williams, G. C.},
	year = {1966},
	keywords = {selection, reproduction, natural selection, cost, costs},
	pages = {687--690}
}

@incollection{birkheadCurrentTopicsDevelopmental1996,
	edition = {33},
	series = {Sperm competition: {Evolution} and mechanisms},
	title = {Current {Topics} in {Developmental} {Biology}, {Vol} 33},
	isbn = {0070-2153},
	shorttitle = {Sperm competition: {Evolution} and mechanisms},
	url = {://A1996BF52U00003},
	booktitle = {Current {Topics} in {Developmental} {Biology}},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION, DOMESTIC-FOWL, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, ZEBRA FINCHES, ejaculate quality, MALE PARENTAL CARE, PRUNELLA-MODULARIS, TAENIOPYGIA-GUTTATA, BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS, PERIVITELLINE LAYER},
	pages = {103--158}
}

@article{oppligerPromiscuityHighLevel2007,
	title = {Promiscuity and high level of multiple paternity in common wall lizards ({Podarcis} muralis): data from microsatellite markers},
	volume = {28},
	doi = {10.1163/156853807780202477},
	journal = {Amphibia-Reptilia},
	author = {Oppliger, Anne and Degen, Loic and Bouteiller-Reuter, Caroline and John-Alder, Henry-B.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {301--303}
}

@article{segreModularEpistasisYeast2004,
	title = {Modular epistasis in yeast metabolism},
	abstract = {There has often been a strong temptation to brush epistasis under the carpet, as thrashing out the details of how genes interact with one another was thought to be best left to the few hardy geneticists who had a way with complicated equations and patchy data. Now, however, the pervasiveness and the undeniable importance of genetic interactions in biology, disease suceptibility and evolution has seen epistasis enjoy a welcome comeback. No small part in this revival has been played by the availability of improved statistical tools and global gene-analysis methods. Daniel SegrŠ, Roy Kishony and collaborators have now applied such a systems-level approach to describe the spectrum of epistasic interactions that occur between metabolic genes in the yeast  Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and in so doing have transported epistasis beyond the gene level. For this work - the fruit of a collaboration between the laboratories of Roy Kishony and George Church - the authors took advantage of a computational method known as flux-balance analysis to assess the effects of gene interactions on the growth rate of yeast cells. The fitness of a single mutant is measured as the degree to which the biomass production of mutant yeast differs from that of the wild-type. The presence and type of epistasis could then be evaluated by comparing the fitness value of the double mutants to the product of the fitness values of the single mutants of the same gene pair. From this analysis, the authors concluded that epistasis could be classified as being either aggravating (where one mutant enhances the effect of the other) or buffering (where one mutant mitigates the effect of the other). This rather neat classification opened the door for a new type of analysis, in which individual gene-gene relationships were used to paint a picture of the overall organization of the metabolic network. The clusters ('modules') of interacting genes that emerged on the basis of annotated gene function were almost always either aggravating or buffering with respect to other modules. This is pretty much what you would expect to find if the genes within a given module were involved in carrying out the same biological function: because they are made up of genes with the same or similar biological function, modules effectively behave as if they are individual genes. These 'monochromatic' relationships between modules largely held true even when the hierarchical clusters were built without previous knowledge of gene function, indicating that the clusters and how they interact are intrinsic properties of this and, by extension, every other gene network. Most of the observed interactions make biological sense; and those that were unexpected can now be used to generate testable hypotheses about the network. This systematic survey of gene interactions brings epistasis to a new level - one that includes not only interactions between genes, but also between groups of genes. 'Monochromatic modularity', as it is called, is launching epistasis towards a more colourful future.},
	journal = {Nature Genet.},
	author = {Segre, D.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, genes, PAIR, fitness, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, intrinsic, genetics, epistasis, spectra, ORGANIZATION, modularity}
}

@article{batesonFamiliarityOutbreeds1987,
	title = {Familiarity out-breeds},
	volume = {10},
	url = {ISI:A1987G918000035},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
	author = {Bateson, P.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, sex, Y, human, BEHAVIOR, wolf, WOLVES, FAMILIARITY, SEXES, incest, MARRIAGE, Westermarck},
	pages = {71--72}
}

@article{meffertTestSpeciationSexual2002,
	title = {A test of speciation via sexual selection on female preferences},
	volume = {64},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Meffert, L. M. and Regan, J. L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, female preference, preference, speciation},
	pages = {955--965}
}

@article{wangSalmonidInbreedingReview2001,
	title = {Salmonid inbreeding: a review},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:000179571200002},
	abstract = {We review the published literature on inbreeding and its consequences in salmonid fishes. Inbreeding reduces genetic variation within populations by decreasing heterozygosity, either through an increased chance of sharing parental genes or a loss of alleles from random genetic drift. Increased inbreeding is often associated with a reduction in mean phenotypic value of one or more traits with respect to fitness (inbreeding depression). We identify several sources of inbreeding in salmonids. Although inbreeding occurs naturally, much of the evidence for inbreeding stems from direct or indirect results of human activity. The potential consequences of inbreeding highlight the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in salmonid populations. Our weak understanding of genetic interactions between cultured and wild salmonids has allowed widespread practices that can reduce genetic variability in natural populations. Although studies have detected inbreeding depression in salmonids, its genetic basis has rarely been addressed in wild, anadromous salmon. The genetic basis of inbreeding depression is complex, and evaluating its effects over the entire life cycle remains challenging. The experimental evidence nevertheless reinforces the importance of maintaining genetic variation within populations as a primary goal of conservation and management},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries},
	author = {Wang, S. Z. and Hard, J. and Utter, F.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, fish, Fisher, fishes, genes, i, mate choice, population, TRAITS, variation, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, lande, allele, heterozygosity, human, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, genetic variation, viability, PACIFIC SALMON, RAINBOW-TROUT, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, genetic diversity, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, trout oncorhynchus-mykiss, MARKERS, alleles, CONSERVATION GENETICS, cycle, genetic variability, genetic drift, EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE, SOCKEYE-SALMON, salmonids, WILD ATLANTIC SALMON, BIOCHEMICAL-GENETIC-VARIATION, PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND, RUN CHINOOK SALMON, salmon culture},
	pages = {301--319}
}

@book{snedecorStatisticalMethods1980,
	address = {Ames, Iowa},
	title = {Statistical {Methods}},
	publisher = {Iowa State University Press},
	author = {Snedecor, G. W. and Cochrane, W. G.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {experimental design, statistics}
}

@article{clobertInformedDispersalHeterogeneity2009,
	title = {Informed dispersal, heterogeneity in animal dispersal syndromes and the dynamics of spatially structured populations},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	url = {://WOS:000263520100004},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01267.x},
	abstract = {There is accumulating evidence that individuals leave their natal area and select a breeding habitat non-randomly by relying upon information about their natal and future breeding environments. This variation in dispersal is not only based on external information (condition dependence) but also depends upon the internal state of individuals (phenotype dependence). As a consequence, not all dispersers are of the same quality or search for the same habitats. In addition, the individual's state is characterized by morphological, physiological or behavioural attributes that might themselves serve as a cue altering the habitat choice of conspecifics. These combined effects of internal and external information have the potential to generate complex movement patterns and could influence population dynamics and colonization processes. Here, we highlight three particular processes that link condition-dependent dispersal, phenotype-dependent dispersal and habitat choice strategies: (1) the relationship between the cause of departure and the dispersers' phenotype; (2) the relationship between the cause of departure and the settlement behaviour and (3) the concept of informed dispersal, where individuals gather and transfer information before and during their movements through the landscape. We review the empirical evidence for these processes with a special emphasis on vertebrate and arthropod model systems, and present case studies that have quantified the impacts of these processes on spatially structured population dynamics. We also discuss recent literature providing strong evidence that individual variation in dispersal has an important impact on both reinforcement and colonization success and therefore must be taken into account when predicting ecological responses to global warming and habitat fragmentation.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Le Galliard, J. F. and Cote, J. and Meylan, S. and Massot, M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {197--209}
}

@article{viaQuantitativeGeneticsPolyphagy1984,
	title = {The quantitative genetics of polyphagy in an insect herbivore. {II}. {Genetic} correlations in larval performance within and among host plants},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Via, S.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {insect, quantitative genetics, genetics, host, genetic correlation, genetic correlations},
	pages = {896--905}
}

@article{meyersDivergentRolesMultiple2006,
	title = {Divergent roles for multiple sexual signals in a polygynous lizard},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01152.x},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Meyers, J. J. and Irschick, D. J. and Vanhooydonck, B. and Herrel, a.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {709--716}
}

@article{lawsonGenomicImprintingParentoforigin2013,
	title = {Genomic imprinting and parent-of-origin effects on complex traits},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3543},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3543},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Lawson, Heather A. and Cheverud, James M. and Wolf, Jason B.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {609--617}
}

@article{ohAdaptiveGeneticComplementarity1,
	title = {Adaptive genetic complementarity in mate choice coexists with selection for elaborate sexual traits},
	url = {http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3528},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Oh, K. and Badyaev, A.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, TRAITS},
	pages = {FirstCite--FirstCite}
}

@article{godinSocialInfluencesFemale4,
	title = {Social influences on female mate choice in the guppy, {Poecilia} reticulata: generalized and repeatable trait-copying behaviour},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4FH5K9H-F/2/3863cf95c9698ca2d997788089cbe5a5},
	abstract = {In vertebrates, the mating preferences of individual females can be flexible and the probability of a female mating with a particular male can be significantly increased by her having previously observed another conspecific female affiliate and mate with that same male. In theory, such mate-choice-copying behaviour has potentially important consequences for both the genetic and social ('cultural') transmission of female mating preferences. For copying to result in the 'cultural inheritance' of mating preferences, individual females must not only copy the mate choice decisions of other females but they also should tend to repeat this type of behaviour (i.e. make similar mating decisions) subsequently and to generalize their socially induced preference for a particular male to other males that share his distinctive characteristics. Here, we show experimentally that individual female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, not only copy the observed mating preferences of other females for particular males, but that the preference now assumed via copying is subsequently repeated and generalized to other males of a similar colour phenotype. These results provide empirical evidence for social enhancement of female preference for particular phenotypic traits of chosen males rather than for the particular males possessing those traits, and thus have important implications for our understanding of the role of social learning in the evolution of female mating preferences and of male epigamic traits},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Godin, Jean Guy and Herdman, Emily J. E. and Dugatkin, Lee A.},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, female, female mating preferences, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, TRAITS, female mate choice, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, PREFERENCES, colour, female preference, INHERITANCE, mating preferences, preference, theory, phenotype, mating preference, social, copying, learning, transmission, female mating preference, PROBABILITY, mating decision, VERTEBRATES, mating decisions, phenotypic traits},
	pages = {999--1005}
}

@article{mollerPatternsFluctuatingAsymmetry1991,
	title = {Patterns of fluctuating asymmetry in avian feather ornaments: implications for models of sexual selection},
	volume = {245},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Moller, A. P. and H”glund, J.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, model, ornament, ornaments, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry},
	pages = {1--5}
}

@article{lenaAffinityMaternalOdour2000,
	title = {Affinity towards maternal odour and offspring dispersal in the common lizard},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00155.x},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Lena, J.P. and De Fraipont, M. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, KIN RECOGNITION, 1 m, 2 and, â na, de fraipont 1, laceita vivipara},
	pages = {300--308}
}

@article{bginConstancyMatrixSpecies2003,
	title = {The constancy of the {G}  matrix through species divergence and the effects of quantitative genetic constraints on phenotypic evolution: a case study in crickets},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {B‚gin, M. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, cricket, divergence, constraints, G matrix},
	pages = {1107--1120}
}

@article{hingleEffectTransientFood2001,
	title = {The effect of transient food stress on female mate preference in the stalk-eyed fly  {Cyrtodiopsis} dalmanii.},
	volume = {268},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Hingle, A. and Fowler, K. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {flies, stalk-eyed flies, mate preference, preference, condition-dependence, food, condition dependent choice},
	pages = {1239--1244}
}

@article{vogelWhyChromosome1999,
	title = {The why behind the {Y} chromosome},
	volume = {286},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Vogel, G.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, Y, Y chromosome, genes,sex chromosomes,Y chromosome},
	pages = {877--879}
}

@article{bulteCautionaryNotesDescriptive2006,
	title = {Cautionary notes on the descriptive analysis of performance curves in reptiles},
	volume = {31},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2005.11.030},
	journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
	author = {Bulte, G and Blouindemers, G},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {reptiles, anova, optimal temperature, performance curve, thermal reaction norm},
	pages = {287--291}
}

@article{hassonAmplifiersHandicapPrinciple1989,
	title = {Amplifiers and the handicap principle in sexual selection: a different emphasis},
	volume = {235},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Hasson, O.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, handicap principle, handicap, amplifier, amplifiers,female choice,handicap principle,male display},
	pages = {383--406}
}

@article{engelhardGeneticDifferencesMaitng1989,
	title = {Genetic differences in maitng success and female choice in seaweed flies ( {Coelopa} frigida )},
	volume = {62},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Engelhard, G. and Foster, S. P. and Day, T. H.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, call, flies, Coelopa frigida,mate discrimination,mating success,seaweed flies},
	pages = {123--131}
}

@phdthesis{gambleEffectAmbientLight2001,
	type = {Hons. {Thesis}.},
	title = {The effect of ambient light spectra in male mating strategies and female response in the guppy},
	school = {The University of New South Wales, Sydney.},
	author = {Gamble, S. L.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {spectra, light}
}

@article{winsorSexualReproductionDaphnia2002,
	title = {Sexual reproduction in {Daphnia} pulex ({Crustacea} : {Cladocera}): observations on male mating behaviour and avoidance of inbreeding},
	volume = {47},
	url = {ISI:000174308400008},
	abstract = {1. Mating behaviour in Daphnia appears to rely on random contact between males and sexual females rather than diffusible pheromones. Males may be able to discriminate sexually receptive females from females in other developmental stages and increase their mating efficiency. Males may also use chemical signals to avoid mating with females from the same clone and avoid the severe inbreeding depression that has been documented for intraclonal mating. The present study used experiments to test for the avoidance of intraclonal mating and assess male mating efficiency in D. pulex. 2. Three clones were examined for the avoidance of intraclonal mating by providing males with an opportunity to mate with females of the same or two different clones. The proportion of intraclonal matings did not differ from the proportion of interclonal matings, suggesting that D. pulex males do not use kin discrimination to avoid mating with females from the same clone. 3. The proportion of mated females decreased with increasing numbers and density of sexual females when exposed to a single male. This observation suggests that a male spends more time pursuing and copulating with sexually receptive females than non-receptive females and there is insufficient time to mate with all sexual females. The decrease in proportion of females mated could also be the result of sperm depletion in the male. Sperm depletion is unlikely to occur in nature because sexually receptive females are much rarer than in the experimental conditions},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Freshwater Biology},
	author = {Winsor, G. L. and Innes, D. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, MATE, sperm, signals, mating, ANIMALS, reproduction, pheromone, condition, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, discrimination, kin discrimination, mating behaviour, communication, PHEROMONES, outbreeding depression, male mating behaviour, sexual reproduction, Daphnia, COPEPODS, clone, CYCLIC PARTHENOGEN, MAGNA CRUSTACEA, ROTIFERS},
	pages = {441--450}
}

@article{cadbyAreIncreasedConcentrations2010,
	title = {Are increased concentrations of maternal corticosterone adaptive to offspring? {A} test using a placentotrophic lizard},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000274952600019},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01637.x},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater} Maternal hormones during embryogenesis act as a bridge between the maternal and the offspring environment and consequently may allow maternal pre-programming of offspring phenotype to the environment, assuming that maternal environment is a reliable predictor of offspring environment. We use an orthogonal experimental design in which we increase plasma corticosterone concentration (vs. control) in placentotrophic gravid female spotted skinks (Niveoscincus ocellatus) and their offspring. We hypothesize that high concentrations of maternal corticosterone allow offspring phenotype to be pre-programmed to better cope with high concentrations of corticosterone after birth and, consequently, offspring would not suffer from its deleterious effects. We use growth as a measure of performance as corticosterone typically affects growth in reptiles. High concentrations of maternal corticosterone had significant effects on offspring body condition at birth which could have resulted from corticosterone passing through the complex placenta and/or from the indirect effects of corticosterone on maternal body condition. There was no indication of maternal pre-programming to high concentrations of corticosterone postpartum: growth rate of offspring placed in the same treatment (corticosterone vs. control) than their mother was not different to growth rate of offspring placed in a different treatment than their mother. Maternal pre-programming to corticosterone may not have been selected for in this species either because maternal chronic stress is not a reliable predictor of offspring chronic stress or because maternal pre-programming does not outweigh the costs of having reduced sensitivity to the hormone, resulting in slower, less appropriate reactions in stressful conditions. This study further demonstrates the highly versatile and context-dependent nature of maternal effects and the trade-offs between costs and benefits of maternal pre-programming.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Cadby, Chloe D. and Jones, Susan M. and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {409--416}
}

@article{dewsburyTestsPreferencesAdult1990,
	title = {Tests of preferences of adult deer mice ( {Peromyscus}-maniculatus-bairdi ) for siblings versus nonsiblings},
	volume = {104},
	url = {ISI:A1990DF91100011},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Psychology},
	author = {Dewsbury, D. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, MATE, mate choice, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, preference, BEHAVIOR, CONSERVATION, philopatry, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, MICE, TESTS, siblings},
	pages = {177--182}
}

@article{gyurisIndividualBehaviourFirebugs2010,
	title = {Individual behaviour in firebugs ({Pyrrhocoris} apterus).},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.1326},
	abstract = {The concept of animal personalities has recently become of major interest as researchers began to wonder why animals within a given population show consistent behaviour across situations and contexts, what led to the evolution of such behavioural inflexibility and what mechanisms might underlie the phenomenon. A recent model explains individual differences in a population as the result of trade-off between present and future reproduction. We tested this model on the two wing morphs, i.e. short-winged (brachypterous) and long-winged (macropterous) specimens of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus). Since it has been already demonstrated that the two wing morphs differ in their life-history strategies, this species is an ideal subject to test whether the specimens with different life-history strategies have different personalities as well. The results show that individuals behave consistently over time and across contexts, meaning observed bugs do have personalities. We also have found that in females, the two wing morphs have different personalities supporting the theoretical predictions, i.e. winged ones, which are supposed to have lower future reproductive value, are braver and more exploratory. We found no difference between the morphs in males. Differences in reproductive investment might explain this discrepancy between the sexes.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	author = {Gyuris, Eniko and Feró, Orsolya and Tartally, András and Barta, Zoltán},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Male, life history, animal personality, female differences, firebug, wing dimorphism},
	pages = {628--633}
}

@article{cookArtefactNetworkEvolution1995,
	title = {Artefact or network evolution?},
	volume = {374},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Cook, N. D.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {evolution, call},
	pages = {313}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalezInfertileMatingsSperm2004,
	title = {Infertile matings and sperm competition: {The} effect of "nonsperm representation" on intraspecific variation in sperm precedence patterns},
	volume = {164},
	url = {ISI:000224079900006},
	abstract = {In theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of sperm competition, it is often assumed that ejaculates always contain enough sperm of good quality and that they are successfully transferred and used for fertilization. However, this view neglects the potential effects of infertility and sperm limitation. Permanent or temporal male infertility due to male sterility, insemination failures, or failures to fertilize the ova implies that some males do not achieve sperm representation in the female reproductive tract after mating. A review of the literature suggests that rates of nonsperm representation may be high; values for the proportion of infertile matings across 30 insect species vary between 0\% and 63\%, with the median being 22\%. I simulated P-2 ( the proportion of offspring fathered by the second male to copulate with a female in a double-mating trial) distributions under a mechanism of random sperm mixing when sample sizes and rates of male infertility varied. The results show that nonsperm representation can be responsible for high intraspecific variance in sperm precedence patterns and that it can generate misleading interpretations about the mechanism of sperm competition. Nonsperm representation might be a common obstacle in the studies of sperm competition and postcopulatory female choice},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Garcia-Gonzalez, F.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, AUSTRALIA, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, i, INSEMINATION, MALES, offspring, P1, PAIR, quality, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, FERTILIZATION, insect, mating, reproductive success, Y, ejaculate, MECHANISM, wolf, WOLVES, CONSERVATION, P2, postcopulatory sexual selection, COMMON, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, pattern, patterns, VARIANCE, DISTRIBUTIONS, Cryptic female choice, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, FERTILITY, infertility, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT, female control, SPERM PRECEDENCE, PRECEDENCE, POSTCOPULATORY FEMALE CHOICE, RED FLOUR BEETLES, BUG PHYLLOMORPHA-LACINIATA, MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY, MOTH UTETHEISA-ORNATRIX, non-sperm representation, SEEDBUG LYGAEUS-SIMULANS, sperm limitation},
	pages = {457--472}
}

@article{rossGeneticControlSocial1998,
	title = {Genetic control of social organization in an ant},
	volume = {95},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Ross, K. G. and Keller, L.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, social, ant, fire ants,polygyny,social behaviour,social evolution,Solenopsis invicta,eusociality},
	pages = {14232--14237}
}

@article{ivyGoodGenesGenetic2007,
	title = {Good genes, genetic compatibility and the evolution of polyandry: use of the diallel cross to address competing hypotheses},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01269.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01269.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Genetic benefits can enhance the fitness of polyandrous females through the high intrinsic genetic quality of females' mates or through the interaction between female and male genes. I used a full diallel cross, a quantitative genetics design that involves all possible crosses among a set of genetically homogeneous lines, to determine the mechanism through which polyandrous female decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) obtain genetic benefits. I measured several traits related to fitness and partitioned the phenotypic variance into components representing the contribution of additive genetic variance ('good genes'), nonadditive genetic variance (genetic compatibility), as well as maternal and paternal effects. The results reveal a significant variance attributable to both nonadditive and additive sources in the measured traits, and their influence depended on which trait was considered. The lack of congruence in sources of phenotypic variance among these fitness-related traits suggests that the evolution and maintenance of polyandry are unlikely to have resulted from one selective influence, but rather are the result of the collective effects of a number of factors.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Ivy, T. M.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {479--487}
}

@article{lepetzClimateWarmingEvolution2009,
	title = {Climate warming and the evolution of morphotypes in a reptile},
	volume = {15},
	abstract = {Climate warming is known to have effects on population dynamics through variations in survival, fecundity and density. However, the impacts of climate change on population composition are still poorly documented. Morphotypes are powerful markers to track changes in population composition. In the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara, individuals display two types of dorsal patterns: reticulated (R individuals) and linear (L individuals). We examined how local warming affected intrapopulation frequencies of these morphotypes across 11 years. We observed changes in morph frequency of dorsal patterns across years, paralleling the rise of spring temperatures. The proportion of R individuals increased with June temperatures in juveniles, yearlings, and adult males and females. Three mechanisms could explain these changes: phenotypic plasticity, microevolution and/or dispersal between populations. We investigated the ontogenetic determinism, fitness and recruitment rates associated with dorsal morphotypes. Dorsal pattern ontogeny showed temperature dependence but this relationship was not associated with the warming trend during this study. We found variation by morphotype in survival and clutch size, but these factors did not explain R frequency increases. Among all the parameters considered in this study, only a decrease of immigration, which was more pronounced in the L morphotype, could explain the change in population composition. To our knowledge, this provides the first evidence of the impact of climate warming on population composition due to its effects on immigration.},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Lepetz, V and Massot, M and Chaine, A S and Clobert, J},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {phenotypic plasticity, lacerta vivipara, immigration, global warming, reptile, 28 june 2008, dorsal patterns, june 2008 accepted, received 12 march 2008, revised version received 11},
	pages = {454--466}
}

@article{aokiModelsSexualSelection2001,
	title = {Models of sexual selection on a quantitative genetic trait when preference is acquired by sexual imprinting},
	volume = {55},
	url = {ISI:000167167000002},
	abstract = {The evolution of a quantitative genetic trait under stabilizing viability selection and sexual selection is modeled for a polygynous species in which female mating preferences are acquired by sexual imprinting on the parents and by exposure to the surviving population at large. Stabilizing viability selection acts equally on both sexes in the case of a sexually monomorphic trait and on males only in the case of a dimorphic trait. A genetically fixed sensory or perceptual bias defines the origin of the scale on which the trait is measured, and the possibility is incorporated that female preferences may deviate asymmetrically from the familiar-either toward or away from this origin. When viability selection is strong relative to sexual selection, the models predict that the mean trait value will evolve to the viability optimum. With intermediate ratios of the strength of viability to sexual selection, a stable equilibrium can occur on either side of this viability optimum, depending on the direction of asymmetry in female preferences. When viability selection is relatively weak and certain other conditions are also satisfied, runaway selection is predicted},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Aoki, K. and Feldman, M. W. and Kerr, B.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, Drosophila, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, female mating preferences, Fisher, i, MALES, P1, population, selection, sex, model, MODELS, mating, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, Darwin, female preference, INHERITANCE, lande, mating preferences, preference, theory, Y, human, mating preference, BEHAVIOR, condition, wolf, WOLVES, birds, genetics, viability, speciation, asymmetry, RATIO, imprinting, female mating preference, DIRECTION, attraction, MARRIAGE, Westermarck, sexual imprinting, scale, COSTLY MATE PREFERENCES, runaway, asymmetric mating preference, bivariate normal, JAPANESE-QUAIL, quantitative genetic trait, weak selection approximation},
	pages = {25--32}
}

@article{farrEffectsSexualExperience1980,
	title = {The effects of sexual experience and female receptivity on courtship-rape decisions in male guppies, poecilia-reticulata (pisces, poeciliidae)},
	volume = {28},
	url = {ISI:A1980KT55300023},
	number = {NOV},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Farr, J. A.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, guppies, guppy, P1, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, ENGLAND, EXPERIENCE, sociobiology, MALE GUPPIES, PISCES, FLORIDA, Poeciliidae},
	pages = {1195--1201}
}

@article{kamoNeuralNetworkFemale1998,
	title = {Neural network for female mate preference, trained by a genetic algorithm},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kamo, M. and Kubo, T. and Iwasa, Y.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, mate preference, preference, genetic algorithm,neural network,generalization,sensory bias,supernormal stimulus,sexual selection},
	pages = {399--406}
}

@article{aricoEpigeneticPatternsMaintained2011,
	title = {Epigenetic patterns maintained in early {Caenorhabditis} elegans embryos can be established by gene activity in the parental germ cells},
	volume = {7},
	abstract = {Epigenetic information, such as parental imprints, can be transmitted with genetic information from parent to offspring through the germ line. Recent reports show that histone modifications can be transmitted through sperm as a component of this information transfer. How the information that is transferred is established in the parent and maintained in the offspring is poorly understood. We previously described a form of imprinted X inactivation in Caenorhabditis elegans where dimethylation on histone 3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me2), a mark of active chromatin, is excluded from the paternal X chromosome (Xp) during spermatogenesis and persists through early cell divisions in the embryo. Based on the observation that the Xp (unlike the maternal X or any autosome) is largely transcriptionally inactive in the paternal germ line, we hypothesized that transcriptional activity in the parent germ line may influence epigenetic information inherited by and maintained in the embryo. We report that chromatin modifications and histone variant patterns assembled in the germ line can be retained in mature gametes. Furthermore, despite extensive chromatin remodeling events at fertilization, the modification patterns arriving with the gametes are largely retained in the early embryo. Using transgenes, we observe that expression in the parental germline correlates with differential chromatin assembly that is replicated and maintained in the early embryo. Expression in the adult germ cells also correlates with more robust expression in the somatic lineages of the offspring. These results suggest that differential expression in the parental germ lines may provide a potential mechanism for the establishment of parent-of-origin epigenomic content. This content can be maintained and may heritably affect gene expression in the offspring.},
	journal = {PLoS Genetics},
	author = {Arico, JK and Katz, DJ and van der Vlag, J and Kelly, WG},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {e1001391}
}

@article{lorchConditionDependentSexual2002,
	title = {Condition dependent sexual selection accelerates adaptation by natural selection},
	journal = {in review},
	author = {Lorch, P. D. and Proulx, S. and Rowe, L. and Day, T.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, natural selection, condition, adaptation}
}

@article{svanbackCATCHMEIF2011,
	title = {{CATCH} {ME} {IF} {YOU} {CANuPREDATION} {AFFECTS} {DIVERGENCE} {IN} {A} {POLYPHENIC} {SPECIES}},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000297732000013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01398.x},
	abstract = {Predation is a major driving force in evolution. Predation has been shown to select for size, morphology, and camouflage. Many animals use camouflage to reduce predation risk. In some cases, individuals can adjust their pigmentation, enabling them a higher survival in a heterogeneous environment. Here, we show that the difference in pigmentation between juvenile perch individuals (Perca fluvuiatilis) occupying different environments (open water and vegetated habitats of lakes) is likely a consequence of predator selection. Lightly pigmented individuals have a higher chance of survival in open water whereas darker pigmented individuals survive better in vegetation. As a response to predators, individuals forced into the vegetation by predators developed darker skin whereas the skin of individuals forced into open water became lighter. In a common garden experiment, in the absence of predation, we found that pigmentation in juvenile perch is only due to plasticity and not to genetic variation. However, contrary to predictions, individuals raised in open water developed darker skin compared to individuals raised in vegetation. This may be a response to UV-stress. Overall, our results suggest that predation can be a strong selective agent on pigmentation differences among conspecifics occupying different habitats.},
	language = {English},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Svanback, R. and Eklov, P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {sticklebacks, plasticity, phenotypic plasticity, divergent selection, predation, trade-offs, differentiation, POPULATION-DYNAMICS, adaptive radiation, BLUEGILL SUNFISH, phenotypic, ECOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION, induced defense, predator-prey interactions, RECRUITMENT MECHANISMS, resource polymorphism, SELECTIVE, SYMPATRIC, ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION},
	pages = {3515--3526}
}

@article{neiLinkageModificationSex1969,
	title = {Linkage modification and sex differences in recombination},
	volume = {63},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Nei, M.},
	year = {1969},
	keywords = {sex, Y chromosome, linkage, recombination, X and Y chromosome},
	pages = {681--699}
}

@article{riceSexChromosomesEvolution1984,
	title = {Sex chromosomes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, call, dimorphism, sexual dimorphism, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, sex-linkage,x-chromosome,dimorphism},
	pages = {735--742}
}

@article{huntBiologyMultivariateEvolution2007,
	title = {The biology of multivariate evolution},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01222.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Wolf, J. B. and Moore, A. J.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {evolution, BIOLOGY, multivariate},
	pages = {24--27}
}

@article{ullerDevelopmentalPlasticityEvolution2008,
	title = {Developmental plasticity and the evolution of parental effects},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://WOS:000258390900006},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.04.005},
	abstract = {One of the outstanding challenges for evolutionary biologists is to understand how developmental plasticity can influence the evolutionary process. Developmental plasticity frequently involves parental effects, which might enable adaptive and context-dependent transgenerational transmission of phenotypic strategies. However, parent-offspring conflict will frequently result in parental effects that are suboptimal for parents, offspring or both. The fitness consequences of parental effects at evolutionary equilibrium will depend on how conflicts can be resolved by modifications of developmental processes, suggesting that proximate studies of development can inform ultimate questions. Furthermore, recent studies of plants and animals show how studies of parental effects in an ecological context provide important insights into the origin and evolution of adaptation under variable environmental conditions.},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Uller, T.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {INVESTMENT, GROWTH, allocation, MECHANISMS, conflict, sexual size dimorphism, passerine bird, COADAPTATION, hormones, offspring phenotype},
	pages = {432--438}
}

@article{mclainSexualSelectionRisk1995,
	title = {Sexual selection and the risk of extinction of introduced birds on oceanic islands},
	volume = {74},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {McLain, D. K. and Moulton, M. P. and Redfearn, T. P.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, extinction, bird, birds, risk, introduced},
	pages = {27--34}
}

@article{evansSizeAdornmentsMale1991,
	title = {The size of adornments of male scarlet-tufted malachite sunbirds varies with environmental conditions, as predicted by handicap theories},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Evans, M. R.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {size, theory, condition, handicap, scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird},
	pages = {797--803}
}

@article{SelectionLocomotorPerformance2010,
	title = {Selection on {Locomotor} {Performance} {Capacity} in a {Natural} {Population} of {Garter} {Snakes} {Author} ( s ): {Bruce} {C} . {Jayne} and {Albert} {F} . {Bennett} {Published} by : {Society} for the {Study} of {Evolution} {Stable} {URL} : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2409283},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Society},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1204--1229}
}

@article{riceEnemiesIntergenomicConflict1997,
	title = {The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution ({ICE}), and the intraspecific red queen},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Rice, W. R. and Holland, B.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, call, conflict, Red Queen},
	pages = {1--10}
}

@article{basoloDynamicsFisherianSexratio1994,
	title = {The dynamics of {Fisherian} sex-ratio evolution: theoretical and experimental investigations},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Basolo, A. L.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {evolution, sex ratio, Fisherian sex ratios},
	pages = {473--490}
}

@article{kiflawiSizedependentResponseConspecific2000,
	title = {Size-dependent response to conspecific mating calls by male crickets},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Kiflawi, M. and Gray, D. A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {response, mating, call, cricket, male-male competition, mating call},
	pages = {2157 --2161}
}

@article{luteijnPIWIinteractingRNAsGeneration2013,
	title = {{PIWI}-interacting {RNAs}: from generation to transgenerational epigenetics},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3495},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg3495},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Luteijn, Maartje J. and Ketting, Rene F.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {523--534}
}

@article{gettyReliableSignallingNeed1998,
	title = {Reliable signalling need not be a handicap},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Getty, T.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, signalling, handicap},
	pages = {253--255}
}

@article{badyaevComplexityIntegrationSexual11,
	title = {Complexity and integration in sexual ornamentation: an example with carotenoid and melanin plumage pigmentation},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00781.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract Sexual ornaments often consist of several components produced by distinct developmental processes. The complexity of sexual ornaments might be favoured by mate choice of individual components in different environments which ultimately results in weak interrelationships (integration) among the developmental processes that produce these components. At the same time, sexual selection for greater exaggeration of individual components favours their stronger co-dependence on organismal resources. This should ultimately produce stronger condition-mediated integration among ornaments' components in individuals with the most exaggerated ornamentation. Here we distinguish between these two sources of integration by examining the relationship between integration and elaboration of sexual ornamentation in three bird species: two with carotenoid-based sexual ornamentation (the house finch, Carpodacus mexicanus and common redpoll, Carduelis flammea) and a species with melanin-based sexual ornamentation (house sparrow, Passer domesticus). We found that integration of components varied with elaboration of carotenoid-based ornamentation but not of melanin ornamentation. In the house finches, integration was the highest in individuals with small ornaments and decreased with ornament elaboration whereas the pattern was the opposite in common redpolls. These results suggest that in these species integration and complexity of carotenoid-based ornamental components are due to shared condition-dependence of distinct developmental pathways, whereas integration and complexity of the melanin ornamentation is due to organismal integration of developmental pathways and is largely condition- and environment-invariant. Thus, functionally, ornamentation of the house sparrows can be considered a single trait, whereas complexity of the house finch and redpoll ornamentation varies with ornament elaboration and individual condition},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Badyaev, A. V. and Young, R. L.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, ornamentation, sexual selection, HOUSE, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, pigmentation, selection, ornament, ornaments, resources, sexual ornaments, INDIVIDUALS, condition, bird, COMPONENTS, COMMON, ENVIRONMENT, pattern, carotenoid, condition dependence, condition-dependence, FINCH, FINCHES, house sparrow, PLUMAGE, melanin, CARPODACUS-MEXICANUS},
	pages = {1317--1327}
}

@article{isakssonAggressionNotTestosterone2011,
	title = {Aggression, but not testosterone, is associated to oxidative status in a free-living vertebrate},
	volume = {148},
	issn = {0005-7959},
	url = {://WOS:000292698300007},
	doi = {10.1163/000579511x574204},
	abstract = {Aggression often shows large inter-individual variation, but high intra-individual consistency. Although the physiological basis and direct costs of aggression are generally well known, less is known about the physiological costs such as increased oxidative stress (OS). This can occur via increased leakage of oxidants during high metabolic demands such as physical activity, or by hormones regulating both metabolism and aggression. Here we address this within a natural population of White's skinks, Egernia whitii; a species in which both sexes exhibit consistent aggressive phenotypes, and sex-specific associations between testosterone and aggression. The results reveal that males' aggressive phenotype, independent of testosterone, was positively associated with antioxidant capacity (OXY), while there was no significant association in females. Oxidative damage (ROM) and oxidative stress index (OI), were not influenced by aggressive phenotype or testosterone, but showed borderline positive associations with body size (i.e., age). The results failed to show that high testosterone increases OS. Instead, OS may be related to sex-specific behavioural patterns associated with aggressive phenotype such as territory and mate acquisition. Although experimental work is needed to identify the causal links for these patterns, the results highlight the need to consider proximate mechanisms to understand constraints on phenotypic variation.},
	number = {5-6},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Isaksson, Caroline and While, Geoffrey M. and McEvoy, Jo and van de Crommenacker, Janske and Olsson, Mats and Groothuis, Ton G. G. and Komdeur, Jan and Wapstra, Erik},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {713--731}
}

@article{wilmerPatternsPaternalRelatedness2000,
	title = {Patterns of paternal relatedness in {British} grey seal colonies},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:000085800500004},
	abstract = {Previous studies of breeding behaviour in the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, have painted conflicting pictures. Behavioural observations suggest a classical polygynous system with a small number of dominant males fathering most of the offspring. However, genetic analysis suggests that many potential fathers spend little time ashore, that some pairs of seals show partner fidelity and that the dominant males are not as successful as their behaviour would suggest. Here we used paternal relatedness between pups with known mothers, sampled over an 11-year period, to show that behavioural dominance leading to enhanced fitness is a feature of only a handful of males located near the centre of the breeding colony. The vast majority of pups are fathered by any of a large number of males who all share approximately equal success, including virtually all those males who have previously escaped our best sampling efforts. As expected, the frequency of full-sibs is reduced in this longer time series relative to the original study. However, absolute estimates of the frequency of full-sibs seem to be confounded by a tendency for females who produce paternally unrelated pups to have conceived to males who are more genetically dissimilar from each other than expected by chance alone. Together, these elements of breeding behaviour would help to maintain maximum genetic diversity and to minimize the effects of inbreeding},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Wilmer, J. W. and Overall, A. J. and Pomeroy, P. P. and Twiss, D. and Amos, W.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, offspring, P1, PAIR, female mate choice, fitness, FULL-SIB, SUCCESS, microsatellite, relatedness, inbreeding, patterns, SCOTLAND, polygyny, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, dominance, COLONIES, COLONY, grey seal, NORTH-RONA, SITE FIDELITY, paternal relatedness, GRAY SEAL, HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS, GENETIC-ANALYSIS, breeding behaviour, DISPERSION},
	pages = {283--292}
}

@article{shusterFemaleCopyingSexual1991,
	title = {Female copying and sexual selection in a marine isopod crustacean,  {Paracerceis} sculpta},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Shuster, S. M. and Wade, M. J.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, copying, female copying, isopod crustacean, spongocoels},
	pages = {1071--1078}
}

@article{sorciEnvironmentalMaternalEffects1997,
	title = {Environmental maternal effects on locomotor performance in the common lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0269-7653},
	url = {://WOS:A1997XW03500003},
	doi = {10.1007/s10682-997-1509-y},
	abstract = {Environmental (i.e. non-genetic) maternal effects have the potential to associate the environmental conditions faced by mothers during gestation or before egg laying with the phenotype of their offspring. For this reason, maternal effects may play a major role in determining offspring phenotype independently of the genotype of the individuals, and can thus be considered a mechanistic basis of phenotypic plasticity. Despite the ecological and evolutionary implications of environmental maternal effects, few studies have experimentally investigated this phenomenon in reptiles. Here we report the results of an experimental laboratory study on the effects of maternal feeding rate and density on offspring locomotor performance in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). Lacerta vivipara is a viviparous lizard, and viviparity enhances the probability of a maternal influence on offspring phenotype. We focused on a particular phenotypic trait, maximal sprint running speed, because this trait is thought to be selectively important in squamates. Sprint speed was a repeatable trait. and it varied significantly among families. Maternal feeding rate significantly affected sprint speed, whereas density had no effect on this trait. The effect of maternal feeding rate differed according to the sex of the offspring and their body size, resulting in significant two-way and three-way interactions among these factors. In other words, the maternal feeding rate changed the shape of the allometric relationship between speed and size, but differently for males and females. The complexity of such effects makes it extremely difficult to offer an adaptive interpretation, but emphasizes the role played by the environment in shaping phenotypes among generations.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Sorci, G. and Clobert, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {531--541}
}

@article{zehPolyandryEnhancedReproductive1997,
	title = {Polyandry and enhanced reproductive success in the harlequin-beetle-riding psuedoscorpion},
	volume = {40},
	number = {111-118},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Zeh, J. A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {reproductive success, polyandry, mate choice,genetic incompatibility,polyandry,postcopulatory sexual selection}
}

@article{poethkePredatorinducedDispersalEvolution2010,
	title = {Predator-induced dispersal and the evolution of conditional dispersal in correlated environments},
	volume = {175},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://000276104400008},
	doi = {10.1086/651595},
	abstract = {It is widely accepted that organisms adjust their dispersal propensity to local population density, but there has been no analysis of how they should react to changes in environmental conditions that reduce local density. We take the case of delayed predator-induced dispersal (PID) in aphids to explore in which way current environmental conditions may be utilized as an appropriate signal for dispersal decisions. In aphids, the presence of predators triggers the production of winged offspring that may later leave the plant and shift their center of activity permanently. Using individual-based simulations as well as analytical approximations, we explore under which conditions PID is likely to evolve. We demonstrate that this requires substantial temporal correlation in predation risk and weak competition among prey; these conditions may be fulfilled in the aphid system. We discuss the analogy between the specific case of PID and the evolution of conditional emigration in the face of spatiotemporally correlated deterioration in reproduction or survival.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Poethke, H. J. and Weisser, W. W. and Hovestadt, T.},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {DENSITY-DEPENDENT DISPERSAL, ENVIRONMENTS, sex-biased dispersal, METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS, POPULATION-DYNAMICS, conditional dispersal, aphids, dispersal evolution, HABITAT-QUALITY, LOCAL EXTINCTION, PEA APHID, predator-induced dispersal, SEED DISPERSAL, temporal correlation, TRANSGENERATIONAL PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, VARYING},
	pages = {577--586}
}

@article{ballouxHeterozygoteExcessSmall2004,
	title = {Heterozygote excess in small populations and the heterozygote-excess effective population size},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000224339500002},
	abstract = {It has been proposed that effective size could be estimated in small dioecious population by considering the heterozygote excess observed at neutral markers. When the number of breeders is small, allelic frequencies in males and females will slightly differ due to binomial sampling error. However, this excess of heterozygotes is not generated by dioecy but by the absence of individuals produced through selfing. Consequently, the approach can also be applied to self-incompatible monoecious species. Some inaccuracies in earlier equations expressing effective size as function of the heterozygote excess are also corrected in this paper. The approach is then extended to subdivided populations, where time of sampling becomes crucial. When adults are sampled, the effective size of the entire population can be estimated, whereas when juveniles are sampled, the average effective number of breeders per subpopulations can be estimated. The main limitation of the heterozygote excess method is that it will only perform satisfactorily for populations with a small number of reproducing individuals. While this situation is unlikely to happen frequently at the scale of the entire population, structured populations with small subpopulations are likely to be common. The estimation of the average number of breeders per subpopulations is thus expected to be applicable to many natural populations. The approach is straightforward to compute and independent of equilibrium assumptions. Applications to simulated data suggest the estimation of the number of breeders to be robust to mutation and migration rates, and to specificities of the mating system},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Balloux, F.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, Fisher, MALES, P1, population, model, size, mating, theory, INDIVIDUALS, POPULATIONS, migration, genetics, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, COMMON, heterozygotes, EFFECTIVE SIZE, mutation, selfing, SYSTEM, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, f-statistics, MARKERS, SMALL POPULATIONS, effective population size, TEMPORAL CHANGES, FREQUENCIES, scale, SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY, SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS, COEFFICIENTS, PROGENY, BREEDERS, dioecy, coalescence, EFFECTIVE NUMBER, monoecy},
	pages = {1891--1900}
}

@article{ebertEvidenceEpistasisReply11,
	title = {Evidence for epistasis: reply to {Trouve} et al},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00803.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract Salathe and Ebert (2003, J. Evol. Biol. 16: 976-985) have shown that the mean logarithmic fitness of Daphnia magna clones declined faster than linearly with increasing inbreeding coefficient F. They interpreted this result as evidence for synergistic epistasis. Trouve et al. (2004, J. Evol. Biol., doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00755.x) suggested that hybrid vigour could be an alternative explanation for this finding. We use a population genetic model to support the original claim that the marked deviation from linearity cannot be explained without epistasis. We further argue that the relevant reference population is the metapopulation and not the subpopulation. Taken together, we believe that synergistic epistasis between recessive deleterious alleles segregating in the D. magna metapopulation is the most likely explanation for the finding of Salathe and Ebert},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Ebert, D. and Salathe, P. and Kawecki, T. J.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {population, fitness, model, allele, inbreeding, metapopulation, hybrid, alleles, epistasis, Daphnia, clone, clones},
	pages = {1402--1404}
}

@article{brooksCopyingRepeatabilityMate1996,
	title = {Copying and the repeatability of mate choice},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Brooks, R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, mate choice, heritability, repeatability, copying},
	pages = {323--329}
}

@article{willisonDistortingSexRatios1999,
	title = {Distorting sex ratios},
	volume = {402},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Willison, K. R.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sex, call, sex ratio, sex ratios, selection,sex chromosomes,sex ratios,sperm sexing,t-haplotype},
	pages = {131--132}
}

@article{mcgueDemocracyGenes1997,
	title = {The democracy of genes},
	volume = {388},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {McGue, M.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {genes, heritability, IQ, News and views},
	pages = {417--418}
}

@article{endlerNaturalSexualSelection1983,
	title = {Natural and sexual selection on color patterns in poeciliid fishes},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Environmental Biology of Fishes},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fishes, selection, call, Crypsis,mate choice,mimicry,neotropical fishes,predation,predator avoidance,sexual dichromism,sexual dimorphism},
	pages = {173--190}
}

@article{kaspiDietSizeInfluence2000,
	title = {Diet and size influence sexual advertisement and copulatory success of males in {Mediterranean} fruit fly leks},
	volume = {25},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	author = {Kaspi, R. and Taylor, P. W. and Yuval, B.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {size, flies, fruit fly, condition, lek, leks, condition-dependence, diet},
	pages = {279--284}
}

@article{batesonChoosingRightMate1982,
	title = {On choosing the right mate},
	volume = {35},
	url = {ISI:A1982MZ18100023},
	number = {JAN},
	journal = {Bulletin of the British Psychological Society},
	author = {Bateson, P.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {HOUSE, MATE, ENGLAND, choosing},
	pages = {18--18}
}

@article{geeHowHybridZone2003,
	title = {How a hybrid zone is maintained: {Behavioral} mechanisms of interbreeding between {California} and {Gambel}'s {Quail} ({Callipepla} californica and {C}-gambelii)},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000186410300020},
	abstract = {Hybridizing California and Gambel's Quail (Callipepla californica and C. gambelii) are unlike many bybridizing avian species in that pairing primarily occurs within a flock, or covey, that is composed of several families. Coveys in the area of sympatry contain mostly hybrid individuals, relative to parental types. I tested whether individuals perceive covey mates as a single species and whether pairing within the covey causes inbreeding and a loss of reproductive success. Individuals discriminated between the parental species in captivity, but actual pairing in the wild was random with respect to species. Contrary to expectation, coveys were not more inbred than the local population. Results suggest that potential costs of inbreeding may be avoided through sex-biased dispersal and nonrandom pairing. Furthermore, breeding occurred earlier and with greater success in pairs formed within the resident covey, rather than outside it. These findings suggest that fitness benefits gained from pairing early within a mixed-species covey promote interspecific pairing. This study provides evidence that mating behaviors specific to local conditions maintain hybrid zones when genetic costs to interbreeding are small},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Gee, J. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, PAIR, population, BENEFITS, fitness, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, form, human, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, condition, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, WILD, premating isolation, bird, birds, genetics, FAMILY, speciation, hybrid, California, sexual imprinting, sex-biased dispersal, MATING-BEHAVIOR, pairing, PLUMAGE, hybridization, BARNACLE GEESE, DARWINS FINCH HYBRIDS, interbreeding},
	pages = {2407--2415}
}

@article{simcoxContextdependentMaleMating12,
	title = {Context-dependent male mating preferences for unfamiliar females},
	volume = {70},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4H9YCB4-3/2/c75942b9644acbf0812d14237d6b65b8},
	abstract = {We used laboratory and field-based experiments to examine male mate choice in the promiscuous Panamanian bishop Brachyrhaphis episcopi (Poeciliidae) (also referred to as Brachyraphis episcopi). As females of this species can store sperm, males could increase their reproductive success by selectively mating with different females. To test this, males in both the laboratory and field were allowed to choose between a familiar (same tank or pool) and an unfamiliar female (different tank or pool). We compared males from streams and seasonally occurring pools to see whether lack of access to new females in pools promotes male mate choice for unfamiliarity. In addition, we chose streams and pools both with and without predatory fish to examine the influence of predation risk. In both the laboratory and the field, males attempted more matings with unfamiliar than familiar females. Field experiments showed that courtship preferences differed between males from populations with and without predatory fish: males from populations with predators were choosy only when light levels were dim, whereas males from populations without predators were choosy when light levels were brighter. Males from both streams and pools discriminated between familiar and unfamiliar females, but there were no differences in mating preferences between males from each habitat. Although the reasons for a preference for unfamiliar females remain unclear, the plasticity of this behaviour is evident. Differences in male mate choice between populations with and without predators suggest that males may face a trade-off between the costs and benefits of being choosy},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Simcox, Helen and Colegrave, Nick and Heenan, Adel and Howard, Chris and Braithwaite, Victoria A.},
	keywords = {choice, courtship, behaviour, female, FEMALES, fish, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, predation risk, sperm, BENEFITS, INCREASE, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, PREFERENCES, experiment, mating preferences, preference, plasticity, mating preference, cost, costs, POPULATIONS, predation, HABITAT, risk, trade-off, STREAM, male mate choice, light, Poeciliidae, predators},
	pages = {1429--1437}
}

@article{bonteSelectiveIntegrationAdvantages2011,
	title = {Selective integration advantages when transience is costly: immigration behaviour in an agrobiont spider},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:000288651200021},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.019},
	abstract = {Dispersal, and especially movement between the natal and the new environment, is a costly process. Costs are incurred not only during the preparation or transfer phase but also on arrival in a new environment. Such costs comprise, for instance, time costs because of the need to search for a suitable microhabitat or integration costs when immigration occurs in already densely populated habitat. The failure to settle or to integrate may consequently inflate the costs already incurred during emigration and transfer. Therefore, we expect emigrating individuals to have evolved enhanced integration capacities. In our laboratory experiments, dispersive phenotypes of the agrobiont spider Erigone atra were characterized by (1) faster settlement in empty habitat and (2) increased willingness to compete for ownership of already occupied sites. These correlated behaviours point to dispersive phenotypes (1) being likely to experience a selective advantage at settlement and (2) not being a random subsample from the population. These correlated behaviours are predicted to have a strong impact on spatial population dynamics and gene flow. (C) 2011 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bonte, D. and De Meester, N. and Matthysen, E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, life-history, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, POPULATIONS, HABITAT, CONDITION-DEPENDENT DISPERSAL, MOBILITY, WOLF SPIDER, EMIGRATION, phenotypic, agrobiont spider, ballooning, correlation, Erigone atra, ERIGONE-ATRA},
	pages = {837--841}
}

@article{lopezSymmetryMaleDominance2002,
	title = {Symmetry, male dominance and female mate preferences in the {Iberian} rock lizard, {Lacerta} monticola},
	volume = {52},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-002-0514-y},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {López, Pilar and Muñoz, Alberto and Martín, José},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {LIZARDS, male-male competition, asymmetry, FEMALE MATE PREFERENCE, fluctuating},
	pages = {342--347}
}

@article{berardFouryearStudyAssociation1999,
	title = {A four-year study of the association between male dominance rank, residency status, and reproductive activity in rhesus macaques ({Macaca} mulatta)},
	volume = {40},
	url = {ISI:000078435600012},
	abstract = {Considerable controversy exists on the nature of the relationship between male dominance rank and reproductive activity. The nature of this relationship has important implications for understanding the manner in which males compete for access to limited resources. Behavioral data on mating patterns were collected over a four-year period from one social group of rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Correlations between dominance rank and reproductive activity were not stable over a four-year period, but changed yearly. Positive, significant correlations were present in the first two years of the study while non-significant correlations were found in the second two years. The variation found in the correlations between rank and mating activity could be accounted for by changes in the mating frequencies of different classes of males. The long-term resident males had declines in ejaculation frequencies over the duration of the study. Males who immigrated into the group had yearly increases in reproductive behavior over three consecutive years. Maturing natal males also increased their levels of reproductive activity from year-to-year. Combining these mating patterns over time resulted in shifting the proportions of matings away from the long-term residents and in favor of the new males. High-ranking males had an advantage in reproductive activity over the first two years of the study, as measured by both the total number of ejaculations and the mean number of ejaculation per male. New males, comprised of recent immigrants and maturing natal males, had a greater level of reproductive activity over the last two years. These results suggest that the effect of rank on reproductive activity is variable and that males utilize alternative tactics to attain access to limited resources. Simple one-factor models explaining the relationship between rank and reproductive activity must be replaced with models explaining how alternate strategies affect male competition and reproductive success in primates},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Primates},
	author = {Berard, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, MALES, P1, sex, variation, female mate choice, INCREASE, model, MODELS, resources, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, Y, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding avoidance, PRIMATES, social, STRATEGIES, ADULT MALE, patterns, INCREASES, mating success, STRATEGY, dominance, MONKEYS, RHESUS MACAQUES, paternity, male competition, MACAQUES, SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR, dominance rank, immigration, mating patterns, Cayo Santiago, FA, Japanese macaques, MATING FREQUENCY, ERYTHROCEBUS-PATAS, MALE PATAS MONKEYS, reproductive behavior, SOCIAL RANK},
	pages = {159--175}
}

@article{mannSurvivingSeaEcological4,
	title = {Surviving at sea: ecological and behavioural predictors of calf mortality in {Indian} {Ocean} bottlenose dolphins, {Tursiops} sp},
	volume = {69},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4FF9HD0-1/2/1f75d34f91c0038230ed5fbfb59120d5},
	abstract = {We examined the behavioural ecology of mothers and calves during the first year of life to identify variables predicting calf mortality among bottlenose dolphins. Specifically, we investigated whether the primary cause of calf mortality was poor calf condition or shark predation. Seventy-five per cent of calves that died (N = 12) showed visible signs of poor health compared with 4.7\% of the survivors (N = 21). Calves that spent more time swimming in infant position (in contact under the mother) in the first year of life were more likely to die by 3 years of age than calves that spent less time swimming in infant position. No other behavioural or ecological measures tested were associated with calf mortality. We suggest that the mother and/or calf may compensate for poor calf health by increasing the time spent in contact with the mother. In contrast, frequent mother-calf separation and high rates of calf socializing and foraging are proposed to be indicators of vigour. Although most of our results do not support the predation hypothesis, mothers altered one behaviour in relation to predation risk. Mothers rested less in deep water during the warm months, where and when predation risk was high, than during the cool months, when predation risk was low, suggesting that predation risk influenced maternal vigilance. However, calf mortality was not higher in warm months than in cool months. Our results suggest that poor calf condition, not predation, is the primary cause of calf mortality},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Mann, Janet and Watson-Capps, Jana J.},
	keywords = {behaviour, ECOLOGY, HYPOTHESIS, predation risk, age, condition, predation, risk, indicator, foraging, mortality, VIGILANCE},
	pages = {899--909}
}

@article{coteSocialInformationEmigration2007,
	title = {Social information and emigration: lessons from immigrants.},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01032.x},
	abstract = {'Should I stay or should I go?' is a fundamental question facing any candidate for emigration, as emigrating without outside information has major costs. Most studies on this topic have concentrated on risk-reducing strategies (e.g. exploration) developed after leaving the natal habitat. The idea that information might be acquired before leaving has not been investigated. Immigrants carrying information about their origins could provide such information to potential emigrants in their initial habitat. We manipulated the density of common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) populations, to investigate whether immigrants originating from these populations transmitted such information to the population they joined. Emigration of the residents of this new population clearly depended on the origin of the immigrant. Immigrants are therefore a source of information, in this case about surrounding population densities, and may have a major effect on dispersal and species persistence in a fragmented habitat.},
	journal = {Ecology letters},
	author = {Cote, J and Clobert, J},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Behavior, Animal, Lizards: physiology, population dynamics},
	pages = {411--7}
}

@article{zedrosserGeneticEstimatesAnnual2007,
	title = {Genetic estimates of annual reproductive success in male brown bears: the effects of body size, age, internal relatedness and population density},
	volume = {76},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01203.x},
	abstract = {Summary 1. We studied male yearly reproductive success (YRS) and its determinants (phenotypic characteristics, age, population density) in two Scandinavian brown bear populations, using molecular techniques to determine paternity. 2. We found a significant difference in male YRS between the study areas, with lower YRS in the south than in the north. 3. In general, older and larger males had higher YRS. Older males may be more experienced in competition for reproduction (male dominance). Large body size is of direct benefit in male-male competition and of advantage in endurance competition for the access to females. 4. Age was relatively more important for YRS in the north and body size was more important in the south, due perhaps to differences in male age structure due to illegal killing. A single old male dominated the reproduction in the north during the study, which resulted most probably in the relatively higher importance of age in the north. In the south, with a more even male age structure, no single male was able to dominate, probably resulting in a more intense competition among males, with body size as the deciding factor. 5. Male YRS was correlated positively with population density. This may be related to the structure of the expanding bear population, with female densities declining towards the population edge. 6. Internal relatedness, a measure of genetic heterozygosity, was correlated negatively with YRS, suggesting that outbred individuals have a higher YRS. Individual heterozygosity at key or many loci may reflect male physical qualities and condition-sensitive traits, which may benefit males directly in contest or in sperm competition. Journal of Animal Ecology (2007) 76, 368-375 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01203.x},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Zedrosser, A. N. D. R. and Bellemain, E. V. A. and Taberlet, P. I. E. R. and Swenson, Jon E.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {competition, ECOLOGY, female, FEMALES, MALES, population, quality, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, reproductive success, SUCCESS, reproduction, male-male competition, age, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, loci, relatedness, population density, POPULATIONS, related, molecular techniques, dominance, paternity, ADVANTAGE, male age, MALE MALE COMPETITION, OLDER MALES},
	pages = {368--375}
}

@article{sorciHostDensityEctoparasite1997,
	title = {Host density and ectoparasite avoidance in the common lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://WOS:A1997XK99200006},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420050224},
	abstract = {Increased transmission of parasites and diseases is generally considered as a major cost of social life. In this study we tested the hypothesis regarding ectoparasites as a cost of living in crowded habitats in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). We used two approaches to explore this question. First, we tested if ectoparasite load and prevalence are positively correlated with host density in the field. Second, we experimentally tested if lizards avoid parasitized conspecifics. Contrary to expectation, we found that (1) ectoparasite load is negatively correlated with lizard density; (2) prevalence does not significantly increase with density; (3) unparasitized lizards do not avoid parasitized conspecifics but are attracted by them whatever their parasite load. These findings suggest that ectoparasites cannot be considered as a cost of living at high density in the common lizard, in spite of the potential negative impact mites may have on lizard fitness.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {OECOLOGIA},
	author = {Sorci, G. and deFraipont, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {183--188}
}

@article{willisCanOnePredict1991,
	title = {Can one predict the evolution of quantitative characters without genetics?},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Willis, J. H. and Coyne, J. H. and Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {evolution, call, natural selection, genetics, genetic drift, genetic variances},
	pages = {441--444}
}

@article{draperResponsesurfaceDesignsQuantitative1988,
	title = {Response-surface designs for quantitative and qualitative variables},
	volume = {30},
	journal = {Technometrics},
	author = {Draper, N. R. and John, J. A.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {model building, model fitting, partial F-test},
	pages = {423--428}
}

@article{wagnerMeasuringFemaleMating1998,
	title = {Measuring female mating preferences},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Wagner, Jr., W. E.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {female choice, female mating preferences, mate choice, mating, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, female mating preference, sampling behaviour},
	pages = {1029--1042}
}

@article{lambardAnalysisSignificanceMRNA2004,
	title = {Analysis and significance of {mRNA} in human ejaculated sperm from normozoospermic donors: relationship to sperm motility and capacitation},
	volume = {10},
	url = {http://molehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/7/535.abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/molehr/gah064},
	abstract = {The existence of a complex population of mRNA in human sperm is well documented but their role is not yet elucidated. Using discontinuous density gradients, we have isolated high and low motile sperm from the same semen sample. The levels of different transcripts coding for molecules either involved in nuclear condensation (protamines 1 and 2) or in capacitation [endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and c-myc] were then assessed in the two populations using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Sperm viability was estimated by eosin–nigrosin staining and by hypo-osmotic swelling test; apoptosis percentage was measured by the TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUDP nick-end labelling technique. The contamination by somatic and germ cells was assessed by looking for specific molecular markers of these cells, respectively CD-45 and E-cadherin for somatic cells and c-kit for germ cells. The viability of sperm was unchanged in high and low motile fractions, as well as DNA fragmentation percentage. The amount of Prm-1 mRNA was significantly higher in low density motile than in the high motile fraction. In most of high motile sperm samples eNOS and nNOS transcripts were undetectable whereas they were present in the low motile sperm. In contrast, no significant variation was found in the c-myc/Prm-2 mRNA ratio between the two populations. Moreover, a partial or complete disappearance of c-myc transcripts was observed after capacitation. Thus analysing mRNA profiles could be helpful as a diagnostic tool and prognosis value for fertilization.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Molecular Human Reproduction},
	author = {Lambard, S. and Galeraud-Denis, I. and Martin, G. and Levy, R. and Chocat, A. and Carreau, S.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {535--541}
}

@article{cadbyMultiscaleApproachUnderstanding2010,
	title = {Multi-scale approach to understanding climate effects on offspring size at birth and date of birth in a reptile},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1749-4877},
	url = {://WOS:000278345400010},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00201.x},
	abstract = {Climate change is already impacting species around the world. Although most focus has been on the effect of temperature, changes in climatic variables other than temperature are also expected to drive biological change. Current models suggest that ectotherms, such as reptiles, will be strongly affected by climate change; however, data from natural populations are rare. Here, we use extensive data from 2 populations of a viviparous lizard (Niveoscincus ocellatus Gray, 1845) at the climatic extreme of the species distribution. We examine the effects of climate at a local, a regional and a global scale (thus, integrating a suite of variables at different spatial and temporal scales) on 2 key life history traits: offspring date of birth and size at birth. Overall, our results show that across 9 years of study, local temperature had strong effects on the offspring date of birth but not on the size at birth. Therefore, a rapid increase in local temperature throughout the species range (as predicted under global warming scenarios) is likely to affect phenological processes with potential concomitant effects on offspring fitness and survival.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Integrative Zoology},
	author = {Cadby, Chloe D. and While, Geoffrey M. and Hobday, Alistair J. and Uller, Tobias and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {164--175}
}

@article{whileSnowSkinksNiveoscincus2009,
	title = {Snow skinks ({Niveoscincus} ocellatus) do not shift their sex allocation patterns in response to mating history},
	volume = {146},
	issn = {0005-7959},
	url = {://WOS:000270191300006},
	doi = {10.1163/156853909x436254},
	abstract = {Theory predicts that where there is variation in the number of males and females available for mating (the breeding/operational sex ratio) frequency-dependent selection should favour overproduction of the less abundant sex. We used mating history as a proxy for male availability to examine female sex allocation responses to variation in the operational sex ratio in a large free-ranging population of Niveoscincus ocellatus, a viviparous skink. While we found evidence for shifts in offspring sex allocation and the local operational sex ratio, both between and within years, we failed to find patterns corresponding to those predicted by theory. These results are in accordance with a growing body of literature on facultative sex allocation, which suggests that, despite plausible benefits, there is often little evidence for adaptive sex allocation shifts in wild vertebrate populations. In this study, we examine the inconsistencies between theoretical predictions and empirical patterns, specifically relating to variation in the operational sex ratio, and the accuracy with which empirical studies adhere to the assumptions of theoretical models. We suggest that alternative hypotheses, which focus on individual level decisions in relation to population parameters influenced by the operational sex ratio, may more closely predict the sex allocation patterns observed.},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Wapstra, Erik},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1405--1422}
}

@article{rehsteinerSingingMatingSuccess1998,
	title = {Singing and mating success in water pipits: one specific song element makes all the difference},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Rehsteiner, U. and Geisser, H. and Reyer, H. U.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {mating, age, song, mating success, age indicator mechanism},
	pages = {1471--1481}
}

@article{sheldonUltravioletColourVariation1999,
	title = {Ultraviolet colour variation influences blue tit sex ratios},
	volume = {402},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Sheldon, B. C. and Andersson, S. and Griffith, S. C. and ™rnborg, J. and Sendecka, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, sex, variation, colour, sex ratio, blue tit, sex ratios, ultraviolet colour variation},
	pages = {874--877}
}

@article{lalandSexualSelectionCulturally1994,
	title = {Sexual selection with a culturally transmitted mating preference},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
	author = {Laland, K. N.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, mating, call, preference, mating preference, culturally transmitted mating preference,sexual selection},
	pages = {1--15}
}

@article{olssonSpermSelectionFemales1996,
	title = {Sperm selection by females},
	volume = {383},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/383585a0},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Shine, R. and Madsen, T. and Gullberg, A. and Tegelstrom, H.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, selection, sperm, sperm selection},
	pages = {585}
}

@article{hueyIntegratingThermalPhysiology1979,
	title = {Integrating thermal physiology and ecology of ectotherms - discussion of approaches},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0003-1569},
	url = {://WOS:A1979GY23800029},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Huey, R. B. and Stevenson, R. D.},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {357--366}
}

@article{franzkeTransgenerationalEffectsDiet2013,
	title = {Transgenerational effects of diet environment on life-history and acoustic signals of a grasshopper},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000317320100025},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/ars205},
	abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity can be due to environmental conditions experienced during an individual's lifetime, but can also be based on parental effects, that is the responses of the parental generation to their own environment. Such transgenerational responses might be adaptive by allowing fine-tuning of offspring traits to the present environment. We examined whether the parental and offspring diet affect offspring life history and sexually selected acoustic signal traits in the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus. In a full factorial design, parents and offspring were reared on high-quality or poor-quality diet. We found significant positive effects of parental high-quality food on offspring developmental time, body mass, song amplitude in adult males, and weight of egg pods in adult females. In all cases, these effects were larger than direct effects of the diet environment experienced during ontogeny, even though some of these were significant, too. Interactions between parental and ontogenetic treatments were all nonsignificant, indicating that offspring traits are not adjusted to enhance performance on the same diet as the parent. We conclude that parental effects are unexpectedly stronger than effects of the offspring diet environment in C. biguttulus. These parental effects do not seem to constitute adaptive phenotypic plasticity, but nevertheless show that the nutritional environment of the parents has a large influence on traits in C. biguttulus grasshoppers.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Franzke, A. and Reinhold, K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, population, quality, plasticity, phenotypic plasticity, communication, Grasshoppers, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, egg size, PARENTAL, acoustic signal traits, chorthippus-biguttulus, effects, seed beetle},
	pages = {734--739}
}

@article{bullHowFundamentalAre1988,
	title = {How fundamental are {Fisherian} sex ratios?},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Oxford Survey Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bull, J. J. and Charnov, E. L.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {sex, sex ratio, Hymenoptera, sex ratios, Fisher's theory, sex allocation theory},
	pages = {96--135}
}

@article{kirkpatrickEvolutionMatingPreferences1991,
	title = {The evolution of mating preferences and the paradox of the lek},
	volume = {350},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M. and Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {evolution, mating, call, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, lek, direct selection,indirect selection,mating preferences,parasite hypothesis,runaway process},
	pages = {33--38}
}

@article{chenowethContrastingMutualSexual2005,
	title = {Contrasting mutual sexual selection on homologous signal traits in  {Drosophila} serrata},
	volume = {165},
	url = {ISI:000226852400013},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Chenoweth, S. F. and Blows, M. W.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, selection, TRAITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mutual, SIGNAL},
	pages = {281--289}
}

@article{viaGenotypeenvironmentInteractionEvolution1985,
	title = {Genotype-environment interaction and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity},
	volume = {39},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Via, S. and Lande, R.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {evolution, call, plasticity, phenotypic plasticity},
	pages = {505--522}
}

@article{evansMultipleBenefitsMultiple2000,
	title = {Multiple benefits of multiple mating in guppies},
	volume = {97},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {good genes, guppies, guppy, fitness, mating, multiple mating},
	pages = {10074--10076}
}

@article{griffithsSchoolingDecisionsGunnies1999,
	title = {Schooling decisions in gunnies ({Poecilia} reticulata) are based on familiarity rather than kin recognition by phenotype matching},
	volume = {45},
	url = {ISI:000080557100007},
	abstract = {Evidence from a number of freshwater species indicates that fish prefer to school with familiar individuals. Do they also choose to associate with kin? Our experiment tested this idea using the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata, a species whose reproductive biology favours the association of kin groups. Juveniles reared together were able to recognise one another on the basis of either visual or chemical cues, but showed no preference for schooling with unfamiliar kin. We therefore conclude that any naturally occurring kin groups in this species will occur as a result of familiarity rather than as a consequence of kin recognition based on phenotype matching},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Griffiths, S. W. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {association, fish, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, CONSEQUENCE, BIOLOGY, experiment, preference, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, phenotype, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, kin, SCOTLAND, RECOGNITION, JUVENILE COHO SALMON, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, sibling recognition, CICHLID FISH, phenotype matching, INFORMATION, REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY, CHEMICAL CUES, kin recognition,familiarity,schooling,vision,olfaction,Trinidadian guppy, STICKLEBACK GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS},
	pages = {437--443}
}

@article{roddVariationDemographyGuppy1997,
	title = {Variation in the demography of guppy populations: the importance of predation and life histories},
	volume = {78},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Rodd, F. H. and Reznick, D. N.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, population, variation, call, life history, predation, demography,life history traits,model,individual based,mortality rates,Poecilia reticulata,population dynamics,sex ratio,size distribution,size-selective predation},
	pages = {405--418}
}

@article{fitzeMatingOrderdependentFemale2010,
	title = {Mating order-dependent female mate choice in the polygynandrous common lizard {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://WOS:000273795200007},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-009-1463-1},
	abstract = {Recent studies indicate that directional female mate choice and order-dependent female mate choice importantly contribute to non-random mating patterns. In species where females prefer larger sized males, disentangling different hypotheses leading to non-random mating patterns is especially difficult, given that male size usually correlates with behaviours that may lead to non-random mating (e.g. size-dependent emergence from hibernation, male fighting ability). Here we investigate female mate choice and order-dependent female mate choice in the polygynandrous common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). By sequentially presenting males in random order to females, we exclude non-random mating patterns potentially arising due to intra-sexual selection (e.g. male-male competition), trait-dependent encounter probabilities, trait-dependent conspicuousness, or trait-dependent emergence from hibernation. To test for order-dependent female mate choice we investigate whether the previous mating history affects female choice. We show that body size and body condition of the male with which a female mated for the first time were bigger and better, respectively, than the average body size and body condition of the rejected males. There was a negative correlation between body sizes of first and second copulating males. This indicates that female mate choice is dependent on the previous mating history and it shows that the female's choice criteria are non-static, i.e. non-directional. Our study therefore suggests that context-dependent female mate choice may not only arise due to genotype-environment interactions, but also due to other female mating strategies, i.e. order-dependent mate choice. Thus context-dependent female mate choice might be more frequent than previously thought.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {OECOLOGIA},
	author = {Fitze, P. S. and Cote, J. and Clobert, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {331--341}
}

@article{sinervoDensityCyclesOffspring2000,
	title = {Density cycles and an offspring quantity and quality game driven by natural selection},
	volume = {406},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and Svenssson, E. and Comendant, T.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {offspring, quality, selection, natural selection, polymorphism, ESS, cycle},
	pages = {985--988}
}

@article{seckingerMicrosatellitesGenusXiphophorus2002,
	title = {Microsatellites in the genus {Xiphophorus}, developed in {Xiphophorus} montezumae},
	volume = {2},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00124.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Species of the genus Xiphophorus (swordtails and platies) are of great interest for the study of evolution of sexually selected traits like the sword, which is an elongation of ventral fin rays of the male caudal fin, that has evolved in several species within this genus. The detection of 10 microsatellites within the genus Xiphophorus will enable studies about the correlation of this trait with sexual reproductive success of males possessing swords of different lengths. These microsatellites will also be useful in determining population structure and enable paternity analysis in these species, where sperm storage is widespread},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Notes},
	author = {Seckinger, J. and Brinkmann, H. and Meyer, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, MALES, population, sperm, TRAITS, reproductive success, SUCCESS, microsatellite, microsatellites, paternity, sexually selected traits, LENGTH, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, population structure, STORAGE, paternity analysis, swordtails},
	pages = {4--6}
}

@article{kimmelStagesEmbryonicDevelopment1995,
	title = {Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish},
	volume = {203},
	issn = {1097-0177},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1002030302},
	doi = {10.1002/aja.1002030302},
	abstract = {We describe a series of stages for development of the embryo of the zebrafish, Danio (Brachydanio) rerio. We define seven broad periods of embryogenesis—the zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula, and hatching periods. These divisions highlight the changing spectrum of major developmental processes that occur during the first 3 days after fertilization, and we review some of what is known about morphogenesis and other significant events that occur during each of the periods. Stages subdivide the periods. Stages are named, not numbered as in most other series, providing for flexibility and continued evolution of the staging series as we learn more about development in this species. The stages, and their names, are based on morphological features, generally readily identified by examination of the live embryo with the dissecting stereomicroscope. The descriptions also fully utilize the optical transparancy of the live embryo, which provides for visibility of even very deep structures when the embryo is examined with the compound microscope and Nomarski interference contrast illumination. Photomicrographs and composite camera lucida line drawings characterize the stages pictorially. Other figures chart the development of distinctive characters used as staging aid signposts. ©1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Developmental Dynamics},
	author = {Kimmel, Charles B. and Ballard, William W. and Kimmel, Seth R. and Ullmann, Bonnie and Schilling, Thomas F.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {embryogenesis, Danio rerio, Blastula, Cleavage, Gastrula, Hatching, Morphogenesis, Pharyngula, Segmentation, Zygote},
	pages = {253--310}
}

@article{youngPredationAssociatedVariation2011,
	title = {Predation is associated with variation in colour pattern, but not body shape or colour reflectance, in a rainbowfish ({Melanotaenia} australis)},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000285110600018},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01759.x},
	abstract = {P{\textgreater}1. In freshwater fishes, inter-population variation in male phenotype is often associated with differences in predation intensity, but these effects can be difficult to disentangle from environmental influences. 2. The western rainbowfish Melanotaenia australis exhibits marked sexual dimorphism - females are plain with a slender body, while males have striking coloration and are deeper in the body. Male traits differ in expression among populations, but this has not been described or explored in the literature. 3. This paper describes a study designed to test for geographic structuring of male phenotype in M. australis and to determine whether between-population variation in male phenotype is attributable to variation in predation regime, after accounting for environment. 4. We collected data describing habitat, and the size, activity and abundance of predators at sites containing M. australis populations. We then used photography, spectrometry and geometric morphometrics to describe colour pattern, spectral reflectance and body shape in males from these populations. Finally, we used permutation-based multivariate statistics to partition variance in these traits according to environment and predation regime. 5. Downstream environments posed higher predation risk to M. australis. Furthermore, males from these sites consistently exhibited larger cheek spots and fewer coloured lateral stripes than those from upstream sites. Variation in predation regime accounted for a significant proportion of the total variance in these traits (30 center dot 9\%), after controlling for the effects of environment. 6. Variation in predation regime did not explain variation in reflectance or shape. Environmental variation, however, explained a significant portion of the total variance in reflectance (74 center dot 9\%), and there was a strong trend towards it explaining a portion of the total variance in body shape (34 center dot 9\%). 7. We conclude that natural selection by predators may be an important determinant of the evolution of colour pattern variation in M. australis, but not of that of body shape or colour reflectance. 8. Further study of M. australis will complement existing models, which show complex relationships between predation regime, environment and phenotype. Understanding these relationships is prerequisite to predicting the evolution of phenotypic variation in natural systems.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Young, M. J. and Simmons, L. W. and Evans, J. P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, fishes, polymorphism, NATURAL-SELECTION, VARIANCE, GUPPIES POECILIA-RETICULATA, morphology, best, distance-based linear modelling, freshwater fish, Melanotaenia, Melanotaeniidae, MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS, north-western Australia, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, predation gradient, splendida australis, WILD GUPPIES},
	pages = {183--191}
}

@article{angillettajrEstimatingComparingThermal2006,
	title = {Estimating and comparing thermal performance curves},
	volume = {31},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.06.002},
	journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
	author = {Angillettajr, M},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {model selection, temperature, aic, thermal optimum, thermal performance curves},
	pages = {541--545}
}

@article{overallHeterozygosityInbreedingNeonatal2005,
	title = {Heterozygosity, inbreeding and neonatal traits in {Soay} sheep on {St} {Kilda}},
	volume = {14},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/mec},
	abstract = {Abstract We investigated whether birth weight and neonatal survival, a period within which 24\% of all mortalities occur, were correlated with levels of inbreeding in St Kilda Soay sheep, using pedigree inbreeding coefficients and four marker-based estimators of inbreeding. None of the inbreeding estimators, either of the offspring, or of their mothers, explained significant variation in a lamb's birth weight or probability of surviving the neonatal period, suggesting low inbreeding depression for these traits. We evaluated the correlation between the marker-based measures of inbreeding and inbreeding coefficients obtained from the Soay pedigree, where paternal links were inferred using the same panel of microsatellite markers. Even when using a relatively complete portion of the pedigree, in which all individuals had known maternal and paternal grandparents, the correlation was found to be weak (r = -0.207, where mean f = 0.0168). These results add support to the recent prediction that when the mean and variance in inbreeding are low in a population, heterozygosity-fitness correlations can be very weak or even undetectable. The pursuit of more detailed pedigrees offers the best prospect for identifying inbreeding depression within this study population},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Overall, A. D. J. and Byrne, K. A. and Pilkington, J. G. and Pemberton, J. M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {offspring, population, TRAITS, variation, survival, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, VARIANCE, PROBABILITY, WEIGHT, MARKERS, mortality, pedigree, COEFFICIENTS, SOAY SHEEP, heterozygosity-fitness correlations, SHEEP},
	pages = {3383--3393}
}

@article{sgroGeneticCorrelationsTradeoffs//,
	title = {Genetic correlations, tradeoffs and environmental variation},
	volume = {93},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4344614509&partnerID=40&md5=f43421959e5fd2e41ba4a1be235e92b9},
	abstract = {Negative genetic correlations among traits are often used as evidence for tradeoffs that can influence evolutionary trajectories in populations. While there may be evidence for negative correlations within a particular environment, genetic correlations can shift when populations encounter different environmental conditions. Here we review the evidence for these shifts by focusing on experiments that have examined genetic correlations in more than one environment. In many studies, there are significant changes in correlations and these can even switch sign across environments. This raises questions about the validity of deducing genetic constraints from studies in one environment and suggests that the interaction between environmental conditions and the expression of genetic covariation is an important avenue for future work.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Sgrò, C. M. and Hoffmann, A. A.},
	keywords = {life history, genetic correlation, environmental variation, genotype-environment interaction, Tradeoff},
	pages = {241--248}
}

@article{slatyerEstimatingGeneticBenefits2011,
	title = {Estimating genetic benefits of polyandry from experimental studies: a meta-analysis},
	volume = {87},
	issn = {1464-7931},
	url = {://WOS:000298732300001},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00182.x},
	abstract = {The consequences of polyandry for female fitness are controversial. Sexual conflict studies and a meta-analysis of mating rates in insects suggest that there is a longevity cost when females mate repeatedly. Even so, compensatory material benefits can elevate egg production and fertility, partly because polyandry ensures an adequate sperm supply. Polyandry can therefore confer direct benefits. The main controversy surrounds genetic benefits. The argument is analogous to that surrounding the evolution of conventional female mate choice, except that with polyandry it is post-copulatory mechanisms that might bias paternity towards males with higher breeding values for fitness. Recent meta-analyses of extra-pair copulations in birds have cast doubt on whether detectable genetic benefits exist. By contrast, another meta-analysis showed that polyandry elevates egg hatching success (possibly due to a fertilization bias towards sperm with paternal genes that elevate embryo survival) in insects. A detailed summary of whether polyandry elevates other components of offspring performance is lacking. Here we present a comprehensive meta-analysis of 232 effect sizes from 46 experimental studies. These experiments were specifically designed to try to quantify the potential genetic benefits of polyandry by controlling fully for the number of matings by females assigned to monandry and polyandry treatments. The bias-corrected 95\% confidence intervals for egg hatching success (d = -0.01 to 0.61), clutch production (d = 0.07 to 0.45) and fertility (d = 0.04 to 0.40) all suggest that polyandry has a beneficial effect (although P values from parametric tests were marginally non-significant at P = 0.075, 0.052 and 0.058, respectively). Polyandry was not significantly beneficial for any single offspring performance trait (e.g. growth rate, survival, adult size), but the test power was low due to small sample sizes (suggesting that many more studies are still needed). We then calculated a composite effect size that provides an index of general offspring performance. Depending on the model assumptions, the mean effect of polyandry was either significantly positive or marginally non-significant. A possible role for publication bias is discussed. The magnitude of the reported potential genetic benefits (d = 0.07 to 0.19) are larger than those from two recent meta-analyses comparing offspring sired by social and extra-pair mates in birds (d = 0.02 to 0.04). This difference raises the intriguing possibility that cryptic, post-copulatory female choice might be more likely to generate good gene or compatible gene benefits than female choice of mates based on the expression of secondary sexual traits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Slatyer, R. A. and Mautz, B. S. and Backwell, P. R. Y. and Jennions, M. D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, competition, mate choice, Maternal effects, sperm, cricket, multiple mating, polyandry, Paternal effects, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, paternity, SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS PASSERINES, META-analysis, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, publication bias, GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, COMPETITIVE, LEAF-CUTTING ANTS, POSTCOPULATORY INBREEDING AVOIDANCE},
	pages = {1--33}
}

@article{ritchieWhatSongFemale1995,
	title = {What's in a song? {Female} bushcrickets discriminate against the song of older males},
	volume = {262},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Ritchie, M. G. and Couzin, I. D. and Snedden, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, variation, song, bushcricket},
	pages = {21--27}
}

@article{tregenzaPolyandrousFemalesAvoid2002,
	title = {Polyandrous females avoid costs of inbreeding},
	volume = {415},
	url = {ISI:000173028800041},
	abstract = {Why do females typically mate with more than one male? Female mating patterns have broad implications for sexual selection(1,2), speciation(3) and conflicts of interest between the sexes(4), and yet they are poorly understood. Matings inevitably have costs(5), and for females, the benefits of taking more than one mate are rarely obvious. One possible explanation is that females gain benefits because they can avoid using sperm from genetically incompatible males, or invest less in the offspring of such males(6,7). It has been shown that mating with more than one male can increase offspring viability(8-12), but we present the first clear demonstration that this occurs because females with several mates avoid the negative effects of genetic incompatibility(13). We show that in crickets, the eggs of females that mate only with siblings have decreased hatching success. However, if females mate with both a sibling and a non-sibling they avoid altogether the low egg viability associated with sibling matings. If similar effects occur in other species, inbreeding avoidance may be important in understanding the prevalence of multiple mating},
	number = {6867},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Tregenza, T. and Wedell, N.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, egg, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, INCREASE, insect, mating, SUCCESS, cricket, multiple mating, cost, costs, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, AVOIDANCE, genetics, conflict, patterns, viability, speciation, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, RECOGNITION, FIELD CRICKET, polyandrous females, siblings, mating patterns, female control, hatching success, FEMALES MATE, CRICKET GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS},
	pages = {71--73}
}

@article{johnstoneDishonestyHandicapPrinciple1993,
	title = {Dishonesty and the handicap principle},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A. and Grafen, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, handicap principle, handicap, cheating,handicap principle,signals},
	pages = {759--764}
}

@article{tregenzaMaternalEffectsOffspring2003,
	title = {Maternal effects on offspring depend on female mating pattern and offspring environment in yellow dung flies},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Tregenza, T. and Wedell, N. and Hosken, D. and Ward, P. I.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Maternal effects, offspring, mating, flies, dung fly},
	pages = {297--304}
}

@article{huntCostMaternalCare2002,
	title = {A cost of maternal care in the dung beetle {Onthophagus} taurus?},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Simmons, L. W. and Kotiaho, J. S.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {cost},
	pages = {57--64}
}

@article{jonesAgerelatedSpermTransfer1,
	title = {Age-related sperm transfer and sperm competitive ability in the male hide beetle},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/251},
	abstract = {The influence of male age on reproductive success after a single mating has been explored widely; however, few studies have investigated whether quantitative or qualitative differences in male sperm are responsible for the observed patterns. Moreover, the role of male age on sperm competitive ability has been largely ignored. We examined the importance of male age on the probability and amount of sperm transferred during a single mating and explored whether sperm competitive ability varies with male age in the hide beetle Dermestes maculatus, a species where sperm viability does not vary with male age. We also investigated whether sperm transfer rates varied with female age. We found that the probability of sperm transfer and the amount of sperm transferred varied with male, but not female, age. All males performed behaviorally successful copulations, but intermediate-age and old males were more likely to transfer sperm successfully and also transferred a greater quantity of sperm than young males. Old males were less likely to transfer sperm than intermediate-age males, but if they did transfer sperm successfully, they transferred comparable amounts. Sperm competitive ability varied with male age and reflected the quantity of sperm transferred. On average, intermediate-age males achieved greater fertilization success when competing against young or old males than when competing against other intermediate-age males. Old males were poor competitors against intermediate-age males, but they achieved significantly higher rates of fertilization when competing against young males. Our findings suggest that quantitative differences in the amount of sperm transferred determine male success in sperm competition in the hide beetle},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Jones, Theresa M. and Featherston, Rebecca and Paris, Damien B. B. P. and Elgar, Mark A.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {ABILITY, competition, female, MALES, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATION, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, transfer, age, pattern, patterns, viability, COPULATIONS, PROBABILITY, RATES, SPERM TRANSFER, male age, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, MALE SUCCESS, COMPETITIVE ABILITY, COPULATION},
	pages = {251--258}
}

@article{mcclintockFemaleChoicePreexisting1996,
	title = {Female choice and pre-existing bias: visual cues during courtship in two  {Schizocosa}  wolf spiders ({Araneae}: {Lycosidae})},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {McClintock, W. J. and Uetz, G. W.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, spider, WOLF SPIDER, male courtship behaviour, pre-existing bias, visual courtship display, wolf spiders},
	pages = {167--181}
}

@book{schluterEcologyAdaptiveRadiation2000,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {The ecology of adaptive radiation.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Schluter, D.},
	year = {2000}
}

@article{reynoldsEnvironmentalConditionsMale1993,
	title = {Environmental conditions and male morphology detemine alternative mating behaviour in {Trinidadian} guppies},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Reynolds, J. D. and Gross, M. R. and Coombs, M. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {behaviour, guppies, guppy, mating, call, condition, mating behaviour, male morphology, female choice,gonopodial thrusts,Poecilia reticulata,sigmoid display},
	pages = {145--152}
}

@article{zukMechanismsFemaleChoice1990,
	title = {Mechanisms of female choice in red jungle fowl},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Zuk, M. and Johnson, K. and Thornhill, R. and Ligon, J. D.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, mate preference, jungle fowl, mate preference behaviour},
	pages = {477--485}
}

@article{roseAntagonisticPleiotropyDominance1982,
	title = {Antagonistic pleiotropy, dominance, and genetic variation},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Rose, M. R.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {variation, call, genetic variation, dominance, pleiotropy, antagonistic pleiotropy, pleiotropy,antagonistic pleiotropy,genetic correlation,fitness},
	pages = {63--78}
}

@article{gowatyNestboxAvailabilityAffects1991,
	title = {Nestbox availability affects extra-pair fertilizations and conspecific nest parasitism in eastern bluebirds,  {Sialia} sialis},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A. and Bridges, W. C.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {call, parasitism, conspecific nest parasitism,eastern bluebirds,extra-pair fertilization},
	pages = {661--675}
}

@article{readReassessmentComparativeEvidence1989,
	title = {Reassessment of comparative evidence for {Hamilton} and {Zuk} theory on the evolution of secondary sexual characters},
	volume = {339},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Read, A. F. and Harvey, P. H.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {evolution, sexual characters, theory, secondary sexual character, secondary sexual characters},
	pages = {618--620}
}

@article{hurtado-gonzalesAlternativeMatingStrategies2009,
	title = {Alternative mating strategies may favour the persistence of a genetically based colour polymorphism in a pentamorphic fish},
	volume = {77},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.12.032},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Hurtado-Gonzales, Jorge L. and Uy, J. Albert C.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, genetic polymorphism, alternative mating strategy},
	pages = {1187--1194}
}

@article{johnstoneErrorproneSignalling1992,
	title = {Error-prone signalling},
	volume = {248},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A. and Grafen, A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {call, signalling, signalling,Zahavi's handicap principle},
	pages = {229--233}
}

@article{mcguireNatalDispersalPhilopatry1993,
	title = {Natal dispersal and philopatry in prairie voles  ({Microtus} ochrogaster)  in relation to population-density, season, and natal social-environment},
	volume = {32},
	url = {ISI:A1993LC93300001},
	abstract = {We used intensive livetrapping to examine natal dispersal and philopatry in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). The majority of male (70.0\%) and female prairie voles (75.1\%) remained at the natal nest until death. Those males and females that did disperse left home at about the same age (45-55 days) and moved similar distances (28-33 m). Dispersal was more common (1) from small natal groups than from large natal groups. (2) following disappearance of parents, (3) during the breeding period than during the nonbreeding period, and (4) at low population densities than at high densities. Dispersal was not associated with level of competition for mates within natal groups, and dispersers did not differ from nondispersers in body weight. Our data do not support competition for mates or resources as important factors influencing natal dispersal in prairie voles. The absence of sex differences in dispersal tendency or distance, and our finding that more than half to dispersers had become reproductive before leaving the natal nest, lead us to suggest that inbreeding avoidance is not a primary function of dispersal in this species. Dispersal was, however, more common when potential mates within the natal group were relatives than when they were nonrelatives. Although not tested here, if family members avoid mating with one another through patterns of mate choice, then some animals may leave home in search of mates. The precise benefits associated with philopatry in prairie voles remain to be identified},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {McGuire, B. and Getz, L. L. and Hofmann, J. E. and Pizzuto, T. and Frase, B.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, selection, sex, BENEFITS, model, resources, mating, ANIMALS, age, natural selection, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, NATURAL-SELECTION, population density, SMALL MAMMALS, social, AVOIDANCE, birds, philopatry, COMMON, FAMILY, pattern, patterns, SYSTEMS, inbreeding-avoidance, WEIGHT, DISTANCE, social system, MICROTUS-OCHROGASTER, FEMALE PRAIRIE VOLES, voles, OCHROGASTER, CRITERION, SEX-DIFFERENCES, prairie vole, ORGANIZATION, COMPETITION FOR MATES, HABITAT-SATURATION, PRAIRIE VOLES},
	pages = {293--302}
}

@article{schluterConflictingSelectionPressures1991,
	title = {Conflicting selection pressures and life history trade-offs},
	volume = {246},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Schluter, D. and Price, T. D. and Rowe, L.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {selection, fitness, call, life history, life history traits, natural selection, trade-off, trade-offs},
	pages = {11--17}
}

@article{odonaldMatingAdvantageRare2000,
	title = {Mating advantage of rare males in models of sexual selection},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {O'Donald, p},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, selection, model, mating, mating preference},
	pages = {151--154}
}

@article{wilsonConsequencesThermalAcclimation2007,
	title = {Consequences of thermal acclimation for the mating behaviour and swimming performance of female mosquito fish},
	volume = {362},
	url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/362/1487/2131.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2007.2106},
	abstract = {The mating system of eastern mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki) is dominated by male sexual coercion, where all matings are forced and females never appear to cooperate and actively avoid all attempts. Previous research has shown that male G. holbrooki offer a model system for examining the benefits of reversible thermal acclimation for reproductive success, but examining the benefits to female avoidance behaviour has been difficult. In this study, we examined the ability of non-male-deprived female G. holbrooki to avoid forcedâ€“coercive matings following acclimation to either 18 or 30Â°C for six weeks (12â€Šh lightâ€Š:â€Š12â€Šh dark photoperiod). Thermal acclimation of burst and sustained swimming performance was also assessed, as these traits are likely to underlie their ability to avoid forced matings. There was no influence of thermal acclimation on the burst swimming performance of female G. holbrooki over the range 18â€“30Â°C; however, sustained swimming performance was significantly lower in the warm- than the cool-acclimation group. For mating behaviour, we tested the hypothesis that acclimation would enhance the ability of female G. holbrooki to avoid forced matings at their host acclimation temperature relative to females acclimated to another environment. However, our hypothesis was not supported. The rate of copulations was almost three times greater for females acclimated to 30Â°C than 18Â°C when tested at 30Â°C, indicating that they possess the ability to alter their avoidance behaviour to â€˜allowâ€™ more copulations in some environments. Coupled with previous studies, female G. holbrooki appear to have greater control on the outcome of coercive mating attempts than previously considered and can alter their propensity to receive forced matings following thermal acclimation. The significance of this change in female mating-avoidance behaviours with thermal acclimation remains to be explored.},
	number = {1487},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Wilson, Robbie S. and Condon, Catriona H. L. and Johnston, Ian A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {2131--2139}
}

@article{wilkinsonEquilibriumAnalysisSexual1987,
	title = {Equilibrium analysis of sexual selection in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wilkinson, G. S.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, selection, call, Drosophila melanogaster,sexual selection},
	pages = {11--21}
}

@article{sorensonVariableMatingSystem1992,
	title = {Variable mating system of a sedentary tropical duck: the white-cheeked pintail ( {Anas} bahamensis bahmensis )},
	volume = {109},
	journal = {The Auk},
	author = {Sorenson, L. G.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {mating, age, mating system, duck},
	pages = {277--292}
}

@article{unsickerColourMorphRelated2008,
	title = {Colour morph related performance in the meadow grasshopper {Chorthippus} parallelus ({Orthoptera}, {Acrididae})},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0307-6946},
	url = {://000259147700010},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01015.x},
	abstract = {1. Polymorphism has been described for a number of herbivorous insects, but little is known about whether differences in body colour cause fitness differences. In Chorthippus parallelus, three main colour morphs occur, namely brown, green, and dorsally striped. 2. The present study examined colour morph abundances and morph-related differences in body size, oviposition rate, and offspring numbers in females of C. parallelus collected in 15 montane grasslands. The study also examined the effect of plant species richness, composition, community productivity, and solar radiation on colour morph frequency and fitness. 3. The relative frequencies of the three colour morphs was 31.7\% (brown), 33.1\% (green), and 35.2\% (dorsally striped), but the morphs were not evenly distributed across the 15 sites. 4. There was no effect of the habitat variables on the distribution of the green and the striped morph in the study sites, however 80\% of the variation in the abundances of the brown morph was explained by plant species richness and composition. 5. Grasshopper size was equal among the morphs. Brown females laid significantly more egg pods than the green and dorsally striped morphs. There were no significant differences in offspring numbers among the colour morphs. 6. Body colour in C. parallelus seems to be a fitness-relevant trait, raising the question of the evolutionary maintenance of polymorphism.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Ecological Entomology},
	author = {Unsicker, S. B. and Kohler, G. and Linz, J. and Stein, C. and Weisser, W. W.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, size, reproductive success, grasslands, DIVERSITY, productivity, Central Europe, extensively managed grasslands, mimicry, plant species richness, polymorphic pygmy grasshoppers, tetrix-subulata},
	pages = {631--637}
}

@article{magurranSexualConflictEvolution2001,
	title = {Sexual conflict and evolution in {Trinidadian} guppies},
	volume = {112-113},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, sexual conflict, conflict},
	pages = {463--464}
}

@article{pillayInbreedingLittledaleWhistling2002,
	title = {Inbreeding in {Littledale}'s whistling rat {Parotomys} littledalei},
	volume = {293},
	url = {ISI:000176602900006},
	abstract = {Despite its rarity in nature, inbreeding is sometimes evident in species occupying ephemeral, unpredictable habitats, and which occur at low densities. One such species is Littledale's whistling rat, Parotomys littledalei, a murid rodent endemic to the south-west arid region of South Africa. Using a captive population of P. littledalei, I studied mate choice for kin and nonkin, and the reproductive performance of inbred and outbred pairs. In choice tests, estrous females presented with either odors or actual males showed a preference for siblings or half-siblings to unrelated males. Males did not discriminate between the odor of estrous kin and nonkin. In breeding studies, inbred (mother-son; brother-sister) and outbred (proven female and an unrelated young male and nonsiblings) pairs had a similar reproductive output, although the sex ratio favored males in inbred litters. The development of inbred young was indistinguishable from outbred young. The results indicate that female P. littledalei prefer to inbreed, but there axe no apparent advantages to inbreeding over outbreeding. (C)2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},
	author = {Pillay, N.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, female, Fisher, i, mate choice, PERFORMANCE, population, selection, sex, preference, reproduction, theory, sex ratio, inbreeding, RODENT, DEPRESSION, outbreeding, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, MICE, odors, SOCIAL-FACTORS, MICROTUS-PENNSYLVANICUS, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS, SEX-RATIO},
	pages = {171--178}
}

@article{reidHamiltonZukMeet2005,
	title = {Hamilton and {Zuk} meet heterozygosity? {Song} repertoire size indicates inbreeding and immunity in song sparrows ({Melospiza} melodia)},
	volume = {272},
	url = {ISI:000228535600003},
	abstract = {Hamilton and Zuk's influential hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection proposes that exaggerated secondary sexual ornaments indicate a male's additive genetic immunity to parasites. However, genetic correlates of ornamentation and immunity have rarely been explicitly identified. Evidence supporting Hamilton and Zuk's hypothesis has instead been gathered by looking for positive phenotypic correlations between ornamentation and immunity; such correlations are assumed to reflect causal, additive relationships between these traits. We show that in song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, a male's song repertoire size, a secondary sexual trait, increased with his cell-mediated immune response (CMI) to an experimental challenge. However, this phenotypic correlation could be explained because both repertoire size and CMI declined with a male's inbreeding level. Repertoire size therefore primarily indicated a male's relative heterozygosity, a non-additive genetic predictor of immunity. Caution may therefore be required when interpreting phenotypic correlations as support for Hamilton and Zuk's additive model of sexual selection. However, our results suggest that female song sparrows choosing males with large repertoires would on average acquire more outbred and therefore more heterozygous mates. Such genetic dominance effects on ornamentation are likely to influence evolutionary trajectories of female choice, and should be explicitly incorporated into genetic models of sexual selection},
	number = {1562},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Reid, J. M. and Arcese, P. and Cassidy, A. L. E. V. and Marr, A. B. and Smith, J. N. M. and Keller, L. F.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, ornamentation, sexual selection, evolution, female, good genes, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, population, response, selection, TRAITS, model, MODELS, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, MATES, immunity, parasites, heterozygosity, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, inbreeding, genetics, inbreeding depression, SONG SPARROWS, choosing, song, dominance, parasite-mediated sexual selection, outbreeding depression, immunocompetence handicap, MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, song sparrow, phenotypic correlations, phenotypic correlation, cell-mediated immunity, parasite-mediated selection, REPERTOIRE, secondary sexual ornament, STURNUS-VULGARIS},
	pages = {481--487}
}

@article{burtPerspectiveEvolutionFitness1995,
	title = {Perspective the evolution of fitness},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Burt, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {evolution, fitness, call, fitness variation,fundamental theorem,mate choice,natural selection,quanittative genetics,sexual selection},
	pages = {1--8}
}

@article{partridgeNonmatingCostsExposure1990,
	title = {Non-mating costs of exposure to males in female  {Drosophila} melanogaster.},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
	author = {Partridge, L. and Fowler, K.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, cost, costs},
	pages = {419--425}
}

@article{iyengarHeritabilityBodyMass1999,
	title = {Heritability of body mass, a sexually selected trait, in an arctiid moth ( {Utetheisa} ornatrix )},
	volume = {96},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Iyengar, V. K. and Eisner, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {heritability, call, Arctiid moth, Utetheisa ornatrix, female mte choice,Fisherian selection,good genes,nuptial gift,pyrrolizidine alkaloid},
	pages = {9169--9171}
}

@article{breckoFunctionalEcologicalRelevance2008,
	title = {Functional and ecological relevance of intraspecific variation in body size and shape in the lizard {Podarcis} melisellensis ({Lacertidae})},
	volume = {94},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00953.x},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Brecko, Jonathan and Huyghe, Katleen and Vanhooydonck, Bieke and Herrel, Anthony and Grbac, Irena and Van Damme, Raoul},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {251--264}
}

@article{peripatoGeneticInfluencesMaternal2002,
	title = {Genetic influences on maternal care},
	volume = {160},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Peripato, A. C. and Cheverud, J. M.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {s173--s185}
}

@article{prykeFemalesUseMultiple2010,
	title = {Females use multiple mating and genetically loaded sperm competition to target compatible genes},
	volume = {329},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://WOS:000281084800040},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1192407},
	abstract = {Individuals in socially monogamous species may participate in copulations outside of the pair bond, resulting in extra-pair offspring. Although males benefit from such extra-pair behavior if they produce more offspring, the adaptive function of infidelity to females remains elusive. Here we show that female participation in extra-pair copulations, combined with a genetically loaded process of sperm competition, enables female finches to target genes that are optimally compatible with their own to ensure fertility and optimize offspring viability. Such female behavior, along with the postcopulatory processes demonstrated here, may provide an adaptive function of female infidelity in socially monogamous animals.},
	number = {5994},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Pryke, S. R. and Rollins, L. A. and Griffith, S. C.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {964--967}
}

@article{creanGametePlasticityBroadcast2008,
	title = {Gamete plasticity in a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate},
	volume = {105},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/105/36/13508.abstract},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0806590105},
	abstract = {Sperm competition has classically been thought to maintain anisogamy (large eggs and smaller sperm) because males are thought to maximize their chance of winning fertilizations by trading sperm size for number. More recently it has been recognized that sperm quality (e.g., size, velocity) can also influence sperm competition, although studies have yielded conflicting results. Because sex evolved in the sea, debate has continued over the role of sperm competition and sperm environment in determining both sperm and egg size in externally fertilizing broadcast spawners. Remarkably, however, there have been no direct tests of whether broadcast spawners change the traits of their gametes depending on the likelihood of sperm competition. We manipulated the density (and thus, sperm environment) of a broadcast spawning ascidian (Styela plicata) in the field and then determined whether the phenotype of eggs and sperm changed. We found that sperm from adults kept at high density were larger and more motile than sperm from low-density adults. In vitro fertilizations revealed that sperm from high-density adults also lived longer and induced less polyspermy. Adult density also affected egg traits: eggs from high-density adults were smaller targets for sperm overall but produced larger ovicells than eggs from low-density adults. This suggests that broadcast spawning mothers balance (potentially conflicting) pre- and postzygotic selection pressures on egg size. Overall, our results suggest that sperm competition does not represent a strong force maintaining anisogamy in broadcast spawners. Instead, sperm limitation seems to select for large eggs and smaller, more numerous sperm.},
	number = {36},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Crean, Angela J. and Marshall, Dustin J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {13508--13513}
}

@article{anderssonBowersSavannaDisplay1991,
	title = {Bowers on the savanna: display courts and mate choice in a lekking widowbird},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Andersson, S.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {lekking, mate choice, display, Jackson's widowbird},
	pages = {210--218}
}

@article{roelofsSexPheromoneProduction1987,
	title = {Sex pheromone production and perception in {European} corn borer moths is determined by both autosomal and sex-linked genes},
	volume = {84},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Roelofs, W. and Glover, T. and Tang, X. H. and Sreng, I. and Robbins, P. and Eckenrode, C. and L”fstedt, C. and Hansson, B. S. and Bengtsson, B. O.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {genes, sex, ornament, heritability, Y, pheromone, X, sex-linked gene, moth, sex pheromone, moths},
	pages = {7585--7589}
}

@article{bessa-gomesAlleeEffectsMating2004,
	title = {Allee effects, mating systems and the extinction risk in populations with two sexes},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	url = {://WOS:000223282400008},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00632.x},
	abstract = {The Allee effect is one of the population consequences of sexual reproduction that has received increased attention in recent years. Due to its impact on small population dynamics, it is commonly accepted that Allee effects should render populations more extinction prone. In particular, monogamous species are considered more susceptible to the Allee effect and hence, more extinction prone, than polygamous species. Although this hypothesis has received theoretical support, there is little empirical evidence. In this study, we investigate (1) how variation in tertiary sex ratio affects the presence and intensity of the Allee effect induced by mating system, as well as (2) how this effect contributes to extinction risk. In contrast with previous predictions, we show that all mating systems are likely to experience a strong Allee effect when the operational sex ratio (OSR) is balanced. This strong Allee effect does not imply being exceptionally extinction prone because it is associated with an OSR that result in a relatively small extinction risk. As a consequence, the impact of Allee effects on overall extinction risk is buffered. Moreover, the OSR of natural populations appears to be often male biased, thus making it unlikely that they will suffer from an Allee effect induced by mating system.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Bessa-Gomes, C. and Legendre, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {802--812}
}

@article{condonZebrafishTakeTheir2010,
	title = {Zebrafish take their cue from temperature but not photoperiod for the seasonal plasticity of thermal performance},
	volume = {213},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {://WOS:000283059700021},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.046979},
	abstract = {Organisms adjust to seasonal variability in the environment by responding to cues that indicate environmental change. As most studies of seasonal phenotypic plasticity test only the effect of a single environmental cue, how animals may integrate information from multiple cues to fine-tune plastic responses remains largely unknown. We examined the interaction between correlated (seasonally matching) and conflicting (seasonally opposite) temperature and photoperiod cues on the acclimation of performance traits in male zebrafish, Danio rerio. We acclimated fish for 8. weeks and then tested the change in thermal dependence of maximum burst swimming and feeding rate between 8 and 38 degrees C. We predicted that correlated environmental cues should induce a greater acclimation response than uncorrelated cues. However, we found that only temperature was important for the seasonal acclimation of performance traits in zebrafish. Thermal acclimation shifted the thermal performance curve of both traits. For maximum burst swimming, performance increased for each group near the acclimation temperature and reduced in environments that were far from their acclimation temperature. The feeding rate of cold-acclimated zebrafish was reduced across the test temperature range compared with that of warm-acclimated fish. Our study is the first that has found no effect of the covariation between temperature and photoperiod acclimation cues on locomotor performance in fishes. Our results support the intuitive idea that photoperiod may be a less important seasonal cue for animals living at lower latitudes.},
	language = {English},
	number = {21},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Condon, C. H. and Chenoweth, S. F. and Wilson, R. S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {fish, phenotypic plasticity, DANIO-RERIO, temperature, CLIMATE-CHANGE, SWIMMING PERFORMANCE, LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE, SKELETAL-MUSCLE, EASTERN MOSQUITOFISH, acclimation, ESCAPE PERFORMANCE, photoperiod, thermal performance curve},
	pages = {3705--3709}
}

@article{vangossumReversibleFrequencydependentSwitches2001,
	title = {Reversible frequency-dependent switches in male mate choice},
	volume = {268},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {van Gossum, H. and Stoks, R. and De Bruyn, L.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, damselflies, male mate choice, frequency dependence},
	pages = {83--85}
}

@article{hueyPhylogeneticStudiesCoadapation1987,
	title = {Phylogenetic studies of coadapation - preferred tempertures versus optimal performance temperatures of lizards},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:A1987K176000012},
	doi = {10.2307/2409194},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Huey, R. B. and Bennett, A. F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1098--1115}
}

@article{girondotFeminizingTurtleEmbryos1998,
	title = {Feminizing turtle embryos as a conservation tool},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Girondot, M. and Fouillet, H. and Pieau, C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sex determination, temperature-dependent sex determination, turtle, management tools},
	pages = {353--362}
}

@article{charpertierLifeHistoryCorrelates2005,
	title = {Life history correlates of inbreeding depression in mandrills ({Mandrillus} sphinx)},
	volume = {0},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/mec},
	abstract = {Abstract Inbreeding depression reflects the negative consequences of increased homozygosity at genes that affect fitness. We investigate inbreeding depression in a semi-free-ranging colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), using high-quality pedigree data, comprising five maternal generations and 20 years of morphological and demographic data. We examine the relationship between inbreeding coefficients and four fitness correlates: two growth parameters (mass and height for age) and longevity in both sexes, and age at first conception in females. Inbreeding was correlated with both growth parameters, but only in females, with inbred females being smaller than noninbred females. Inbreeding was also correlated significantly with age at first conception, with inbred females giving birth earlier in life than noninbred females. We suggest that sex-biased maternal investment may explain this sex-differential response to inbreeding, although the lack of a significant association between inbreeding and growth in males may also be due to the provisioned nature of the colony. The surprising relationship between age at first conception and inbreeding may be related to smaller adult size in inbred females, or to their being less able to escape from male sexual coercion},
	number = {0},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Charpertier, M. and Setchell, J. M. and Prugnolle, F. and Wickings, E. J. and Peignot, P. and Balloux, F. and Hossaert-Mickey, M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {association, female, FEMALES, genes, MALES, response, sex, fitness, size, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, INVESTMENT, longevity, GROWTH, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, age, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, related, GENERATIONS, SEXES, pedigree, COLONIES, COLONY, COEFFICIENTS}
}

@article{blowsGeneticConstraintsEvolution2003,
	title = {Genetic constraints on the evolution of mate recognition under natural selection},
	volume = {161},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Blows, M. W. and Higgie, M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, natural selection, mate recognition, constraints},
	pages = {240--253}
}

@article{partridgeRaremaleEffectWhat1988,
	title = {The rare-male effect - what is its evolutionary significance},
	volume = {319},
	url = {ISI:A1988P324900005},
	number = {1196},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Partridge, L.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, HOUSE, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, model, MODELS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, signals, insect, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, theory, human, red deer, genetics, kin, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, immunogenetics, EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE, rare male effect, rare-male effect},
	pages = {525--539}
}

@article{dewinterGeneticBasisEvolution1992,
	title = {The genetic basis and evolution of acoustic mate recognition signals in a  {Ribautodelphax}  planthopper ({Homoptera}, {Delphacidae}) 1. {The} female call},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {De Winter, A. J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {evolution, signals, heritability, call, mate recognition, male choice},
	pages = {249--265}
}

@article{proulxOlderMalesSignal2002,
	title = {Older males signal more relaibly},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Proulx, S. and Day, T. and Rowe, L.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {2291--2299}
}

@article{lailvauxDefiningIndividualQuality2011,
	title = {Defining individual quality over lifetimes and selective contexts},
	volume = {278},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000285541800001},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.1591},
	abstract = {Individual quality has been measured as a variety of different traits and in several different contexts. However, the implications of such measurements in terms of overall fitness are less straightforward than has generally been appreciated. Here we outline some key issues in this regard that have yet to be addressed. Specifically, we consider the importance of both variation in selection on individual and multivariate suites of traits, and of context-specific plasticity in allocation strategies. We argue that an explicit life-history perspective is crucial for understanding variation in quality, as both the strength and direction of selection and an individual's response to it can vary within a breeding season. Hence, 'quality' is not a static characteristic that can be measured by taking longitudinal measures of single traits across a population, but rather a dynamic, multivariate suite of traits that is dependent not only on the selective context, but also on the nature and intensity of selection operating at any given time. We highlight these points by considering recent research on selection and plasticity.},
	number = {1704},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P. and Kasumovic, M. M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {321--328}
}

@book{hubbellUnifiedNeutralTheory2001,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	title = {The {Unified} {Neutral} {Theory} of {Biodiversity} and {Biogeography}},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Hubbell, S. P.},
	year = {2001}
}

@article{clobertBiologyFragmentedPopulations1996,
	title = {The biology of fragmented populations: {The} {French} research network in conservation biology},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1146-609X},
	url = {://WOS:A1996WZ96600002},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Duncan, P. and Danchin, E.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {453--456}
}

@article{petrieImprovedGrowthSurvival1994,
	title = {Improved growth and survival of offspring of peacocks with more elaborate trains},
	volume = {371},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Petrie, M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {offspring, survival, call, peacock, lek,genetic benefits,indirect selection,mate choice},
	pages = {598--599}
}

@article{cheverudDangersDiagonalization2007,
	title = {The dangers of diagonalization},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01220.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Cheverud, J. M.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {15--16}
}

@article{stamencovic-radakGeneticCorrelationSexes1993,
	title = {Genetic correlation between sexes in  {Drosophila} melanogaster : a reply to {Butlin}},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Stamencovic-Radak, M. and Partridge, L. and Andjelcovic, M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Drosophila, sex, call, genetic correlation, Drosophila melanogaster,mating speed},
	pages = {405}
}

@article{palmerQuasireplicationContractError2000,
	title = {Quasireplication and the contract of error: lessons from sex ratios, heritabilities and fluctuating asymmetry},
	volume = {31},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Palmer, A. R.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sex, heritability, sex ratio, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, META-analysis, sex ratios, publication bias, FUNNEL GRAPHS, replication, SELECTIVE REPORTING},
	pages = {441--480}
}

@article{ivyPolyandryProvidesGenetic2002,
	title = {Polyandry provides genetic benefits to female decorated crickets},
	volume = {poster},
	journal = {ISBE Symposium, Montreal, Canada},
	author = {Ivy, T. M.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {genetic benefits, cricket, polyandry, genetic benefit}
}

@article{isakssonOxidativeStressPhysiology2011,
	title = {Oxidative stress physiology in relation to life history traits of a free-living vertebrate: the spotted snow skink, {Niveoscincus} ocellatus},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1749-4877},
	url = {://WOS:000291392200007},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00237.x},
	abstract = {Recent research suggests that oxidative stress, via its links to metabolism and senescence, is a key mechanism linking life history traits such as fecundity and growth with survival; however, this has rarely been put under empirical scrutiny within free-living populations. Using a wild population of live-bearing skinks, we explored how plasma antioxidant activity (OXY), reactive oxidative metabolites (ROM), and the estimated oxidative stress index are associated with female and male life history. We found that male skinks have a significantly higher ROM and estimated oxidative stress index than female skinks, but this was not accompanied by a sex difference in mortality. Both sexes showed a non-linear association between OXY and age, indicating that the oldest and youngest individuals had the lowest OXY. Interestingly, female skinks with high OXY showed a decreased probability of survival to the following season. However, we found no significant associations between female reproductive investment (litter size or litter mass) or parturition date (i.e. metabolism) and oxidative status. Combined, our results offer mixed support for a role of oxidative stress in mediating life history traits and suggest that future studies need to explore oxidative stress during vitellogenesis in addition to using an intra-individual approach to understand the cost of reproduction and patterns of aging.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Integrative Zoology},
	author = {Isaksson, Caroline and While, Geoffrey M. and Olsson, Mats and Komdeur, Jan and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {140--149}
}

@article{realAnimalChoiceBehavior1991,
	title = {Animal choice behavior and the evolution of cognitive architecture},
	volume = {253},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Real, L. A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, call, bumblebee},
	pages = {980--986}
}

@article{verckenFrequencydependentReproductiveSuccess2009,
	title = {Frequency-dependent reproductive success in female common lizards: a real-life hawk-dove-bully game?},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://WOS:000271736100005},
	doi = {10.1007/s00442-009-1442-6},
	abstract = {Alternative strategies are characterised by context-dependent fitness payoffs, which means that their fitness depends on the frequency and the nature of their interactions with one or more strategies. The analysis of the variation of the fitness of each strategy in different social environments can elucidate the evolutionary dynamics played by the strategies. In the common lizard, three female colour types (yellow, orange and mixed) are associated with alternative reaction norms in reproduction and social behaviour that signal alternative strategies. To clarify the nature of colour-specific interactions and their influence on female fitness, we analysed the response of female reproductive success to an experimental manipulation of colour frequencies in natural populations. We found that juvenile body condition at birth for all colour types was negatively affected by the local frequency of yellow females. In addition, we found that mixed females had higher clutch hatching success in the populations where orange females were frequent. These results prove that female reproduction is sensitive to the social environment, and are consistent with a scenario of a hawk-dove-bully game, in which yellow females are aggressive hawks, orange females non-aggressive doves, and mixed females have a context-dependent bully strategy. In this system, the plastic bully strategy would confer a reproductive advantage to putative heterozygotes in some social environments, which could allow the maintenance of the system through context-dependent overdominance effects.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {OECOLOGIA},
	author = {Vercken, E. and Clobert, J. and Sinervo, B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {49--58}
}

@article{ernandePlasticityResourceAllocation2004,
	title = {Plasticity in resource allocation based life history traits in the {Pacific} oyster, {Crassostrea} gigas. {I}. {Spatial} variation in food abundance},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000188990500013},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00674.x},
	abstract = {We investigated the quantitative genetics of plasticity in resource allocation between survival, growth and reproductive effort in Crassostrea gigas when food abundance varies spatially. Resource allocation shifted from survival to growth and reproductive effort as food abundance increased. An optimality model suggests that this plastic shift may be adaptive. Reproductive effort plasticity and mean survival were highly heritable, whereas for growth, both mean and plasticity had low heritability. The genetic correlations between reproductive effort and both survival and growth were negative in poor treatments, suggesting trade-offs, but positive in rich ones. These sign reversals may reflect genetic variability in resource acquisition, which would only be expressed when food is abundant. Finally, we found positive genetic correlations between reproductive effort plasticity and both growth and survival means. The latter may reflect adaptation of C. gigas to differential sensitivity of fitness to survival, such that genetic variability in survival mean might support genetic variability in reproductive effort plasticity.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Ernande, B. and Boudry, P. and Clobert, J. and Haure, J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {342--356}
}

@article{lacyImportanceGeneticVariation1997,
	title = {Importance of genetic variation to the viability of mammalian populations},
	volume = {78},
	url = {ISI:A1997XB31600005},
	abstract = {Small populations lose genetic variability because of genetic drift, and inbreeding within populations can further decrease individual variability. Lower variation depresses individual fitness, resistance to disease and parasites, and flexibility in coping with environmental challenges. Lower variation decreases mean fitness of populations (population growth rates), resilience. and long-term adaptability. Genetic drift can threaten viability of populations not just by depleting variation, but also by replacing natural selection as the predominant force driving evolutionary change. Although most genetic studies use laboratory or domesticated populations, evidence is accumulating that the effects of inbreeding are at least as severe on wild animals in natural habitats. Natural selection is expected to reduce the frequency of deleterious alleles in populations that persist through bottlenecks, but as yet there is little evidence for such purging of the genetic load in mammalian populations. No species of mammal has been shown to be unaffected by inbreeding. Genetic problems are contributing to the decline and vulnerability of at least several mammalian ta,va. Genetic threats to population viability will be expressed through their effects on and interactions with demographic and ecological processes. Theoretical analyses. experimental tests, field studies, and conservation actions should recognize the fundamental interdependency of generic and non-genetic processes affecting viability of populations},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Lacy, R. C.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, Fisher, population, selection, variation, fitness, field, ANIMALS, Darwin, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, lande, theory, natural selection, parasites, allele, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, ELEPHANT SEALS, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, WILD, HABITAT, CONSERVATION, genetics, inbreeding depression, philopatry, genetic variation, viability, speciation, bottleneck, GENETIC LOAD, load, purging, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, fluctuating asymmetry, SMALL POPULATIONS, alleles, population viability, RESISTANCE, BIGHORN SHEEP, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, MAMMALIAN POPULATIONS, genetic drift, REMNANT POPULATIONS, CAPTIVE POPULATIONS, ACINONYX-JUBATUS, BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, extinction genetic drift, FETAL GROWTH},
	pages = {320--335}
}

@article{gilburnEvolutionFemaleChoice1994,
	title = {Evolution of female choice in seawead flies: fisherian and good genes mechanisms operate in different populations},
	volume = {255},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Gilburn, A. S. and Day, T. H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, evolution, genes, good genes, population, call, flies, female mating preferences,Fisher process,good genes,sexy sons},
	pages = {159--165}
}

@article{pierottiIndividualVariationMale2008,
	title = {Individual variation in male mating preferences for female coloration in a polymorphic cichlid fish},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000255987600003},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arm154},
	abstract = {Female color polymorphisms are common in the cichlid species radiations of Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi. According to theory, when a population harbors variation in sex-determining factors, polymorphism in female-linked coloration might generate individual variation in male mating preferences for female color morphs. We tested whether individual males exhibit consistent mating preferences for female color morphs in the Lake Malawi cichlid Pseudotropheus (Maylandia) 'zebra gold', a species polymorphic for female coloration and sex determination. We also explored whether male mating preferences could be predicted by maternal coloration or were acquired by imprinting on siblings' coloration. We found large individual variation in the strength and direction of male preferences for sex-linked female color patterns. Male mating preferences could be predicted by the mother's color morph and were not affected by visual imprinting. These findings represent the first evidence of male choice on sex-linked female coloration in a Lake Malawi cichlid. Our analysis indicates a strong genetic component to male preference for female coloration and large individual variation in the strength and direction of male mating preferences. Within-population variation in innate mating preferences might have important implications in cichlid fish species radiations.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Pierotti, M. E. R. and Knight, M. E. and Immler, S. and Barson, N. J. and Turner, G. F. and Seehausen, O.},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {483--488}
}

@article{sheridanFluctuatingAsymmetrySpot1997,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry, spot asymmetry and inbreeding depression in the sexual coloration of male guppy fish},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:A1997YF50900009},
	abstract = {This paper tests the hypothesis that fluctuating asymmetry in exaggerated sexual traits is a sensitive indicator of genetic stress. Inbreeding was used to create genetic stress in two populations of male guppies collected from the Aripo and Paria river basins in Trinidad. Fluctuating asymmetry in the size of carotenoid, melanin and iridescent pigments did not differ between inbred and control males. There was also no difference in spot asymmetry. The lack of response was not caused by inbreeding having no effect on the male phenotype. Inbred Aripo males had less melanin pigment, fewer melanin spots and fewer iridescent subspots, and Paria males had less carotenoid pigment. Our results show that sexual coloration in guppies is sensitive to genetic stress caused by inbreeding, but they provide no support for the hypothesis that genetic stress is reflected particularly well by the degree of fluctuating asymmetry. The different response to inbreeding in the two populations is interesting. There was inbreeding depression in the area of carotenoid pigment in the Paria population, in which this characteristic is known to influence female mate choice, whereas there was no inbreeding depression in the Aripo population, in which females show no detectable preference for carotenoid pigments},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Sheridan, L. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALE PHENOTYPE, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, response, selection, TRAITS, female mate choice, ornaments, size, female preference, preference, phenotype, heterozygosity, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, patterns, STRESS, asymmetry, indicator, carotenoid, fluctuating asymmetry, TESTS, melanin, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, FEMALE ZEBRA FINCHES},
	pages = {515--523}
}

@article{sommerMHCDiversityEndemic2002,
	title = {{MHC} diversity of endemic {Malagasy} rodents in relation to geographic range and social system},
	volume = {51},
	url = {ISI:000174228100002},
	abstract = {The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encodes a group of closely linked genes that play a central role in the vertebrate immune system. Most natural mammal populations studied so far possess high levels of diversity within the MHC. However, recent investigations in the MHC class II gene DQA of the critically endangered Malagasy giant jumping rat (Hypogeomys antimena) revealed very low variability compared to other mammalian species. The low genetic variability was confirmed in the present study through analyses of the MHC class 11 gene DRB exon 2. This codes for the antigen-binding site and is therefore considered as one of the most important parts of the MHC. The species' geographic distribution has been reduced recently to a fragmented area of suitable habitat within a geographic range of less than 20x40 km of dry deciduous forest at the west coast of Madagascar. H. antimena has some unusual life history characteristics for a rodent species, such as living in obligate monogamy, with pairs staying together until one mate dies, a low reproduction rate (one to two offspring/couple per year), high site and mate fidelity, short dispersal distances, almost no adult migration, and therefore a constant gene pool with very limited gene flow. Current hypotheses usually interpret low MHC polymorphism either as a consequence of reduced selection pressure, bottleneck effects or by constraints of the mating system. To differentiate between these hypotheses, the MHC variability of the DQA and DRB gene of two additional sympatric, but widely distributed rodent species, Macrotarsomys bastardi and Eliurus myoxinus, were studied by using universal primers and single-strand conformation polymorphism. The two species differ in their mating systems: M. bastardi also lives in pairs but E. myoxinus is a promiscuous species. Whereas the investigated MHC class II genes DQA and DRB had low levels of polymorphism in the pair-living species H. antimena and M. bastardi (DQA: 2 and 3 alleles, DRB: 5 and 6 alleles, respectively), higher levels of variation (DQA: 11 alleles, DRB: 9 alleles) were recorded in the promiscuous species, E. myoxinus. Gene diversity was also higher in E. myoxinits (DQA: 0.85, DRB: 0.86) than in the two pair-living species (DQA: 0.41-0.45, DRB: 0.55-0.63). The results suggest that low MHC variability might not only result from bottleneck effects due to recent declines in population size, but also from a monogamous mating system},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Sommer, S. and Schwab, D. and Ganzhorn, J. U.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, genes, MATE, mate choice, PAIR, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, parental care, size, mating, Darwin, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, mating preferences, reproduction, allele, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, polymorphism, DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, RODENT, rodents, social, WILD, HABITAT, migration, genetics, mating system, mating systems, code, MHC, bottleneck, KIN RECOGNITION, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, monogamy, VARIABILITY, alleles, immunogenetics, MHC class II, MHC diversity, MHC POLYMORPHISM, DISTANCE, endangered, FLOW, gene flow, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, dispersal distances, Oryx, constraints, social system, ANTIGEN-BINDING, madagascar, mouse, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, biogeography, PCR, gene diversity, MATE FIDELITY, immune system, primers, geographic range, HYPOGEOMYS ANTIMENA, INFECTIOUS-DISEASE, LIMITED POLYMORPHISM},
	pages = {214--221}
}

@article{tuckerNatureGeneEvolution1995,
	title = {The nature of gene evolution on the mammalian {Y} chromosome: lessons from  {Sry}},
	volume = {350},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Tucker, P. K. and Lundrigan, B. L.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {evolution, Y, Y chromosome, muller's ratchet},
	pages = {221--227}
}

@article{vangenCharacteristicsDispersalWolverines2001,
	title = {Characteristics of dispersal in wolverines},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:000171014200014},
	abstract = {We studied patterns of dispersal and sizes of home ranges of juvenile wolverines (Gulo gulo). Mean dispersal age was 13 months for both male (n = 11) and female (n = 9) wolverines. Females displayed more variation in dispersal age (7-26 months) than males (7-18 months). Of the animals used in the dispersal analyses, all males and 69\% of females dispersed. All sedentary females (n = 4) occupied their mother's territory when she died or shifted territory, and no females dispersed from a territory vacated by their mother. Competition for resources seemed to determine the female dispersal pattern, while competition for mates seemed to explain the male dispersal pattern. Dispersal distances averaged 51 km for males and 60 km for females. However, this is likely to be an underestimation. Eight cases of exploratory movements were observed, and on average, these immediately preceded dispersal movements. The size of juvenile home ranges of males (85 km(2)) and females (81 km(2)) corresponded to the home-range area of denning females during the summer period. Wolverines have the capacity to recolonize gaps in the present distribution of the species in Scandinavia. Other factors, therefore, most likely explain the large proportion of vacant wolverine habitats},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Vangen, K. M. and Persson, J. and Landa, A. and Andersen, R. and Segerstrom, P.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {competition, female, MALES, MATE, variation, model, resources, size, ANIMALS, lande, age, DISPERSAL, HOME-RANGE, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, POPULATION REGULATION, territory, WOLVES, HABITAT, CONSERVATION, philopatry, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, DISTANCE, dispersal distances, Scandinavia, EXTRATERRITORIAL MOVEMENTS, ROCKY-MOUNTAINS, SPACING PATTERNS},
	pages = {1641--1649}
}

@article{bessa-gomesMatingBehaviourInfluences2003,
	title = {Mating behaviour influences extinction risk: insights from demographic modelling and comparative analysis of avian extinction risk},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0003-455X},
	url = {://WOS:000183295600014},
	abstract = {Mating behaviour has long been proposed as a potential cause of inverse density dependence that can affect the viability of small populations through the reduction of female mating rates. However, under the general designation of mating behaviour we may find a diversity of traits that are likely to influence the mating rate. In the present study, we have analysed the influence of the social mating system, mate choice and mating opportunities on population dynamics given a demographic model that explicitly takes mating behaviour into account. The effect of mate choice on extinction risk depends on aspects such as the social mating system, the probability of accepting unattractive males, mating opportunities and variation in reproductive success. Thus, mate choice per se only leads to a significant increase in extinction risk if the social mating system is monogamous. If mating opportunities are limited, however (e.g. reduced encounter rate), the extinction probability associated with mate choice increases considerably. The risk of extinction associated with mate choice further increases when differences in reproductive success due to male attractiveness are taken into account. A comparative analysis of the establishment success of introduced bird species supports our predictions concerning mate choice. Sexually dichromatic species have a significantly lower establishment success than monochromatic species. However, the establishment success of non-native species was not significantly correlated with the social mating system, so that monogamous species are not less likely to be successful than polygamous species.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
	author = {Bessa-Gomes, C. and Danek-Gontard, M. and Cassey, P. and Moller, A. P. and Legendre, S. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {231--245}
}

@article{wedellSpermCompetitionMale7,
	title = {Sperm competition, male prudence and sperm-limited females},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-461XBM0-G/2/bbb4def5604afe9551c5ef733ff1342d},
	abstract = {Sperm are produced in astronomical numbers compared with eggs, and there is good evidence that sperm competition is the force behind the evolution of many tiny sperm. However, sperm production inevitably has costs. Recent research shows that male ejaculate expenditure is dynamic in both time and space, and that males are sensitive to risks of sperm competition and can vary ejaculate size accordingly. We focus on studies showing that males assess mating status and relative fecundity of females, and reveal that modulation of ejaculate investment by males can sometimes result in sperm limitation for females},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Wedell, Nina and Gage, Matthew J. G. and Parker, Geoffrey A.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {egg, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, size, fecundity, INVESTMENT, mating, ejaculate, NUMBER, cost, costs, SPACE, risk, REVEAL, sperm production, sperm limitation},
	pages = {313--320}
}

@article{zalaScentmarkingDisplaysProvide2004,
	title = {Scent-marking displays provide honest signals of health and infection},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000220485100023},
	abstract = {Males of many species produce scent marks and other olfactory signals that function to intimidate rivals and attract females. It has been suggested that scent marks provide an honest, cheat-proof display of an individual's health and condition. Here we report several findings that address this hypothesis in wild-derived house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). (1) We exposed males to female odor, which induces an increase in testosterone, and found that sexual stimulation significantly increased the males' scent-marking and the attractiveness of their scent marks to females. (2) We challenged sexually stimulated males with a nonreplicating strain of bacteria (Salmonella enterica C5TS) to activate immunity and found that this significantly decreased the males' scent-marking and the attractiveness of their scent marks to females. (3) We collected scent marks from infected and sham-infected males when they were sexually stimulated or not, and we found that females could significantly discriminate the scent marks of infected versus control males, but only when the males were sexually stimulated. Taken together, our results indicate that male mice modulate their scent-marking display depending on their health and perceived mating opportunities. Increased scent marking enhances males' attractiveness to females, scent marks provide an honest indicator of bacterial infection (and perhaps immune activation), and females are able to assess the health of males more easily when males mark at a high rate},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Zala, S. M. and Potts, W. K. and Penn, D. J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Attractiveness, behaviour, ECOLOGY, female, FEMALES, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, INCREASE, signals, mating, testosterone, immunity, display, displays, BEHAVIOR, condition, SCENT, host, indicator, FEMALE MICE, HOUSE MICE, MICE, parasite-mediated sexual selection, MICE MUS-MUSCULUS, MUS-MUSCULUS, odor, INFECTION, WILD HOUSE MICE, olfaction, MUSCULUS, immune activation, HONEST INDICATOR, honest signaling theory, immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, Mus, NON-PARASITIZED MALES, PLASMA TESTOSTERONE LEVELS, Salmonella, SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM, SOCIAL ODORS, URINARY MARKING},
	pages = {338--344}
}

@article{karinoHeritabilityMaleSecondary2001,
	title = {Heritability of male secondary sexual traits in feral guppies in {Japan}},
	volume = {19},
	journal = {Journal of Ethology},
	author = {Karino, K. and Haijima, Y.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, heritability, Y-linkage},
	pages = {33--37}
}

@article{marconatoMalesWhoseNests1986,
	title = {Males whose nests contain eggs are preferred by female  {Cottus} gobio  {L}. ({Pisces}, {Cottidae})},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Marconato, A. and Bisazza, A.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {egg, call, communication, Cottus gobio,female mate choice,river bullhead},
	pages = {1580--1582}
}

@article{couldridgeDoesTimeSpent2001,
	title = {Does the time spent near a male predict female mate choice in a {Malawian} cichlid?},
	volume = {59},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Couldridge, V. C. K. and Alexander, G. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, female mate choice, cichlid, mbuna},
	pages = {667--672}
}

@article{mollerRepeatabilityFemaleChoice1994,
	title = {Repeatability of female choice in a monogamous swallow},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, call, repeatability, swallow, barn swallow,female choice,female preference,Fisher process,mate choice,sexual selection},
	pages = {643--648}
}

@article{massotINCUMBENTADVANTAGECOMMON1994,
	title = {{INCUMBENT} {ADVANTAGE} {IN} {COMMON} {LIZARDS} {AND} {THEIR} {COLONIZING} {ABILITY}},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:A1994MZ05700019},
	doi = {10.2307/5560},
	abstract = {1. Settlement in a new environment is a key phase in effective dispersal. We investigated this phase in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin) by an experimental introduction of known individuals. 2. Introducing lizards in an already occupied environment revealed a prior-residence advantage and some differences in the ability of individuals to face a new environment under conditions of high intraspecific competition. 3. Transplanted individuals (TI) died in larger numbers than resident ones (RI) immediately after the introduction, except for juveniles. this prior-residence advantage could arise from the difference of familiarity with the local environment or from a dominant behaviour of RI on TI. 4. TI which survived the first winter after the introduction survived better than RI afterwards. However, surviving TI females paid a cost in their reproduction. 5. Surviving TI were not a random subset of the initial sample: smaller adult males and leaner adult females were selected. These selective responses arose from the transplantation since they were not observed in non-manipulated populations. 6. A comparison of characteristics between natural transient or immigrant individuals and TI survivors revealed: (i) TI male and yearling survivors may have been transients or immigrants in their site of origin; (ii) TI adult female survivors were not transients nor immigrants in their site of origin. The latter result questions the use of introduction experiments to test dispersal ability. Strictly. introduction experiments only test settlement ability.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Massot, M. and Clobert, J. and Lecomte, J. and Barbault, R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {431--440}
}

@article{fairbairnSexualSelectionEvolution1996,
	title = {Sexual selection and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the water strider,  {Aquarius} remigis.},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Fairbairn, D. J. and Preziosi, R. F.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, selection, size, dimorphism, sexual size dimorphism},
	pages = {1549--1559}
}

@article{benjaminiControllongFalseDiscovery1995,
	title = {Controllong the false discovery rate - a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0035-9246},
	url = {://WOS:A1995QE45300017},
	abstract = {The common approach to the multiplicity problem calls for controlling the familywise error rate (FWER). This approach, though, has faults, and we point out a few. A different approach to problems of multiple significance testing is presented. It calls for controlling the expected proportion of falsely rejected hypotheses - the false discovery rate. This error rate is equivalent to the FWER when all hypotheses are true but is smaller otherwise. Therefore, in problems where the control of the false discovery rate rather than that of the FWER is desired, there is potential for a gain in power. A simple sequential Bonferroni-type procedure is proved to control the false discovery rate for independent test statistics, and a simulation study shows that the gain in power is substantial. The use of the new procedure and the appropriateness of the criterion are illustrated with examples.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Methodological},
	author = {Benjamini, Y. and Hochberg, Y.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {bonferroni procedure, bonferroni-type procedures, familywise error rate, multiple-comparison, p-values, procedures},
	pages = {289--300}
}

@article{kirkpatrickVuAllAgain1995,
	title = {D‚j… vu all over again},
	volume = {377},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Kirkpatrick, M. and Barton, N.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {call, genetic variation,natural selection,preference,runaway process},
	pages = {388--389}
}

@article{swindellAncestralInbreedingReduces2006,
	title = {Ancestral inbreeding reduces the magnitude of inbreeding depression in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000237441300011},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Swindell, W. R. and Bouzat, J. L.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Drosophila, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER},
	pages = {762--767}
}

@article{seppanenSocialInformationUse2007,
	title = {Social information use is a process across time, space, and ecology, reaching heterospecifics},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000247730800002},
	doi = {10.1890/06-1757.1},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Seppanen, J. T. and Forsman, J. T. and Monkkonen, M. and Thomson, R. L.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {predation risk, BREEDING HABITAT SELECTION, INFORMATION, Public information, CONSPECIFIC ATTRACTION, social information, ALARM, autocorrelation, BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES, BIRD COMMUNITIES, CALLS, habilat selection, heterospecific attraction, MIXED-SPECIES TROOPS, PATCHY ENVIRONMENT, public, social learning, WEB-SITE SELECTION},
	pages = {1622--1633}
}

@article{ullerSexualDimorphismAffected2005,
	title = {Is sexual dimorphism affected by the combined action of prenatal stress and sex ratio?},
	volume = {303A},
	issn = {1548-8969},
	url = {://WOS:000233295800008},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.a.231},
	abstract = {During embryonic development, offspring are exposed to hormones of both maternal and sibling origin. Maternal stress increases offspring exposure to corticosterone, and, in polytocous animals, the sex ratio or intrauterine position can influence the levels of androgens and estrogens experienced by the offspring. Such hormone exposure has the potential to influence many important morphological and behavioural aspects of offspring, in particular sexually dimorphic traits. Although well known in rodents, the impact of prenatal hormone exposure in other vertebrates is poorly documented. We experimentally investigated the relationship between maternal stress, population density, sex ratio (a surrogate for the degree of exposure to steroids produced by siblings), and sexual dimorphism in a viviparous lizard, Lacerta vivipara. Our results show that prenatal sex ratios have consequences for sexually dimorphic morphology (ventral scale count) in both sexes, but with no effect of maternal stress or any interaction between the two. Embryonic steroid exposure can potentially be an important factor in generating individual variation in natural populations of viviparous animals.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology Part a-Comparative Experimental Biology},
	author = {Uller, T. and Meylan, S. and De Fraipont, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1110--1114}
}

@article{clutton-brockPersistentCourtshipReduces1997,
	title = {Persistent courtship reduces male and female longevity in captive tsetse flies  {Glossina} morsitans morsitans  {Westwood} ({Diptera}: {Glossinidae}) .},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Clutton-Brock, T. H. and Langley, P.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {courtship, longevity, flies, sexual conflict},
	pages = {392--395}
}

@article{johnstoneArtefactNetworkEvolution1995,
	title = {Artefact or network evolution- {Johnstone} replies},
	volume = {374},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {evolution, call, symmetry},
	pages = {313}
}

@article{suggPopulationGeneticsMeets1996,
	title = {Population genetics meets behavioral ecology},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:A1996UX90900017},
	abstract = {Populations are often composed of more than just randomly mating subpopuations - many organisms form social groups with distinct patterns of mating and dispersal. Such patterns have received much attention in behavioral ecology, yet theories of population genetics rarely take social structures into account, Consequently, population geneticists often report high levels of apparent inbreeding and concomitantly low effective sizes, even for species that avoid mating between close kin. Recently, a view of gene dynamics has been introduced that takes dispersal and social structure into account. Accounting for social structure in population genetics leads to a different perspective on how genetic variation is partitioned and the rate at which genic diversity is lost in natural populations - a view that is more consistent with observed behaviors far the minimization of inbreeding},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Sugg, D. W. and Chesser, R. K. and Dobson, F. S. and Hoogland, J. L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, population, variation, insect, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, lande, theory, form, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, social, DYNAMICS, genetics, mating systems, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, kin, genetic variation, pattern, patterns, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, DIVERSITY, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, sociobiology, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, introduced, PERSPECTIVE, FLOW, gene dynamics, SIZES},
	pages = {338--342}
}

@article{jimenezExperimentalstudyInbreedingDepression1994,
	title = {An experimental-study of inbreeding depression in a natural habitat},
	volume = {266},
	url = {ISI:A1994PM13400032},
	abstract = {Inbreeding is known to lead to decreased survival and reproduction in captive populations of animals. It is also important to know whether inbreeding has deleterious effects in natural habitats. An estimate was made of the effects of inbreeding in white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, derived from a wild population. This study demonstrates that inbreeding had a significant detrimental effect on the survivorship of mice reintroduced into a natural habitat. This effect was more severe than the effect observed in laboratory studies of the population},
	number = {5183},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Jimenez, J. A. and Hughes, K. A. and Alaks, G. and Graham, L. and Lacy, R. C.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {population, survival, ANIMALS, reproduction, inbreeding, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, POPULATIONS, PRIMATES, WHITE-FOOTED MICE, WILD, HABITAT, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, philopatry, WILD POPULATION, MICE, PEROMYSCUS, PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS, CAPTIVE POPULATIONS},
	pages = {271--273}
}

@article{turelliCausesHaldaneRule1998,
	title = {The causes of {Haldane}'s rule},
	volume = {282},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Turelli, M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Drosophila, selection, Haldanes' rule, heterogametic},
	pages = {889--891}
}

@article{markowBehaviouralSensoryBasis1987,
	title = {Behavioural and sensory basis of courtship success in  {Drosophila} melanogaster.},
	volume = {84},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Markow, T. A.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {female choice, courtship, Drosophila, size, male-male competition},
	pages = {6200--6204}
}

@article{reidSecondarySexualOrnamentation2007,
	title = {Secondary sexual ornamentation and non-additive genetic benefits of female mate choice},
	volume = {274},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://000246478500007},
	language = {English},
	number = {1616},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Reid, J. M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {selection, fitness, mating preferences, heterozygosity, relatedness, inbreeding depression, SPARROWS MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, KIN RECOGNITION, LEK PARADOX, GREAT REED WARBLER, IMMUNE-RESPONSE, indirect fitness benefits, intersexual selection, SONG REPERTOIRE SIZE},
	pages = {1395--1402}
}

@article{ciszekNewColonyFormation2000,
	title = {New colony formation in the "highly inbred" eusocial naked mole-rat: outbreeding is preferred},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:000088355900001},
	abstract = {If the adaptive significance of sexual reproduction derives from genetic recombination, then sexual organisms that severely inbreed minimize the benefits of sexuality without fully escaping its costs. Local populations of the eusocial naked mole-rat are extremely genetically uniform, and colonies have the highest inbreeding coefficient known for wild mammals. Because nonbreeding workers cooperate to rear the queen's offspring, researchers have speculated that the inclusive fitness benefits of close relatedness outweigh the benefits of genetic recombination, thus leading to the adaptive avoidance of outbreeding. However, I show that in laboratory colonies in which each individual had an equal number of familiar siblings and unfamiliar distant kin (UDK) as potential mates, mating pairs were significantly more likely to consist of UDK. Some form of kin recognition must have been used in order for this pattern to result. Aggression was not mitigated by relatedness, however, as both fighting and cooperation occurred as frequently between siblings as between UDK. By studying the early stages of colony development I was able to investigate col relations between physical characteristics of workers and success in attaining breeding status. I also observed allonursing, hitherto unseen in this species, and suggest that it is less likely to occur later in colony development},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Ciszek, D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, offspring, PAIR, population, selection, sex, BENEFITS, fitness, mating, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, reproduction, form, relatedness, cost, costs, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, WILD, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, inbreeding depression, P2, philopatry, outbreeding, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, AGGRESSION, cooperation, dominance, fighting, siblings, COLONIES, cooperative breeding, eusociality, INCEST AVOIDANCE, wasp, recombination, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, CRYPTOMYS DAMARENSIS, NAKED MOLE-RAT, sexual reproduction, Heterocephalus glaber, HETEROCEPHALUS-GLABER, allonursing, CAPTIVE COLONIES, XENOPHOBIA},
	pages = {1--6}
}

@article{blowsInteractionNaturalSexual2002,
	title = {Interaction between natural and sexual selection during the evolution of mate recognition},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Blows, M. W.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, selection, experimental evolution, mate recognition},
	pages = {1113--1118}
}

@article{stowInbreedingAvoidanceCunningham2004,
	title = {Inbreeding avoidance in {Cunningham}'s skinks ({Egernia} cunninghami) in natural and fragmented habitat},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:000187919200015},
	abstract = {Habitat fragmentation/alteration has been proposed as a distinct process threatening the viability of populations of many organisms. One expression of its impact may be the disruption of core population processes such as inbreeding avoidance. Using the experimental design outlined in our companion paper, we report on the impact of habitat alteration (deforestation) on inbreeding in the rock-dwelling Australian lizard Egernia cunninghami. Ten microsatellite loci were used to calculate relatedness coefficients of potential and actual breeding pairs, and to examine mate-choice and heterozygosity. Despite significantly less dispersal and higher within-group relatedness between potential mates in deforested than in natural habitats, this did not result in significantly more inbred matings. Average relatedness amongst breeding pairs was low, with no significant difference between natural and fragmented populations in relatedness between breeding pairs, or individual heterozygosity. Active avoidance of close kin as mates was indicated by the substantially and significantly lower relatedness in actual breeding pairs than potential ones. These facts, and heterozygote excesses in all groups of immature lizards from both habitats, show that E. cunninghami maintained outbreeding in the face of increased accumulation of relatives},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Stow, A. J. and Sunnucks, P.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, PAIR, population, mating, LIZARDS, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, HABITAT, metapopulation, CONSERVATION, HABITAT FRAGMENTATION, AVOIDANCE, genetics, kinship, Egernia, lizard, skinks, patterns, viability, outbreeding, peacock, demography, Egernia cunninghami, glass effect, AUSTRALIAN LIZARD, OCHOTONA PRINCEPS},
	pages = {443--447}
}

@article{simmonsHeritabilityMaleCharacter1987,
	title = {Heritability of a male character chosen by females of the field cricket,  {Gryllus} bimaculatus},
	volume = {21},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {heritability, call, cricket, field, Gryllus bimaculatus, body size,directional selection,fecundity,female choice,genetic variation,male mating success},
	pages = {129--133}
}

@article{etgesSexualSelectionOperating1996,
	title = {Sexual selection operating in a wild population of  {Drosophila} robusta},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Etges, W. J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, population, selection, call, Drosophila robusta,sexual selection},
	pages = {2095--2100}
}

@article{waldmanKinRecognitionIncest1992,
	title = {Kin recognition and incest avoidance in toads},
	volume = {32},
	url = {ISI:A1992JK51200003},
	abstract = {Toads, like many amphibians, display breeding site fidelity. Individuals t at return to natal ponds to breed are likely to encounter siblings as potential mates. We examined the genetic structure of Bufo americanus breeding populations at five localities within a 1 km radius. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes significantly differed among the breeding populations, but haplotype distributions did not differ from year to year within breeding sites. Natal philopatry may account for these results. Although incest is thus possible, siblings rarely mate. Comparing haplotypes of toads captured while mating, we found only 2 of 86 pairs that could possibly be siblings. We suggest that toads might recognize and actively avoid close kin as mates. Advertisement vocalizations given by males serve as potential cues by which females might recognize their kin. We recorded calls of males, in the field, and later obtained rank estimates of their relationships to one another by DNA finger printing of the nuclear genome. The resemblance of males' calls was positively correlated with the similarity of their fingerprints. Significant differences in call characteristics were also found among breeding populations. Temporal parameters, rather than frequency components, encode kinship information. Recently developed techniques in molecular genetics facilitate studies of the heritability of behavioral traits in natural populations},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {Waldman, B. and Rice, J. E. and Honeycutt, R. L.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, Fisher, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, PAIR, population, sex, TRAITS, heritability, mating, call, field, theory, INDIVIDUALS, similarity, display, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, natal philopatry, POPULATIONS, AVOIDANCE, genetics, kinship, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, COMPONENTS, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, DISTRIBUTIONS, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, MINNESOTA, DNA, Bufo, toad, siblings, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, SITE FIDELITY, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, RANK, POPULATION-DYNAMICS, Bufo americanus, mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA, NUCLEAR, TADPOLES, FROG RANA-SYLVATICA, FINGERPRINTS, ACRIS-CREPITANS, BUFO-WOODHOUSEI-FOWLERI, CRICKET FROG},
	pages = {18--30}
}

@book{draperAppliedRegressionAnalysis1981,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Applied {Regression} {Analysis}},
	isbn = {0 471 02995-5},
	url = {julian caley, mark blows},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Draper, N. and Smith, H.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {20}
}

@article{barbosaFemaleMatingDecisions2006,
	title = {Female mating decisions: maximizing fitness?},
	volume = {68},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01133.x},
	abstract = {Sexual selection theory assumes that maximizing fitness is the ultimate goal in every mating decision. Fitness can be maximized directly by increasing the number of offspring (direct benefits) or indirectly by maximizing offspring's lifetime reproductive success (indirect benefits). Whereas there is considerable evidence in the literature for the influence of mating decisions on direct benefits, indirect benefits have been more elusive. Here, we review the variables that influence mating decisions made by females of freshwater fish and how these affect their fitness directly, as well as indirectly. Females enhance their fitness by matching their mating decisions to current environmental conditions, using a wide range of pre- and post-copulation mechanisms that enable them to maximize benefits from mating. Male sexual traits and courtship displays are signals used by females as a way of assessing male quality in terms of both direct and indirect benefits. Polyandry is very common among freshwater fish species, and indirect benefits have been hypothesized as drivers of its predominance. Despite intensive theoretical work, and multiple suggestions of the effects of indirect benefits, to date no study has been able to demonstrate experimentally the existence of indirect benefits in freshwater fish species. Additionally, most studies of direct benefits measure short-term benefits of mating decisions. In both cases, lifetime reproductive success is not assessed. Therefore, we are led to conclude that evidence as to whether female mating decisions result in direct and/or indirect benefits in freshwater fish species is still lacking. These results should be considered in light of the ongoing debate about the significance of indirect benefits in female mating decisions},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Barbosa, M. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, female, FEMALES, fish, indirect benefits, offspring, quality, selection, TRAITS, BENEFITS, fitness, SEXUAL-SELECTION, signals, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, theory, NUMBER, polyandry, display, displays, condition, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, COMMON, SIGNAL, courtship display, mating decision, direct benefits, mating decisions, light, direct and indirect benefits},
	pages = {1636--1661}
}

@article{ferrerasProximateUltimateCauses2004,
	title = {Proximate and ultimate causes of dispersal in the {Iberian} lynx {Lynx} pardinus},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000189345400004},
	abstract = {Most studies on the causes of animal dispersal focus on species of birds or small mammals, but there are few such studies on solitary carnivores. A complete picture of the causes of animal dispersal is not possible without considering cases on a representative set of animals. The Iberian lynx is a medium-size, solitary carnivore that inhabits metapopulations, where dispersal plays a prominent role. Between 1983 and 1998 we studied the proximate and ultimate causes of dispersal in Iberian lynx in the Donana metapopulation (southwestern Spain), based on radio-tracking of 49 individuals. Saturation of limited breeding areas in this small population leads to high dispersal rates in both sexes. Most lynxes dispersed from their natal area between 12 and 24 months of age. Males younger than I year old tended to disperse in a higher proportion than females of the same age. However, high dispersal rates for both sexes by the age of 2 years and the lack of differences in the dispersal distances do not support inbreeding avoidance as an ultimate cause of dispersal. Dispersal mainly started between January and June (24/29 cases), when most social interactions occur, which supports the social subordination hypothesis. Lynxes left the natal range at an earlier age from the local population with higher density, which supports intraspecific competition for resources as a cause for dispersal. However, prey seems not to be the limiting resource because dispersal mostly started during the season of increasing prey density, and individual probability of dispersal increases with prey density in the natal area. Dispersers suffered higher mortality than nondispersing lynxes of the same age, due mostly to anthropogenic causes. About half of the dispersers successfully settled in a territory at distances that differed between areas of origin, but not between sexes. Distances reached, shorter than those reported for other similar-size solitary felids, are limited by anthropogenic barriers that prevent connection, with closer metapopulations},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Ferreras, P. and Delibes, M. and Palomares, F. and Fedriani, J. M. and Calzada, J. and Revilla, E.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, i, population, selection, sex, model, resources, survival, age, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, JUVENILE DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, social, territory, X, metapopulation, bird, birds, mortality, settlement, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, social interactions, SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION, dispersal rates, resource competition, DONANA-NATIONAL-PARK, Lynx pardinus, lynxes, FOXES VULPES-VULPES, RED FOXES, social subordination, SW SPAIN},
	pages = {31--40}
}

@article{servedioEvolutionMateChoice1996,
	title = {The evolution of mate choice copying by indirect selection},
	volume = {148},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Servedio, M. R. and Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, indirect selection, evolution, mate choice, selection, call, copying, copying,female choice},
	pages = {848--867}
}

@article{swaneyFamiliarityFacilitatesSocial2001,
	title = {Familiarity facilitates social learning of foraging behaviour in the guppy},
	volume = {62},
	url = {ISI:000171727900021},
	abstract = {Previous studies have shown that guppies, Poecilia reticulata, can learn the route to a food source by shoaling with knowledgeable conspecifics, and prefer to shoal with experienced foragers and familiar fish. We tested the hypothesis that guppies would learn more effectively from (1) familiar than unfamiliar demonstrators and (2) well-trained than poorly trained demonstrators. Demonstrator fish were given experience in swimming a route to a food source and then introduced into shoals of untrained observer guppies; the spread of this foraging skill was recorded over 15 trials. The demonstrators were either familiar or unfamiliar to the observers and either well trained or poorly trained. Observers performed significantly better when the demonstrators were familiar. The training of the demonstrators made no overall difference to the performance of naive observers. However, whilst observers in shoals exposed to well-trained demonstrators did better initially than those with poorly trained ones, the latter learned the route to the feeder faster. Our results suggest that familiarity may generate a form of directed social learning in guppy shoals, in which fish learn more effectively from familiar conspecifics. An analysis of who follows whom suggests that well-trained demonstrators can provide a 'tip-off' as to the location of the hole but poorly trained demonstrators were more likely to be followed. The results suggest that while observers are able to shoal with poorly trained demonstrators, well-trained demonstrators swim the maze route too quickly to be followed, but may attract attention to the maze route. (C) 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Swaney, W. and Kendal, J. and Capon, H. and Brown, C. and Laland, K. N.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, evolution, fish, fishes, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, PERFORMANCE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, Y, form, social, FAMILIARITY, EXPERIENCE, CONSPECIFICS, learning, transmission, foraging, introduced, food, INFORMATION, shoal, shoaling, SHOALS, CORAL-REEF FISH},
	pages = {591--598}
}

@article{westneatAlternativeMechanismsNonindependent2000,
	title = {Alternative mechanisms of nonindependent mate choice},
	volume = {59},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Westneat, D. F. and Walters, A. and McCarthy, T. M. and Hatch, M. I. and Hein, W. K.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, mating preferences, mate-choice copying},
	pages = {467--476}
}

@article{legalliardJuvenileGrowthSurvival2005,
	title = {Juvenile growth and survival under dietary restriction: are males and females equal?},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:000232979300017},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.14163.x},
	abstract = {The effects of food availability on life-history traits may be direct or delayed and may vary between the sexes. We evaluated the effects of dietary restriction early in life on growth and survival of male and female juveniles in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) and surveyed the literature on sex-specific sensitivity to the environment in vertebrates. Juvenile lizards were reared in the laboratory during one month following birth under full feeding or under dietary restriction. They were then released in two outdoor enclosures, where we compared growth and survival between treatments during one year. Low food availability early in life led to lower body growth in a direct, but not delayed, manner. The absence of compensatory growth in juveniles that experienced dietary restriction might be explained by their reduced competitiveness. Dietary restriction had a strongly negative, delayed effect on survival up to the age of one year that was mediated by selection against smaller individuals. Effects of dietary restriction were not sex-specific, as expected from the similar energetic requirements of male and female juveniles. Hence, food availability has long-lasting consequences on life-history traits that might influence population dynamics in this species.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {368--376}
}

@article{crowSexualPheromoneGuppy1979,
	title = {A sexual pheromone in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata  ({Peters})},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Crow, R. T. and Liley, N. R.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, pheromone, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,sexual pheromone},
	pages = {184--188}
}

@article{zahaviMateSelectionSelection1975,
	title = {Mate selection- a selection for a handicap},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Zahavi, A.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {selection, mate selection, call, handicap, handicap principle,mate preference,mate selection,sexual selection},
	pages = {205--214}
}

@article{clobertCapturerecaptureEvolutionaryEcology2002,
	title = {Capture-recapture and evolutionary ecology: further comments},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0266-4763},
	url = {://WOS:000173247600004},
	doi = {10.1080/02664760120108773},
	number = {1-4},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Statistics},
	author = {Clobert, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {53--56}
}

@article{reznickInfluenceFluctuatingResources1993,
	title = {The influence of fluctuating resources on life history: patterns of allocation and plasticity in female guppies},
	volume = {74},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Reznick, D. and Yang, A. P.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, resources, call, life history, plasticity, allocation, growth,offspring size,plasticity,Poecilia reticulata,reproduction},
	pages = {2011--2019}
}

@article{brownNewHeterozygosityTheory1998,
	title = {The new heterozygosity theory of mate choice and the {MHC}},
	volume = {104},
	url = {ISI:000080245100005},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Brown, J. L.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, male sexual ornaments, GROWTH-RATE, theory, genetics, MHC, fluctuating asymmetry, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, COELOPA-FRIGIDA, DIFFERENTIAL MATING SUCCESS, ENZYME HETEROZYGOSITY, MYTILUS-EDULIS, PANORPA-JAPONICA, WHITE-TAILED DEER},
	pages = {215--221}
}

@article{nusseySelectionHeritablePhenotypic2005,
	title = {Selection on heritable phenotypic plasticity in a wild bird population},
	volume = {310},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://WOS:000232670100049},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1117004},
	abstract = {Theoretical and laboratory research suggests that phenotypic plasticity can evolve under selection. However, evidence for its evolutionary potential from the wild is lacking. We present evidence from a Dutch, population of great tits (Parus major) for variation in individual plasticity in the timing of reproduction, and we show that this variation is heritable. Selection favoring highly plastic individuals has intensified over a 32-year period. This temporal trend is concurrent with climate change causing a mismatch between the breeding times of the birds and their caterpillar prey. Continued selection on plasticity can act to alleviate this mismatch.},
	number = {5746},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Nussey, D. H. and Postma, E. and Gienapp, P. and Visser, M. E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {304--306}
}

@article{roweRecieverPsychologyEvolution1999,
	title = {Reciever psychology and the evolution of multicomponent signals},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Rowe, C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, signals, sexual displays, detection probability, detection threshold, multicomponent signals, reaction time, signallers},
	pages = {921--931}
}

@article{bolkerGeneralizedLinearMixed2009,
	title = {Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0169-5347 (PRINT) 0169-5347 (LINKING)},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19185386},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008},
	abstract = {How should ecologists and evolutionary biologists analyze nonnormal data that involve random effects? Nonnormal data such as counts or proportions often defy classical statistical procedures. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) provide a more flexible approach for analyzing nonnormal data when random effects are present. The explosion of research on GLMMs in the last decade has generated considerable uncertainty for practitioners in ecology and evolution. Despite the availability of accurate techniques for estimating GLMM parameters in simple cases, complex GLMMs are challenging to fit and statistical inference such as hypothesis testing remains difficult. We review the use (and misuse) of GLMMs in ecology and evolution, discuss estimation and inference and summarize 'best-practice' data analysis procedures for scientists facing this challenge.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends Ecol Evol},
	author = {Bolker, B. M. and Brooks, M. E. and Clark, C. J. and Geange, S. W. and Poulsen, J. R. and Stevens, M. H. and White, J. S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Data Interpretation, Statistical, Software, Bayes Theorem, *Biological Evolution, *Ecology, *Linear Models, Likelihood Functions},
	pages = {127--35}
}

@article{reinholdModellingEvolutionFemale2002,
	title = {Modelling the evolution of female choice strategies under inbreeding conditions},
	volume = {116},
	url = {ISI:000179519800005},
	abstract = {Recently, many mate choice studies have discussed the role of genetic compatibility and inbreeding for the evolution of mate choice. With population genetic simulations I compared the potential advantage of three different female choice strategies under inbreeding conditions. Females were assumed to benefit indirectly via a preference for (i) complementary males, (ii) males with few detrimental mutations, and (iii) non-inbred males. Probably related to the reduced inbreeding depression in offspring of choosy females, the choice-allele increased for all three strategies. However, the advantage of the strategies differed widely. Choice of males with fewer mutations provided a comparatively large advantage, choice of complementary males led to a reasonable advantage, and choice of non-inbred males only resulted in a minor advantage of female choice. My results show that complementary mate choice can be almost as beneficial as conventional good-genes choice of mates with lower genetic load. Compared to the two other mate choice strategies, choice of non-inbred males is less likely to contribute to the evolution of costly mate choice. The results of a recent study showing that female sticklebacks prefer males with a larger number of MHC-loci is thus unlikely to be related to an indirect benefit of choosing non-inbred males},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Reinhold, K.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, good genes, good-genes hypothesis, i, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, stickleback, sticklebacks, mating preferences, preference, heterozygosity, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, condition, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, choosing, related, GENETIC LOAD, load, mutation, INCREASES, choosy females, complementary choice},
	pages = {189--195}
}

@article{koenigDemographicConsequencesIncest1999,
	title = {Demographic consequences of incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000080973100014},
	abstract = {The avoidance of breeding with close relatives is an adaptation to inbreeding depression. Unfortunately, inbreeding depression has proved difficult to document or measure in the wild, despite being frequently observed among animals in captivity. We address this problem indirectly by determining the demographic cost of incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding, polygynandrous acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus, following the death or disappearance of all breeders of one sex within a group (a reproductive vacancy). Groups undergoing female vacancies that also contained female nonbreeding helpers experienced significantly lower reproductive success in each of the subsequent 3 years than those in which either no nonbreeding helpers or only male nonbreeding helpers were present, a decrease attributable to incest avoidance between the helper females and the related breeder males in the group. Using a computer simulation combined with a life-table analysis, we estimated that incest avoidance costs the population 9.2-12.1\% in overall reproductive potential (measured in fledglings/female) and decreases the population rate of increase by 1.78-2.33\%/year. These results suggest the presence, on average, of at least 1.2-1.8 lethal equivalents per individual, a value of the same magnitude as estimated for several other taxa, including humans. Incest avoidance may compound random demographic and environmental events and significantly facilitate the decline of threatened populations even prior to any detrimental effects of inbreeding depression per se. (C) 1999 The Association fbr the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Koenig, W. D. and Stanback, M. T. and Haydock, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, population, sex, CONSEQUENCES, reproductive success, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, human, cost, costs, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, WILD, adaptation, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, SONG SPARROWS, related, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, ACORN WOODPECKER, WOODPECKER},
	pages = {1287--1293}
}

@article{burleyMateChoiceMultiple1981,
	title = {Mate choice by multiple criteria in a monogamous species},
	volume = {117},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Burley, N.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, fitness, phenotypic traits, pigeons},
	pages = {515--528}
}

@article{birkheadMechanismsSpermCompetition1990,
	title = {Mechanisms of sperm competition},
	volume = {5},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R. and Hunter, F. M.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {competition, sperm, last male sperm precedence,sexual selection,sperm competition,stratification},
	pages = {48--52}
}

@article{jenkinsSpermEpigenomePotential2012,
	title = {The sperm epigenome and potential implications for the developing embryo},
	volume = {143},
	journal = {Reproduction},
	author = {Jenkins, TG and Carrell, DT},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {727--734}
}

@article{laneDelayedPhenologyReduced2012,
	title = {Delayed phenology and reduced fitness associated with climate change in a wild hibernator},
	volume = {489},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:000311781500001},
	doi = {10.1038/nature11335},
	abstract = {The most commonly reported ecological effects of climate change are shifts in phenologies, in particular of warmer spring temperatures leading to earlier timing of key events(1,2). Among animals, however, these reports have been heavily biased towards avian phenologies, whereas we still know comparatively little about other seasonal adaptations, such as mammalian hibernation. Here we show a significant delay (0.47 days per year, over a 20-year period) in the hibernation emergence date of adult females in a wild population of Columbian ground squirrels in Alberta, Canada. This finding was related to the climatic conditions at our study location: owing to within-individual phenotypic plasticity, females emerged later during years of lower spring temperature and delayed snowmelt. Although there has not been a significant annual trend in spring temperature, the date of snowmelt has become progressively later owing to an increasing prevalence of late-season snowstorms. Importantly, years of later emergence were also associated with decreased individual fitness. There has consequently been a decline in mean fitness (that is, population growth rate) across the past two decades. Our results show that plastic responses to climate change may be driven by climatic trends other than increasing temperature, and may be associated with declines in individual fitness and, hence, population viability.},
	language = {English},
	number = {7417},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Lane, J. E. and Kruuk, L. E. B. and Charmantier, A. and Murie, J. O. and Dobson, F. S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {population, plasticity, COLUMBIAN GROUND-SQUIRRELS, patterns, MIGRATORY BIRD, BODY-MASS, phenotypic, spermophilus-columbianus, spring emergence},
	pages = {554--+}
}

@article{coltmanParasitemediatedSelectionInbred1999,
	title = {Parasite-mediated selection against inbred {Soay} sheep in a free-living, island population},
	volume = {53},
	url = {ISI:000082389200024},
	abstract = {Parasites are thought to provide a selective force capable of promoting genetic variation in natural populations. One rarely considered pathway for this action is via parasite-mediated selection against inbreeding. If parasites impose a fitness cost on their host and the offspring of close relatives have greater susceptibility to parasites due to the increased homozygosity that results from inbreeding, then parasite-mediated mortality may select against inbred individuals. This hypothesis has not yet been tested within a natural vertebrate population. Here we show that relatively inbred Soay sheep (Ovis aries), as assessed by microsatellite heterozygosity, are more susceptible to parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes, with interactions indicating,greatest susceptibility among adult sheep at high population density. During periods of high overwinter mortality on the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, Scotland, highly parasitised individuals were less likely to survive. More inbred individuals were also less likely to survive, which is due to their increased susceptibility to parasitism, because survival was random with respect to inbreeding among sheep that were experimentally cleared of their gastrointestinal parasite burden by anthelminthic treatment. As a consequence of this selection, average microsatellite heterozygosity increases with age in St. Kildan Soay sheep. We suggest that parasite-mediated selection acts to maintain genetic variation in this small island population by removing less heterozygous individuals},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Coltman, D. W. and Pilkington, J. G. and Smith, J. A. and Pemberton, J. M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, Fisher, HYPOTHESIS, i, offspring, population, selection, variation, fitness, INCREASE, model, MODELS, survival, CONSEQUENCE, BIOLOGY, age, parasites, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, cost, inbreeding, population density, POPULATIONS, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, SONG SPARROWS, genetic variation, host, pathogen, SCOTLAND, ISLAND, par, INCREASES, parasitism, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, genome, GENETIC-VARIATION, mortality, ISLAND POPULATION, food, OSTERTAGIA-CIRCUMCINCTA, PARASITE RESISTANCE, SOAY SHEEP, SHEEP, GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP, OVIS-ARIES L, susceptibility, UNMANAGED UNGULATE POPULATION},
	pages = {1259--1267}
}

@article{zehPolyandrousSpermstoringFemales1997,
	title = {Polyandrous, sperm-storing females: carriers of male genotypes through episodes of adverse selection},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Zeh, D. W. and Zeh, J. A. and Bermingham, E.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {selection, call, polyandry,pseudoscorpion,reproductive success,sexual selection,sperm storage},
	pages = {119--125}
}

@article{riceSexuallyAntagonisticGenes1992,
	title = {Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence},
	volume = {256},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {genes, call, antagonistic genes, sexually antagonistic, sexually antagonistic genes, selection,sexually antagonistic genes},
	pages = {1436--1439}
}

@article{crozierWhyMalehaploidSexlinked1900,
	title = {Why male-haploid and sex-linked genetic systems seem to have unusually sex-limited mutational genetic loads {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {Why male-haploid and sex-linked genetic systems seem to have unusually sex-limited mutational genetic loads {T2}  -?},
	author = {Crozier, R. H.},
	year = {1900},
	keywords = {call, sex-limited gene effects},
	pages = {623--624}
}

@article{dayUnifiedApproachEvolutionary2011,
	title = {A {Unified} {Approach} to the {Evolutionary} {Consequences} of {Genetic} and {Nongenetic} {Inheritance}},
	volume = {178},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:000292917900001},
	doi = {10.1086/660911},
	abstract = {Inheritance-the influence of ancestors on the phenotypes of their descendants-translates natural selection into evolutionary change. For the past century, inheritance has been conceptualized almost exclusively as the transmission of DNA sequence variation from parents to offspring in accordance with Mendelian rules, but advances in cell and developmental biology have now revealed a rich array of inheritance mechanisms. This empirical evidence calls for a unified conception of inheritance that combines genetic and nongenetic mechanisms and encompasses the known range of transgenerational effects, including the transmission of genetic and epigenetic variation, the transmission of plastic phenotypes (acquired traits), and the effects of parental environment and genotype on offspring phenotype. We propose a unified theoretical framework based on the Price equation that can be used to model evolution under an expanded inheritance concept that combines the effects of genetic and nongenetic inheritance. To illustrate the utility and generality of this framework, we show how it can be applied to a variety of scenarios, including nontransmissible environmental noise, maternal effects, indirect genetic effects, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, RNA-mediated inheritance, and cultural inheritance.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Day, T. and Bonduriansky, R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {E18--E36}
}

@article{reichardSexualSelectionMale4,
	title = {Sexual selection for male dominance reduces opportunities for female mate choice in the {European} bitterling ({Rhodeus} sericeus)},
	volume = {14},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02534.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract Sexual selection involves two main mechanisms: intrasexual competition for mates and intersexual mate choice. We experimentally separated intrasexual (male-male interference competition) and intersexual (female choice) components of sexual selection in a freshwater fish, the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). We compared the roles of multiple morphological and behavioural traits in male success in both components of sexual competition, and their relation to male reproductive success, measured as paternity of offspring. Body size was important for both female choice and male-male competition, though females also preferred males that courted more vigorously. However, dominant males often monopolized females regardless of female preference. Subordinate males were not excluded from reproduction and sired some offspring, possibly through sneaked ejaculations. Male dominance and a greater intensity of carotenoid-based red colouration in their iris were the best predictors of male reproductive success. The extent of red iris colouration and parasite load did not have significant effects on female choice, male dominance or male reproductive success. No effect of parasite load on the expression of red eye colouration was detected, though this may have been due to low parasite prevalence in males overall. In conclusion, we showed that even though larger body size was favoured in both intersexual and intrasexual selection, male-male interference competition reduced opportunities for female choice. Females, despite being choosy, had limited control over the paternity of their offspring. Our study highlights the need for reliable measures of male reproductive success in studies of sexual selection},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Reichard, M. and Bryja, J. and Ondrackova, M. and Davidova, M. and Kaniewska, P. and Smith, C.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, EXPRESSION, female, FEMALES, fish, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, selection, TRAITS, female mate choice, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, female preference, preference, reproduction, MATES, male-male competition, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, COMPONENTS, load, dominance, paternity, DOMINANT MALES, parasite load, colouration, intensity, INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION, COMPETITION FOR MATES, MALE SUCCESS, MALE MALE COMPETITION, SEXUAL COMPETITION},
	pages = {1533--1542}
}

@article{wapstraGivingOffspringHead2010,
	title = {Giving offspring a head start in life: field and experimental evidence for selection on maternal basking behaviour in lizards},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000273949900020},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01924.x},
	abstract = {The timing of birth is often correlated with offspring fitness in animals, but experimental studies that disentangle direct effects of parturition date and indirect effects mediated via variation in female traits are rare. In viviparous ectotherms, parturition date is largely driven by female thermal conditions, particularly maternal basking strategies. Our field and laboratory studies of a viviparous lizard (Niveoscincus ocellatus) show that earlier-born offspring are more likely to survive through their first winter and are larger following that winter, than are later-born conspecifics. Thus, the association between parturition date and offspring fitness is causal, rather than reflecting an underlying correlation between parturition date and maternal attributes. Survival selection on offspring confers a significant advantage for increased maternal basking in this species, mediated through fitness advantages of earlier parturition. We discuss the roles of environmentally imposed constraints and parent-offspring conflict in the evolution of maternal effects on parturition date.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and Uller, T. and While, G. M. and Olsson, M. and Shine, R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {651--657}
}

@article{bondurianskyRethinkingHeredityAgain2012,
	title = {Rethinking heredity, again},
	volume = {27},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Bonduriansky, R},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {330--336}
}

@article{clarkVariationRepeatabilityMale1995,
	title = {Variation and repeatability of male agonistic hiss characteristics and their relationship to social rank in  {Gromphadorhina} portentosa},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Clark, D. C. and Moore, A. J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {variation, signals, call, repeatability, acoustic communication, male-male interactions, agonistic signals, Gromphadorhina portentosa, hissing cockroaches},
	pages = {719--729}
}

@article{graySexDeathGenetic1999,
	title = {Sex, death and genetic variation: natural and sexual selection on cricket song},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Gray, D. A. and Cade, W. H.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, sex, variation, call, cricket, genetic variation, song, Fisher's fundamental theorem,genetic variation,female preference,parasitoid,phonotaxis},
	pages = {707--709}
}

@article{hoskenMonogamyBattleSexes2009,
	title = {Monogamy and the battle of the sexes.},
	volume = {54},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090608},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict has been suggested to be important in the evolution of reproductive traits, with much recent theoretical and empirical evidence emphasizing its role in generating sexually antagonistic coevolution in the context of promiscuous mating. Here we shift attention to the role of sexual conflict in a monogamous mating context. Conflicts can arise, for example, when males are successful in imposing monandry at a cost to female fitness, or when females impose monogyny on males. Conflict over remating can also generate monogamy. For example, when males invest heavily in attempting to impose female monandry, the cost of their investment may prevent them from securing additional mates. We emphasize that sexual conflicts need not always generate sexually antagonistic coevolution, and that it is important to consider whether mating decisions are controlled primarily by males or females. Finally, we briefly discuss approaches to distinguish between conflict and classical modes of sexual selection, as this highlights difficulties associated with deciding whether monogamy is enforced by one sex or the other. We suggest that documenting the current fitness consequences of mate choice and mating patterns provides insight into the relative importance of classic and conflict modes of selection.},
	journal = {Annual review of entomology},
	author = {Hosken, D J and Stockley, P and Tregenza, T and Wedell, N},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {evolution, female, INSECTS, ANIMALS, Male, Selection, Genetic, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Insects: genetics},
	pages = {361--78}
}

@article{heislerQuantitativeGeneticModel1984,
	title = {A quantitative genetic model for the origin of mating preferences},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Heisler, I. L.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {sexual selection, good genes, model, mating, call, mating preferences, preference, mating preference},
	pages = {1283--1295}
}

@article{claridgeGeographicalVariationAcoustic1993a,
	title = {Geographical variation in acoustic signals of the planhopper,  {Nilaparvata} bakeri  ({Muir}), in {Asia}: species recognition and sexual selection},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Claridge, M. F. and Morgan, J. C.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, variation, signals, species recognition, geographical variation},
	pages = {267--281}
}

@article{ferriereCHAOSEVOLUTIONARILYSTABLE1991,
	title = {{CHAOS} {AS} {AN} {EVOLUTIONARILY} {STABLE} {DYNAMIC}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1146-609X},
	url = {://WOS:A1991GY96900010},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Ferriere, R. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {697--700}
}

@article{capranicaEncodingGeographicDialects1973,
	title = {Encoding of geographic dialects in the auditory system of the cricket frog},
	volume = {182},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Capranica, R. R. and Frishkopf, L. S. and Nevo, E.},
	year = {1973},
	keywords = {cricket, frog, mating call},
	pages = {1272--1275}
}

@article{nicolettoFemaleSexualResponse1993,
	title = {Female sexual response to condition-dependent ornaments in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Nicoletto, P. F.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, response, reticulata, ornament, ornaments, call, display rates,female sexual response,Fisherian model,good genes,male ornamentation},
	pages = {441--450}
}

@article{tencateSexualSelectionEvolution1988,
	title = {Sexual selection: {The} evolution of conspicuous characteristics in birds by means of imprinting},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {ten Cate, C. and Bateson, P.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, mate choice, selection, mating preference, bird, birds, imprinting, asymmetrical preference},
	pages = {1355--1358}
}

@article{turnerPrisonerDilemmaRNA1999,
	title = {Prisoner's dilemma in an {RNA} virus},
	volume = {398},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Turner, P. E. and Chao, L.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, evolutionary game theory,phage,RNA},
	pages = {441--443}
}

@article{wilsonBiologicalCommunitiesFunctionally1997,
	title = {Biological communities as functionally organised units},
	volume = {78},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Wilson, D. S.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {group selection, multilevel selection, complex dynamics, ecosystem ecology, functional organization, mutualism, superorganism},
	pages = {2018--2024}
}

@article{boakesInvestigationInbreedingDepression2006,
	title = {An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive pedigreed populations},
	volume = {98},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800923 http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v98/n3/suppinfo/6800923s1.html},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Boakes, E. H. and Wang, J. and Amos, W.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {172--182}
}

@article{tanakaExtinctionPopulationsDue1997,
	title = {Extinction of populations due to inbreeding depression with demographic disturbances},
	volume = {39},
	url = {ISI:A1997XX89100008},
	abstract = {The process of population extinction due to inbreeding depression with constant demographic disturbances every generation is analysed using a population genetic and demographic model. The demographic disturbances introduced into the model represent loss of population size that is induced by any kind of human activities, e.g. through hunting and destruction of habitats. The genetic heterozygosity among recessive deleterious genes and the population size are assumed to be in equilibrium before the demographic disturbances start. The effects of deleterious mutations are represented by decreases in the growth rate and carrying capacity of a population. Numerical simulations indicate rapid extinction due to synergistic interaction between inbreeding depression and declining population size for realistic ranges of per-locus mutation rate, equilibrium population size, intrinsic rate of population growth, and strength of demographic disturbances. Large populations at equilibrium are more liable to extinction when disturbed due to inbreeding depression than small populations. This is a consequence of the fact that large populations maintain more recessive deleterious mutations than small populations. The rapid extinction predicted in the present study indicates the importance of the demographic history of a population in relation to extinction due to inbreeding depression},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Researches on Population Ecology},
	author = {Tanaka, Y.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, genes, population, model, size, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, lande, Y, heterozygosity, human, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, HABITAT, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, ENVIRONMENT, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, GENETIC LOAD, load, mutation, MUTATIONS, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, SMALL POPULATIONS, conservation biology, introduced, heterosis, recessive deleterious mutations, MIMULUS-GUTTATUS, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, stochasticity},
	pages = {57--66}
}

@article{hirotaEffectFemalePolyandry2005,
	title = {The effect of female polyandry and sperm precedence on the evolution of sexual difference in dispersal timing},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00973.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Predispersal copulation and unpredictable environment facilitate the evolution of female-biased dispersal in species, where females are functionally monandrous. Females should migrate and reproduce over different habitats to spread their risks due to environmental fluctuation. On the other hand, males do not have to disperse because their risks are spread by their mating partners who produce their offspring in different habitats. However, when females are functionally polyandrous, it is expected that they will not contribute to spreading the male's risk extensively. Therefore, by simulation with the individual based model, the present study evaluated how female polyandry influences the sexual difference in dispersal timing. This model revealed that when females are polyandrous, the timing of female remating and sperm priority patterns have an important influence on the evolution of sex-biased dispersal. Particularly when female remating is not synchronized with dispersal or when last-male sperm precedence does not exist, female-biased dispersal is evolved},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hirota, T.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, offspring, sperm, model, mating, polyandry, DISPERSAL, HABITAT, risk, ENVIRONMENT, pattern, patterns, FEMALE-BIASED DISPERSAL, female remating, sex-biased dispersal, SPERM PRECEDENCE, COPULATION, PRIORITIES, PRECEDENCE, last-male sperm precedence},
	pages = {1395--1402}
}

@article{mockDrivingParentsCuckoo1999,
	title = {Driving parents cuckoo},
	volume = {397},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Mock, D. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, begging signals},
	pages = {647--648}
}

@article{eshelFisherZahaviHandicappedSexy2000,
	title = {On {Fisher}-{Zahavi}'s handicapped sexy son},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Eshel, I. and Volovik, I. and Sansone, E.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Fisher, good genes, model, sexy son, indicator, handicap, runaway},
	pages = {509--523}
}

@article{roncePlasticChangesSeed2005,
	title = {Plastic changes in seed dispersal along ecological succession: theoretical predictions from an evolutionary model},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0022-0477},
	url = {://WOS:000227721400019},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.00972.x},
	abstract = {1 We use a deterministic model to explore theoretically the ecological and evolutionary relevance of plastic changes in seed dispersal along ecological succession. Our model describes the effect of changing disturbance regime, age structure, density and interspecific competition as the habitat matures, enabling us to seek the evolutionarily stable reaction norm for seed dispersal rate as a function of time elapsed since population foundation. 2 Our model predicts that, in the context of ecological succession, selection should generally favour plastic strategies allowing plants to increase their dispersal rate with population age, contrary to previous predictions of models that have assumed genetically fixed dispersal strategies. 3 More complex patterns can evolve showing periods with high production of dispersing seeds separated by periods of intense local recruitment. These patterns are due to the interaction of individual senescence with change in ecological conditions within sites. 4 Evolution of plastic dispersal strategies affects the patterns of density variation with time since foundation and accelerates successional replacement. An interesting parallel can be drawn between the evolution of age-specific dispersal rates in successional systems and the evolution of senescence in age-structured populations. 5 Seed dispersal plasticity could be a potential mechanism for habitat selection in plants and have implications for range expansion in invasive species because recently founded populations at the advancing front may show different patterns to those in the established range.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Ronce, O. and Brachet, S. and Olivieri, I. and Gouyon, P. H. and Clobert, J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {431--440}
}

@article{realSearchTheoryMate1990,
	title = {Search theory and mate choice. {I}. {Models} of single-sex discrimination},
	volume = {136},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Real, L. A.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, i, mate choice, model, call, theory, discrimination, mate choice,sexual selection},
	pages = {376--404}
}

@article{worthDevelopment13Microsatellite2010,
	title = {Development of 13 microsatellite loci in the spotted snow skink {Niveoscincus} ocellatus ({Squamata}: {Scincidae})},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1877-7252},
	url = {://WOS:000290438700023},
	doi = {10.1007/s12686-010-9343-x},
	abstract = {Thirteen polymorphic tri- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellites are reported for the spotted snow skink (Niveoscincus ocellatus) from Tasmania. Variation was assessed among 40 individuals collected from a single locality. Most loci had 12-19 alleles, although one had more than 20 alleles, while observed heterozygosities ranged between 0.25 and 0.93. Eleven loci were also polymorphic in the congeneric species N. metallicus (N = 16 collected from a single locality).},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics Resources},
	author = {Worth, J. R. P. and Burridge, C. P. and While, G. M. and Wapstra, E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {287--290}
}

@article{evansImplicationsMultipleMating2008,
	title = {Implications of multiple mating for offspring relatedness and shoaling behaviour in juvenile guppies.},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2008.0423},
	abstract = {Polyandry (female multiple mating) can confer important benefits to females, but few studies have considered its potential costs. One such cost may arise through differences in the relatedness of offspring born to females with different mating histories; offspring born to monandrous females are always full siblings, while those produced by polyandrous females may be full or half siblings. These differences may have important consequences for social interactions among offspring. We used artificial insemination in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a promiscuous live-bearing fish, to evaluate shoaling behaviour in polyandrous and monandrous broods. We combined this information with known parentage data for the polyandrous broods to determine whether sibling relatedness influenced offspring shoaling behaviour. While we detected no effect of mating treatment (polyandry/monandry) on shoaling behaviour, we found that pairs of full siblings spent significantly more time shoaling (and in close proximity) than pairs of half siblings. This latter finding confirms the ability of newborn guppies to distinguish brood mates on the basis of kinship, but also suggests an important and hitherto unrealized potential cost of polyandry: a reduction in within-brood relatedness with potentially important implications for offspring social behaviour.},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Evans, Jonathan P and Kelley, Jennifer L},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female, Poecilia, ANIMALS, Male, Social Behavior, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Insemination, Artificial, Poecilia: genetics},
	pages = {623--6}
}

@article{simmonsGeographicVariationPreference2001,
	title = {Geographic variation in preference functions and male songs of the field cricket  {Teleogryllus} oceanicus},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Simmons, L. W. and Zuk, M. and Rotenberry, J. T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {variation, cricket, field, preference, preference function, song, geographic variation, male song},
	pages = {1386--1394}
}

@article{realeInbreedingDevelopmentalStability2003,
	title = {Inbreeding, developmental stability, and canalization in the sand cricket {Gryllus} firmus},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000182193800015},
	abstract = {Inbreeding, the mating of close relatives, is known to have deleterious effects on fitness traits in organisms. Developmental stability (DS) and canalization may represent two processes that allow an organism to maintain a stable development that will produce the fittest phenotype. Inbreeding is thus expected to affect either DS or canalization. We tested if inbreeding affects DS and canalization using an inbreeding experiment on the cricket Gryllus firmus. We compared mean length, fluctuating asymmetry (as an index of DS), and morphological variation (as an index of canalization) of four limb traits between seven highly inbred lines, their F-1 crosses, and outbred lines originated from the same stock population and maintained in the same environmental conditions. We show evidence for moderate inbreeding depression on the four measures of leg length. The nonsystematic difference in fluctuating asymmetry indices between breed types indicates that inbreeding or heterozygosity did not affect DS, or that fluctuating asymmetry is not a reliable index of DS. In contrast, inbreeding appears to affect canalization, as shown by the significantly higher variation in inbred lines compared to other lines. Identical low variation values in the crossbred and outbred lines indicate that heterozygosity could affect canalization. High variation in morphological variation and fluctuating asymmetry within crossbred or inbred lines, however, suggest the effect of recessive deleterious alleles on both canalization and DS. Although the strong correlation in morphological variation among traits suggests that identical genetic mechanisms govern canalization for all the limb traits, the absence of significant correlation in fluctuating asymmetry among traits causes us to reject this hypothesis for DS. For most of the traits, morphological variation and fluctuating asymmetry were not significantly correlated, which support the hypothesis that canalization and DS consist in two distinct mechanisms},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Reale, D. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, genes, HYPOTHESIS, population, TRAITS, variation, fitness, heritability, mating, cricket, BIOLOGY, experiment, life-history, phenotype, allele, heterozygosity, condition, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, STRATEGIES, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, STRESS, asymmetry, STRATEGY, Canada, LENGTH, fluctuating asymmetry, alleles, GENETIC-BASIS, morphological variation, STABILITY, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, Gryllus firmus, GRYLLUS-FIRMUS, INSTABILITY, SAND CRICKET, limb length, TRAIT VARIABILITY},
	pages = {597--605}
}

@article{mundayBidirectionalSexChange1998,
	title = {Bi-directional sex change in a coral-dwelling goby},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Munday, P. L. and Caley, J. and Jones, G. P.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sex, code, sex-change, hermaphroditism, wire},
	pages = {371--377}
}

@article{margulisDifferentialEffectsInbreeding1998,
	title = {Differential effects of inbreeding at juvenile and adult life-history stages in {Peromyscus} polionotus},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:000072193900032},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression traditionally has been measured at early life-history stages, such as neonatal or juvenile viability or deficits in growth and development. I investigated additional fitness components by evaluating impact of inbreeding on reproductive success of adult females in a captive colony of oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus and P. p. rhoadsi). By first conducting analyses on only inbreeding of litters (i.e., relatedness of parents) and then adding maternal effects (mother's inbreeding coefficient independent of parental relatedness, parity, and maternal inactivity), I illustrated effect of inbreeding on life-history characters that were manifested in adulthood. Young in inbred litters (f {\textgreater} 0.1) tended to be smaller than young in outbred Litters, but inbred litters did not exhibit any decrements in survival probability. Number of young raised to weaning from inbred and outbred Litters did not differ. Inbred females (inbreeding coefficient f {\textgreater} 0.1) reared significantly fewer young than did outbred females (f {\textless} 0.1) (independent of whether parents were related and therefore independent of whether young themselves were inbred). Differences between the two subspecies were found for a number of fitness traits. These differences are attributed to chance differences in genetic makeup of founder stocks (founder effect). Examining inbreeding effects only at a single life-history stage (i.e., during the juvenile period) and only on a single fitness trait (juvenile viability) may result in serious underestimation of the extent of inbreeding depression},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Margulis, S. W.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Drosophila, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, Maternal effects, TRAITS, fitness, survival, CONSEQUENCES, reproductive success, SUCCESS, GROWTH, life history, life-history, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, MAMMALS, WILD, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, related, viability, PROBABILITY, MICE, SMALL POPULATIONS, mortality, FLORIDA, COLONIES, COLONY, parental relatedness, fitness components, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS, life-history stage, FOUNDER, OLDFIELD MICE, Peromyscus polionotus, CAPTIVE COLONIES, oldfield mouse},
	pages = {326--336}
}

@article{pfennigTestAlternativeHypotheses2003,
	title = {A test of alternative hypotheses for the evolution of reproductive isolation between spadefoot toads: {Support} for the reinforcement hypothesis},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000188061800015},
	abstract = {How do species that interbreed become reproductively isolated? If hybrids are less fit than parental types, natural selection should promote reproductive isolation by favoring the evolution of premating mechanisms that prevent hybridization (a process termed reinforcement). Although reinforcement should generate a decline in hybridization over time, countervailing forces of gene flow and recombination are thought to preclude natural selection from enhancing and finalizing reproductive isolation. Here, I present recent estimates of hybridization frequency between two species of spadefoot toad, Spea multiplicata and S. bombifrons. I compare these recent measures of hybrid frequency with previously published estimates and show that hybridization between these species has declined precipitously over the past 27 years. Although previous studies suggest that reinforcement possibly accounts for this decline in hybrids over time, three alternative hypotheses also can explain the observed decrease in hybridization. First, if one of the two interacting species becomes rare, opportunities for and incidence of hybridization may decrease. Second, if one of the two interacting species is initially rare, hybridization may be initially common if the rare species has difficulty locating conspecific mates. Third, if hybrids are produced only in particular environments, hybrid frequency may decline if habitat changes result in loss of those environments that promote hybrid formation. I found no support for these three alternative explanations of the decline in hybrids. Instead, reinforcement appears to best account for the evolution of enhanced reproductive isolation between these species. Moreover, the finding that hybridization declined precipitously in only 27 years suggests that many systems that have undergone reinforcement may be overlooked because reproductive isolation between the interacting populations or species may already be complete.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pfennig, K. S.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {2842--2851}
}

@article{simmonsMaleSizeMating1988a,
	title = {Male size, mating potential and lifetime reproductive success in the field cricket,  {Gryllus} bimaculatus  ({De} {Geer})},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {size, mating, reproductive success, cricket, field, Gryllus bimaculatus, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, agecricket},
	pages = {372--379}
}

@article{cornwallisSocialStatusAvailability2006,
	title = {Social status and availability of females determine patterns of sperm allocation in the fowl},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000239682300016},
	abstract = {Where sperm competition occurs, the number and quality of sperm males inseminate relative to rival males influences fertilization success. The number of sperm males produce, however, is limited, and theoretically males should allocate sperm according to the probability of gaining future reproductive opportunities and the reproductive benefits associated with copulations. However, the reproductive opportunities and value of copulations males obtain can change over their lifetime, but whether individuals respond to such changes by adjusting the way they allocate sperm is unclear. Here we show that, in the fowl, Gallus gallus, dominant males, which have preferential access to females, modulate the number of sperm they ejaculate according to the availability of females. When presented with two females, dominant males allocated more sperm to higher quality females, whereas when females were on their own, only copulation order had an affect on their sperm numbers. In contrast, subordinate males, whose mating activity is restricted by dominant males, allocated high numbers of sperm to initial copulations, irrespective of female availability. We further show, by manipulating male social status, that sperm allocation is both phenotypically plastic, with males adjusting their patterns of sperm allocation according to their dominance rank, and intrinsic, with males being consistently different in the way they allocate sperm, once the effects of social status are taken into account. This study suggests that males have evolved sophisticated patterns of sperm allocation to respond to frequent fluctuations in the value and frequency of reproductive opportunities},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Cornwallis, C. K. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, mate choice, quality, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, mating, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, mating preferences, ejaculate, NUMBER, allocation, INDIVIDUALS, intrinsic, social, pattern, patterns, COPULATIONS, dominance, PROBABILITY, DOMINANT MALES, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, FREQUENCIES, dominance rank, RANK, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, TESTES SIZE, GALLUS-GALLUS, sperm allocation, COPULATION, MANDRILLS MANDRILLUS-SPHINX, COMPETITION GAMES, dominance,reproductive opportunities,sexual selection,sperm allocation,sperm competition, RED JUNGLEFOWL},
	pages = {1486--1493}
}

@book{siegelNonparametricStatisticsBehavioural1988,
	address = {Singapore},
	title = {Nonparametric statistics for the behavioural sciences},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
	author = {Siegel, S. and Castellan, N. J.},
	year = {1988}
}

@article{jiaWhenAreGood1997,
	title = {When are good genes good? {Variable} outcomes of female choice in wax moths},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Jia, F. Y. and Greenfield, M. D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, Attractiveness, genes, good genes, call, signalling, moth, moths, offspring develoment},
	pages = {1057--1063}
}

@article{klevenNoEvidenceIncreased5,
	title = {No evidence for increased offspring heterozygosity from extrapair mating in the reed bunting ({Emberiza} schoeniclus)},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://beheco.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/3/561},
	abstract = {It has been hypothesized that females mate multiply to increase the heterozygosity of their progeny because heterozygous individuals are assumed to have a fitness advantage. Females can maximize heterozygosity of their offspring by mating with genetically unrelated and/or heterozygous males. We tested these predictions in a socially monogamous passerine, the reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus), where extrapair paternity occurs frequently. The results based on genotypes at nine microsatellite loci revealed that females were no less genetically related to the extrapair male(s) (EPMs) than to their pair male (i.e., breeding partner) and that EPMs were no more heterozygous than the males they cuckolded. In addition, a direct comparison of maternal half-siblings naturally raised in the same brood showed that extrapair young were no more heterozygous than within-pair young. Thus, female reed buntings do not seem to mate with EPMs to increase offspring heterozygosity. It is not yet known whether extrapair mating involves any benefits at all to females in this species},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Kleven, Oddmund and Lifjeld, Jan T.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, offspring, PAIR, BENEFITS, fitness, INCREASE, mating, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, related, paternity, Emberiza schoeniclus, reed buntings, NO EVIDENCE, ADVANTAGE, extrapair paternity, FEMALES MATE, passerine, PROGENY},
	pages = {561--565}
}

@article{guyotConservationMeasuresPopulation1997,
	title = {Conservation measures for a population of {Hermann}'s tortoise {Testudo} hermanni in southern {France} bisected by a major highway},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {://WOS:A1997WE00200013},
	doi = {10.1016/s0006-3207(96)00082-1},
	abstract = {Between May 1989 and October 1990 a highway was constructed through the core area of one of the largest French populations of Testudo hermanni, a species seriously threatened by habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, Two general strategies were used to alleviate negative impacts of the highway on the tortoise population: first, 300 tortoises, that were directly, affected by the highway, construction, were temporarily maintained in outdoor enclosures and relocated after construction was completed; secondly, attempts were made to reduce traffic impacts on the tortoise population, including the use of fences to keep tortoises off the road and the construction of culverts and a tunnel under the road to provide for movements of animals between the separated habitat areas. The short-term outcome of this conservation exercise was a success: the annual survival rate of 78\% observed in reintroduced tortoises was comparable to published results of translocation of other tortoise species into unfamiliar habitat, traffic mortality of tortoises in the 4 years following highway, construction was low and mark-recapture results indicate a stable adult population and the use of the culverts and the tunnel by tortoises to cross the road. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Limited},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Guyot, G. and Clobert, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {251--256}
}

@article{valoneEmpiricalQuestionThresholds1996,
	title = {The empirical question of thresholds and mechanisms of mate choice},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Valone, T. J. and Nordell, S. E. and Giraldeau, L. and Templeton, J. J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, call, threshold, decision rules,mate choice criteria,sample-based decisions,threshold-based decisions,sexual selection},
	pages = {447--455}
}

@article{brodieCorrelationalSelectionColor1992,
	title = {Correlational selection for color pattern and antipredator behaviour in the garter snake  {Thamnophis} ordinoides},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Brodie, III, E. D.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {behaviour, selection, call, antipredator behaviour,color pattern,correlational selection,genetic covariance,natural selection,predation,Serpentes,Thamnophis ordinoides,variation},
	pages = {1284--1298}
}

@article{rankinMalesMatterRole2007,
	title = {Do males matter? {The} role of males in population dynamics},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://000243636800016},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Rankin, D. J. and Kokko, H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {BODY-SIZE, reproductive success, life-history, EXTINCTION RISK, mating systems, antagonistic coevolution, SIZE DIMORPHISM, SEASON, HABITAT OCCUPANCY, NONBREEDING, SEX-RATIO BIAS},
	pages = {335--348}
}

@article{mittonCorrelationIndividualHeterozygosity1993,
	title = {Correlation between the individual heterozygosity of parents and their offspring},
	volume = {71},
	url = {ISI:A1993LN67900007},
	abstract = {Specific formulations are derived for the correlation between the heterozygosity of a randomly mating parent and its offspring for a diallelic locus, and for the correlation when multiple loci are considered. The expected correlation is maximal, approaching r = 0.50, when allelic frequencies are highly asymmetric, and it is zero when the allelic frequencies are equal to 0.50. Parent-offspring correlations, up to a maximum of 0.50 for diallelic loci, indicate that levels of heterozygosity can respond to selection. Multilocus allozyme data from limber pine, Pinus flexilis, and from horses of standardbred and thoroughbred breeds are used to demonstrate correlations between a parent and its offspring. The Spearman rank correlation between the heterozygosity of a limber pine and the mean heterozygosity of her offspring is r = 0.45. Correlations in the horses range from r = 0.16 to 0.32},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Mitton, J. B. and Schuster, W. S. F. and Cothran, E. G. and Defries, J. C.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {evolution, offspring, P1, selection, fitness, mating, ENGLAND, GROWTH-RATE, theory, heterozygosity, loci, CONSERVATION, genetics, RAINBOW-TROUT, locus, FREQUENCIES, RANK, ALLOZYME, MULTIPLE-LOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY, ENZYME HETEROZYGOSITY, MYTILUS-EDULIS, HORSES, LIMBER PINE, PARENT-OFFSPRING CORRELATIONS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ENERGETICS},
	pages = {59--63}
}

@article{ctFemaleRedlipBlennies1993,
	title = {Female redlip blennies prefer older males},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {C“t‚, I. M. and Hunte, W.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, blenny,female mate choice,good genes,guarding,mating success},
	pages = {203--205}
}

@article{maddocksContextDependentVisual2001,
	title = {Context dependent visual preferences in starlings and blue tits: mate choice and light environment},
	volume = {63},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Maddocks, S. A. and Bennett, A. F. and Hunt, S. and Cuthill, I. C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, preference, blue tit, context, light, light environment},
	pages = {69--75}
}

@article{chaineKinbasedRecognitionSocial2009,
	title = {Kin-based recognition and social aggregation in a ciliate},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000277096400010},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00902.x},
	abstract = {Aggregative groups entail costs that must be overcome for the evolution of complex social interactions Understanding the mechanisms that allow aggregations to form and restrict costs of cheating can provide a resolution to the instability of social evolution Aggregation in Tetrahymena thermophila is associated with costs of reduced growth and benefits of improved survival through "growth factor" exchange. We investigated what mechanisms contribute to stable cooperative aggregation in the face of potential exploitation by less-cooperative lines using experimental microcosms We found that kin recognition modulates aggregative behavior to exclude cheaters from social interactions Long-distance kin recognition across patches modulates social structure by allowing recruitment of kin in aggregative lines and repulsion in asocial lines. Although previous studies have shown a clear benefit to social aggregation at low population densities, we found that social aggregation has very different effects at higher densities. Lower growth rates are a cost of aggregation, but also present potential benefits when restricted to kin aggregations: slow growth and crowd tolerance allow aggregations to form and permit longer persistence on ephemeral resources. Thus in highly dynamic metapopulations, kin recognition plays an important role in the formation and stability of social groups that increase persistence through cooperative consumptive restraint.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Chaine, A. S. and Schtickzelle, N. and Polard, T. and Huet, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1290--1300}
}

@article{doncasterBalancedDispersalSpatially1997,
	title = {Balanced dispersal between spatially varying local populations: {An} alternative to the source-sink model},
	volume = {150},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {://WOS:A1997XV75500001},
	doi = {10.1086/286074},
	abstract = {Analysis of long-term monitoring data on breeding collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis Temm.) has revealed equal numbers of immigrations and emigrations between neighboring populations of different sizes. Dispersal patterns were close to patterns simulated under a conditional dispersal and with populations near saturation level. Local growth rates of the 11 sites were computed and did not support the idea that the observed balanced exchanges could be the result of a source-sink system. This is the first empirical evidence for a system of discrete habitat patches with component populations that exist as simultaneous sources and sinks to their neighbors. Dispersal propensities were inversely related to population sizes, which showed little variation in time. These results are consistent with recent modeling of dispersal as an evolutionarily stable strategy, and they demonstrate that dispersal can be an active phenomenon requiring neither the dominance hierarchies nor the temporal instability generally invoked by ecological and population genetic models. We note a parallel to the concept of Ideal Free Distributions and discuss implications for the evolution of dispersal mechanisms in fragmented populations.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Doncaster, C. P. and Clobert, J. and Doligez, B. and Gustafsson, L. and Danchin, E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {425--445}
}

@article{brooksImportanceMateCopying1998,
	title = {The importance of mate copying and cultural inheritance of mating preferences},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Brooks, R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {mating, call, preference, mating preference, copying, mate choice,copying}
}

@article{grafenWhyWeNeed1993,
	title = {Why we need {ESS} signalling theory},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Grafen, A. and Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, theory, signalling, ESS, ESS,"good genes',signals,sexual selection},
	pages = {245--250}
}

@article{weekesMiteSpeciesThat2001,
	title = {A mite species that consists entirely of haploid females},
	volume = {292},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Weekes, A. R. and Marec, F. and Breeuwer, J. A. J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {haploid, asexual reproduction, mite},
	pages = {2479--2482}
}

@article{kelleyBackSchoolCan2003,
	title = {Back to school: can antipredator behaviour in guppies be enhanced through social learning?},
	volume = {65},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kelley, J. L. and Evans, J. P. and Ramnarine, I. W. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {behaviour, guppies, guppy, social},
	pages = {655--662}
}

@article{thornhillAdaptiveFemalemimickingBehavior1979,
	title = {Adaptive female-mimicking behavior in a scorpionfly},
	volume = {205},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {sexual behaviour, scorpionfly, female mimicking behaviour},
	pages = {412--414}
}

@article{slateUnderstandingRelationshipInbreeding2004,
	title = {Understanding the relationship between the inbreeding coefficient and multilocus heterozygosity: theoretical expectations and empirical data},
	volume = {93},
	url = {ISI:000223526900005},
	abstract = {Geneticists have been interested in inbreeding and inbreeding depression since the time of Darwin. Two alternative approaches that can be used to measure how inbred an individual is involve the use of pedigree records to estimate inbreeding coefficients or molecular markers to measure multilocus heterozygosity. However, the relationship between inbreeding coefficient and heterozygosity has only rarely been investigated. In this paper, a framework to predict the relationship between the two variables is presented. In addition, microsatellite genotypes at 138 loci spanning all 26 autosomes of the sheep genome were used to investigate the relationship between inbreeding coefficient and multilocus heterozygosity. Multilocus heterozygosity was only weakly correlated with inbreeding coefficient, and heterozygosity was not positively correlated between markers more often than expected by chance. Inbreeding coefficient, but not multilocus heterozygosity, detected evidence of inbreeding depression for morphological traits. The relevance of these findings to the causes of heterozygosity - fitness correlations is discussed and predictions for other wild and captive populations are presented},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Slate, J. and David, P. and Dodds, K. G. and Veenvliet, B. A. and Glass, B. C. and Broad, T. E. and McEwan, J. C.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, i, population, selection, TRAITS, fitness, Darwin, ENGLAND, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellite, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, WILD, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, WILD POPULATION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, genome, MARKERS, pedigree, heterosis, OVERDOMINANCE, COEFFICIENTS, autosomes, MELOSPIZA-MELODIA, MULTILOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY, darwins finches, FITNESS CORRELATIONS, QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI, CAPTIVE POPULATIONS, molecular markers, autosome, SHEEP, DEER CERVUS-ELAPHUS, identity disequilibrium},
	pages = {255--265}
}

@article{edly-wrightGeneticSimilarityMates2,
	title = {Genetic similarity of mates, offspring health and extrapair fertilization in house sparrows},
	volume = {73},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4MS9K37-2/2/3c602ca4c5ba50650de701050320f44f},
	abstract = {High genetic similarity or dissimilarity between parents may result in viability consequences for offspring. However, because female choice of a social mate often reflects access to resources or male parental care, optimal genetic complementarity may be unattainable for social pairs. Thus, extrapair copulations may serve to increase offspring viability by allowing females to obtain sperm from males with more compatible genomes than those of social mates. We investigated whether parental genetic similarity influences offspring viability, including immunocompetence, in house sparrows, Passer domesticus. We also explored whether genetic similarity of social mates predicts the prevalence of young sired through extrapair fertilizations, and whether females enhance offspring viability by engaging in extrapair matings. We used DNA fingerprinting to estimate genetic similarity between social mates, and we assessed offspring viability using two measures of nestling immune response, the phytohaemagglutinin skin test and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, plus nestling body mass and hatching success. We found no associations between the genetic similarity of parents and offspring immunocompetence, mass or hatching success; however, parental genetic similarity was positively correlated with clutch size. Genetic similarity of social mates also did not predict the frequency of extrapair young. Furthermore, maternal half-siblings within broods of mixed paternity did not differ in immunocompetence. Thus, our results provide no evidence for enhancement of offspring viability as an incentive for female engagement in extrapair copulations},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Edly-Wright, Christine and Schwagmeyer, P. L. and Parker, Patricia G. and Mock, Douglas W.},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, association, female, FEMALES, HOUSE, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, PAIR, response, sperm, FERTILIZATION, FERTILIZATIONS, INCREASE, parental care, resources, size, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, SUCCESS, MATES, multiple mating, clutch size, GENETIC SIMILARITY, similarity, social, CARE, ASSOCIATIONS, viability, RATIO, COPULATIONS, paternity, genome, DNA, NO EVIDENCE, immunocompetence, FREQUENCIES, house sparrow, DNA fingerprinting, hatching success, MALE PARENTAL CARE, IMMUNE-RESPONSE, CLUTCH-SIZE, BODY-MASS, COPULATION, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, extrapair fertilization, extrapair fertilizations, offspring viability and immunocompetence, Passer domesticus},
	pages = {367--378}
}

@article{mclainMaleCopulatorySuccess1990,
	title = {Male copulatory success: heritability and relationship to mate fecundity in the {Southern} green stinkbug  {Nezara} viridula  ({Hemiptera}: {Pentatomidae})},
	volume = {64},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {McLain, D. K. and Marsh, N. B.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Attractiveness, fecundity, heritability, quantitative genetics},
	pages = {161--167}
}

@article{kokkoSexySexualSelection2003,
	title = {Sexy to die for? {Sexual} selection and the risk of extinction},
	volume = {40},
	url = {ISI:000183295600012},
	abstract = {Sexual selection is a field with a strong focus on the 'costs' of traits. However, whether such costs have an influence on the demography of the population is very rarely discussed. Here we present various processes through which sexual selection might have an impact on population viability and thus increase or decrease the risk of extinction. We argue that evolutionary 'suicide'-as sometimes suggested e.g. to have caused the extinction of the Irish elk-is unlikely in deterministic environments, except if costs are not paid by the same individual that bears the trait. Thus, intra- or inter-locus sexual conflict could in principle drive a population extinct, and we do not know why this does not frequently happen. Whether sexual selection increases or decreases extinction risks when populations face variable or unforeseen environmental conditions is likewise unknown, and we outline mechanisms that could account for either pattern. Inbreeding is another factor that could either increase or decrease population viability in sexually selected species. Inbreeding may be caused by a high mating skew, but it could also be reduced if females adaptively choose mates to avoid inbred offspring. Finally, when intraspecific competition for resources is taken into account, it is unclear how individual viabilities translate to extinction risks faced by the population. We show an example where greater mortality of males due to sexual dimorphism improves the carrying capacity of the environment, and thus presumably population viability},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
	author = {Kokko, H. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, Fisher, i, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, TRAITS, resources, mating, field, lande, theory, Y, sexual conflict, condition, cost, costs, inbreeding, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, inbreeding depression, conflict, risk, viability, dimorphism, antagonistic coevolution, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, sexual dimorphism, mortality, DEMOGRAPHIC STOCHASTICITY, ECOLOGICAL PLASTICITY, MORTALITY COSTS, NEGATIVE GENETIC CORRELATION, ONTOGENIC CONFLICT, SELF-EXTINCTION},
	pages = {207--219}
}

@article{lamunyonEvolutionLargerSperm2002,
	title = {Evolution of larger sperm in response to experimentally increased sperm competition in  {Caenorhabditis} elegans},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {LaMunyon, C. W. and Ward, S. I.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, response, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION}
}

@article{casselEffectsPopulationSize2001,
	title = {Effects of population size and food stress on fitness-related characters in the scarce heath, a rare butterfly in western {Europe}},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000172692900027},
	abstract = {Knowledge about the effects of Inbreeding in natural populations is scarce, especially in invertebrates. We analyzed to what extent fitness-related traits in the scarce heath (Coenonympha hero), a butterfly, are affected by population size and isolation and whether differences in food quality influence these effects. We categorized nine populations as either large or small and isolated, Full-sib groups of offspring from 27 females were followed under seminatural conditions. Because of increased zygote mortality, egg hatchability was significantly lower in the small and isolated populations than in the large ones. Population category bad no effect on larval weight tinder optimal conditions, but weight was significantly lower in the small-isolated category with low food quality. The effects of inbreeding can thus be hidden when conditions are benign but can appear under stress. Survival also differed significantly between population categories, and larval developmental time tended to be longer in the small-isolated category, irrespective of food conditions. We suggest that the differences in fitness between offspring from large and small isolated populations are at least partly due to inbreeding. This adds a further threat to a species that Is already suffering from decreasing population sizes and increasing isolation among populations},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Cassel, A. and Windig, J. and Nylin, S. and Wiklund, C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {egg, evolution, female, i, offspring, population, quality, TRAITS, fitness, size, survival, butterfly, CONSEQUENCES, lande, condition, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, HABITAT, metapopulation, CONSERVATION, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, WEIGHT, mortality, ISOLATED POPULATION, food},
	pages = {1667--1673}
}

@article{slateInbreedingDepressionInfluences2000,
	title = {Inbreeding depression influences lifetime breeding success in a wild population of red deer ( {Cervus} elaphus )},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Slate, J. and Kruuk, L. E. B. and Marshall, T. C. and Pemberton, J. M. and Clutton-Brock, T. H.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {population, inbreeding, red deer, inbreeding depression, Cervus elaphus},
	pages = {1657--1662}
}

@article{eldridgeUnprecedentedLowLevels1999,
	title = {Unprecedented low levels of genetic variation and inbreeding depression in an island population of the black-footed rock-wallaby},
	volume = {13},
	url = {ISI:000080720400010},
	abstract = {It has been argued that demographic and environmental factors will cause small, isolated populations to become extinct before genetic factors have a significant negative impact Islands provide an ideal opportunity to test this hypothesis because they often support small, isolated populations that are highly vulnerable to extinction. To assess the potential negative impact of isolation and small population size, we compared levels of genetic variation and fitness in island and mainland populations of the black-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis [Marsupialia: Macropodidae]). Our results indicate that the Barrow Island population of P. lateralis has unprecedented low levels of genetic variation (H-e = 0.053, from 10 microsatellite loci) and suffers from inbreeding depression (reduced female fecundity, skewed sex ratio increased levels of fluctuating asymmetry). Despite a long period of isolation (similar to 1600 generations) and small effective population size (N-e similar to 15), demographic and environmental factors have not yet driven this population to extinction. Nevertheless, it has been affected significantly by genetic factors It has lost most of its genetic variation and become highly inbred (F-e = 0.91), and it exhibits reduced fitness. Because several other island populations of P. lateralis also exhibit exceptionally low levels of genetic variation, this phenomenon may be widespread Inbreeding in these populations is at a level associated with high rates of extinction in populations of domestic and laboratory species. Genetic factors cannot then be excluded as contributing to the extinction proneness of small, isolated populations},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Eldridge, M. D. B. and King, J. M. and Loupis, A. K. and Spencer, P. B. S. and Taylor, A. C. and Pope, L. C. and Hall, G. P.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {AUSTRALIA, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, HYPOTHESIS, i, P1, population, sex, variation, fitness, size, CONSEQUENCES, fecundity, lande, sex ratio, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, genetic variation, asymmetry, BIODIVERSITY, GENERATIONS, ISLAND, islands, RATIO, SEXES, RATES, GENETIC-VARIATION, fluctuating asymmetry, CONSERVATION GENETICS, effective population size, ISOLATED POPULATION, differentiation, ISLAND POPULATION, MAMMALIAN POPULATIONS, SEX-RATIO, ISLAND POPULATIONS, MARSUPIALIA, PETROGALE-XANTHOPUS GRAY, SUBDIVISION},
	pages = {531--541}
}

@article{huygheRelationshipsHormonesPhysiological2009,
	title = {Relationships between hormones, physiological performance and immunocompetence in a color-polymorphic lizard species, {Podarcis} melisellensis.},
	volume = {55},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.02.005},
	abstract = {Species with alternative phenotypes offer unique opportunities to investigate hormone-behavior relationships. We investigated the relationships between testosterone, corticosterone, morphology, performance, and immunity in a population of lizards (Podarcis melisellensis) which exhibits a color polymorphism. Males occur in three different color morphs (white, yellow, orange), providing an opportunity to test the idea of morphs being alternative solutions to the evolutionary challenges posed on the link between hormones, morphology, performance, and immunity. Morphs differed in bite force capacity, with orange males biting harder, and in corticosterone levels, with yellow males having lower levels than orange. However, morphs did not differ in testosterone levels or in the immunological parameters tested. At the individual level, across morphs, testosterone levels predicted size-corrected bite force capacity, but no relation was found between hormone levels and immunity. Our results do not support the testosterone-based polymorphism hypothesis and reject the hypothesis of a trade-off between testosterone and immunity in this species, but provide a mechanistic link between testosterone and a sexually selected performance trait.},
	journal = {Hormones and behavior},
	author = {Huyghe, Katleen and Husak, Jerry F and Herrel, a and Tadić, Zoran and Moore, Ignacio T and Van Damme, Raoul and Vanhooydonck, B},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {488--94}
}

@article{findlayBehavioralEvolutionBiocultural1989,
	title = {Behavioral evolution and biocultural games: oblique and horizontal cultural transmission},
	volume = {137},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Findlay, C. S. and Hansell, R. I. C. and Lumsden, C. J.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {evolution, call, transmission, evolutionary game model},
	pages = {245--269}
}

@article{pujolarGrowthRateCorrelates2005,
	title = {Growth rate correlates to individual heterozygosity in the european eel, {Anguilla} anguilla {L}},
	volume = {59},
	url = {ISI:000226737900017},
	abstract = {Heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs) have been reported in populations of many species. We provide evidence for a positive correlation between genetic variability and growth rate at 12 allozyme loci in a catadromous marine fish species. the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). More heterozygous individuals show a significantly higher length and weight increase and an above average condition index in comparison with more homozygous individuals. To a lesser extent. six microsatellite loci show a similar pattern, with positive but not significant correlations between heterozygosity and growth rate. The HFCs observed could be explained by an effect of either direct allozyme overdominance or associative overdominance. Selection affecting some of the allozyme loci would explain the greater strength of the HFCs found at allozymes in comparison with microsatellites and the lack of correlation between MLH at allozymes and MLH at microsatellites. Associative overdominance (where allozyme loci are merely acting as neutral markers of closely linked fitness loci) might provide an explanation for the HFCs if we consider that allozyme loci have a higher chance than microsatellites to be in linkage disequilibrium with fitness loci},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pujolar, J. M. and Maes, G. E. and Vancoillie, C. and Volckaert, F. A. M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, population, selection, fitness, INCREASE, BIOLOGY, GROWTH, GROWTH-RATE, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, condition, POPULATIONS, microsatellites, pattern, DISEQUILIBRIUM, linkage, linkage disequilibrium, RAINBOW-TROUT, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, WEIGHT, LENGTH, MARKERS, heterosis, OVERDOMINANCE, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, ALLOZYME, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, allozymes, ASSOCIATIVE OVERDOMINANCE, FITNESS CORRELATIONS, ENZYME HETEROZYGOSITY, allozymes,associative overdominance,direct overdominance,growth rate,heterozygosity,microsatellites,selection},
	pages = {189--199}
}

@article{careyFootednessWorldSoccer2001,
	title = {Footedness in world soccer: an analysis of {France} '98},
	volume = {19},
	journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
	author = {Carey, D. P. and Smith, G. and Smith, D. T. and Shepherd, J. W. and Skriver, J. and Ord, L. and Rutland, A.},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {855--864}
}

@article{wolffParentsSupressReproduction1992,
	title = {Parents supress reproduction and stimulate dispersal in opposite-sex juvenile white-footed mice},
	volume = {359},
	url = {ISI:A1992JQ62400053},
	number = {6394},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Wolff, J. O.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {competition, ECOLOGY, HYPOTHESIS, i, offspring, population, sex, mating, SUCCESS, ENGLAND, reproduction, natal dispersal, relatedness, DISPERSAL, HOME-RANGE, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, JUVENILE DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, population density, REPRODUCTIVE SUPPRESSION, RODENT, rodents, SUPPRESSION, WHITE-FOOTED MICE, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL, SEXES, inbreeding-avoidance, MICE, sex-biased dispersal, PEROMYSCUS, PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS, HOME RANGE, DELAYED DISPERSAL, resource competition, LEUCOPUS, PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS},
	pages = {409--410}
}

@article{vanoosterhoutBalancingSelectionRandom2006,
	title = {Balancing selection, random genetic drift, and genetic variation at the major histocompatibility complex in two wild populations of guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000243394300013},
	abstract = {Our understanding of the evolution of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is rapidly increasing, but there are still enigmatic questions remaining, particularly regarding the maintenance of high levels of MHC polymorphisms in small, isolated populations. Here, we analyze the genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci and sequence variation at exon 2 of the MHC class IIB (DAB) genes in two wild populations of the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata. We compare the genetic variation of a small (N-e approximate to 100) and relatively isolated upland population to that of its much larger (N. 2400) downstream counterpart. As predicted, microsatellite diversity in the upland population is significantly lower and highly differentiated from the population further downstream. Surprisingly, however, these guppy populations are not differentiated by MHC genetic variation and show very similar levels of allelic richness. Computer simulations indicate that the observed level of genetic variation can be maintained with overdominant selection acting at three DAB loci. The selection coefficients differ dramatically between the upland (s {\textgreater}= 0.2) and lowland (s {\textless}= 0.01) populations. Parasitological analysis on wild-caught fish shows that parasite load is significantly higher on upland than on lowland fish, which suggests that large differences in selection intensity may indeed exist between populations. Based on the infection intensity, a substantial proportion of the upland fish would have suffered direct or indirect fitness consequences as a result of their high parasite loads. Selection by parasites plays a particularly important role in the evolution of guppies in the upland habitat, which has resulted in high levels of MHC diversity being maintained in this population despite considerable genetic drift},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {van Oosterhout, C. and Joyce, D. A. and Cummings, S. M. and Blais, J. and Barson, N. J. and Ramnarine, I. W. and Mohammed, R. S. and Persad, N. and Cable, J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, genes, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, variation, fitness, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, MAINTENANCE, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, parasites, COMPLEX, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, polymorphism, POPULATIONS, WILD, HABITAT, MHC, WILD POPULATION, genetic variation, load, DIVERSITY, GENETIC-VARIATION, selection intensity, parasite load, MHC diversity, MHC POLYMORPHISM, ISOLATED POPULATION, intensity, WILD POPULATIONS, INFECTION, COEFFICIENTS, genetic drift, BALANCING SELECTION, FITNESS CONSEQUENCES, OVERDOMINANT SELECTION, allelic richness},
	pages = {2562--2574}
}

@article{arnqvistEvolutionInfidelitySocially2005,
	title = {The evolution of infidelity in socially monogamous passerines: {The} strength of direct and indirect selection on extrapair copulation behavior in females},
	volume = {165},
	url = {ISI:000228094600004},
	abstract = {Many studies have been aimed at understanding the maintenance of female infidelity in socially monogamous birds. Because engaging in extrapair copulations (EPCs) is believed to be costly for females, it has been argued that EPC behavior must bring indirect benefits to females by elevating offspring fitness. We use empirical data from the literature to assess the relative strength of indirect and direct selection on female EPC behavior, using quantitative genetic approximations of selection. This analysis confirmed that there is generally negative direct selection on EPC behavior caused by depressed paternal investment by social males. In contrast, there was no significant positive indirect selection on EPC behavior in females. A comparison between the two types of selection suggests that the force of direct negative selection is generally much stronger than that of indirect positive selection. Indirect selection is thus unlikely to maintain EPC behavior in the face of direct selection against it. We suggest that EPCs may instead be the result of antagonistic selection on loci influencing the outcome of male-female encounters and that EPC behavior per se may not be adaptive for females but may reflect sexual conflict due to strong selection in males to achieve extrapair copulations},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Arnqvist, R. and Kirkpatrick, M.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {good-genes, indirect selection, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, indirect benefits, MALES, mate choice, offspring, selection, BENEFITS, fitness, INVESTMENT, MAINTENANCE, reproductive success, mating preferences, sexual conflict, loci, BEHAVIOR, social, bird, birds, conflict, COPULATIONS, POSITIVE SELECTION, MALE PARENTAL CARE, tree swallows, OFFSPRING FITNESS, PAIR PATERNITY, COPULATION, direct selection, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, passerine, PATERNAL INVESTMENT, genetic compatibility,good genes,mate choice,paternal investment,polyandry,sexual selection, HOODED WARBLERS},
	pages = {S26--S37}
}

@article{nieminenExperimentalConfirmationThat2001,
	title = {Experimental confirmation that inbreeding depression increases extinction risk in butterfly populations},
	volume = {157},
	url = {ISI:000166816600010},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Nieminen, M. and Singer, M. C. and Fortelius, W. and Schops, K. and Hanski, I.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {evolution, i, population, model, MODELS, size, butterfly, lande, Y, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, metapopulation, migration, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, EXTINCTION RISK, genetics, inbreeding depression, risk, INCREASES, PROBABILITY, Melitaea cinxia, SMALL POPULATIONS, MUTATION ACCUMULATION, MELITAEA-CINXIA},
	pages = {237--244}
}

@article{goldsteinEvolutionaryStableStrategy1996,
	title = {"{Evolutionary}" stable strategy of handedness in major league baseball},
	volume = {110},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Psychology},
	author = {Goldstein, S. R. and Young, C. A.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {164--169}
}

@article{clarkeKinDiscriminationFemale1999,
	title = {Kin discrimination and female mate choice in the naked mole-rat  {Heterocephalus} glaber},
	volume = {266},
	url = {ISI:000083173100009},
	abstract = {Naked mole-rats are fossorial, eusocial rodents that naturally exhibit high levels of inbreeding. Persistent inbreeding in animals often results in a substantial decline in fitness and, thus, dispersal and avoidance of kin as mates are two common inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. In the naked mole-rat evidence for the former has recently been found. Here we address the latter mechanism by investigating kin recognition and female mate choice using a series of choice tests in which the odour, social and mate preferences of females were determined. Discrimination by females appears to be dependent on their reproductive status. Reproductively active females prefer to associate with unfamiliar males, whereas reproductively inactive females do not discriminate. Females do not discriminate between kin and non-kin suggesting chat the criterion for recognition is familiarity, not detection of genetic similarity per se. In the wild, naked mole-rats occupy discrete burrow systems and dispersal and mixing with non-kin is thought to be comparatively rare. Thus, recognition by familiarity may function as a highly efficient kin recognition mechanism in the naked mole-rat. A preference by reproductively active females for unfamiliar males is interpreted as inbreeding avoidance. These findings suggest that, despite an evolutionary history of close inbreeding, naked mole-rats may not be exempt from the effects of inbreeding depression and will attempt to outbreed should the opportunity arise},
	number = {1432},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Clarke, F. M. and Faulkes, C. G.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female, MALES, MATE, mate choice, female mate choice, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, GENETIC SIMILARITY, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, RODENT, rodents, social, SUPPRESSION, WILD, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, philopatry, COMMON, MHC, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, kin discrimination, patterns, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, dominance, cooperative breeding, eusociality, MOLE-RATS, NAKED MOLE-RAT, Heterocephalus glaber, HETEROCEPHALUS-GLABER, CAPTIVE COLONIES},
	pages = {1995--2002}
}

@article{maloSpermDesignSperm2006,
	title = {Sperm design and sperm function},
	volume = {2},
	url = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/2/246.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2006.0449},
	abstract = {Spermatozoa vary enormously in their form and dimensions, both between and within species, yet how this variation translates into fertilizing efficiency is not known. Sperm swimming velocity is a key determinant of male fertilization success, but previous efforts to identity which sperm phenotypic traits are associated with swimming velocity have been unsuccessful. Here, we examine the relationship between the size of several sperm components and sperm swimming velocity in natural populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) where selective pressures to enhance male reproductive success are expected to be strong. Our results show that there is little within-male and considerable between-male variation in sperm dimensions. Spermatozoa with longer midpieces swim more slowly, a finding which does not support the hypothesis that the size of the midpiece determines the amount of energy which is translated into swimming speed. In contrast, spermatozoa with elongated heads, and those in which the relative length of the rest of the flagellum is longer, swim faster. Thus, the hydrodynamic shape of the head and the forces generated by the relative size of the rest of the flagellum seem to be the key determinants of sperm swimming velocity.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Malo, Aurelio F and Gomendio, Montserrat and Garde, Julian and Lang-Lenton, Barbara and Soler, Ana J and Roldan, Eduardo R.S},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {246--249}
}

@article{wardEffectsKinFamiliarity2003,
	title = {The effects of kin and familiarity on interactions between fish},
	volume = {4},
	url = {ISI:000187565300002},
	abstract = {Fish have been shown to discriminate between individuals on very general bases such as species, body length and colour. More recently, evidence has been accumulating from a number of species that relatedness and familiarity may be extremely important in mediating a range of interactions between individual fish. Studies have shown that fish are able to recognize kin and/or familiars, and that this ability potentially conveys significant benefits, including increased inclusive fitness, reduced inbreeding costs, reduced competition and enhanced antipredator behaviour. Here, we review the literature and consider future directions and applications for this research},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Fish and Fisheries},
	author = {Ward, A. J. W. and Hart, P. J. B.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, competition, fish, fitness, colour, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, relatedness, cost, costs, inbreeding, MHC, related, COHO SALMON, SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L, TIT-FOR-TAT, INCLUSIVE FITNESS, individual recognition, JUVENILE ARCTIC CHARR, ATLANTIC SALMON, SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, SIBLING ODOR PREFERENCE, shoal, SCHOOLING PREFERENCES, 3-SPINED STICKLEBACKS},
	pages = {348--358}
}

@article{nakagawaSiblingWhereArt2004,
	title = {'{O} sibling, where art thou?' - a review of avian sibling recognition with respect to the mammalian literature},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:000220600800004},
	abstract = {Avian literature on sibling recognition is rare compared to that developed by mammalian researchers. we compare avian and mammalian research on sibling recognition to identify why avian work is rare, how approaches differ and what avian and mammalian researchers can learn from each other. Three factors: (1) biological differences between birds and mammals, (2) conceptual biases and (3) practical constraints, appear to influence our current understanding. Avian research focuses on colonial species because sibling recognition is considered adaptive where 'mixing potential' of dependent young is high; research on a wider range of species, breeding systems and ecological conditions is now needed. Studies of acoustic recognition cues dominate avian literature; other types of cues (e.g. visual, olfactory) deserve further attention. The effect of gender on avian sibling recognition has yet to be investigated; mammalian work shows that gender can have important influences. Most importantly, many researchers assume that birds recognise siblings through 'direct famillarisation' (commonly known as associative learning or familiarity); future experiments should also incorporate tests for 'indirect familiarisation' (commonly known as phenotype matching). If direct familiarisation proves crucial, avian research should investigate how periods of separation influence sibling discrimination. Mammalian researchers typically interpret sibling recognition in broad functional terms (nepotism, optimal outbreeding); some avian researchers more successfully; identify specific and testable adaptive explanations, with greater relevance to natural contexts. We end by reporting exciting discoveries from recent studies of avian sibling recognition that inspire further interest in this topic},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Nakagawa, S. and Waas, J. R.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, mate choice, zebra finch, phenotype, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, COLUMBIAN GROUND-SQUIRRELS, condition, MAMMALS, social, bird, birds, philopatry, discrimination, kin discrimination, lek, leks, KIN RECOGNITION, sibling recognition, FINCH, cooperative breeding, context, constraints, individual recognition, MICE ACOMYS-CAHIRINUS, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE, COMMON TERN CHICKS, zebra, direct familiarisation, HAMSTER MESOCRICETUS-AURATUS, indirect familiarisation, PARENT-OFFSPRING RECOGNITION, PARROTLETS FORPUS-CONSPICILLATUS, SQUIRRELS SPERMOPHILUS-RICHARDSONII, SWALLOWS RIPARIA-RIPARIA},
	pages = {101--119}
}

@article{huntWhatGeneticQuality2004,
	title = {What is genetic quality?},
	volume = {19},
	url = {ISI:000222301800014},
	abstract = {Mate choice is favored by indirect selection if choosy females mate with males of high genetic quality. We believe, however, that testing hypotheses about indirect selection has been constrained by how we conceptualize and therefore empirically measure male genetic quality. Here, we argue that genetic quality is the breeding value of an individual for total fitness. We can therefore learn little about genetic quality from measures of only a few fitness components. We explain breeding value for total fitness, drawing on concepts from life-history theory and quantitative genetics, and suggest how approaches incorporating these insights might result in empirical progress},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Bussiere, L. F. and Jennions, M. D. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, indirect selection, sexual selection, evolution, mate choice, quality, selection, TRAITS, fitness, survival, life history, theory, quantitative genetics, phenotypic plasticity, genetics, VARIANCE, breeding value, choosy females, OLD-AGE, life-history theory, ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION, GRAY TREE FROGS},
	pages = {329--333}
}

@article{pedersenEffectsInbreedingRate2005,
	title = {Effects of inbreeding and rate of inbreeding in {Drosophila} melanogaster - {Hsp70} expression and fitness},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:000230047800004},
	abstract = {Induction of heat shock proteins (Hsp) is a well-known mechanism through which cells cope with stressful conditions. Hsp are induced by a variety of extrinsic stressors. However, recently intrinsic stressors (aging and inbreeding) have been shown to affect expression of Hsp. Increased homozygosity due to inbreeding may disrupt cellular homeostasis by causing increased expression of recessive deleterious mutations and breakdown of epistatic interactions. We investigated the effect of inbreeding and the rate of inbreeding on the expression of Hsp70, larval heat resistance and fecundity. In Drosophila melanogaster we found that inbred lines (F approximate to 0.67) had significantly up-regulated expression of Hsp70, and reduced heat resistance and fecundity as compared with outbred control lines. A significant negative correlation was observed between Hsp70 expression and resistance to an extreme heat stress in inbred lines. We interpreted this as an increased requirement for Hsp70 in the lines suffering most from inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression for fecundity was reduced with a slower rate of inbreeding compared with a fast rate of inbreeding. Thus, the effectiveness of purging seems to be improved with a slower rate of inbreeding},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Pedersen, K. S. and Kristensen, T. N. and Loeschcke, V.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, EXPRESSION, fitness, fecundity, FULL-SIB, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, heterozygosity, condition, extrinsic, inbreeding, intrinsic, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, extinction, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, STRESS, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, mutation, MUTATIONS, purging, RESISTANCE, EVOLUTIONARY, ORGANISM, recessive deleterious mutations, Drosophila melanogaster,Hsp70,inbreeding depression,protein conformation,purging,rate of inbreeding,stress, HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS, TRANSGENES},
	pages = {756--762}
}

@article{greenfieldKatydidSynchronousChorusing1993,
	title = {Katydid synchronous chorusing is an evolutionary stable outcome of female choice},
	volume = {364},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Greenfield, M. D. and Roizen, I.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, evolutionary stable strategies (ESS), katydid},
	pages = {618--620}
}

@article{sujoldzicIsonymyPopulationstructureIsland1993,
	title = {Isonymy and population-structure of the island of {Korcula} ({Croatia})},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:A1993LM26200003},
	abstract = {The specific purposes of this paper are to present the analyses of some isonymy data from Korcula (Croatia), a major Dalmatian island, as a measure of its isolation and resulting consequences. The methodology described has been used with the ultimate objective to provide additional data for an integrated description of this island within a biocultural framework such that the microevolutionary and sociocultural processes responsible for population structure and differentiation due to isolation and/or migration can be clarified. Within this general framework in this well-defined island population the analyses of endogamy and/or exogamy and coefficient of isonymy allow inferences on both genetic inbreeding and cultural mate choice system and behaviour},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Collegium Antropologicum},
	author = {Sujoldzic, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, CONSEQUENCES, theory, inbreeding, migration, ant, ISLAND, differentiation, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, ISLAND POPULATION, ISONYMY, population structure, INFERENCE, DALMATIA, MARITAL STRUCTURE, YUGOSLAVIA},
	pages = {17--24}
}

@article{huygheMorphologyPerformanceBehavior2007,
	title = {Morphology, performance, behavior and ecology of three color morphs in males of the lizard {Podarcis} melisellensis},
	volume = {47},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/icm043},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Huyghe, K. and Vanhooydonck, B. and Herrel, a. and Tadic, Z. and Van Damme, R.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {211--220}
}

@article{mollerFemaleSwallowPreference1992,
	title = {Female swallow preference for symmetrical male sexual ornaments},
	volume = {357},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {female choice, male sexual ornaments, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, preference, swallow, fluctuating asymmetry, tail feathers},
	pages = {238--240}
}

@article{koniorEffectInbreedingHeritability2005,
	title = {Effect of inbreeding and heritability of sperm competition success in the bulb mite {Rhizoglyphus} robini},
	volume = {94},
	url = {ISI:000229345600005},
	abstract = {Sperm competition is a potent evolutionary force shaping the reproductive biology of most animal species. Here, we estimated the heritability of sperm competition success in the promiscuous bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Sperm competition success was measured with the sterile male technique as the proportion of eggs fertilised by the second of three males mated with a single female. Sperm competition success responded significantly to selection. The heritability estimated from the response to five generations of selection was 0.13. We also estimated the effect of inbreeding on sperm competition success. Males produced by sib-mating ( F = 0.25) had a significantly lower sperm competition success than outbred males. The estimated coefficient of inbreeding depression was 0.53. Such high inbreeding depression together with moderately low heritability is consistent with the view that sperm competitive ability is under strong directional selection and strongly influences the reproductive success of males},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Konior, M. and Keller, L. and Radwan, J.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {egg, ABILITY, competition, evolution, female, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, response, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, heritability, reproductive success, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, life-history, polyandry, quantitative genetics, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, GENERATIONS, DISPLACEMENT, REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY, COMPETITIVE ABILITY, coefficient of inbreeding, GENOTYPIC VARIATION, BULB MITE, RHIZOGLYPHUS-ROBINI, mite, sexual selection,quantitative genetics,dominance,additive genetic variation},
	pages = {577--581}
}

@article{massotRapportAnnuelActivite2006,
	title = {Rapport annuel d ’ activité ‘ {Observatoires} de {Recherche} en {Environnement} ’ {Etude} intégrée et à long terme de l ’ impact du réchauffement climatique sur le fonctionnement des populations},
	journal = {Recherche},
	author = {Massot, M and Clobert, J and Richard, M and Laloi, D and Fitze, P and Galliard, J Le and Aragon, P and Fraipont, M De and Ferrière, S Chamaillé R},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1--10}
}

@article{kennedyCanEcologicalTheory1993,
	title = {Can ecological theory predict the distribution of foraging animals? {A} critical analysis of experiments on the {Ideal} {Free} {Distribution}},
	volume = {68},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Kennedy, M. and Gray, R. D.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {theory, foraging, ideal free distribution, IFD},
	pages = {158--166}
}

@article{houseEvolutionLendingHelping2007,
	title = {Evolution: {Lending} a {Helping} {Hand} in {Sperm} {Competition}?},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207008184},
	abstract = {Most females mate with many males. This can be costly, but the benefits to females are often unclear. A new study raises the possibility that females could benefit through an unconventional genetic pathway, while also showing that males can inadvertently increase rival males' fitness in surprising ways.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {House, Clarissa M. and Hunt, John and Hosken, David J.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {R90--R93}
}

@article{verckenMotherTimingDuration2007,
	title = {Mother's timing and duration of corticosterone exposure modulate offspring size and natal dispersal in the common lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara).},
	volume = {51},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.12.006},
	abstract = {Although multiple condition dependence in dispersal is common, the proximate mechanisms that integrate information from multiple sources remain largely unknown. In the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), earlier studies have shown that maternal plasma corticosterone level interacts with maternal phenotype to affect offspring phenotype and dispersal strategy, and may reflect the mother's external and/or internal environment. However, the mechanism by which these two types of environmental information are integrated has not been identified. We explored the possibility that the timing and duration of the corticosterone signal are the key factors by which the message is modulated. We found that the timing of corticosterone exposure affects the juvenile phenotype: an exposure to corticosterone early in development has negative effects on juvenile size, weight, and body condition, that can nevertheless be restored in the case of a prolonged exposure. The duration of corticosterone exposure affects the dispersal strategy, although the precise effect depends on the sex ratio of the clutch. That is, in female-biased clutches, a prolonged exposure during gestation promotes philopatry of juveniles, while a short exposure enhances their dispersal, a result that is consistent with kin competition theory. Therefore, our results demonstrate that while corticosterone titer may signal a mother's external and/or internal environment to her developing young, differences in the timing and duration of this endocrine signal produce offspring with specialized phenotypes that exhibit different dispersal strategies.},
	journal = {Hormones and behavior},
	author = {Vercken, Elodie and de Fraipont, Michelle and Dufty, Alfred M and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Ecosystem, LIZARDS, Male, Body Weight, Corticosterone, Survival Analysis, Corticosterone: pharmacology, Animal Migration, Animal Migration: drug effects, Animals, Newborn, Body Weight: drug effects, Litter Size, Litter Size: drug effects, Mothers, Time Factors, Viviparity, Nonmammalian, Viviparity, Nonmammalian: drug effects},
	pages = {379--86}
}

@article{daviesMajorHistocompatibilityAntigen2004,
	title = {Major histocompatibility antigen expression on the bovine placenta: its relationship to abnormal pregnancies and retained placenta},
	volume = {82â€“83},
	journal = {Animal Reproduction Science},
	author = {Davies, C. J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {EXPRESSION, placenta},
	pages = {267--280}
}

@article{lebergRoleInbreedingDepression2008,
	title = {Role of inbreeding depression and purging in captive breeding and restoration programmes},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://000251740500026},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Leberg, P. L. and Firmin, B. D.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {extinction, inbreeding depression, risk, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, bottleneck, deleterious mutations, GENETIC LOAD, purging, BOTTLENECKED POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION GENETICS, WILD POPULATIONS, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS, RESTORATION, BUTTERFLY BICYCLUS-ANYNANA, captive breeding, EXPERIMENTAL TESTS},
	pages = {334--343}
}

@article{tuomiGeneticHeterogeneityOrganisms11,
	title = {Genetic heterogeneity within organisms and the evolution of individuality},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00811.x/abs},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Tuomi, J.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {evolution},
	pages = {1182--1183}
}

@article{hammoudDistinctiveChromatinHuman2009,
	title = {Distinctive chromatin in human sperm packages genes for embryo development},
	volume = {460},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:000268257000030},
	doi = {10.1038/nature08162},
	abstract = {Because nucleosomes are widely replaced by protamine in mature human sperm, the epigenetic contributions of sperm chromatin to embryo development have been considered highly limited. Here we show that the retained nucleosomes are significantly enriched at loci of developmental importance, including imprinted gene clusters, microRNA clusters, HOX gene clusters, and the promoters of stand-alone developmental transcription and signalling factors. Notably, histone modifications localize to particular developmental loci. Dimethylated lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me2) is enriched at certain developmental promoters, whereas large blocks of H3K4me3 localize to a subset of developmental promoters, regions in HOX clusters, certain noncoding RNAs, and generally to paternally expressed imprinted loci, but not paternally repressed loci. Notably, trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3) is significantly enriched at developmental promoters that are repressed in early embryos, including many bivalent (H3K4me3/H3K27me3) promoters in embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, developmental promoters are generally DNA hypomethylated in sperm, but acquire methylation during differentiation. Taken together, epigenetic marking in sperm is extensive, and correlated with developmental regulators.},
	language = {English},
	number = {7254},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hammoud, S. S. and Nix, D. A. and Zhang, H. Y. and Purwar, J. and Carrell, D. T. and Cairns, B. R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Drosophila, EXPRESSION, COMPLEX, genome, DNA methylation, stem-cells, ORGANIZATION, histone h3, fibroblasts, polycomb targets},
	pages = {473--U47}
}

@article{grantPredictingMicroevolutionaryResponses1995,
	title = {Predicting microevolutionary responses to directional selection on heritable variation},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Grant, P. R. and Grant, B. R.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {response, selection, variation, multivariate selection, genetic correlations},
	pages = {241--251}
}

@article{ojangurenMultipleMatingInfluences2005,
	title = {Multiple mating influences offspring size in guppies},
	volume = {67},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00805.x},
	abstract = {Multiply mated female guppies Poecilia reticulata descended from the Tacarigua population in Trinidad produced individually larger offspring than their singly mated counterparts},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Ojanguren, A. F. and Evans, J. P. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {female, guppies, guppy, offspring, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, size, mating, multiple mating, TRINIDAD, Offspring size},
	pages = {1184--1188}
}

@article{araujoClimateWarmingDecline2006,
	title = {Climate warming and the decline of amphibians and reptiles in {Europe}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1365-2699},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01482.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01482.x},
	abstract = {Aim  We explore the relationship between current European distributions of amphibian and reptile species and observed climate, and project species potential distributions into the future. Potential impacts of climate warming are assessed by quantifying the magnitude and direction of modelled distributional shifts for every species. In particular we ask, first, what proportion of amphibian and reptile species are projected to lose and gain suitable climate space in the future? Secondly, do species projections vary according to taxonomic, spatial or environmental properties? And thirdly, what climate factors might be driving projections of loss or gain in suitable environments for species? Location  Europe. Methods  Distributions of species are modelled with four species–climate envelope techniques (artificial neural networks, generalized linear models, generalized additive models, and classification tree analyses) and distributions are projected into the future using five climate-change scenarios for 2050. Future projections are made considering two extreme assumptions: species have unlimited dispersal ability and species have no dispersal ability. A novel hybrid approach for combining ensembles of forecasts is then used to group linearly covarying projections into clusters with reduced inter-model variability. Results  We show that a great proportion of amphibian and reptile species are projected to expand distributions if dispersal is unlimited. This is because warming in the cooler northern ranges of species creates new opportunities for colonization. If species are unable to disperse, then most species are projected to lose range. Loss of suitable climate space for species is projected to occur mainly in the south-west of Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula, whilst species in the south-east are projected to gain suitable climate. This is because dry conditions in the south-west are projected to increase, approaching the levels found in North Africa, where few amphibian species are able to persist. Main conclusions  The impact of increasing temperatures on amphibian and reptile species may be less deleterious than previously postulated; indeed, climate cooling would be more deleterious for the persistence of amphibian and reptile species than warming. The ability of species to cope with climate warming may, however, be offset by projected decreases in the availability of water. This should be particularly true for amphibians. Limited dispersal ability may further increase the vulnerability of amphibians and reptiles to changes in climate.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
	author = {Araújo, M. B. and Thuiller, W. and Pearson, R. G.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {climate change, Europe, Amphibian decline, bioclimatic-envelope models, ensemble forecasting, reptile decline, uncertainty},
	pages = {1712--1728}
}

@article{hamiltonFemalePreferenceMale1999,
	title = {Female preference and male nuptial colouration in the freshwater fish  {Gobiomorphus} breviceps : geographic variation among populations},
	volume = {77},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Hamilton, W. J. and Poulin, R.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {fish, population, variation, female preference, preference, geographic variation, colouration},
	pages = {463--469}
}

@article{duriezLowLevelsEnergy2004,
	title = {Low levels of energy expenditure in a nocturnal, forest-dwelling wader, the {Eurasian} {Woodcock} {Scolopax} rusticola},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {0373-2266},
	url = {://WOS:000227090200005},
	abstract = {Ecological energetics have been extensively studied in the Scolopacidae, but mostly focused on coastal and wetland species. Living in forests and meadows, the Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola (mean body mass 317 g) is an exceptional species among waders. Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR, including Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and thermoregulation costs, measured at rest in a respirometer chamber) and T3 hormone levels were measured on wild woodcocks wintering in France. While the Lower Critical Temperature followed predictions from allometric equations (17.5degreesC), BMR was low (1.2 W) and plumage insulation high compared with other shorebirds. T3 was positively correlated with SMR in the laboratory. In the field, we used T3 levels to predict Field Metabolic Rate (FMR); in winter the average FMR was around 2.8 times BMR (3.4 W). The energetic requirements of Eurasian woodcocks are lower than those of typical waders living in windy unsheltered habitats, which in turn may lead to their low BMR. Woodcocks could save energy by resting during the day in sheltered habitat and being active at night, when the costs for thermoregulation are higher.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ardea},
	author = {Duriez, O. and Pastout-Lucchini, L. and Boos, M. and Chastel, O. and Fritz, H. and Ferrand, Y. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {31--42}
}

@article{johnstoneFemalePreferenceSymmetrical1994,
	title = {Female preference for symmetrical males as a by-product of selection for mate recognition},
	volume = {372},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {selection, call, female preference, preference, mate recognition, female preference,fluctuating asymmetry,symmetry},
	pages = {172--175}
}

@article{neffGeneticQualitySexual2005,
	title = {Genetic quality and sexual selection: an integrated framework for good genes and compatible genes},
	volume = {14},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02395.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract Why are females so choosy when it comes to mating? This question has puzzled and marveled evolutionary and behavioral ecologists for decades. In mating systems in which males provide direct benefits to the female or her offspring, such as food or shelter, the answer seems straightforward - females should prefer to mate with males that are able to provide more resources. The answer is less clear in other mating systems in which males provide no resources (other than sperm) to females. Theoretical models that account for the evolution of mate choice in such nonresource-based mating systems require that females obtain a genetic benefit through increased offspring fitness from their choice. Empirical studies of nonresource-based mating systems that are characterized by strong female choice for males with elaborate sexual traits (like the large tail of peacocks) suggest that additive genetic benefits can explain only a small percentage of the variation in fitness. Other research on genetic benefits has examined nonadditive effects as another source of genetic variation in fitness and a potential benefit to female mate choice. In this paper, we review the sexual selection literature on genetic quality to address five objectives. First, we attempt to provide an integrated framework for discussing genetic quality. We propose that the term 'good gene' be used exclusively to refer to additive genetic variation in fitness, 'compatible gene' be used to refer to nonadditive genetic variation in fitness, and 'genetic quality' be defined as the sum of the two effects. Second, we review empirical approaches used to calculate the effect size of genetic quality and discuss these approaches in the context of measuring benefits from good genes, compatible genes and both types of genes. Third, we discuss biological mechanisms for acquiring and promoting offspring genetic quality and categorize these into three stages during breeding: (i) precopulatory (mate choice); (ii) postcopulatory, prefertilization (sperm utilization); and (iii) postcopulatory, postfertilization (differential investment). Fourth, we present a verbal model of the effect of good genes sexual selection and compatible genes sexual selection on population genetic variation in fitness, and discuss the potential trade-offs that might exist between mate choice for good genes and mate choice for compatible genes. Fifth, we discuss some future directions for research on genetic quality and sexual selection},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Neff, B. D. and Pitcher, T. E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, genetic benefits, good genes, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, population, quality, selection, sperm, TRAITS, variation, BENEFITS, female mate choice, fitness, model, MODELS, resources, size, mating, genetic quality, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, mating system, mating systems, genetic variation, trade-off, trade-offs, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, genetic benefit, DIRECTION, GENETIC-VARIATION, peacock, context, food, direct benefits, DIRECTIONS, OFFSPRING FITNESS},
	pages = {19--38}
}

@article{arnoldBehavioralVariationNatural1981a,
	title = {Behavioral variation in natural populations. {I}. {Phenotypic}, genetic and environmental correlations between chemoreceptive responses to prey in the garter snake,  {Thamnophis} elegans},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Arnold, S. J.},
	year = {1981},
	keywords = {population, variation, genetic variance,garter snake},
	pages = {489--509}
}

@article{richardsonExtrapairPaternityRelation1999,
	title = {Extra-pair paternity in relation to male age in {Bullock}'s orioles},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Richardson, D. S. and Burke, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {ABVI, age, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, male age, DNA fingerprinting},
	pages = {2115--2126}
}

@article{hurdCooperativeSignalingFish1996,
	title = {Co-operative signaling in fish fights {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {Co-operative signaling in fish fights},
	journal = {Unknown},
	author = {Hurd, P. L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {fish, call, cichlid,comunication,cooperation,fighting,Nannacara anomala,signaling}
}

@article{giddingsBehavioralPhylogeniesDirection1983,
	title = {Behavioral phylogenies and the direction of evolution},
	volume = {220},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Giddings, L. V. and Templeton, A. R.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, phylogeny},
	pages = {372--378}
}

@article{richardsInheritedEpigeneticVariation2006,
	title = {Inherited epigenetic variation [mdash] revisiting soft inheritance},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1834},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg1834},
	abstract = {Phenotypic variation is traditionally parsed into components that are directed by genetic and environmental variation. The line between these two components is blurred by inherited epigenetic variation, which is potentially sensitive to environmental inputs. Chromatin and DNA methylation-based mechanisms mediate a semi-independent epigenetic inheritance system at the interface between genetic control and the environment. Should the existence of inherited epigenetic variation alter our thinking about evolutionary change?},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Nat Rev Genet},
	author = {Richards, Eric J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {395--401}
}

@article{partridgeOptimalityMutationEvolution1993,
	title = {Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing},
	volume = {362},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Partridge, L. and Barton, N. H.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, ageing, deleterious mutation, mutation, senescence, optimality theory},
	pages = {305--311}
}

@article{grosboisSelectingMostRelevant2006,
	title = {Selecting the most relevant climate indices to identify and predict climate impacts on bird population},
	volume = {147},
	issn = {0021-8375},
	url = {://WOS:000240313200079},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	author = {Grosbois, V. and Gaillard, J. M. and Barbraud, C. and Lambrechts, M. and Clobert, J. and Moller, A. P. and Lebreton, J. D.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {25--25}
}

@article{hughesFamiliarityLeadsFemale1999,
	title = {Familiarity leads to female mate preference for novel males in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000083347600023},
	abstract = {Guppies are a model vertebrate for studies of sexual selection and life history evolution. None the less, there have been few investigations of the factors responsible for maintaining extreme within-population genetic variation in male coloration. In a laboratory study, we tested the hypothesis that frequency-dependent mate choice contributes to the maintenance of this variation. We attempted to avoid biases inherent in earlier studies of the 'rare male effect' by familiarizing females to males bearing a particular colour pattern and later presenting them with alternate male types, in equal numbers. Females were significantly more likely to mate with males having novel colour patterns than with males having a colour pattern with which they were familiar. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that mate choice is frequency dependent. Other factors such as male and female size were unrelated to mate preference. Implications of the results for theories of sexual selection and the maintenance of variation are discussed. (C)1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Hughes, K. A. and Du, L. and Rodd, F. H. and Reznick, D. N.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, selection, variation, model, size, MAINTENANCE, COLOR PATTERNS, colour, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, mate preference, preference, theory, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, MALE PREDATION RISK, FAMILIARITY, genetic variation, pattern, patterns, male mating success, GENETIC-VARIATION, colour pattern, FREQUENCIES, TRINIDAD GUPPY, PETERS PISCES, rare male effect},
	pages = {907--916}
}

@article{demeesterUncouplingMaleSexual1999,
	title = {An uncoupling of male and sexual egg production leads to reduced inbreeding in the cyclical parthenogen {Daphnia}},
	volume = {266},
	url = {ISI:000084682200004},
	abstract = {Cyclical parthenogenesis involves an alternation of parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction. In cyclical parthenogens with a short generation time, seasonal succession of clones switching to sexual reproduction at different periods of the growing season entails the risk of severe inbreeding with associated fitness costs. We show however, that differences in genotype frequencies between males and sexual females result in a substantial reduction in the probability of selfing in natural Daphnia populations. This suggests that responses to male- and sexual egg-inducing stimuli may be uncoupled at the level of individual clones as a mechanism to avoid severe inbreeding},
	number = {1437},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {De Meester, L. and Vanoverbeke, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {egg, evolution, female, MALES, population, response, fitness, reproduction, cost, costs, inbreeding, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, genetics, NATURAL-POPULATION, risk, selfing, PROBABILITY, differentiation, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, mating patterns, sexual reproduction, Daphnia, seasonality, parthenogenesis, SPECIES COMPLEX, clone, MAGNA CRUSTACEA, clones, BRACHIONUS-PLICATILIS, CLADOCERA, CLONAL ECOLOGY, cyclical parthenogenesis},
	pages = {2471--2477}
}

@article{presgravesCoevolutionSpermFemale1999,
	title = {Coevolution of sperm and female reproductive tract morphology in stalk-eyed flies},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Presgraves, D. C. and Baker, R. H. and Wilkinson, G. S.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, flies, stalk-eyed flies, coevolution, COMPARATIVE METHOD},
	pages = {1041--1047}
}

@article{dombrovskyAdaptiveSearchOptimal1994,
	title = {On adaptive search and optimal stopping in sequential mate choice},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Dombrovsky, Y. and Perrin, N.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, call, mate choice,sexual selection,threshold rule},
	pages = {355--361}
}

@article{schluterEstimatingFormNatural1988,
	title = {Estimating the form of natural selection on a quantitative trait},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Schluter, D.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {selection, call, form, natural selection, cubic spline, fitness function},
	pages = {849--861}
}

@article{cheverudComparisonGeneticPhenotypic1988,
	title = {A comparison of genetic and phenotypic correlations},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Cheverud, J. M.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {phenotypic correlations, genetic variances},
	pages = {958--968}
}

@article{olssonDoesMateGuarding2005,
	title = {Does mate guarding prevent rival mating in snow skinks? {A} test using {AFLP}},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0018-0831},
	url = {://WOS:000233517400006},
	doi = {10.1655/04-85.1},
	abstract = {We report on likely mixed paternity in a natural population of snow skinks (Niveoscincus mirolepidoms) from alpine Tasmania, Australia. This species is nonterritorial and males guard females after copulation, Suggesting that guarding behavior has evolved to prevent rival mating of still-receptive females. To what degree does this mate-guarding prevent rival copulations? We sampled gravid females at random in the wild and looked for within-clutch mixed paternity among their offspring using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Incorpating all visualized fragments, offspring band-sharing based on maternal bands was 0.94 (+/- 0.05, SD), whereas for paternal fragments it was 0.54 (+/- 0.46, SD). We then tested paternal band-sharing scores for all young of pairs against the mean score of the maternally inherited fragments to assess whether paternal genetic variation was larger than for a known single parent, hence, suggesting multiple sires. To reduce the risk of unequal sampling of polymorphic maternal and paternal fragments, We based Our statistical tests on heterozygous bands only. Offspring band sharing based on maternal heterozygous fragments was on average 0.68 ( +/- 0.22, SD), versus 0.35 (+/- 0.33, SD) based on paternally inherited fragments. in six of eight clutches (75\%), at least one pair of voting in a clutch had paternal scores outside of the confidence interval for a single parent (i.e., the mother). Thus, mixed paternity seems to be widespread in this Population, despite prolonged postcopulatory mate-guarding by males.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Ujvari, B. and Wapstra, E. and Madsen, T. and Shine, R. and Bensch, S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {389--394}
}

@article{hamiltonHeritableTrueFitness1982,
	title = {Heritable true fitness and bright birds: {A} role for parasites?},
	volume = {218},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Hamilton, W. D. and Zuk, M.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {fitness, call, parasites, bird, birds, good genes,female choice,mate choice,parasites,sexual selection},
	pages = {384--387}
}

@article{champagneTranslatingRodentBehavioral2010,
	title = {Translating rodent behavioral repertoire to zebrafish ({Danio} rerio): {Relevance} for stress research},
	volume = {214},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432810004298},
	abstract = {The current study provides a detailed description of the pattern of exploratory behaviors encountered in adult zebrafish when exposed to a novel/unfamiliar environment using the light/dark box and open field tests. We also document the impact of an acute stressor (restraint stress) given just prior the onset of behavioral testing. We report the following main findings: (1) zebrafish display anxiety-like behaviors including dark-avoidance (in light/dark box test) and thigmotaxis (in open field test), (2) upon exposure to a novel environment (first 2\&\#xa0;min), zebrafish display place preference for the outer zone of the testing apparatus where they seek escape via the transparent wall, and exhibit high locomotor activity accompanied by high swimming speed, (3) thigmotaxis, behavioral hyperactivity, and swimming speed habituate (decrease) over time, (4) prior history of stress attenuates the natural tendency to engage in dark-avoidance behavior and thigmotaxis, reduces attempts to escape via the transparent wall, and greatly increased behavioral hyperactivity and swimming speed. Stress-induced patterns of behavior normalize to levels comparable to that of non-stressed controls by the end of the 5-min test session. Taken together, these findings suggest that novel environment can elicit anxiety-like behaviors in zebrafish such as dark-avoidance and thigmotaxis and the prior history of stress greatly affects patterns of exploration, defensive behaviors, and coping strategies in the light/dark box and open field tests. These findings are consistent with previous findings in rodents and support the usefulness of such behavioral paradigms in zebrafish.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Champagne, Danielle L. and Hoefnagels, Carlijn C. M. and de Kloet, Ronald E. and Richardson, Michael K.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Open field test, Vertebrate, Restraint stress, Habituation, Light/dark box test, Teleost, Thigmotaxis},
	pages = {332--342}
}

@article{jennionsWhyFemalesMate2000,
	title = {Why do females mate multiply? {A} review of the genetic benefits},
	volume = {75},
	url = {ISI:000086077500002},
	abstract = {The aim of this review is to consider the potential benefits that females may gain from mating more than once in a single reproductive cycle. The relationship between non-genetic and genetic benefits is briefly explored. We suggest that multiple mating for purely non-genetic benefits is unlikely as it invariably leads to the possibility of genetic benefits as well. We begin by briefly reviewing the main models for genetic benefits to mate choice, and the supporting evidence that choice can increase offspring performance and the sexual attractiveness of sons. We then explain how multiple matin!: can elevate offspring fitness by increasing the number of potential sires that compete, when this occurs in conjunction with mechanisms of paternity biasing that function in copula or post-copulation. We begin by identifying cases where females use precopulatory cues to identify mates prior to remating. In the simplest case, females remate because they identify a superior mate and 'trade up' genetically. The main evidence for this process comes from extra-pair copulation in birds. Second, we note other cases where pre-copulatory cues may be less reliable and females mate with several males to promote post-copulatory mechanisms that bias paternity. Although a distinction is drawn between sperm competition and cryptic female choice, we point out that the genetic benefits to polyandry in terms of producing more viable or sexually attractive offspring do not depend on the exact mechanism that leads to biased paternity. Post-copulatory mechanisms of paternity biasing may: (1) reduce genetic incompatibility between male and female genetic contributions to offspring; (2) increase offspring viability if there is a positive correlation between traits favoured post-copulation and those that improve performance under natural selection; (3) increase the ability of sons to gain paternity when they mate with polyandrous females. A third possibility is that genetic diversity among offspring is directly favoured. This can be due to bet-hedging (due to mate assessment errors or temporal fluctuations in the environment), beneficial interactions between less related siblings of the opportunity to preferentially fertilise eggs with sperm of a specific genotype drawn from a range of stored sperm depending on prevailing environmental conditions. We use case studies from the social insects to provide some concrete examples of the role of genetic diversity among progeny in elevating fitness. We conclude that post-copulatory mechanisms provide a more reliable way of selecting a genetically compatible mate than pre-copulatory mate choice. Some of the best evidence for cryptic female choice by sperm selection is due to selection of more compatible sperm. Two future areas of research seem likely to be profitable. First, more experimental evidence is needed demonstrating that multiple mating increases offspring fitness via genetic gains. Second, the role of multiple mating in promoting assortative fertilization and increasing reproductive isolation between populations may help us to understand sympatric speciation},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Petrie, M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, egg, ABILITY, Attractiveness, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, Fisher, genetic benefits, good genes, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, PERFORMANCE, population, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, fitness, INCREASE, model, MODELS, parental care, insect, INSECTS, mating, BIOLOGY, lande, theory, Y, MATES, multiple mating, polyandry, natural selection, parasites, condition, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, social, reproductive isolation, bird, birds, genetics, related, ENVIRONMENT, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, viability, communication, speciation, ant, male mating success, INCREASES, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, Genomic Imprinting, imprinting, SEXES, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, paternity, Cryptic female choice, cichlid, GREAT REED WARBLER, bet hedging, polyandrous females, siblings, SOCIAL INSECTS, aim, cycle, SPERM COMPETITION GAMES, female control, YELLOW DUNG FLY, sperm selection, INCOMPATIBILITY, FEMALES MATE, temporal fluctuations, REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE, OFFSPRING FITNESS, sympatric speciation, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, cichlids, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER FEMALES, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, PROGENY, ASCIDIAN DIPLOSOMA-LISTERIANUM, Copula, Fisherian runaway, SOCIAL INSECT COLONIES},
	pages = {21--64}
}

@article{weigensbergConflictsInterestSexes1994,
	title = {Conflicts of interest between the sexes: a study of mating interactions in a semiaquatic bug},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Weigensberg, I. and Fairbairn, D. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sex, mating, call, conflict, inter-sexual conflict,pre and post mating struggles},
	pages = {893--901}
}

@article{parejoBlueTitsUse2007,
	title = {Blue {Tits} use fledgling quantity and quality as public information in breeding site choice.},
	volume = {88},
	abstract = {Public information (PI), which is the information that can be derived from the behavior and performance of conspecifics, has been demonstrated to be used in many fitness-enhancing decisions. In the context of breeding habitat choice, PI use has been called "habitat copying." We experimentally tested the existence of habitat copying in the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), a nonmigratory, short-lived hole-nesting bird. We manipulated the mean number of fledglings raised locally (quantity) and their condition (quality) as components of PI by transferring nestlings from Decreased (D) patches to Increased (I) patches. Our manipulations caused a negative relationship between fledgling quantity and quality that does not exist naturally: I patches had a higher number of fledglings that were in poorer condition, whereas D patches had a lower number in better condition. Control (C) patches, whether manipulated or not, had intermediate levels in terms of fledgling quantity and quality. Adult emigration the following year was higher from D than from C or I patches. Similarly, adult dispersal distance decreased for individuals coming from D to C to I patches. This suggests that resident breeders rely mainly on fledgling quantity to make emigration decisions. Emigration patterns of juveniles did not vary in relation to our patch manipulation. Immigration rates were higher and similar in I and D patches than in C patches. Hence, immigrant Blue Tits seem to rely on one of the manipulated components of PI and are insensitive to the discrepancy between fledgling quantity and quality. This shows that even nonmigratory species, such as Blue Tits, may use PI in their dispersal decisions but weigh its components differently for emigration and immigration. Differences among species in the importance of PI in breeding habitat choices may be explained by differences in life histories.},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Parejo, Deseada and White, Joel and Clobert, Jean and Dreiss, Amelie and Danchin, Etienne},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Male, reproduction, Behavior, Animal, birds, ENVIRONMENT, PROBABILITY, cues, Animal Migration, Animal Migration: physiology, Animals, Wild, Birds: physiology, Nesting Behavior, Nesting Behavior: physiology},
	pages = {2373--82}
}

@article{lailvauxSexDifferencesLocomotor2006,
	title = {Sex differences in locomotor performance and thermoregulation in reptiles: behavioral and ecological implications},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {://WOS:000202970100317},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {E79--E79}
}

@article{biologyEvaluationMorphologyperformancefitnessParadigm,
	title = {Evaluation of the morphology-performance-fitness paradigm in a lizard : interindividual variation on endurance capacity at birth},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Biology, Evolutionary},
	pages = {1--31}
}

@article{haerndlingAntagonisticCoevolutionSexual3,
	title = {Antagonistic {Coevolution} {Under} {Sexual} {Conflict}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10682-004-7917-3},
	abstract = {The theory of sexual conflict predicts that sexual coevolution will be very dynamic, with in principle perpetual evolutionary arms races and chases. These arms races are expected to stop once the costs of conflict adaptations become too high. We argue that this prediction is contingent on specific assumptions about the sexual interaction and the adaptations involved in the arms race. More generally, evolutionary arms races stop when the fitness benefit of further escalations is outweighed by the fitness costs. For this it is not necessary that the absolute costs of conflict must be high at the stable state, or that the population fitness must be decreased at equilibrium. We expect the outcome of sexual antagonistic coevolution to be determined by the possibility to reach compromises and by the relative ability of each sex to control the outcome of the interaction. We exemplify with a theoretical conflict model, which leads to population extinction when conflict is settled by armaments with expression-level determined costs. The model predicts a compromise with small conflict costs for the population, if costs are in addition determined by the extent of conflict between the sexes, which may be the case when the cost depends on behavioural antagonism.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Haerndling, Roger and Smith, Henrik G.},
	keywords = {ABILITY, population, sex, fitness, model, theory, sexual conflict, cost, costs, adaptation, extinction, conflict, antagonistic coevolution, coevolution, SEXES, ADAPTATIONS, EVOLUTIONARY, arms race, sexual coevolution, ARMS RACES, POPULATION EXTINCTION},
	pages = {137--150}
}

@book{martinMeasuringBehaviourIntroductory1993,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Measuring {Behaviour}: {An} {Introductory} {Guide}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Martin, P. and Bateson, P.},
	year = {1993}
}

@article{solymarHeritableVariationFemale1990,
	title = {Heritable variation for female mating frequency in field crickets, {Gryllus} integer},
	volume = {26},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Solymar, B. D. and Cade, W. H.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {variation, mating, call, cricket, field, Gryllus integer, female mating frequency, female mating frequency,field crickets},
	pages = {73--76}
}

@article{brgerGeneticVariationMaintained1999,
	title = {Genetic variation maintained in multilocus models of additive quantitative traits under stabilizing selection},
	volume = {152},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Brger, R. and Gimelfarb, A.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {selection, variation, model, call, genetic variation, genetic variation,stabilising selection},
	pages = {807--820}
}

@article{tanakaSexualSelectionEnhances1996,
	title = {Sexual selection enhances population extinction in a changing environment},
	volume = {180},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Tanaka, Y.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, population, selection, extinction},
	pages = {197--206}
}

@article{manierPopulationGeneticAnalysis2005,
	title = {Population genetic analysis identifies source-sink dynamics for two sympatric garter snake species ({Thamnophis} elegans and {Thamnophis} sirtalis)},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000232774000006},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02734.x},
	abstract = {Population genetic structure can be shaped by multiple ecological and evolutionary factors, but the genetic consequences of these factors for multiple species inhabiting the same environment remain unexplored. We used microsatellite markers to examine the population structures of two coexisting species of garter snake, Thamnophis elegans and Thamnophis sirtalis, to determine if shared landscape and biology imposed similar population genetic structures. These snakes inhabit a series of ponds, lakes and flooded meadows in northern California and tend to converge on prey type wherever they coexist. Both garter snakes had comparable effective population sizes and bidirectional migration rates (estimated using a maximum-likelihood method based on the coalescent) with low but significant levels of genetic differentiation (F(ST) = 0.024 for T. elegans and 0.035 for T. sirtalis). Asymmetrical gene flow revealed large source populations for both species as well as potential sinks, suggesting frequent extinction-recolonization and metapopulation dynamics. In addition, we found a significant correlation between their genetic structures based on both pairwise F(ST)s for shared populations (P = 0.009) and for bidirectional migration rates (P = 0.024). Possible ecological and evolutionary factors influencing similarities and differences in genetic structure for the two species are discussed. Genetic measures of effective population size and migration rates obtained in this study are also compared with estimates obtained from mark-recapture data.},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Manier, M. K. and Arnold, S. J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {loci, microsatellite, metapopulation, microsatellites, mutation, DISTANCE, FLOW, PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS, coalescent approach, coalescent-based maximum likelihood, extinction-recolonization, F(ST), isolation by distance, maximum-likelihood-estimation, migration rates, northern leopard frog, rana-pipiens},
	pages = {3965--3976}
}

@article{warburtonSpeciesDiscriminationGuppies1996,
	title = {Species discrimination in guppies: {Learned} responses to visual cues},
	volume = {52},
	url = {ISI:A1996VH71700013},
	abstract = {The possibility that animals can discriminate conspecifics and heterospecifics by integrating multiple-cue information obtained by a single sensory modality was tested using guppies, Poecilia reticulata. The influence of familiarity on guppy discrimination was examined through binary-choice experiments in which juvenile guppies were allowed to associate with familiar or unfamiliar siblings, unrelated conspecifics or heterospecifics (swordtails, Xiphothurus helleri). Stimulus and subject (test) individuals were separated by partitions made of clear Perspex or plastic mesh, and the results of trials using the two partition types were compared to provide insight into the sensory modalities involved in recognition. Guppies associated more readily with familiar than unfamiliar conspecifics. The trials with the Perspex partition revealed that visual cues were involved in conspecific discrimination. Guppies were also visually attracted to familiar swordtails, and to unfamiliar swordtails as long as the guppies were originally reared with swordtails, showing that the formation of a recognition template in early life is flexible and not controlled by a closed genetic programme. However, there was evidence that attractive long-range swordtail cues were overridden by those permitting more detailed species discrimination at close range. In the trials with the mesh partition, attraction to siblings was apparent only at close range, suggesting that the mesh impaired the visual discrimination abilities evident from the Perspex trials. Heterospecific attraction to swordtails increased when the mesh partition was used, possibly for the same reason. It is likely that guppies integrate responses to distance-dependent visual (and possibly mechanical) stimuli to permit recognition of individuals, kin members or species. With regard to discrimination studies on aquatic vertebrates, the potential advantages to be obtained from the use of complementary behavioural assay techniques, and from analyses that take into account inter-brood variation and the length of the experimental acclimation period, are stressed. (C) 1996 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Warburton, K. and Lees, N.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, ABILITY, association, behaviour, evolution, fish, guppies, guppy, i, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, response, reticulata, variation, ANIMALS, COLOR PATTERNS, ENGLAND, experiment, mating preferences, INDIVIDUALS, MECHANISMS, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, kin, RESPONSES, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, LENGTH, attraction, ADVANTAGE, siblings, INFORMATION, VERTEBRATES, stimulus, swordtails},
	pages = {371--378}
}

@article{stevensonBodySizeLimits2010,
	title = {Body {Size} and {Limits} to the {Daily} {Range} of {Body} {Temperature} in {Terrestrial} {Ectotherms}},
	volume = {125},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Stevenson, Author R D and The, Source and Naturalist, American and Jan, No},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {102--117}
}

@article{legalliardTimingLocomotorImpairment2003,
	title = {Timing of locomotor impairment and shift in thermal preferences during gravidity in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000187184900019},
	doi = {10.1046/j.0269-8463.2003.00800.x},
	abstract = {1. Locomotor impairment and shift in thermal preferences during gestation have been documented in some lizards, but few studies have investigated their timing. Here, endurance capacity, sprint speed and selected body temperature of gravid females of the viviparous lizard Lacerta vivipara (Jacquin) were measured weekly before and after parturition. 2. Significant temporal variation of endurance and sprint speed was detected. A marked decrease in locomotor abilities occurred 2 weeks before parturition (c. 35\% for endurance and 25\% for sprint speed). A rapid recovery was observed a few days after parturition for endurance, while sprint speed recovered more slowly. 3. A physical impairment due to body mass was detected for endurance capacity, but not for sprint speed. The recovery of locomotor abilities after parturition was independent of the intensity of reproductive investment. Mass-independent variation in locomotor performances might be explained by physiological consequences of reproduction independent of the physical burden. 4. Females basking under laboratory conditions selected low body temperatures during the final month of gestation (29.8 degreesC +/- 0.12 SE) and a drastic increase occurred in the few days following parturition (33.4 degreesC +/- 0.13 SE). 5. These results call for a more detailed investigation of the mechanisms underlying trade-offs between reproduction, locomotion and thermoregulation in lizards.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Le Galliard, J. F. and Le Bris, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {877--885}
}

@phdthesis{massotDeterminismeDispersionChez1992,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Déterminisme de la dispersion chez le lézard vivipare},
	school = {University of Paris XI},
	author = {Massot, M.},
	year = {1992}
}

@article{gowatyEvolutionaryBiologyFeminism1992,
	title = {Evolutionary biology and feminism},
	volume = {3},
	journal = {Human Nature},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {call, deceit,evolutionary biology,feminism,femininity,self deception,sexual selection},
	pages = {217--249}
}

@article{brooksMelaninVisualSignal1996,
	title = {Melanin as a visual signal amplifier in male guppies},
	volume = {83},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	author = {Brooks, R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, call, melanin, guppy,ornaments,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {39--41}
}

@article{pfennigDifferentMatePreferences2002,
	title = {Different mate preferences by parasitized and unparasitized females potentially reduces sexual selection},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Pfennig, K. S. and Tinsley, R. C.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, female condition},
	pages = {399--406}
}

@article{simmonsPostcopulatoryInbreedingAvoidance2006,
	title = {Postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance by female crickets only revealed by molecular markers},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://000241157400025},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Simmons, L. W. and Beveridge, M. and Wedell, N. and Tregenza, T.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3817--3824}
}

@article{zeylAdvantageSexEvolving1997,
	title = {The advantage of sex in evolving yeast populations},
	volume = {388},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Zeyl, C. and Bell, G.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Drosophila, population, sex, inbreeding depression, heterozygotes, homozygotes, yeast populations},
	pages = {465--468}
}

@article{rodgersPaternalStressExposure2013,
	title = {Paternal {Stress} {Exposure} {Alters} {Sperm} {MicroRNA} {Content} and {Reprograms} {Offspring} {HPA} {Stress} {Axis} {Regulation}},
	volume = {33},
	url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/21/9003.abstract},
	doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.0914-13.2013},
	abstract = {Neuropsychiatric disease frequently presents with an underlying hyporeactivity or hyperreactivity of the HPA stress axis, suggesting an exceptional vulnerability of this circuitry to external perturbations. Parental lifetime exposures to environmental challenges are associated with increased offspring neuropsychiatric disease risk, and likely contribute to stress dysregulation. While maternal influences have been extensively examined, much less is known regarding the specific role of paternal factors. To investigate the potential mechanisms by which paternal stress may contribute to offspring hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, we exposed mice to 6 weeks of chronic stress before breeding. As epidemiological studies support variation in paternal germ cell susceptibility to reprogramming across the lifespan, male stress exposure occurred either throughout puberty or in adulthood. Remarkably, offspring of sires from both paternal stress groups displayed significantly reduced HPA stress axis responsivity. Gene set enrichment analyses in offspring stress regulating brain regions, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, revealed global pattern changes in transcription suggestive of epigenetic reprogramming and consistent with altered offspring stress responsivity, including increased expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes in the PVN. In examining potential epigenetic mechanisms of germ cell transmission, we found robust changes in sperm microRNA (miR) content, where nine specific miRs were significantly increased in both paternal stress groups. Overall, these results demonstrate that paternal experience across the lifespan can induce germ cell epigenetic reprogramming and impact offspring HPA stress axis regulation, and may therefore offer novel insight into factors influencing neuropsychiatric disease risk.},
	number = {21},
	journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Rodgers, Ali B. and Morgan, Christopher P. and Bronson, Stefanie L. and Revello, Sonia and Bale, Tracy L.},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {9003--9012}
}

@article{demuthExperimentalMethodsMeasuring2006,
	title = {Experimental {Methods} for {Measuring} {Gene} {Interactions}},
	volume = {37},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110124},
	abstract = {The role of epistasis in evolution has long been contentious. Resolving the issue requires empirical measurements that are statistically adequate and evolutionarily relevant. We review experimental methods for measuring epistasis, some that are commonly used but weak and others that are less frequently used but stronger. We review statistical genetic methods based on analyses of variances and means as well as molecular genetic methods for detecting gene interactions. We also highlight relevant empirical studies that illustrate the implementation of particular methods. In spite of the inherent weaknesses of most methods, epistasis is surprisingly common. We conclude with a discussion of how technologies for investigating genome-wide epistasis are bridging the gap between physiological and statistical epistasis for model organisms},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Demuth, Jeffery P. and Wade, Michael J.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, model, COMMON, VARIANCE, epistasis, ORGANISM},
	pages = {289--316}
}

@article{wagnerConfidencePaternityParental1996,
	title = {Confidence of paternity and parental effort by purple martins},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Wagner, R. H. and Schug, M. D. and Morton, E. S.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {age, parental effort, confidence, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, age indicator mechanism},
	pages = {123--132}
}

@article{keyserConditiondependentVariationBlueultraviolet1999,
	title = {Condition-dependent variation in the blue-ultraviolet coloration of a structurally based plumage ornament},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Keyser, A. J. and Hill, G. E.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, variation, ornament, honest advertisement, birds, ultraviolet reflectance, nutritional condition, structural colour},
	pages = {771--777}
}

@article{reynoldsCostsBenefitsFemale1990,
	title = {Costs and benefits of female mate choice - is there a lek paradox},
	volume = {136},
	url = {ISI:A1990EF56200006},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Reynolds, J. D. and Gross, M. R.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, fish, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, BENEFITS, female mate choice, SEXUAL-SELECTION, insect, INSECTS, Darwin, lande, natural selection, cost, costs, NATURAL-SELECTION, CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY, lek, California, LEK PARADOX, paradox},
	pages = {230--243}
}

@article{ryanEvolutionIntraspecificVariation1991,
	title = {Evolution of intraspecific variation in the advertisement call of a cricket frog ( {Acris} crepitans,  {Hylidae})},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Ryan, M. J. and Wilczynski, W.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {evolution, variation, call, cricket, frog},
	pages = {249--271}
}

@article{condonEffectThermalAcclimation2006,
	title = {Effect of thermal acclimation on female resistance to forced matings in the eastern mosquitofish},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347206001965},
	abstract = {All copulations in the eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, are coercive and achieved by force. Female G. holbrooki never appear to cooperate with males, but vigorously resist matings at all times. We examined the role of females within a sexually coercive mating system by investigating the ability of female G. holbrooki to resist forced copulations after acclimation to 16Â°C and 32Â°C for 4â€“5 weeks. We also examined burst swimming performance of female G. holbrooki after acclimation, as this trait is likely to underlie a female's ability to resist forced matings. We predicted that if female G. holbrooki indiscriminately resist matings from all males, acclimation would enhance female resistance at their acclimation temperature. However, we found that it did not. We also predicted that if females are able to influence the outcome of mating interactions, acclimation to an optimal thermal environment may induce females to reduce resistance. In support of this prediction, females acclimated at 32Â°C were able to modify their resistance behaviour between exposure to 16Â°C and 32Â°C. The rate of copulations experienced by 32Â°C-acclimated females was 2.5 times greater at 32Â°C than at 16Â°C. In addition, acclimation at 32Â°C significantly enhanced burst swimming performance at 32Â°C but no effect of acclimation was observed at 16Â°C. Our results suggest that female G. holbrooki are able to play a greater role in determining the outcome of sexual coercive mating interactions than previously thought.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Condon, Catriona H. L. and Wilson, Robbie S.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {585--593}
}

@article{pennScentGeneticCompatibility2002,
	title = {The scent of genetic compatibility: {Sexual} selection and the major histocompatibility complex},
	volume = {108},
	url = {ISI:000174277600001},
	abstract = {Individuals in some species prefer mates carrying dissimilar genes at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which may function to increase the MHC or overall heterozygosity of progeny. Here I review the evidence for MHC-dependent mating preferences from recent studies, including studies on the underlying olfactory mechanisms and evolutionary functions. Many studies indicate that MHC genes influence odour, and some work is beginning to examine the potential role of MHC-linked olfactory receptor genes in mating preferences. MHC-dependent mating preference increases the MHC-heterozygosity of progeny, which is suspected to confer resistance to infectious diseases. In humans, heterozygosity at MHC loci is associated with increased resistance to hepatitis and HIV infections, but experimental evidence for the heterozygote advantage hypothesis has been lacking. Here I re-analyse data from previously published experimental infection studies with mice. I show that although overdominance is rare, resistance is often dominant, suggesting that heterozygotes are often protected. A second (nonmutually exclusive) possibility is that MHC-disassortative mating preferences promotes inbreeding avoidance. This hypothesis is supported by recent evidence that MHC genes play a role in kin recognition, and that mating with close kin has rather deleterious Fitness consequences. In conclusion, I discuss other ways that MHC genes might influence sexual selection. The research on MHC-mediated mating preferences is integrating the study of animal behaviour with other seemingly disparate fields, including sensory biology and immunogenetics},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Penn, D. J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, genes, i, MATE, mate choice, selection, fitness, signals, CONSEQUENCES, mating, field, mating preferences, preference, Y, heterozygosity, human, INDIVIDUALS, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, AVOIDANCE, genetics, heterozygotes, MHC, heterozygote advantage, INCREASES, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, MICE, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, WILD HOUSE MICE, placenta, CONGENIC MICE, HELIGMOSOMOIDES-POLYGYRUS, IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS, LEISHMANIA-DONOVANI INFECTION, OLFACTORY RECEPTOR GENES},
	pages = {1--21}
}

@article{parkerReproductiveBehaviourSepsis2000,
	title = {Reproductive behaviour of {Sepsis} cynipsea ({L}.) ({Diptera}: {Sepsidae}) {I}. {A} preliminary analysis of the reproductive strategy and its associated behaviour patterns {VL}  -?},
	shorttitle = {Reproductive behaviour of {Sepsis} cynipsea ({L}.) ({Diptera}: {Sepsidae}) {I}. {A} preliminary analysis of the reproductive strategy and its associated behaviour patterns {T2}  -?},
	author = {Parker, G. A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {behaviour, i, reproductive behaviour, Sepsis cynipsea},
	pages = {172--206}
}

@article{pespeniRestrictionSiteTiling2010,
	title = {Restriction {Site} {Tiling} {Analysis}: accurate discovery and quantitative genotyping of genome-wide polymorphisms using nucleotide arrays},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1474-760X},
	url = {://WOS:000279625000015},
	doi = {10.1186/gb-2010-11-4-r44},
	abstract = {High-throughput genotype data can be used to identify genes important for local adaptation in wild populations, phenotypes in lab stocks, or disease-related traits in human medicine. Here we advance microarray-based genotyping for population genomics with Restriction Site Tiling Analysis. The approach simultaneously discovers polymorphisms and provides quantitative genotype data at 10,000s of loci. It is highly accurate and free from ascertainment bias. We apply the approach to uncover genomic differentiation in the purple sea urchin.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Genome Biology},
	author = {Pespeni, M. H. and Oliver, T. A. and Manier, M. K. and Palumbi, S. R.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {NATURAL-SELECTION, DIVERSITY, IMMUNE-SYSTEM, IDENTIFICATION, gene, population genomics, purple sea-urchin, urchin strongylocentrotus-purpuratus, dna markers, large-scale, rad markers}
}

@article{fowlerAspectsReproductiveBiology1973,
	title = {Some aspects of reproductive biology of {Drosophila} - sperm transfer, sperm storage, and sperm utilization},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0065-2660},
	url = {://WOS:A1973Q879600004},
	doi = {10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60173-x},
	journal = {Advances in Genetics Incorporating Molecular Genetic Medicine},
	author = {Fowler, G. L.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {293--360}
}

@article{griffithsPreferencesFamiliarFish1997,
	title = {Preferences for familiar fish do not vary with predation risk in the {European} minnow},
	volume = {51},
	url = {ISI:A1997XW29800004},
	abstract = {In the near-natural conditions of a fluvarium in the River Frome, U.K., European minnows Phoxinus phoxinus displayed schooling preferences for familiar conspecifics. Schools were composed of 75\% familiar fish. The minnows in this river co-occur with many piscivores, the most notable being the pike Esox lucius. The preference for Familiar shoalmates was not increased by the threat of predatory attack from a model pike, despite the antipredator benefits afforded to individual members of schools of familiar fish. (C) 1997 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Griffiths, S. W.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, Fisher, predation risk, BENEFITS, model, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, preference, BEHAVIOR, condition, predation, risk, FAMILIARITY, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, individual recognition, PARTNER CHOICE, shoal, SCHOOLING PREFERENCES, MINNOW, MINNOWS, DORSET, Phoxinus phoxinus, PIKE ESOX-LUCIUS},
	pages = {489--495}
}

@article{gretherCarotenoidAvailabilityAffects2005,
	title = {Carotenoid availability affects the development of a colour-based mate preference and the sensory bias to which it is genetically linked},
	volume = {272},
	url = {ISI:000232634600010},
	abstract = {Regardless of their origins, mate preferences should, in theory, be shaped by their benefits in a mating context. Here we show that the female preference for carotenoid colouration in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exhibits a phenotypically plastic response to carotenoid availability, confirming a key prediction of sexual selection theory. Earlier work indicated that this mate preference is genetically linked to, and may be derived from, a sensory bias that occurs in both sexes: attraction to orange objects. The original function of this sensory bias is unknown, but it may help guppies find orange-coloured fruits in the rainforest streams of Trinidad. We show that the sensory bias also exhibits a phenotypically plastic response to carotenoid availability, but only in females. The sex-specificity of this reaction norm argues against the hypothesis that it evolved in a foraging context. We infer instead that the sensory bias has been modified as a correlated effect of selection on the mate preference. These results provide a new type of support for the hypothesis that mate preferences for sexual characters evolve in response to the benefits of mate choice-the alternatives being that such preferences evolve entirely in a non-mating context or in response to the costs of mating},
	number = {1577},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Grether, G. F. and Kolluru, G. R. and Rodd, F. H. and de la Cerda, J. and Shimazaki, K.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, Attractiveness, evolution, female, FEMALES, good genes, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, HYPOTHESIS, MATE, orange, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, response, reticulata, selection, sex, BENEFITS, CHARACTERS, sexual characters, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, PREFERENCES, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, female preference, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, theory, phenotypic plasticity, cost, costs, patterns, antagonistic coevolution, STREAM, SEXES, TRINIDAD, carotenoid, GUPPIES POECILIA-RETICULATA, foraging, attraction, colouration, context, carotenoids, reaction norm, Poeciliidae, RECEIVER BIASES},
	pages = {2181--2188}
}

@article{zieglerPossibleRolesProducts2002,
	title = {Possible roles for products of polymorphic {MHC} and linked olfactory receptor genes during selection processes in reproduction},
	volume = {48},
	url = {ISI:000176702400005},
	abstract = {PROBLEM: Polymorphic genes of the human major histocompatibility complex [MHC; human leukocyte antigen (HLA)] are probably important in determining resistance to parasites and avoidance of inbreeding. We investigated whether HLA-associated sexual selection could also involve HLA-linked olfactory receptor (OR) genes, which might not only participate in olfaction-guided mate choice, but also in selection processes within the testis. METHOD OF STUDY: The testicular expression status of HLA class I molecules (by immunohistology) and HLA-linked OR genes (by transcriptional analysis) was determined. RESULTS: Various HLA class I heavy chains, but not beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m), were expressed, mainly at the spermatocyte I stage. Of 17 HLA-linked OR genes anal,,zed, eight were found to be transcribed in the testis. They exhibited varying numbers of 5'- or 3'-non-coding exons as well as differential splicing. CONCLUSIONS: We Suggest that testis-expressed polymorphic HLA and OR proteins are functionally connected and serve the selection of spermatozoa, enabling them to distinguish 'self' from 'non-self' [the sperm-receptor-selection (SRS) hypothesis]},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Journal of Reproductive Immunology},
	author = {Ziegler, A. and Dohr, G. and Uchanska-Ziegler, B.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, EXPRESSION, genes, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, mating preferences, reproduction, parasites, human, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, polymorphism, inbreeding, AVOIDANCE, genetics, MHC, HLA, linkage disequilibrium, MICE, DNA, RESISTANCE, spermatozoa, Testis, HLA CLASS-I, REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY, avoidance of inbreeding, CLASS-I, OLFACTORY RECEPTOR GENES, GERM-CELLS, HLA complex, ODORANT RECEPTORS, olfactory receptor, oocyte, PHEROMONE RECEPTORS, PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS, sperm-receptor-selection (SRS) hypothesis},
	pages = {34--42}
}

@article{brooksIntersexualIntrasexualSelection1999,
	title = {Intersexual and intrasexual selection, sneak copulation and male ornamentation in guppies  ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {South African Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Caithness, N.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {ornamentation, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, selection, male ornamentation},
	pages = {48--52}
}

@article{blackledgeSignalConflictSpider1998,
	title = {Signal conflict in spider webs driven by predators and prey},
	volume = {265},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Blackledge, T. A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, conflict, aposematic,Argiope,silk,sensory drive,ultraviolet,stabilimenta},
	pages = {1991--1996}
}

@article{trikicRegulationZebrafishHatching2011,
	title = {Regulation of zebrafish hatching by tetraspanin cd63},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1932-6203 (ELECTRONIC) 1932-6203 (LINKING)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0019683},
	abstract = {Tetraspanins cause the clustering of membrane proteins into a level of organisation essential for cellular function. Given the importance and complicated nature of this mechanism, we attempted a novel approach to identify the function of a single component in a biologically relevant context. A morpholino knockdown strategy was used to investigate the role of cd63, a membrane protein associated with intracellular transport and a melanoma marker, in embryonic zebrafish. By using three separate morpholinos targeting cd63, we were able to identify a specific phenotype. Strikingly, morphant fish failed to hatch due to the lack of secreted proteolytic enzymes required for chorion-softening. The morphology of the hatching gland at both the cellular and intracellular levels was disorganised, suggesting a role for cd63 in the functioning of this organ. This work identifies a specific role for cd63 in the zebrafish embryo and provides evidence for the suitability of zebrafish as a model system for the investigation of tetraspanin enriched microdomains.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {Trikic, M. Z. and Monk, P. and Roehl, H. and Partridge, L. J.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, Models, Animal, Amino Acid Sequence, Antigens, CD63/ metabolism, Embryo, Nonmammalian/ cytology/ physiology, Molecular Sequence Data, Zebrafish/ physiology},
	pages = {e19683}
}

@article{pigliucciFallRiseDr2000,
	title = {The fall and rise of {Dr} {Pangloss}: adaptationism and the {Spandrels} paper 20 years later},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pigliucci, M. and Kaplan, J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {adapatationist program, adaptationism, pangloss},
	pages = {66--69}
}

@article{bussiereSexualConflictCryptic2006,
	title = {Sexual conflict and cryptic female choice in the black field cricket,  {Teleogryllus} commodus},
	volume = {60},
	url = {CCC:000237441300014},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bussiere, L. F. and Hunt, J. and Jennions, M. D. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, female, cricket, field, sexual conflict, conflict, Cryptic female choice, FIELD CRICKET, TELEOGRYLLUS-COMMODUS},
	pages = {792--800}
}

@article{wedekindDifferentCarotenoidsPotential1998,
	title = {Different carotenoids and potential information content of red coloration of male three-spined stickleback},
	volume = {24},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	author = {Wedekind, C. and Meyer, P. and Frischknecht, M. and Niggli, U. A. and Pfander, H.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {fish, stickleback, signalling, Gasterosteus aculeatus, carotenoid, carotenoids, multiple ornaments, astaxanthin, breeding colouration, lutein, tunaxanthin},
	pages = {787--?}
}

@article{zwaanEvolutionaryGeneticsAgeing1999,
	title = {The evolutionary genetics of ageing and longevity},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Zwaan, B. J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {longevity, life history, ageing, genetics, mutation, mortality, antagonistic pleiotropy},
	pages = {589--597}
}

@article{mastersGenotypeExtrapairPaternity2003,
	title = {Genotype and extra-pair paternity in the house wren: a rare-male effect?},
	volume = {270},
	url = {ISI:000184161600010},
	abstract = {Females in socially monogamous species may select extra-pair (EP) mates to increase the heterozygosity, and hence fitness, of their offspring. We tested this hypothesis in the house wren (Troglodytes aedon), a largely monogamous songbird in which EP young are common. We typed paired males and females, nestlings, and males on neighbouring territories, at five to seven microsatellite loci over 2 years in a Wyoming, USA, population. We identified EP sires at 20 nests with EP young. In pairwise comparisons, we found no significant differences between cuckolded within-pair (WP) males and EP sires in three measures of heterozygosity (mean d(2), standardized heterozygosity and internal relatedness). However, EP sires had fewer alleles that were common within the population than did the WP males they cuckolded. Nearby males who were EP sires also had fewer common alleles than did nearby males who did not sire EP young. Females in our population may be more prone to accept copulations from males with rare genotypes than from males with common genotypes. Alternatively, selection of rare-male sperm may occur within the female reproductive tract. Because mating with rare males is likely to increase offspring heterozygosity, our data suggest that EP mating may provide genetic benefits to females},
	number = {1522},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Masters, B. S. and Hicks, B. G. and Johnson, L. S. and Erb, L. A.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {female choice, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, fitness, INCREASE, mating, allele, heterozygosity, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, relatedness, territory, bird, birds, inbreeding depression, COMMON, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, COPULATIONS, extra-pair mating, paternity, alleles, extrapair paternity, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT, MALE SUCCESS, rare male effect, rare-male effect, house wren, Troglodytes aedon, TROGLODYTES-AEDON},
	pages = {1393--1397}
}

@article{hglundCostsSecondarySexual1992,
	title = {The costs of secondary sexual characters in the lekking great snipe ( {Gallinago} media )},
	volume = {30},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {H”glund, J. and K†l†s, J. A. and Fiske, P.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, lekking, sexual characters, female preference, display, cost, costs, male mating success, sexually selected traits, Gallinago media, great snipe, secondary sexual characters},
	pages = {309--315}
}

@article{agrawalSexualSelectionMaintenance2001,
	title = {Sexual selection and the maintenance of sexual reproduction},
	volume = {411},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Agrawal, A. F.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, reproduction, sexual reproduction},
	pages = {692--695}
}

@article{olssonPromiscuitySandLizards2001,
	title = {Promiscuity in sand lizards ({Lacerta} agilis) and adder snakes ({Vipera} berus): {Causes} and consequences},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {0022-1503},
	url = {://WOS:000169006700013},
	doi = {10.1093/jhered/92.2.190},
	abstract = {We review postcopulatory phenomena in the Swedish sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) and adder (Vipera berus), and in particular, links between female promiscuity, determinants of paternity, and offspring viability. In both species, females mate multiply and exhibit a positive relationship between the number of partners and offspring viability. We conclude that this relationship is most likely the result of variable genetic compatibility between mates arising from postcopulatory phenomena, predominantly assortative fertilization with respect to parental genotypes, However, males who were more successful at mate acquisition were also more successful in situations of sperm competition, suggesting a possible link between male (diploid and haploid) genetic quality per se and probability of fertilization, Neither the number of partners nor the number of matings influenced the risk of infertility in sand lizards, suggesting that selection for reduced risk of infertility is not a sufficient explanation for maintaining female promiscuity in this population. Finally, we conclude that the relatively low genetic variability exhibited by our study populations may have facilitated detection of genetic benefits compared to more outbred ones. However, recent work derived from outbred populations in other tars suggest a greater generality of the principles we discuss than previously may have been appreciated.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Heredity},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Madsen, T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {190--197}
}

@article{mooreEvolutionSexualDimorphism1990,
	title = {The evolution of sexual dimorphism by sexual selection: the separate effects of intrasexual selection and intersexual selection},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Moore, A. J.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, evolution, selection, male-male competition, dimorphism, sexual dimorphism, multiple ornaments},
	pages = {315--331}
}

@article{olssonCANFEMALEADDERS1994,
	title = {{CAN} {FEMALE} {ADDERS} {MULTIPLY}},
	volume = {369},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:A1994NR29400035},
	doi = {10.1038/369528b0},
	number = {6481},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Gullberg, A. and Tegelstrom, H. and Madsen, T. and Shine, R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {528--528}
}

@article{birkheadPostcopulatorySexualSelection2002,
	title = {Postcopulatory sexual selection},
	volume = {3},
	url = {ISI:000174739800013},
	abstract = {The female reproductive tract is where competition between the sperm of different males takes place, aided and abetted by the female herself. Intense postcopulatory sexual selection fosters inter-sexual conflict and drives rapid evolutionary change to generate a startling diversity of morphological, behavioural and physiological adaptations. We identify three main issues that should be resolved to advance our understanding of postcopulatory sexual selection. We need to determine the genetic basis of different male fertility traits and female traits that mediate sperm selection; identify the genes or genomic regions that control these traits; and establish the coevolutionary trajectory of sexes},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Genetics},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R. and Pizzari, T.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, genes, MALES, P1, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, Darwin, lande, quantitative genetics, human, wolf, WOLVES, adaptation, genetics, conflict, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, mating success, DIVERSITY, Cryptic female choice, NO EVIDENCE, FERTILITY, inter-sexual conflict, promiscuity, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT, female control, YELLOW DUNG FLY, sperm selection, intersexual conflict, EJACULATE CHARACTERISTICS, CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS, REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT MORPHOLOGY},
	pages = {262--273}
}

@article{roulinSexualSelectionGenetic2006,
	title = {Sexual selection in genetic colour-polymorphic species: a review of experimental studies and perspectives},
	volume = {25},
	doi = {10.1007/s10164-006-0006-z},
	journal = {Journal of Ethology},
	author = {Roulin, Alexandre and Bize, Pierre},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, alternative strategies æ condition-, choice æ polymorphism æ, dependence æ genetic colour, polymorphism æ mate},
	pages = {99--105}
}

@article{swaddlePreferenceSymmetricMales1994,
	title = {Preference for symmetric males by female zebra finches},
	volume = {367},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Swaddle, J. P. and Cuthill, I. C.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, zebra finch, preference, FINCH, zebra, fluctuating asymmetries,sexual preferences,zebra finches},
	pages = {165--166}
}

@article{landeEvolutionMatingPreference1985,
	title = {Evolution of mating preference and sexual dimorphism},
	volume = {117},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Lande, R. and Arnold, S. J.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {evolution, mating, call, preference, mating preference, dimorphism, sexual dimorphism, mating preference,natural selection,sexual dimorphism,sexual selection},
	pages = {651--664}
}

@article{wildtUniqueSeminalQuality1983,
	title = {Unique seminal quality in the south-african cheetah and a cmparative-evaluation in the domestic cat},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0006-3363},
	url = {://A1983RP42200028},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biology of Reproduction},
	author = {Wildt, D. E. and Bush, M. and Howard, J. G. and Obrien, S. J. and Meltzer, D. and Vandyk, A. and Ebedes, H. and Brand, D. J.},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1019--1025}
}

@article{merilLifetimeReproductiveSuccess2000,
	title = {Lifetime reproductive success and heritability in nature},
	volume = {155},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Meril„, J. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {heritability, reproductive success, CVA, LIFETIME REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, Fisher's fundamental theorem, coefficient of additive genetic variation},
	pages = {301--310}
}

@article{hueyRapidEvolutionGeographic2000,
	title = {Rapid evolution of a geographic cline in size in an introduced fly.},
	volume = {287},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Huey, R.B. and Gilchrist, G.W. and Carlson, M.L. and Berrigan, D. and Serra, L.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {308--309}
}

@article{gibneyEpigeneticsGeneExpression2010,
	title = {Epigenetics and gene expression},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {0018-067X},
	url = {://WOS:000279097000002},
	doi = {10.1038/hdy.2010.54},
	abstract = {Transcription, translation and subsequent protein modification represent the transfer of genetic information from the archival copy of DNA to the short-lived messenger RNA, usually with subsequent production of protein. Although all cells in an organism contain essentially the same DNA, cell types and functions differ because of qualitative and quantitative differences in their gene expression. Thus, control of gene expression is at the heart of differentiation and development. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and various RNA-mediated processes, are thought to influence gene expression chiefly at the level of transcription; however, other steps in the process (for example, translation) may also be regulated epigenetically. The following paper will outline the role epigenetics is believed to have in influencing gene expression. Heredity (2010) 105, 4-13; doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.54; published online 12 May 2010},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Gibney, E. R. and Nolan, C. M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {epigenetics, genome, DNA methylation, gene expression, methylation, long noncoding rnas, transcription, arginine, binding-proteins, cancer cells, chromatin remodelling, chromatin signatures, early-life, histone modification, non-coding RNA, silenced genes},
	pages = {4--13}
}

@article{levefreSpermTransferStorage1962,
	title = {Sperm transfer, storage, displacement, and utilization in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	number = {47},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Levefre, G. and Jonsson, U.B.},
	year = {1962},
	pages = {1719--1936}
}

@article{pocklingtonCulturalEvolutionUnits1997,
	title = {Cultural evolution and the units of selection in replicating text},
	volume = {188},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Pocklington, R. and Best, M. L.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, call, cultural evolution},
	pages = {79--87}
}

@article{endlerFrequencydependentPredationCrypsis1988,
	title = {Frequency-dependent predation, crypsis and aposematic colouration},
	volume = {319},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {polymorphism, predation, colouration, crypsis, search image},
	pages = {505--523}
}

@article{reznickLifehistoryEvolutionGuppies1996,
	title = {Life-history evolution in guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata ) 6. differential mortality as a mechanism for natural selection},
	volume = {50},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Reznick, D. N. and Butler, M. J. and Rodd, H. and Ross, P.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, selection, call, life history, life-history evolution, natural selection, adaptation, predation, mortality, mark-recapture, size-selection},
	pages = {1651--1660}
}

@article{hughesHighLevelsExtragroup2003,
	title = {High levels of extra-group paternity in a population of {Australian} magpies {Gymnorhina} tibicen: evidence from microsatellite analysis},
	volume = {12},
	url = {ISI:000186648400021},
	abstract = {Breeding systems vary widely in birds, from monogamous pairs through to complex group systems where subordinates assist breeding individuals to rear young each season. The Australian magpie varies geographically both in plumage patterns and social organization. Some populations of both eastern and western plumage forms are plural breeders with group size varying from three to over 15 mature individuals. This study used variation at microsatellite loci to determine the level of extra-group paternity in a population of the western form near Perth in Western Australia. Extra-group paternity was the highest recorded for any bird species to date (82\%) and indicates that few offspring within a territory are sired by the social partner of the female. In addition, the data indicated that nearly 10\% of juveniles were not the genetic offspring of any female within their territory, suggesting some intraspecific brood parasitism. Taken together, these findings are remarkable considering the highly territorial nature of the species and the extent of territorial defence practised by all members of the group towards extra-group conspecifics during daylight hours},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Hughes, J. M. and Mather, P. B. and Toon, A. and Ma, J. and Rowley, I. and Russell, E.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, i, mate choice, offspring, population, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, FERTILIZATIONS, size, field, form, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, social, territory, bird, birds, mating systems, microsatellites, parasitism, paternity, DNA, extra-group paternity, defence, PAIR PATERNITY, SUPERB FAIRY-WRENS, ORGANIZATION, COOPERATIVE BREEDER, cowbirds, Australian magpie, HELPING-BEHAVIOR, PASSERINE BIRDS},
	pages = {3441--3450}
}

@article{richnerAssessmentExpectedPerformance1993,
	title = {Assessment of expected performance and {Zahavi}'s notion of signal},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Richner, H.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, communication, sexual selection,signals},
	pages = {399--401}
}

@article{hurstRecentAdvancesUnderstanding1996a,
	title = {Recent advances in understanding of the evolution and maintenance of sex (vol 11, pg 46, 1996)},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:A1996UR37800021},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Hurst, L. D. and Peck, J. R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, sex, MAINTENANCE, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, genetics, SEXES, maintenance of sex},
	pages = {310--310}
}

@article{kellerNoEvidenceInbreeding1998,
	title = {No evidence for inbreeding avoidance in a natural population of song sparrows ({Melospiza} melodia)},
	volume = {152},
	url = {ISI:000075387500005},
	abstract = {We studied mate choice and inbreeding avoidance in a natural population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) on Mandarte Island, Canada. Inbreeding occurred regularly: 59\% of all matings were between known relatives. We tested for inbreeding avoidance by comparing the observed levels of inbreeding to those expected if mate choice had been random with respect to relatedness. Independent of our assumptions about the availability of mates in the random mating model, we found that the expected and observed distributions of inbreeding coefficients were similar. as was the expected and observed frequency of close (f greater than or equal to 0.125) inbreeding. Furthermore, there was no difference in relatedness of observed pairs and those that would have resulted had birds mated instead with their nearest neighbors. The only evidence to suggest any inbreeding avoidance was a reduced rate of parent-offspring matings as compared to one random mating model but not the other. Hence, despite substantial inbreeding depression in this population, we found little evidence for inbreeding avoidance through mate choice. We present a simple model to suggest that variation in inbreeding avoidance behaviors in birds may arise from differences in survival rates: in species with low survival rates, the costs of forfeiting matings to avoid inbreeding may exceed the costs of inbreeding},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Keller, L. F. and Arcese, P.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, evolution, Fisher, i, MATE, mate choice, PAIR, population, variation, model, survival, CONSEQUENCES, mating, SUCCESS, field, ANIMALS, Darwin, theory, age, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, kinship, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, SONG SPARROWS, VARIANCE, song, ISLAND, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, F statistics, NO EVIDENCE, ZEBRA FINCHES, pedigree, GREAT-TIT, INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION, random mating, NEIGHBORS},
	pages = {380--392}
}

@article{dillonGlobalMetabolicImpacts2010,
	title = {Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming},
	volume = {467},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09407},
	number = {7316},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Dillon, Michael E. and Wang, George and Huey, Raymond B.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {704--706}
}

@article{breitmanLizardsEndWorld2011,
	title = {Lizards from the end of the world: phylogenetic relationships of the {Liolaemus} lineomaculatus section ({Squamata}: {Iguania}: {Liolaemini}).},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.008},
	abstract = {The Liolaemus lineomaculatus section is a geographically widely distributed group of lizards from the Patagonian region of southern South America, and includes 18 described species representing the most southerly distributed Liolaemus taxa (the genus includes 228 species and extends from Tierra del Fuego north to south-central Peru). Despite high species diversity, the phylogenetic relationships of this section are unknown. In the present work we sampled all described species in the L. lineomaculatus section as well as currently undescribed candidate species to reconstruct the first complete phylogenetic hypothesis for the clade. Our data set included four anonymous nuclear loci, three nuclear protein-coding loci, and two mitochondrial genes. We compared results obtained with three different phylogenetic methods for the concatenated data set (Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference), with a coalescent-based species tree approach (BEST), and recovered congruent, strongly-supported topological arrangements across all methods. We identified four main clades within the L. lineomaculatus section: the lineomaculatus, magellanicus, somuncurae, and kingii+archeforus groups, for which we estimated divergence times. We discuss the taxonomic implications of these results and how the future integration of phylogeographic, niche modeling and morphological approaches will allow testing biogeographical hypotheses in this clade.},
	journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
	author = {Breitman, M Florencia and Avila, Luciano J and Sites, Jack W and Morando, Mariana},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{gretherCountergradientVariationSexual2005,
	title = {Countergradient variation in the sexual coloration of guppies ({Poecilia} {Reticulata}): {Drosopterin} synthesis balances carotenoid availability},
	volume = {59},
	url = {ISI:000226737900016},
	abstract = {Trinidad guppies (Poecilia reticulata) are distributed along an environmental gradient in carotenoid availability that limits the carotenoid content of the orange spots of mates. The amount of synthetic red pteridines (drosopterins) in the orange spots covaries with the carotenoid content, such that the ratio of the two types of pigments is roughly conserved across streams. Carotenoids and drosopterins have different spectral properties and thus the ratio of the two types of pigments affects the shape of the orange spot reflectance spectrum. Geographic conservation of the carotenoid:drosopterin ratio suggests that males may be under selection to maintain a particular hue. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the pigmentation and coloration of guppies from six streams in the field to that of second-generation descendants of the same populations raised on three dietary carotenoid levels in the laboratory. The results show clearly that the geographic variation in drosopterin production is largely genetic and that the hue of the orange spots is conserved among populations in the field, relative to the laboratory diet groups. This is a countergradient pattern because genetic differences between populations in drosopterin production mask the effect of carotenoid availability on the hue of the orange spots. The potential for countergradient sexual selection to contribute to reproductive isolation between populations is discussed},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Grether, G. F. and Cummings, M. E. and Hudon, J.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, orange, pigmentation, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, selection, variation, SEXUAL-SELECTION, field, BIOLOGY, female preference, mate preference, PIGMENTS, MATES, POPULATIONS, reproductive isolation, CONSERVATION, pattern, RATIO, STREAM, TRINIDAD, carotenoid, LIMIT, COLORATION, geographic variation, carotenoids, spectra, diet, TRINIDAD GUPPY, DIETARY CAROTENOIDS, PLUMAGE COLORATION, FROG RANA-SYLVATICA, ALTITUDINAL VARIATION, geographic variation,hue,mate choice,plasticity,pteridine,reaction norm,sensory bias,sexual selection, NONANADROMOUS MORPHS, PHENOTYPIC CONVERGENCE, WOOD FROG},
	pages = {175--188}
}

@article{evansAerodynamicMechanicalEffects1992,
	title = {The aerodynamic and mechanical effects of elongated tails in the scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird: measuring the cost of a handicap},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Evans, M. R. and Thomas, A. L. R.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {cost, handicap, elongated tail, scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird, handicap costs},
	pages = {337--347}
}

@article{kerrExclusiveCoreAreas2006,
	title = {Exclusive core areas in overlapping ranges of the sleepy lizard, {Tiliqua} rugosa},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/3/380.abstract},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arj041},
	abstract = {Where animal home ranges overlap extensively, objectively identifying exclusive areas within individual ranges has been difficult, particularly in species lacking overt territorial behaviors. By analyzing the overlap between successively smaller core areas among individuals in a population of the long-lived Australian skink, the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa), we objectively determined exclusive areas within animal ranges. Using 4-year radio tracking data, we found that ranges consisted of relatively large sally zones (mean 66â€“80\% total range), around home ranges with multinucleate cores strongly associated with key refuge sites. Total range and home range area varied significantly among years, being smaller in a drought year. Total ranges overlapped extensively between and within sexes, but for both sexes, intrasexual overlap of inner range cores rapidly approached zero, suggesting intrasexual territoriality. Intersexual inner core overlap reflected this species socially monogamous mating system. But, male overlap of female ranges and inner cores was consistently higher than female-male overlap. Refuges and/or mates may be defended resources within these core areas, although aggressive behavioral interactions were rarely observed. In the extensively overlapping sally zones, males shared space with females other than their principal partner. In productive years, with larger home ranges and more extensive overlap, some lizards associated with extra partners, suggesting that males opportunistically use sally zones for polygyny. Consequently, we suggest that benefits to females from male association may change with environmental quality, such that if food resources are low, monogamy may be favored if females increase foraging efficiency as a consequence of male vigilance during pairing.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Kerr, Gregory D. and Bull, C. Michael},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {380--391}
}

@book{fisherGeneticalTheoryNatural1930,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {The {Genetical} {Theory} of {Natural} {Selection}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press.},
	author = {Fisher, R. A.},
	year = {1930},
	keywords = {40}
}

@book{simmonsSpermCompetitionIts2001,
	address = {Princeton, N.J.},
	title = {Sperm {Competition} and its {Evolutionary} {Consequences} in the {Insects}},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {2001}
}

@article{verckenColourVariationFemale2008,
	title = {Colour variation in female common lizards: why we should speak of morphs, a reply to {Cote} et al.},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01535.x},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Vercken, E. and Sinervo, B. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {alternative strategies},
	pages = {1160--1164}
}

@article{godinVariabilityRepeatabilityFemale1995,
	title = {Variability and repeatability of female mating preference in the guppy},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Godin, J. G. J. and Dugatkin, L. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, mating, call, preference, repeatability, mating preference, sex,guppy},
	pages = {1427--1433}
}

@incollection{gowatyPartnershipsBirdsStudy1996,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Partnerships in {Birds}: the study of monogamy},
	shorttitle = {Battle of the sexes and the origins of monogamy},
	booktitle = {Battle of the sexes and the origins of monogamy},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A. and Black, J. L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sex, call, bird, birds, monogamy, monogamy,polygyny},
	pages = {21--52}
}

@article{owensSexDifferencesSex1994,
	title = {Sex differences, sex ratios and sex roles},
	volume = {258},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Owens, I. P. F. and Thompson, D. B. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sex, call, sex ratio, mate choice,sexual selection, sex ratios},
	pages = {93--99}
}

@article{wilkinsonMaleEyeSpan1998,
	title = {Male eye span in stalk-eyed flies indicates genetic quality by meiotic drive suppression},
	volume = {386},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Wilkinson, G. S. and Presgraves, D. C. and Crymes, L.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {quality, call, flies, stalk-eyed flies, meiotic drive, female choice,female preference,sexual selection},
	pages = {276--279}
}

@article{kokkoIndividualDispersalSpecies2006,
	title = {From individual dispersal to species ranges: perspectives for a changing world.},
	volume = {313},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1128566},
	abstract = {Dispersal is often risky to the individual, yet the long-term survival of populations depends on having a sufficient number of individuals that move, find each other, and locate suitable breeding habitats. This tension has consequences that rarely meet our conservation or management goals. This is particularly true in changing environments, which makes the study of dispersal urgently topical in a world plagued with habitat loss, climate change, and species introductions. Despite the difficulty of tracking mobile individuals over potentially vast ranges, recent research has revealed a multitude of ways in which dispersal evolution can either constrain, or accelerate, species' responses to environmental changes.},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Kokko, Hanna and López-Sepulcre, Andrés},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {evolution, genes, ANIMALS, Ecosystem, Selection, Genetic, reproduction, Behavior, Animal, Humans, ENVIRONMENT, movement, population dynamics, cues, Adaptation, Biological, Animal Migration, Homing Behavior},
	pages = {789--91}
}

@article{emlenEnvironmentalControlHorn1994,
	title = {Environmental control of horn length dimorphism in the beetle  {Onthophagus} acuminatus  ({Coleoptera}: {Scarabaeidae})},
	volume = {256},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Emlen, D. J.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, dimorphism, dimorphism,horn length,male ornamentation,Onthophagus acuminatus},
	pages = {131--136}
}

@article{armbrusterInbreedingDepressionBenign2005,
	title = {Inbreeding depression in benign and stressful environments},
	volume = {95},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800721},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Armbruster, P. and Reed, D. H.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, ENVIRONMENT},
	pages = {235--242}
}

@article{bjorlundSexDifferencesSurvival2001,
	title = {Sex differences in survival selection in the serin,  {Serinus} serinus.},
	volume = {14},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bjorlund, M. and Senar, J. C.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {selection, sex, survival, selection analysis, canonical analysis},
	pages = {841--849}
}

@article{fawcettShouldAttractiveMales1,
	title = {Should attractive males have more sons?},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/71},
	abstract = {It is often argued that females with attractive partners should produce more sons because these sons will inherit their father's attractiveness. Numerous field and laboratory studies have addressed this hypothesis, with inconsistent results, but there is surprisingly little theoretical work on the topic. Here, we present an extensive investigation of the link between male attractiveness and offspring sex ratios, using evolutionary, individual-based computer simulations. In situations where sexual selection leads to the stable exaggeration of a costly male trait and a costly female preference, we find that females with attractive partners produce more sons than females with unattractive partners. This same qualitative pattern is seen for a wide range of different models, with discrete or continuous variation in the male trait, under Fisherian or good-genes sexual selection and for abrupt or gradual sex ratio adjustment. However, in all simulations, it takes a huge number of generations to evolve, suggesting that selection acting on sex ratio adjustment is weak. Our models ignore many potential costs and constraints associated with manipulation, which implies that selection may be weaker still in natural populations. These results may explain why published evidence for sex ratio bias in relation to male attractiveness is mixed},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Fawcett, Tim W. and Kuijper, Bram and Pen, Ido and Weissing, Franz J.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, Attractiveness, female, FEMALES, good genes, HYPOTHESIS, male attractiveness, MALES, offspring, population, selection, sex, variation, model, MODELS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, field, female preference, preference, NUMBER, sex ratio, cost, costs, POPULATIONS, NATURAL-POPULATION, pattern, GENERATIONS, RATIO, SEXES, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, EVOLUTIONARY, SEX-RATIOS, constraints, SEX-RATIO, sex ratios, constraint, ADJUSTMENT},
	pages = {71--80}
}

@article{jablonkaTransgenerationalEpigeneticInheritance2009,
	title = {Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {0033-5770},
	url = {://WOS:000266124200001},
	abstract = {This review describes new developments in the study of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, a component of epigenetics. We start by examining the basic concepts of the field and the mechanisms that underlie epigenetic inheritance. We present a comprehensive review of transgenerational cellular epigenetic inheritance among different taxa in the form of a table, and discuss the data contained therein. The analysis of these data shows that epigenetic inheritance is ubiquitous and suggests lines of research that go beyond present approaches to the subject. We conclude by exploring some of the consequences of epigenetic inheritance for the study of evolution, while also pointing to the importance of recognizing and understanding epigenetic inheritance for practical and theoretical issues in biology.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {Jablonka, E. and Raz, G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {131--176}
}

@article{crewsEvolutionMechanismsControlling1986,
	title = {Evolution of mechanisms controlling mating behavior},
	volume = {231},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Crews, D. and Moore, M. C.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {evolution, mating, call, mating behaviour,proximate mechanisms,reproductive success},
	pages = {121--125}
}

@article{grantMateCopyingPreference1996,
	title = {Mate copying versus preference for actively courting males by females {Japanese} medaka ( {Oryzias} latipes )},
	volume = {7},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Grant, J. W. A. and Green, L. D.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {call, preference, copying, copying,coutship rate,Japanese medaka mate choice,Oryzias latipes},
	pages = {165--167}
}

@article{birkheadWhyFemalesMake1993,
	title = {Why do females make it so difficult for males to fertilize their eggs?},
	volume = {161},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1993.1039},
	journal = {J.Theor.Biol.},
	author = {Birkhead, T. R. and M++ller, A. P. and Sutherland, W. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {egg, female, FEMALES, MALES},
	pages = {51--60}
}

@article{buchananSongIndicatorMale2000,
	title = {Song as an indicator of male parental effort in the sedge warbler},
	volume = {267},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Buchanan, K. L. and Catchpole, C. K.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, song, parental effort, indicator, Acrocephalus},
	pages = {321--326}
}

@article{clobertGENERALAPPROACHSURVIVALRATE1987,
	title = {A {GENERAL}-{APPROACH} {TO} {SURVIVAL} {RATE} {ESTIMATION} {BY} {RECAPTURES} {OR} {RESIGHTINGS} {OF} {MARKED} {BIRDS}},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0373-2266},
	url = {://WOS:A1987J224300016},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ardea},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Lebreton, J. D. and Allaine, D.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {133--142}
}

@article{arnqvistSexualConflictPromotes2000,
	title = {Sexual conflict promotes speciation in insects},
	volume = {97},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Arnqvist, G. and Edvardsson, M. and Freiberg, U. and Nilsson, T.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {insect, sexual conflict, conflict, speciation},
	pages = {10460--10464}
}

@article{montroseSexualConflictCooperation2004,
	title = {Sexual conflict and cooperation under naturally occurring male enforced monogamy},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:000188990500022},
	abstract = {An evolutionary conflict often exists between the sexes in regard to female mating patterns. Females can benefit from polyandry, whereas males mating with polyandrous females lose reproductive opportunities because of sperm competition. Where this conflict occurs, the evolution of mechanisms whereby males can control female remating, often at a fitness cost to the female, are expected to evolve. The fitness cost to the female will be increased in systems where a few high status males monopolise mating opportunities and thus have limited sperm supplies. Here we show that in the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea, a species where males enforce female monogamy in the first reproductive cycle, males that have become sperm depleted continue to be able to manipulate female remating behaviour. Although the manipulation severely decreases fecundity in females mated to sperm-depleted males, males benefit, increasing their relative fitness by preventing other males from reproducing. Our results suggest that there is selection on maintaining the mechanism of manipulation rather than maintaining sperm numbers. Taken with previous research on sexual conflict in N. cinerea, this study suggests that the causes and consequences of sexual conflict are complex and can change across the life history of an individual},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Montrose, V. T. and Harris, W. E. and Moore, P. J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, MALES, mate choice, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, fitness, CONSEQUENCES, fecundity, insect, mating, life history, life-history, Y, polyandry, sexual conflict, cost, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, bird, birds, genetics, conflict, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, patterns, EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL, cooperation, monogamy, polyandrous females, mating patterns, cycle, manipulate, cockroach, SOCIAL-DOMINANCE, FEMALE COCKROACHES, Nauphoeta cinerea, enforced monogamy, NAUPHOETA-CINEREA DICTYOPTERA, sperm depletion},
	pages = {443--452}
}

@article{olssonParsimoniousPaternityScientific2009,
	title = {On parsimonious paternity and scientific rigor: a reply to {Madsen}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000261962300005},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04010.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Uller, Tobias},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {25--27}
}

@article{cuervoHuesDragonBelly2007,
	title = {Hues of a dragon's belly: morphological correlates of ventral coloration in water dragons},
	volume = {273},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00328.x},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Cuervo, J. J. and Shine, R.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {body size, signalling, COLORATION, agamidae, physignathus lesueurii, ventral},
	pages = {298--304}
}

@article{marshallColourfulWorldMantis1999,
	title = {The colourful world of the mantis shrimp},
	volume = {401},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Marshall, J. and Oberwinkler, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, colour vision,mantis shrimp,photoreceptor,ultraviolet light},
	pages = {873--874}
}

@article{clobertCapturerecaptureEvolutionaryEcology1995,
	title = {Capture-recapture and evolutionary ecology: {A} difficult wedding?},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0266-4763},
	url = {://WOS:A1995TQ77300032},
	doi = {10.1080/02664769524757},
	abstract = {Most of the questions raised by evolutionary ecologists require the estimation of demographic parameters such as survival probabilities, breeding propensity, age at maturity, etc. These parameters are usually obtained by capturing, marking and recapturing or resighting (CMR) individuals during their lives. Because exhaustivity cannot be achieved in the field, it is necessary to have an estimate of sampling intensity (capture/resighting probabilities). Statisticians and bio-statisticians have recently developed a wide variety of models devoted to the analysis of capture-recapture data. For a number of reasons, these models are not widely used by evolutionary ecologists. This paper describes the problems that can be encountered when ignoring the measure of sampling intensity. The potential for applying CMR models to current questions in evolutionary ecology is reviewed, particularly with respect to measuring the cost of reproduction and trade-offs. Some future model developments are also sketched which are needed to meet fully the requirements of evolutionary ecologists.},
	number = {5-6},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Statistics},
	author = {Clobert, J.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {989--1008}
}

@article{chenowethExperimentalEvidenceEvolution2010,
	title = {Experimental evidence for the evolution of indirect genetic effects: changes in the interaction effect coefficient, {Psi} (Ψ), due to sexual selection},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000278343200027},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00952.x},
	abstract = {Indirect genetics effects (IGEs)-when the genotype of one individual affects the phenotypic expression of a trait in another-may alter evolutionary trajectories beyond that predicted by standard quantitative genetic theory as a consequence of genotypic evolution of the social environment. For IGEs to occur, the trait of interest must respond to one or more indicator traits in interacting conspecifics. In quantitative genetic models of IGEs, these responses (reaction norms) are termed interaction effect coefficients and are represented by the parameter psi (Psi). The extent to which Psi exhibits genetic variation within a population, and may therefore itself evolve, is unknown. Using an experimental evolution approach, we provide evidence for a genetic basis to the phenotypic response caused by IGEs on sexual display traits in Drosophila serrata. We show that evolution of the response is affected by sexual but not natural selection when flies adapt to a novel environment. Our results indicate a further mechanism by which IGEs can alter evolutionary trajectories-the evolution of interaction effects themselves.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Chenoweth, S. F. and Rundle, H. D. and Blows, M. W.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {sexual selection, TRAITS, PREFERENCES, natural selection, phenotypic plasticity, ENVIRONMENT, MELANOGASTER, VARIANCE, dimorphism, experimental evolution, LEK PARADOX, SIGNAL, mate recognition, drosophila-serrata, Cuticular hydrocarbons, Drosophila serrata, interaction effect coefficient},
	pages = {1849--1856}
}

@article{zahaviFallacyConventionalSignalling1993,
	title = {The fallacy of conventional signalling},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Zahavi, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, signalling, fluctuating asymmetry,signalling},
	pages = {227--230}
}

@article{backwellPillarBuildingFiddler1995,
	title = {Pillar building in the fiddler crab {Uca} beebei: evidence for a condition-dependent ornament},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Backwell, P. R. Y. and Jennions, M. D. and Christy, J. H. and Schober, U.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, good genes, ornament, handicap principle, mating system, condition dependence, behavioural display, pillar, Fiddler crabs, pillar building, sensory exploitation},
	pages = {185--192}
}

@article{bjorkIntensitySexualSelection2006,
	title = {Intensity of sexual selection along the anisogamy-isogamy continuum},
	volume = {441},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04683},
	abstract = {Research into the evolution of giant sperm has uncovered a paradox within the foundations of sexual selection theory. Postcopulatory sexual selection on males (that is, sperm competition and cryptic female choice) can lead to decreased sperm numbers by favouring the production of larger sperm1. However, a decline in sperm numbers is predicted to weaken selection on males and increase selection on females2, 3. As isogamy is approached (that is, as investment per gamete by males approaches that by females), sperm become less abundant, ova become relatively less rare, and competition between males for fertilization success is predicted to weaken. Sexual selection for longer sperm, therefore, is expected to be self limiting. Here we examine this paradox in Drosophila along the anisogamy-isogamy continuum using intraspecific experimental evolution techniques and interspecific comparative techniques. Our results confirm the big-sperm paradox by showing that the sex difference in sexual selection gradients4 decreases as sperm size increases. However, a resolution to the paradox is provided when this finding is interpreted in concert with the 'opportunity for selection' and the 'opportunity for sexual selection'5, 6. Furthermore, we show that most of the variation in measures of selection intensity is explained by sperm length and relative investment in sperm production.},
	number = {7094},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bjork, Adam and Pitnick, Scott},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, Drosophila, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, FERTILIZATION, INCREASE, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, INVESTMENT, SUCCESS, theory, NUMBER, postcopulatory sexual selection, INCREASES, experimental evolution, SEXES, RESOLUTION, LENGTH, Cryptic female choice, selection intensity, paradox, intensity, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, sperm production, opportunity for selection},
	pages = {742--745}
}

@article{nellAdaptationVerschiedeneTemperaturregime2003a,
	title = {Adaptation an verschiedene {Temperaturregime} bei den {Unken} {Bombina} variegata und {Bombina} bombina {Adaptation} an verschiedene {Temperaturregime} bei den {Unken} {Bombina} variegata und {Bombina} bombina},
	author = {Nell, Susanne},
	year = {2003}
}

@article{lupoldHowMultivariateEjaculate2012,
	title = {How multivariate ejaculate traits determine competitive fertilization success in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096098221200735X},
	abstract = {Success in sperm competition, occurring whenever females mate with multiple males [1], is predicted to be influenced by variation in ejaculate quality and interactions among competing sperm [2]. Yet, apart from sperm number, relevant ejaculate characteristics and sperm-sperm interactions are poorly understood, particularly within a multivariate framework and the natural selective environment of the female reproductive tract. Here, we used isogenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster with distinguishable sperm to demonstrate and partition genetic variation in multiple sperm quality and performance traits. Next, by competing males from different lines, we show how rival sperm significantly influence each other's velocity and reveal that males with relatively slow and/or long sperm better displace rival sperm and resist displacement, thus avoiding ejection by the female from her reproductive tract. Finally, we establish fitness consequences of genetic variation in sperm quality and its role in securing a numerical advantage in storage by showing that offspring paternity is determined strictly by the representation of stored, competing sperm. These results provide novel insight into complex postcopulatory processes, illustrate that different ejaculate traits are critical at different biologically relevant time-points, and provide a critical foundation for elucidating the role of postcopulatory sexual selection in trait diversification and speciation. º Genetic variation in sperm length, velocity, number, and distribution within female º Competing ejaculates influence each other's sperm velocity within female tract º Long and slow sperm better at displacing and resisting displacement by rival sperm º Among competing stored sperm, relative number alone determines fertilizing success},
	journal = {Current biology : CB},
	author = {Lüpold, Stefan and Manier, Mollie K and Berben, Kirstin S and Smith, Kyle J and Daley, Bryan D and Buckley, Shannon H and Belote, John M and Pitnick, Scott},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{petersTradeoffsImmuneInvestment2004,
	title = {Trade-offs between immune investment and sexual signaling in male mallards},
	volume = {164},
	url = {ISI:000222702500007},
	abstract = {Allocation trade-offs between the immune system and sexual traits are central to current sexual selection hypotheses but remain contentious. Such trade-offs could be brought about by the dual action of testosterone that stimulates sexual signals but also suppresses immune functions and/or by competition for carotenoids that can be deposited in ornaments or used as antioxidants in support of immune functions. We investigated the trade-off between investment in immunity and maintenance of testosterone, carotenoids, and sexually selected, carotenoid-based bill color in male mallards. Following a nonpathogenic immune challenge, facultative immune investment resulted in a syndrome of changes in allocation. Plasma carotenoids disappeared from circulation proportional to antibody production. In addition, the reflectance spectrum of the bill was affected; greater antibody production was associated with an increase in relative UV reflectance. Although changes in bill reflectance and plasma carotenoids were related, the relationship appeared more complex than direct competition with immunity. Finally, maintenance of testosterone was affected by immune investment: testosterone levels declined substantially when males produced more antibodies. Because males with high testosterone are preferred by females, the decline in testosterone, in addition to carotenoid depletion and effects on bill reflectance, could constitute a significant cost of immune investment},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Peters, A. and Delhey, K. and Denk, A. G. and Kempenaers, B.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, selection, TRAITS, ornament, ornaments, signals, testosterone, mating preferences, allocation, cost, trade-off, trade-offs, carotenoid, carotenoids, spectra, SUPERB FAIRY-WRENS, MULTIPLE MALE ORNAMENTS, immune system, PLASMA CAROTENOIDS, PLUMAGE COLORATION, UV, BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, DRAKES ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS, EIMERIA-MAXIMA INFECTIONS, EUROPEAN STARLINGS, immunocompetence,carotenoids,testosterone,sexual signal,handicap,immunization, TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR},
	pages = {51--59}
}

@article{simmonsEvolutionPolyandrySperm2005,
	title = {The evolution of polyandry: {Sperm} {Competition}, {Sperm} {Selection}, and {Offspring} {Viability}},
	volume = {36},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.112501},
	abstract = {In contrast to Bateman's principle, there is now increasing evidence that female fitness can depend on the number of mates obtained. A number of genetic benefits have been proposed for the evolution of polyandry. A meta-analysis of available data suggests that polyandry, rather than multiple mating, can have a weak but significant general effect on embryo viability, as indicated by egg hatching success. Although this effect is generally regarded as evidence in favor of the genetic incompatibility hypothesis, appropriate data that test for intrinsic sire effects on embryo viability are generally unavailable. Moreover, maternal effects that could generate the result have not been adequately controlled, and there is little unequivocal evidence to suggest that fertilization is biased toward sperm bearing genotypes that would enhance offspring viability. Greater effort is required in these areas to elucidate the mechanisms underlying observed fitness effects of polyandry},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Simmons, Leigh W.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {egg, competition, evolution, female, genetic benefits, HYPOTHESIS, MATE, Maternal effects, offspring, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, fitness, mating, SUCCESS, MATES, multiple mating, NUMBER, polyandry, intrinsic, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, viability, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, sperm selection, hatching success, INCOMPATIBILITY, META-analysis, OFFSPRING VIABILITY},
	pages = {125--146}
}

@article{farrMaleRarityNovelty1977,
	title = {Male rarity or novelty, female choice behavior, and sexual selection in guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata  {Peters} ({Pisces}: {Poeciliidae})},
	volume = {31},
	url = {ISI:A1977DE65500016},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Farr, J. A.},
	year = {1977},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, guppies, guppy, i, P1, selection, SEXUAL-SELECTION, BIOLOGY, Darwin, BEHAVIOR, genetics, GENETIC-BASIS, FLORIDA, PISCES-POECILIIDAE},
	pages = {162--168}
}

@article{edenbrowBehaviouralTypesLife2011,
	title = {Behavioural types and life history strategies during ontogeny in the mangrove killifish, {Kryptolebias} marmoratus},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {://WOS:000295262800018},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.003},
	abstract = {Consistent differences in behaviour, termed behavioural types (BTs) are well documented in the animal kingdom. Relatively little is known, however, about how and why consistency is maintained within populations. In recent years, theoretical work suggests that life history trade-offs may be an important mechanism driving the maintenance of interindividual variation in BTs. We used a laboratory population of a clonal vertebrate, the mangrove killifish, as a model organism. This fish is an internally self-fertilizing simultaneous hermaphrodite that exhibits within-genotype homozygosity. We utilized 20 genotypes to examine BT plasticity (boldness and exploration), the development of behavioural correlations, and relationships between life history strategy and BTs at five age points during ontogeny. We found that BT scores increased during early ontogeny and reached an asymptote near sexual maturity. We also found considerable variation in BT developmental plasticity at the genotype level. Moreover, although genotypes exhibited high levels of plasticity in BTs, strong, significant positive correlations between exploration and boldness emerged from day 61 onwards. Furthermore, we observed no difference between genotypes in growth rate and growth was unrelated to BTs. Contrary to our predictions, we found that while genotypes differed in their age at first reproduction and reproductive output, these differences were unrelated to BT expression prior to and following sexual maturity. We discuss these results in relation to mechanisms proposed to drive interindividual variation in BTs and we highlight the potential of the mangrove killifish as a model organism for animal personality studies. (C) 2011 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Edenbrow, M. and Croft, D. P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {fish, HISTORY, plasticity, animal personality, life, phenotypic plasticity, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, EXPLORATORY-BEHAVIOR, MALE GREAT TITS, PERSONALITY-TRAITS, behavioural type, FISH RIVULUS-MARMORATUS, Kryptolebias marmoratus, mangrove killifish, RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOR, Rivulus marmoratus, SELF-FERTILIZING, VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRICES},
	pages = {731--741}
}

@article{coteRiskyDispersalAvoiding2010,
	title = {Risky dispersal: avoiding kin competition despite uncertainty},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000277867600024},
	doi = {10.1890/09-0387.1},
	abstract = {Leaving a population without having information about the surrounding areas is highly risky. Candidates for dispersal may reduce these risks by making decisions based on the level of connectivity between patches, e.g., through immigrants. The benefits of information acquisition may vary within a population according to the dispersal cause and the phenotype of the candidate disperser. For instance, kin-based dispersers should be prepared to accept higher dispersal cost than individuals leaving for competition with congeners, and individuals of better condition should better deal with the costs of dispersing. We investigated whether the use of information obtained from immigrants depended on the reason for dispersal and the phenotype of individuals in common lizards (Lacerta vivipara). Dispersal decisions with respect to connection status depended on the cause of dispersal and on body mass. When intraspecific competition was the driving force behind dispersal, the information carried by immigrants allowed candidate dispersers to decrease uncertainty about the success of dispersal. Therefore, larger individuals dispersed when connectivity was low, whereas smaller individuals dispersed when connectivity was high. When kin competition dominated, dispersers did not adjust their dispersal decisions on the basis of information about the existence of surrounding populations, and larger individuals dispersed whatever the connectivity. These results provide support for the hypothesis that kin competition is one of the factors driving colonization.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Cote, J. and Clobert, J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1485--1493}
}

@article{wagnerPhenotypicVariationMating1995,
	title = {Phenotypic variation in the mating preferences of female field crickets,  {Gryllus} integer},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Wagner, Jr., W. E. and Murray, A. and Cade, W. H.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {variation, female mate choice, mating, call, cricket, field, mating preferences, preference, phenotypic variation, mating preference, Gryllus integer},
	pages = {1269--1281}
}

@article{littlePartnershipStatusTemporal2002,
	title = {Partnership status and the temporal context of relationships influence human female preferences for sexual dimorphism in male face shape},
	volume = {269},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Little, A. C. and Jones, B. C. and Penton-Voak, I. S. and Burt, D. M. and Perret, D. I.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {good-genes, female preference, preference, human, dimorphism, sexual dimorphism, context},
	pages = {1095--1100}
}

@article{farrInheritanceQuantitativeFitness1984,
	title = {The inheritance of quantitative fitness traits in guppies, {Poecilia} reticulata ({Pisces}, {Poecilidae}). 2. {Tests} for inbreeding effects},
	volume = {52},
	url = {ISI:A1984SS64100013},
	number = {APR},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Farr, J. A. and Peters, K.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, guppies, guppy, P1, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, TRAITS, fitness, ENGLAND, INHERITANCE, inbreeding, social, genetics, PISCES, TESTS, Poeciliidae},
	pages = {285--296}
}

@article{crewsTransgenerationalEpigeneticImprints2007,
	title = {Transgenerational epigenetic imprints on mate preference},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {://WOS:000245657600044},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0610410104},
	abstract = {Environmental contamination by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) can have epigenetic effects (by DNA methylation) on the germ line and promote disease across subsequent generations. In natural populations, both sexes may encounter affected as well as unaffected individuals during the breeding season, and any diminution in attractiveness could compromise reproductive success. Here we examine mate preference in male and female rats whose progenitors had been treated with the antiandrogenic fungicide vinclozolin. This effect is sex-specific, and we demonstrate that females three generations removed from the exposure discriminate and prefer males who do not have a history of exposure, whereas similarly epigenetically imprinted males do not exhibit such a preference. The observations suggest that the consequences of EDCs are not just transgenerational but can be "transpopulational", because in many mammalian species, males are the dispersing sex. This result indicates that epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of EDC action represents an unappreciated force in sexual selection. Our observations provide direct experimental evidence for a role of epigenetics as a determinant factor in evolution.},
	language = {English},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Crews, D. and Gore, A. C. and Hsu, T. S. and Dangleben, N. L. and Spinetta, M. and Schallert, T. and Anway, M. D. and Skinner, M. K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, genes, reproductive success, MHC, MICE, odor, endocrine disruptors, accessory olfactory-bulb, endocrine disruption, exposure, fos-immunoreactivity, odor salience, vinclozolin},
	pages = {5942--5946}
}

@article{ayreUnexpectedlyHighlevelsSelfing1994,
	title = {Unexpectedly high-levels of selfing in the australian shrub grevillea-barklyana ({Proteaceae})},
	volume = {72},
	url = {ISI:A1994MX03500009},
	abstract = {Experimental hand pollinations have revealed that the Australian proteaceous shrub Grevillea barklyana is fully self-compatible, although one study suggested that when both self- and outcross pollen were presented to different flowers on the same inflorescence significantly greater seed set resulted from the outcrossed flowers. This study used single-locus electrophoretic surveys of maternal plants and their progeny arrays to test the prediction that this apparent 'preference' for outcross pollen would produce high levels of outcrossing within natural populations. We found instead that plants within three of four populations were almost completely selfed. Outcrossing rates (t) in each of these populations (based on the progeny arrays of a minimum of nine plants) ranged from 0.07 +/- 0.03 to only 0.33 +/- 0.08 and showed little variation among years, ranging from 0.07 +/- 0.03 to 0.10 +/- 0.03 for a population sampled in each of two breeding seasons. Furthermore, examination of the progeny arrays from plants in the most intensively studied population revealed virtually no exchange of genes between immediately adjacent plants. Three pairs of alternative homozygotes were near neighbours (separated by less than 2 m) and yet detectable outcrosses comprised only seven of the 108 seeds sampled. In contrast, the fourth population of G. barklyana appeared highly outcrossed (t = 0.85 +/- 0.2) which is typical of the realized mating system reported for other Australian Proteaceae. These data show that the realized mating system may vary widely among populations and may often be less than optimal. The occurrence of very low outcrossing rates within some populations may reflect the presence of introduced pollinators or other disturbances},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Ayre, D. J. and Whelan, R. J. and Reid, A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, genes, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, PAIR, population, variation, FERTILIZATION, fitness, mating, preference, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, genetics, inbreeding depression, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, homozygotes, outcrossing, PLANTS, selfing, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, introduced, SET, pollination, seed set, GENETIC CONSEQUENCES, IMPATIENS-CAPENSIS, OUTCROSSING RATES},
	pages = {168--174}
}

@article{rasaIncestAvoidanceAttainment1994,
	title = {Incest avoidance and attainment of dominance by females in a cape mountain zebra ( {Equus} zebra zebra ) population},
	volume = {128},
	url = {ISI:A1994PB93800001},
	abstract = {The mating strategies employed by Cape Mountain zebra and the routes by which dominance are attained by females are described. Both sexes tend to join non-breeding groups, males joining groups containing familiar males, females joining groups with male strangers. The nuclei of new herds are formed by long-term attachments between colts and fillies within these groups, the first filly forming such an attachment becoming the subsequent dominant mare. Fillies not joining non-breeding groups become subordinates in established breeding herds. For established mares only herd change on loss of the stallion may lead to status improvement. The reproductive success of the three main strategies employed by mares (attachment, herd change and direct annexation) did not differ and showed little deviation from expected reproductive success based on population fecundity. Only the first two strategies led to dominant status which is correlated with high fitness based on foal survival. Dominance for fillies was dependent on the presence of unattached colts with which they could form new breeding herds and was age-related within a female cohort, the oldest female forming an attachment first. Two forms of familiarity resulting in a repulsion towards male relatives followed in ontogeny by an attraction to male strangers are postulated as regulating the social associations of fillies. Evidence is pur forward that mate choice operates amongst females},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Rasa, O. A. E. and Lloyd, P. H.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, selection, sex, fitness, survival, fecundity, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, form, inbreeding avoidance, PRIMATES, social, WILD, STRATEGIES, AVOIDANCE, ASSOCIATIONS, FAMILIARITY, mating strategies, mating strategy, STRATEGY, dominance, attraction, long-term, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, ontogenies, ontogeny, zebra, FERAL HORSES},
	pages = {169--188}
}

@article{hughesEvolutionaryGeneticsMale1995,
	title = {The evolutionary genetics of male life-history characters in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hughes, K. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Drosophila, heritability, call, life history, ageing, genetics, genetic correlation},
	pages = {521--537}
}

@article{heikkilaDesignAnalysisCompact2008,
	title = {Design and {Analysis} of {Compact} {Spectrometer} for {Illumination} {Recognition}},
	volume = {47},
	doi = {10.1143/JJAP.47.6695},
	journal = {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics},
	author = {Heikkilä, Noora and Saastamoinen, Toni and Vahimaa, Pasi and Kuittinen, Markku},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {diffraction gratings, micro-optics, spectrometers},
	pages = {6695--6698}
}

@article{leggeSocialMatingSystem2000,
	title = {Social and mating system of cooperatively breeding laughing kookaburras ({Dacelo} novaeguineae)},
	volume = {47},
	url = {ISI:000088445500003},
	abstract = {DNA fingerprinting was combined with field observations over four breeding seasons to investigate the social structure and mating system of the laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae). Groups comprised a socially dominant pair and up to six helpers of either sex. Helpers were always recruited from young hatched in the group. Territorial inheritance, which is a feature of other cooperative breeders and an oft-cited benefit of philopatry, did not occur. Helpers only attained dominant status in an established group by dispersing into a vacant dominant position in that group. However, helpers could also form new groups by excising a new territory, often through a "budding" process. The mating system was overwhelmingly monogamous. There were no cases of extra-group parentage in a sample of 140 nestlings; within groups of three or more birds, dominance predicted parentage almost perfectly (99.2\% of 129 nestlings), irrespective of whether helpers in the group were related to one or both dominant birds. This is contrary to predictions from models of reproductive skew, possibly because they currently ail to incorporate the willingness of females to share reproduction among males},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Legge, S. and Cockburn, A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, i, MALES, PAIR, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATIONS, model, MODELS, mating, field, reproduction, form, polyandry, inbreeding avoidance, social, territory, bird, birds, mating system, philopatry, related, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, COPULATIONS, dominance, monogamy, PARENTAGE, DNA, cooperative breeding, DNA fingerprinting, HUMAN DNA, SHARED PATERNITY, COOPERATIVE BREEDER},
	pages = {220--229}
}

@article{thornhillCrypticFemaleChoice1983a,
	title = {Cryptic female choice and its implications in the scorpion fly  {Harpobittacus} nigriceps},
	volume = {122},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, flies, male-male competition, Cryptic female choice},
	pages = {765--788}
}

@article{cunninghamEggInvestmentInfluenced2000a,
	title = {Egg investment is influenced by male attractiveness int he mallard},
	volume = {404},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Cunningham, E. J. and Russell, A. F.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {differential allocation, differential allocation hypothesis, egg, Attractiveness, male attractiveness},
	pages = {74--77}
}

@article{zukParasitesInfluenceSocial1998,
	title = {Parasites influence social rank and morphology, but not mate choice, in female red jungle fowl  {Gallus} gallus},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Zuk, M. and Kim, T. and Robinson, S. I.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, parasites, social, jungle fowl},
	pages = {493--499}
}

@article{swindellInbreedingDepressingMale10,
	title = {Inbreeding {Depressing} and {Male} {Survivorship} in {Drosophila}: {Implications} for {Senescence} {Theory}},
	url = {http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/genetics.105.045740v1},
	abstract = {The extent to which inbreeding depression affects longevity and patterns of survivorship is an important issue from several research perspectives, including evolutionary biology, conservation biology, and the genetic analysis of quantitative traits. However, few previous inbreeding depression studies have considered longevity as a focal life history trait. We maintained laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster at census population sizes of two and ten male-female pairs for up to 66 generations, and performed repeated assays of male survivorship throughout this time period. On average, significant levels of inbreeding depression were observed for median life span and age-specific mortality. For age-specific mortality, the severity of inbreeding depression increased over the life span. We found that a baseline inbreeding load of 0.307 lethal equivalents per gamete affected age-specific mortality, and that this value increased at a rate of 0.046 per day of the life span. With respect to some survivorship parameters, the differentiation of lineages was non-linear with respect to the inbreeding coefficient, which suggested that non-additive genetic variation contributed to variation among lineages. These findings provide insights into the genetic basis of longevity as a quantitative trait, and have implications regarding the mutation accumulation evolutionary explanation of senescence},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Swindell, William R. and Bouzat, Juan L.},
	month = mar,
	keywords = {Drosophila, PAIR, population, TRAITS, variation, longevity, BIOLOGY, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, theory, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, genetic variation, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, pattern, patterns, GENERATIONS, load, mutation, GENETIC-VARIATION, QUANTITATIVE TRAITS, mortality, conservation biology, GENETIC-BASIS, senescence, LINEAGE, differentiation, EVOLUTIONARY, INSIGHTS, LIFE-SPAN, GENETIC-ANALYSIS, ACCUMULATION, life span, SPAN, lethal equivalents, MUTATION ACCUMULATION, SIZES},
	pages = {genetics}
}

@article{jennionsNoEvidenceInbreeding2004,
	title = {No evidence for inbreeding avoidance through postcopulatory mechanisms in the black field cricket, {Teleogryllus} commodus},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000225357600008},
	abstract = {Several studies suggest that females mate multiply so that they can preferentially fertilize eggs with the sperm of genetically more compatible males. Unrelated males are expected to be genetically more compatible with a female than her close relatives. We tested whether black field crickets, Teleogryllus commodus, can bias sperm usage toward unrelated males by comparing egg hatching success of females mated to two of their siblings (SS), two sibling males unrelated to the female (NN) or to one unrelated male and a sibling male (NS or SN). Egg hatching success was highly repeatable. Hatching success varied significantly among females of the three mating types (P = 0.011, n = 245 females). The estimated mean hatching success of 36.8\% for SS females was significantly less that the 43.4\% of NN females, indicating an effect of inbreeding on hatching success. If females preferentially use the sperm of a less closely related male, the hatching success of NS/SN females should be closer to 43.4\% than 36.8\%. It was, in fact, only 34.9\%. This does not differ significantly from the value expected if the two males contributed an equal amount of sperm that was then used randomly. Although polyandry may confer indirect genetic benefits, our results provide no evidence that female T. commodus gain these benefits by biasing paternity toward genetically more compatible males through postcopulatory mechanisms},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Jennions, M. D. and Hunt, J. and Graham, R. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, egg, AUSTRALIA, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, cricket, field, Y, multiple mating, polyandry, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, AVOIDANCE, genetics, related, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, inbreeding-avoidance, paternity, Cryptic female choice, FIELD CRICKET, NO EVIDENCE, polyandrous females, siblings, sperm selection, hatching success, TELEOGRYLLUS-COMMODUS, FEMALES MATE, MATING FREQUENCY, ASCIDIAN DIPLOSOMA-LISTERIANUM, BULB MITE, GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS},
	pages = {2472--2477}
}

@article{karimThisNotDeja2007,
	title = {This is not deja vu all over again: male guppy colour in a new experimental introduction},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000248177600010},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01350.x},
	abstract = {We use an experimental introduction in nature to examine factors that influence parallel evolution. In 1996, 200 high-predation guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from the Yarra River were introduced into the Damier River, which previously lacked guppies. Eight years later, we quantified the colour of wild-caught guppies ('phenotypic' divergence) and lab-reared guppies ('genetic' divergence) from low- and high-predation environments in both rivers. Phenotypic and genetic divergence between predation environments within the Yarra was evident for black and for orange. Phenotypic divergence within the Damier was parallel to the Yarra for black but not for orange. Genetic divergence was absent between predation environments within the Damier, but was evident when comparing both Damier populations to their Yarra ancestors. The evolution of male colour thus depends on factors other than the simple contrast between 'high' and 'low' predation. We suggest that the parallel evolution of male signalling traits may sometimes first require the parallel evolution of female preferences.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Karim, N. and Gordon, S. P. and Schwartz, A. K. and Hendry, A. P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, female, MATE, POECILIA-RETICULATA, selection, life-history evolution, preference, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, adaptation, SEXUAL, rapid evolution, adaptive radiation, parallel evolution, CONTEMPORARY MICROEVOLUTION, adaptive divergence, contemporary, WILD GUPPIES, convergent evolution, evolutionary diversification, Poeciliid, UNIQUE FEATURES},
	pages = {1339--1350}
}

@article{wedellSuccessfulFathersSire1999,
	title = {Successful fathers sire successful sons},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wedell, N. and Tregenza, T.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Fisher, genetic benefits, call, successful fathers},
	pages = {620--625}
}

@article{sinervoCostsReproductionWild1996,
	title = {Costs of reproduction in the wild: path analysis of natural selection and experimental tests of causation},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Sinervo, B. and DeNardo, D. F.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {selection, reproduction, path analysis, natural selection, cost, costs},
	pages = {1299--1313}
}

@article{whileBirthingAsynchronyNot2007,
	title = {Birthing asynchrony is not a consequence of asynchronous offspring development in a non-avian vertebrate, the {Australian} skink {Egernia} whitii},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0269-8463},
	url = {://WOS:000246708200013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01272.x},
	abstract = {1. One of the major impediments to our understanding of avian hatching asynchrony is the difficulty in separating hypotheses that concentrate on the onset of incubation from those that explain hatching asynchrony adaptively. To address this, ideally we need a system(s) in which we can uncouple these two sets of hypotheses. Such a system exists in the skink genus Egernia. 2. We documented birthing asynchrony (analogous to hatching asynchrony) and the mechanisms underlying birthing asynchrony in the White's skink, Egernia whitii (Lacepede, 1804), a medium-sized, viviparous skink species that displays complex sociality. 3. Egernia whitii females gave birth to offspring asynchronously (100\% of litters), with an average of {\textgreater} 2 days between births. We show that embryo gestation is synchronous with asynchrony first observed at birth. Furthermore, when birth of the entire litter was induced at the birth of the first offspring, there was no difference in development, mass or weight between first (naturally) born offspring and second and third (induced) offspring. 4. These results suggest that birthing asynchrony in this species is not a consequence of the constraint of asynchronous offspring development, but rather, females retain offspring despite all offspring being fully developed. This suggests that birthing asynchrony in this genus may have an adaptive explanation. 5. We discuss the potential adaptive explanations of birthing asynchrony in this genus, taking into account the potential links with indirect parental care and social organization, specifically the advantages that birthing asynchrony may offer to offspring in a highly competitive social environment.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {While, G. M. and Jones, S. M. and Wapstra, E.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {513--519}
}

@article{chenInfluenceBodyTemperature2003,
	title = {Influence of body temperature on food assimilation and locomotor performance in white-striped grass lizards, {Takydromus} wolteri ({Lacertidae})},
	volume = {28},
	doi = {10.1016/S0306-4565(03)00022-6},
	journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
	author = {Chen, X},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {SPRINT SPEED, apparent digestive coefficient, assimilation efficiency, food passage time, lacertidae, locomotor stamina, reptilia, takydromus wolteri},
	pages = {385--391}
}

@article{martinDoesClutchSize2001,
	title = {Does clutch size evolve in response to parasites and immunocompetence?},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {://WOS:000166949200134},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.98.4.2071},
	abstract = {Parasites have been argued to influence clutch size evolution, but past work and theory has largely focused on within-species optimization solutions rather than clearly addressing among-species variation. The effects of parasites on clutch size variation among species can be complex, however, because different parasites can induce age-specific differences in mortality that can cause clutch size to evolve in different directions. We provide a conceptual argument that differences in immunocompetence among species should integrate differences in overall levels of parasite-induced mortality to which a species is exposed, We test this assumption and show that mortality caused by parasites is positively correlated with immunocompetence measured by cell-mediated measures. Under life history theory, clutch size should increase with increased adult mortality and decrease with increased juvenile mortality. Using immunocompetence as a general assay of parasite-induced mortality, we tested these predictions by using data for 25 species. We found that clutch size increased strongly with adult immunocompetence, In contrast, clutch size decreased weakly with increased juvenile immunocompetence. But, immunocompetence of juveniles may be constrained by selection on adults, and, when we controlled for adult immunocompetence, clutch size decreased with juvenile immunocompetence. Thus, immunocompetence seems to reflect evolutionary differences in parasite virulence experienced by species, and differences in age-specific parasite virulence appears to exert opposite selection on clutch size evolution.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Martin, T. E. and Moller, A. P. and Merino, S. and Clobert, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {2071--2076}
}

@article{takahashiFunctionalMasculinizationFemale1975,
	title = {Functional masculinization of female guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata , influenced by methyltestosterone before birth},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries.},
	author = {Takahashi, H.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, masculinization},
	pages = {499--506}
}

@article{acevedo-whitehouseMHCEnoughUnderstanding8,
	title = {Is {MHC} enough for understanding wildlife immunogenetics?},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4K4WGVS-3/2/8511016c957ef7003d23b4bdefa102eb},
	abstract = {Along with reproductive success and predation, infectious disease is a major demographic and evolutionary driver of natural populations. To understand the evolutionary impacts of disease, research has focussed on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a genetic region involved in antigen presentation. There is a pressing need for the broader research currently conducted on traditional vertebrate models to be transferred to wildlife. Incorporating such knowledge will enable a broader understanding of the levels at which natural selection can act on immunity. We propose two new approaches to wildlife immunogenetics and discuss the challenges of conducting such studies. At a time when novel pathogens are increasingly emerging in natural populations, these new approaches are integral to understanding disease dynamics and assessing epidemic risks},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Acevedo-Whitehouse, Karina and Cunningham, Andrew A.},
	keywords = {population, selection, model, MODELS, reproductive success, SUCCESS, natural selection, immunity, COMPLEX, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, predation, DYNAMICS, NATURAL-POPULATION, MHC, risk, pathogen, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, immunogenetics, EVOLUTIONARY, PATHOGENS, WILDLIFE, INFECTIOUS-DISEASE},
	pages = {433--438}
}

@article{lyonOptimalClutchSize1998,
	title = {Optimal clutch size and conspecific brood parasitism},
	volume = {392},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Lyon, B. E.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {size, call, parasitism, brood parasitism,clutch size},
	pages = {380--383}
}

@article{olssonMHCHealthColor2005,
	title = {{MHC}, health, color, and reproductive success in sand lizards},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://WOS:000229614900009},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-005-0921-y},
	abstract = {Good genes" are genetic elements that contribute to lifetime reproductive success, regardless of an individual's additional genotype. Their existence is debated, and most work has targeted their viability benefits to the offspring of choosy females. In the present study, we analyze a case of potential good genes effects in adult male sand lizards ( Lacerta agilis). We show that males with a particular RFLP ( Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) MHC genotype (O-males), as opposed to those that lack this genetic element (NO-males), have less ectoparasites under increasing physiological stress ( indexed by baseline corticosterone level), and are not constrained by parasites at production of status coloration. Furthermore, O-males are more successful at mate acquisition and guard their partners longer. Ultimately, they have a higher genetic reproductive success as assigned by microsatellites.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Madsen, T. and Wapstra, E. and Silverin, B. and Ujvari, B. and Wittzell, H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {289--294}
}

@article{grantCulturalInheritanceSong1996,
	title = {Cultural inheritance of song and its role in the evolution of {Darwin}'s finches},
	volume = {50},
	url = {ISI:A1996WB94600031},
	abstract = {Songs of Darwin's finches were studied on the Galapagos Island of Daphne Major from 1976 to 1995. A single, structurally simple, and unvarying song is sung throughout life by each male of the two common species, Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) and G. scandens (cactus finch). Songs of the two species differ strongly in quantitative features, and individual variation among males is much broader in G. fortis than in G. scandens. Although there are exceptions, songs of sons strongly resemble the songs of their fathers. They also resemble the songs of their paternal grandfathers, but not their maternal grandfathers, indicating that they are culturally inherited and not genetically inherited. Female G. fortis display a tendency to avoid mating with males that sing the same type of song as their father. They also avoid mating with males that sing heterospecific song, with very rare exceptions. Thus song, an evolving, culturally inherited trait, is an important factor in species recognition and mate choice. It constrains the mating of females to conspecifics, even when there is no genetic penalty to interbreeding, and thus may play a crucial role in species formation by promoting genetic isolation on secondary contact. The barrier is leaky in that occasional errors in song transmission result in misimprinting, which leads to a low incidence of hybridization and introgression. Introgression slows the rate of postzygotic isolation, but can produce individuals in novel genetic and morphological space that can provide the starting point of a new evolutionary trajectory},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Grant, B. R. and Grant, P. R.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, variation, mating, Darwin, human, INDIVIDUALS, display, inbreeding avoidance, social, SPACE, genetics, COMMON, patterns, song, species recognition, speciation, ISLAND, imprinting, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, transmission, FINCH, FINCHES, Darwin's finches, ontogenies, ontogeny, Galapagos, WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS, bird song, TAENIOPYGIA-GUTTATA, hybridization, sound, interbreeding, INDIGO BUNTINGS, LAZULI BUNTINGS, MALE ZEBRA FINCHES, MEDIUM GROUND FINCHES, SENSITIVE PERIODS, SEXUAL PREFERENCES},
	pages = {2471--2487}
}

@article{wedekindMHCdependentMatePreferences1995,
	title = {{MHC}-dependent mate preferences in humans},
	volume = {260},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:A1995RJ57600002},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.1995.0087},
	abstract = {One substantial benefit of sexual reproduction could be that it allows animals (including humans) to react rapidly to a continuously changing environmental selection pressure such as coevolving parasites. This counteraction would be most efficient if the females were able to provide their progeny with certain allele combinations for loci which may be crucial in the parasite-host arms race, for example the MHC (major histocompatibility complex). Here we show that the MHC influences both body odours and body odour preferences in humans, and that the women's preferences depend on their hormonal status. Female and male students were typed for their HLA-A, -B and -DR. Each male student wore a T-shirt for two consecutive nights. The next day, each female student was asked to rate the odours of six T-shirts. They scored male body odours as more pleasant when they differed from the men in their MHC than when they were more similar. This difference in odour assessment was reversed when the women rating the odours were taking oral contraceptives. Furthermore, the odours of MHC-dissimilar men remind the test women more often of their own actual or former mates than do the odours of MHC-similar men. This suggests that the MHC or linked genes influence human mate choice today.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1359},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Wedekind, C. and Seebeck, T. and Bettens, F. and Paepke, A. J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {mating preferences, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, patterns, RECOGNITION, MICE, ANTIGENS, Pregnancy, COUPLES, BLOCKING, RECURRENT SPONTANEOUS-ABORTIONS},
	pages = {245--249}
}

@article{radwanEffectivenessSexualSelection2004,
	title = {Effectiveness of sexual selection in preventing fitness deterioration in bulb mite populations under relaxed natural selection},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:000187891700011},
	abstract = {Under the 'good genes' mechanism of sexual selection (SS), females benefit from mate choice indirectly: their offspring inherit genes of the preferred, high quality fathers. Recent models assume that the genetic variance for male quality is maintained by deleterious mutations. Consequently, SS can be predicted to remove deleterious mutations from populations. We tested this prediction by relaxing selection in populations of the bulb mite, thus increasing their rate of accumulation of deleterious mutation. SS, allowed to operate in half of these populations, did not prevent the fitness decline observed in the other half of the relaxed selection lines. After 11 generations of relaxed selection, female fecundity in lines in which males were allowed to compete for females declined compared with control populations by similar amount as in monogamous lines (17.5 and 14.5\%, respectively), whereas other fitness components (viability, longevity, male reproductive success) did not differ significantly between both types of lines and control populations},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Radwan, J. and Unrug, J. and Snigorska, K. and Gawronska, K.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, good genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, population, quality, selection, sex, fitness, model, MODELS, fecundity, longevity, MAINTENANCE, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, theory, Y, natural selection, MECHANISM, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, genetics, inbreeding depression, COMPONENTS, VARIANCE, viability, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, GENERATIONS, mutation, MUTATIONS, coevolution, PROBABILITY, male competition, genetic variance, condition dependence, game theory, fitness components, Acaridae, maintenance of sex, MUTATION ACCUMULATION, RHIZOGLYPHUS-ROBINI, mite, ONTOGENIC CONFLICT, intersexual ontogenic conflict, MALE MORPH},
	pages = {94--99}
}

@article{batesonPreferencesCousinsJapanese1982,
	title = {Preferences for cousins in japanese quail},
	volume = {295},
	url = {ISI:A1982MY42000043},
	number = {5846},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bateson, P.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, preference, kinship, MARRIAGE, Japanese quail, JAPANESE-QUAIL},
	pages = {236--237}
}

@article{zehPolyandrousFemalesDiscriminate1998,
	title = {Polyandrous females discriminate against previous mates},
	volume = {95},
	url = {ISI:000076997000068},
	abstract = {In most animal species, particularly those in which females engage in polyandry, mate choice is a sequential process in which a female must choose to mate or not to mate with each male encountered. Although a number of theoretical and empirical investigations have examined the effects of sequential mate choice on the operation of sexual selection, how females respond to solicitation by previous mates has received little attention. Here, we report the results of a study carried out on the polyandrous pseudoscorpion, Cordylochernes scorpioides, that assessed the sexual receptivity of once-mated females presented after a lapse of 1.5 hr or 48 hr with either their first mate or a different male. Females exhibited a high level of receptivity to new males, irrespective of intermating interval. By contrast, time between matings exerted a strong effect on female receptivity to previous mates. After a lapse of 48 hr, females did not differ significantly in their receptivity toward previous mates and different males, whereas at 1.5 hr after first mating, females were almost invariably unreceptive to males from whom they had previously accepted sperm. This result could not be attributed to male size or mating experience or to male sexual receptivity. Indeed, males were as willing to transfer sperm to a previous mate as they were to a new female. This difference between males and females in their propensity to remate with the same individual may reflect a conflict between the sexes, with males seeking to minimize postcopulatory sexual selection and females actively keeping open the opportunity for sperm competition and female choice of sperm by discriminating against previous mates},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Zeh, J. A. and Newcomer, S. D. and Zeh, D. W.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, model, MODELS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, insect, MALE SIZE, mating, lande, MATES, polyandry, transfer, conflict, postcopulatory sexual selection, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, EXPERIENCE, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, SEXES, PROPENSITY, polyandrous females, female control, BEETLE-RIDING PSEUDOSCORPION, MULTIPLE MALES, sequential mate choice, COPULATE},
	pages = {13732--13736}
}

@article{doligezCostsReproductionAssessing2002,
	title = {Costs of reproduction: assessing responses to brood size manipulation on life-history and behavioural traits using multi-state capture-recapture models},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0266-4763},
	url = {://WOS:000173247600029},
	doi = {10.1080/02664760120108845},
	abstract = {Costs of reproduction are fundamental trade-offs shaping the evolution of life histories. There has been much interest, discussion and controversy about the nature and type of reproductive costs. The manipulation of reproductive effort (e.g. brood size manipulation) may alter not only life-history traits such as future adult survival rate and future reproductive effort, but also behavioural decisions affecting recapture/resighting and dispersal probabilities. We argue that many previous studies of the costs of reproduction may have erroneously concluded the existence or non-existence of such costs because of their use of local return rates to assess survival. In this paper, we take advantage of the modern multistate capture-recapture methods to highlight how the accurate assessment of the costs of reproduction requires incorporating not only recapture probability, but also behavioural 'state' variables, for example dispersal status and cur rent reproductive investment. The inclusion of state-dependent decisions can radically alter the conclusions drawn regarding the costs of reproduction on future survival or reproductive investment. We illustrate this point by re-analysing data collected to address the question of the costs of reproduction in the collared flycatcher and the great tit. We discuss in some detail the methodological issues and implications of the analytical techniques.},
	number = {1-4},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Statistics},
	author = {Doligez, B. and Clobert, J. and Pettifor, R. A. and Rowcliffe, M. and Gustafsson, L. and Perrins, C. M. and McCleery, R. H.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {407--423}
}

@article{light.tDiscriminatingHungrySatiated1989,
	title = {Discriminating between hungry and satiated predators: the response of guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata ) from high and low predation sites},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {{Light.T}},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, response, reticulata, call, predation, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,anti-predator behaviour},
	pages = {238--243}
}

@article{partridgeContentiousIssuesSexual1986,
	title = {Contentious issues in sexual selection},
	volume = {323},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Partridge, L. and Harvey, P.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {sexual selection, good genes, selection, call, mate preferences, par},
	pages = {580--581}
}

@article{pottsEvolutionMHCGenetic1993,
	title = {Evolution of {MHC} genetic diversity - a tale of incest, pestilence and sexual preference},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:A1993MK28000004},
	abstract = {Evidence from the house mouse (Mus) suggests that the extreme diversity of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) results from three different forms of selection involving infectious disease (pestilence), inbreeding (incest) and MHC-based mating (sexual) preferences. MHC-based disassortative mating preferences are presumed to have evolved because they reduce homozygosity throughout the genome, and particularly within loci linked to the MHC. Progeny derived from such disassortative matings would enjoy increased fitness because of both reduced levels of inbreeding depression and increased resistance to infectious disease arising from their increased MHC heterozygosity},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Genetics},
	author = {Potts, W. K. and Wakeland, E. K.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {evolution, genes, selection, sex, fitness, mating, PREFERENCES, mating preferences, preference, form, heterozygosity, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, polymorphism, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, MHC, HLA, KIN RECOGNITION, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, MICE, RESISTANCE, immunogenetics, incest, sexual preference, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, mouse, NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION, OVERDOMINANT SELECTION, MHC GENETIC DIVERSITY, PEPTIDE ANTIGENS, SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY ALLELES},
	pages = {408--412}
}

@article{bernsteinSexualCommunication1997,
	title = {Sexual communication},
	volume = {188},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Bernstein, C. and Bernstein, H.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {signals, sexual communication},
	pages = {69--78}
}

@article{evansSelectionSwallowTail1998,
	title = {Selection on swallow tail streamers},
	volume = {394},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Evans, M. R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, selection, swallow, sexually selected traits, swallows},
	pages = {233--234}
}

@article{jirotkulOperationalSexRatio1999,
	title = {Operational sex ratio influences female preference and male-male competition in guppies},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Jirotkul, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {competition, guppies, guppy, sex, female preference, preference, male-male competition, sex ratio},
	pages = {287--294}
}

@article{brooksMultipleSexualOrnaments1999,
	title = {Multiple {Sexual} {Ornaments} {Coevolve} with {Multiple} {Mating} {Preferences}},
	volume = {154},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Couldridge, V.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {guppy, mate choice, ornament, heritability, mating, preference, multiple mating, quantitative genetics, mating preference, male ornament, preference evolution, multiple ornament},
	pages = {37--45}
}

@article{calsbeekDifferentialFitnessEffects2008,
	title = {Differential fitness effects of immunocompetence and neighbourhood density in alternative female lizard morphs.},
	volume = {77},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01320.x},
	abstract = {1. A growing number of studies demonstrate that natural selection acts on traits important in whole animal performance and physiology. 2. Here we describe a heritable polymorphism in female dorsal pattern in the lizard Anolis sagrei (Dumeril \& Bibron 1837). 3. Morphs did not differ in body size or habitat use (perch diameter), however, we show that the social environment, estimated by the number of female neighbours, had different selective effects on alternative morphs in nature. 4. We show that morphs displayed a significantly different immune response to phytohaemagglutinin. Furthermore, natural selection differentially acted on combinations of female morph and immunocompetence, favouring high levels of immune function in one morph and low levels of immune function in the other. 5. We discuss the possibility that morph-specific investments in life-history traits may lead to correlational selection between traits, even when those traits are likely to be determined by different genetic loci.},
	journal = {The Journal of animal ecology},
	author = {Calsbeek, Ryan and Bonneaud, Camille and Smith, Thomas B},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Breeding, LIZARDS, Lizards: genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic, Selection, Genetic, Social Behavior, population density, Lizards: physiology, immunocompetence, population dynamics, Immunocompetence: physiology, Lizards: immunology},
	pages = {103--9}
}

@article{pearseMultiplePaternitySperm2002,
	title = {Multiple paternity, sperm storage, and reproductive success of female and male painted turtles ({Chrysemys} picta) in nature},
	volume = {51},
	url = {ISI:000173559000007},
	abstract = {When females receive no direct benefits from multiple matings. concurrent multiple paternity is often explained by indirect genetic benefits to offspring. To examine such possibilities, we analyzed genetic paternity for 1,272 hatchlings, representing 227 clutches, from a nesting population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) on the Mississippi River. Goals were to quantify the incidence and distribution of concurrent multiple paternity across clutches, examine temporal patterns of sperm storage by females, and deduce the extent to which indirect benefits result from polyandrous female behaviors. Blood samples from adult males also allowed us to genetically identify the sires of surveyed clutches and to assess phenotypic variation associated with male fitness. From the genetic data, female and male reproductive success were deduced and then interpreted together with field data to evaluate possible effects of female mating behaviors and sire identity on offspring fitness. We document that more than 30\% of the clutches were likely fathered by multiple males. and that presence of multiple paternity was positively correlated with clutch size. Furthermore. the data indicate that the second male to mate typically had high paternity precedence over the first},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Pearse, D. E. and Janzen, F. J. and Avise, J. C.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, HOUSE, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, P1, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, BENEFITS, fitness, size, insect, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, male reproductive success, multiple mating, Paternal effects, clutch size, phenotypic variation, reptiles, genetic compatibility, BEHAVIOR, mating systems, microsatellites, lizard, patterns, genetic benefit, Canada, PROBABILITY, paternity, multiple paternity, direct benefits, MATING-BEHAVIOR, CLUTCH-SIZE, picta, PRECEDENCE, turtle, genetic paternity, ADDERS},
	pages = {164--171}
}

@article{sinervoGreenbeardMutualismAltruism2006,
	title = {of greenbeard mutualism and altruism},
	journal = {PNAS},
	author = {Sinervo, Barry and Chaine, Alexis and Clobert, Jean and Calsbeek, Ryan and Hazard, Lisa and Lancaster, Lesley and Mcadam, Andrew G and Alonzo, Suzanne and Corrigan, Gwynne and Hochberg, Michael E},
	year = {2006}
}

@article{williamsEvolutionSpermallocationStrategies2005,
	title = {The evolution of sperm-allocation strategies and the degree of sperm competition},
	volume = {59},
	url = {ISI:000227943400002},
	abstract = {The prevailing viewpoint in the study of sperm competition is that male sperm-allocation strategies evolve in response to the degree of sperm competition an ejaculate can expect to experience within a given mating. If males cannot assess the degree of sperm competition their ejaculate will face and/or they are unable to facultatively adjust sperm investment in response to perceived levels of competition, high sperm allocation (per mating) is predicted to evolve in the context of high sperm competition. An implicit assumption of the framework used to derive this result is that the degree of sperm competition is unaffected by changes in sperm-allocation strategies. We present theory based on an alternative perspective, in which the degree of sperm competition and the sperm-allocation strategy are coupled traits that coevolve together. Our rationale is that the pattern of sperm allocation in the population will, in part, determine the level of sperm competition by affecting the number of ejaculates per female in the population. In this setting, evolution in sperm-allocation strategies is driven by changes in underlying environmental parameters that influence both the degree of sperm competition and sperm allocation. This change in perspective leads to predictions that are qualitatively different from those of previous theory},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Williams, P. D. and Day, T. and Cameron, E.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, population, response, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, TRAITS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, CONSEQUENCES, INVESTMENT, mating, BIOLOGY, theory, ejaculate, NUMBER, male-male competition, allocation, BEHAVIOR, STRATEGIES, genetics, pattern, EXPERIENCE, STRATEGY, Canada, paternity, PERSPECTIVE, context, GAMES, SPERM PRECEDENCE, TESTES SIZE, sperm allocation, GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA, EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION},
	pages = {492--499}
}

@article{albertsBalancingCostsOpportunities1995,
	title = {Balancing costs and opportunities - dispersal in male baboons},
	volume = {145},
	url = {ISI:A1995QE47600006},
	abstract = {Young male baboons typically disperse from their group of birth as they near adult size and may continue to migrate between social groups throughout their lives. Long-term data on dispersal and residence patterns of male baboons in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, were available for 110 males in the population, including 43 that were monitored during their natal dispersal. These data enabled us to provide not only a detailed evaluation of the effects of reproductive competition on dispersal but also the first direct estimates of the costs of dispersal in male primates and one of the few direct estimates of fitness costs associated with breeding in the natal group. Males underwent natal dispersal at a median age of 8.5 yr (range, 6.8-13.4 yr) and subsequently remained in nonnatal groups for a median tenure of 24 mo (range, 1-138 mo). Half of the males in the study engaged in moderate to extensive reproductive activity before natal dispersal. Reproductive costs associated with breeding in the natal group were suggested by the high mortality of offspring for whom natal males were their likely fathers, even though maternal relatives avoided mating with each other. Dispersal involved considerable time spent alone, and therefore the costs of dispersal were substantial, because of mortality risks and missed reproductive opportunities during dispersal. Female availability and male mating success apparently affected both natal and secondary dispersal patterns. We present a model of dispersal tendency in order to explicate the ways in which differences in population density, predation risk, and the distribution of mating opportunities among groups might result in complex dispersal patterns that are consistent with both the results of the present study and the disparate empirical reports in the literature},
	number = {2},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Alberts, S. C. and Altmann, J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {behaviour, competition, evolution, female, MALES, offspring, population, predation risk, sex, fitness, model, size, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, Y, age, natal dispersal, human, BEHAVIOR, cost, costs, DISPERSAL, inbreeding avoidance, population density, PRIMATES, social, predation, CONSERVATION, genetics, risk, patterns, male mating success, reproductive competition, mating success, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, BABOONS, PAPIO-CYNOCEPHALUS, paternity, mortality, VERVET MONKEYS, ontogenies, ontogeny, sex-biased dispersal, reproductive costs, FEMALE TRANSFER, AMBOSELI-NATIONAL-PARK, CERCOPITHECUS-AETHIOPS, MALE SAVANNA BABOONS, MONKEYS MACACA-MULATTA},
	pages = {279--306}
}

@article{irschickAgespecificForcedPolymorphism2006,
	title = {Age-specific forced polymorphism: {Implications} of ontogenetic changes in morphology for male mating tactics},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {1522-2152},
	url = {://WOS:000234802000007},
	doi = {10.1086/498194},
	abstract = {Age-specific forced polymorphism is the presence of two or more distinct phenotypes (here we consider only males) that occur in separate sexually mature age groups (e.g., horns in older males but not younger males). The life-stage morph maturation hypothesis posits that all younger males that possess a particular structure can transform into older males with a different structure, most likely via the influence of hormones. The life-stage morph selection hypothesis posits that polymorphism is due to intense selection resulting in a highly nonrandom sample of younger males surviving to become older males, thus leading to different mean phenotypes in different age groups. We conducted an extensive review of literature from the past 20 years (1983-2003) for cases of age-specific forced polymorphism. Overall, we found only a few cases that fit our criteria of age-specific forced polymorphism, and we argue that most (e.g., orangutans, elephant seals) have likely arisen via the life-stage morph maturation mechanism, but we also present several examples (e.g., green anole lizards) that appear to be candidates for life-stage morph selection. However, none of the reviewed studies provided enough information (e.g., age of morphs, growth patterns of the morphological structure) to definitively invoke either of the two mechanisms. We suggest that age-specific forced polymorphism is more common than reflected in this review and that future studies should gather demographic and laboratory data that will directly compare the life-stage morph maturation and life- stage morph selection hypotheses.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Physiological and Biochemical Zoology},
	author = {Irschick, D. J. and Lailvaux, S. P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {73--82}
}

@article{orrHaldaneRule1997,
	title = {Haldane's rule},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Orr, H. A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, hybrid inviability,hybrid sterility,post zygotic isolation,reproductive isolation,speciation},
	pages = {195--218}
}

@article{badyaevPuttingSexualTraits2002,
	title = {Putting sexual traits into the context of an organism: a life-history perspective in studies of sexual selection},
	volume = {119},
	journal = {The Auk},
	author = {Badyaev, A. V. and Qvarnstr”m, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, life history, context},
	pages = {301--310}
}

@article{doolanDispersalExtraterritorialProspecting1996,
	title = {Dispersal and extra-territorial prospecting by slender-tailed meerkats ( {Suricata} suricatta ) in the south-western {Kalahari}},
	volume = {240},
	url = {ISI:A1996VK58300005},
	abstract = {Dispersal in slender-tailed meerkats or suricates, Suricata suricatta, in the south-western Kalahari occurred mainly during the early breeding season, and was age- and sex-dependent. Among yearlings, more males than females were immigrants, but more females than males disappeared. There were no sex differences in dispersal among two-year-olds, but among animals aged three pears or older, more males than females emigrated. Most dispersers moved into adjacent bands or joined other transients, and females apparently suffered higher rates of mortality than males. Kinship with the same-sex or opposite-sex breeder had no discernible effect on the likelihood of dispersing. Both males and females made prospecting forays to other groups, apparently to assess dispersal and breeding opportunities. Males made Frequent and repeated forays, often in coalitions with other band members or transients, whereas prospecting by females was generally solitary, and they were not known to make multiple forays. Prospecting males successfully took over dominance of two bands. and attempted to take over bands on three other occasions. Animals attempting to join or follow a band (trailers) behaved submissively and were readily chased by residents, whereas those attempting a dominance takeover (invaders) scent-marked at a high rate and showed no submissive behaviours. Dispersing meerkats maximized reproductive success by increasing their mating opportunities, while animals which delayed dispersal received indirect benefits by helping to raise kin},
	journal = {Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Doolan, S. P. and Macdonald, D. W.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, sex, BENEFITS, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, age, DISPERSAL, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, REPRODUCTIVE SUPPRESSION, bird, kinship, philopatry, AFRICAN, dominance, mortality, cooperative breeding, VERVET MONKEYS, DWARF MONGOOSES, BIASED DISPERSAL, meerkats, GROUP-SIZE, EXTRATERRITORIAL MOVEMENTS},
	pages = {59--73}
}

@article{garciaEvidenceThatSensory2005,
	title = {Evidence that sensory traps can evolve into honest signals},
	volume = {434},
	url = {ISI:000227836000041},
	abstract = {Conventional models(1-4) explaining extreme sexual ornaments propose that these reflect male genetic quality(2-4) or are arbitrary results of genetic linkage between female preference and the ornament(1). The chase-away model(5) emphasizes sexual conflict: male signals attract females because they exploit receiver biases(6-9). As males gain control of mating decisions, females may experience fitness costs through suboptimal mating rates or post-copulatory exploitation. Elaboration of male signals is expected if females increase their response threshold to resist such exploitation. If ornaments target otherwise adaptive biases such as feeding responses(8-10), selection on females might eventually separate sexual and non-sexual responses to the signal. Here we show that the terminal yellow band (TYB) of several Goodeinae species evokes both feeding and sexual responses; sexual responsiveness phylogenetically pre-dates the expression of the TYB in males and is comparable across taxa, yet feeding responsiveness decreases in species with more elaborated TYBs. Displaying a TYB is costly, and thus provides an example where a trait arose as a sensory trap but has evolved into an honest signal},
	number = {7032},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Garcia, C. M. and Ramirez, E.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, evolution, EXPRESSION, female, FEMALES, MALES, mate choice, response, selection, fitness, INCREASE, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, signals, mating, ENGLAND, female preference, mating preferences, preference, sexual conflict, cost, costs, conflict, threshold, RESPONSES, EXPERIENCE, linkage, mating decision, carotenoids, mating decisions, responsiveness, BIASES, chase-away},
	pages = {501--505}
}

@article{brodieAssignmentFitnessValues1996,
	title = {On the assignment of fitness values in statistical analyses of selection},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Brodie, III, E. D. and Janzen, F. J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, fitness, survival, selection analysis},
	pages = {437--442}
}

@article{jonesRoleMaleAge2004,
	title = {The role of male age, sperm age and mating history on fecundity and fertilization success in the hide beetle},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000222389400013},
	abstract = {Models of age-related mate choice predict female preference for older males as they have proven survival ability. However, these models rarely address differences in sperm age and male mating history when evaluating the potential benefits to females from older partners. We used a novel experimental design to assess simultaneously the relative importance of these three parameters in the hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus. In a two-part experiment we first explored age-related male mating success and subsequently examined the consequences of male age, sperm age and male mating history on female fecundity and fertilization success. In a competitive mating environment, intermediate-age males gained significantly higher mating success than younger or older males. To test the consequences for females of aged-related male mating success, a second set of females were mated to males varying in age (young, intermediate-age and old), in numbers of matings and in timing of the most recent mating. We found that male age had a significant impact on female fecundity and fertilization success. Females mated to intermediate-age males laid more eggs and attained consistently higher levels of fertilization success than females with young and old mates. A male's previous mating history determined his current reproductive effort; virgin males spent longer in copula than males with prior mating opportunities. However, differences in copulation duration did not translate into increased fecundity or fertilization success. There was also little evidence to suggest that fertilization success was dependent on the age of a male's sperm. The experiment highlights the potential direct benefits accrued by females through mating with particular aged males. Such benefits are largely ignored by traditional viability models of age-related male mating success},
	number = {1545},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Jones, T. M. and Elgar, M. A.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, reproductive effort, sexual selection, egg, ABILITY, AUSTRALIA, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, good genes, HOUSE, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATION, model, MODELS, survival, CONSEQUENCES, fecundity, insect, mating, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, female preference, HISTORIES, HISTORY, preference, MATES, age, genetics, ENVIRONMENT, viability, male mating success, mating success, COLEOPTERA, SET, male age, direct benefits, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, OLD MATES, COPULATION DURATION, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER FEMALES, STORAGE, mating history, Copula, OLDER MALES, DERMESTES-MACULATUS DEGEER, SEMEN QUALITY, sperm age},
	pages = {1311--1318}
}

@article{simmonsHEVOLUTIONOLYANDRY2005,
	title = {T {HE} {E} {VOLUTION} {OF} {P} {OLYANDRY} : {Sperm} {Competition} , {Sperm} {Selection} , and {Offspring} {Viability}},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.112501},
	journal = {Review Literature And Arts Of The Americas},
	author = {Simmons, Leigh W},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Maternal effects, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, intrinsic sire effects}
}

@article{calsbeekMultivariatePhenotypesPotential2010,
	title = {Multivariate phenotypes and the potential for alternative phenotypic optima in wall lizard ({Podarcis} muralis) ventral colour morphs.},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01978.x},
	abstract = {Abstract A major goal in evolutionary biology is to determine how phenotypic variation arises and is maintained in natural populations. Recent studies examining the morphological, physiological and behavioural differences among discrete colour morphotypes (morphs) have revealed several mechanisms that maintain discrete variation within populations, including frequency-dependence, density-dependence and correlational selection. For example, trade-offs over resource allocation to morphological, physiological and behavioural traits can drive correlational selection for morph-specific phenotypic optima. Here, we describe a ventral colour polymorphism in the wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) and test the hypothesis that morphs differ along multivariate axes defined by trade-offs in morphological, physiological, and immunological traits. We show that ventral colour is a discrete trait and that morphs differ in body size, prevalence of infection by parasites and infection intensity. We also find that morphs differ along multivariate phenotypic axes and experience different multivariate selection pressures. Our results suggest that multivariate selection pressures may favour alternative optimal morph-specific phenotypes in P. muralis.},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	author = {Calsbeek, B and Hasselquist, D and Clobert, J},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {alternative strategies},
	pages = {1--10}
}

@article{nordellResponseFemaleGuppies1998,
	title = {The response of female guppies, {Poecilia} reticulata, to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics},
	volume = {51},
	url = {ISI:000072605800010},
	abstract = {Predation is an important component of the life history and behavior of many fish. In some species of teleost fishes, conspecifics respond to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics by displaying a fright response, such as increased cohesion of schooling. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, display a fright response when exposed to a filtered extract made from wounded conspecifics. The schooling behavior of female guppies was observed for ten minute periods for each of three treatments: baseline treatment (no substances added to the aquarium water), sham treatment (distilled water added to the aquarium water), and alarm treatment (fish extract added to the aquarium water). Female guppies responded with a fright reaction when exposed to a filtered extract prepared from wounded conspecifics; female swam in a more cohesive school during the alarm treatment than they did in either the baseline or sham treatments. The guppy fright reaction response indicates that the fish extract is recognized by conspecifics},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental Biology of Fishes},
	author = {Nordell, S. E.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, fish, Fisher, fishes, guppies, guppy, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, response, reticulata, signals, BIOLOGY, COLOR PATTERNS, experiment, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, life-history evolution, display, BEHAVIOR, MALE PREDATION RISK, predation, CONSPECIFICS, SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR, MINNOWS PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS, alarm reaction, ALARM SUBSTANCE, ASTERROPTERYX-SEMIPUNCTATUS, DARTERS ETHEOSTOMA EXILE, FATHEAD MINNOWS, fish schooling, fright response, OLIGOCOTTUS-MACULOSUS, predation fish assessment},
	pages = {331--338}
}

@article{lorenzonContributionPhenotypicPlasticity2001,
	title = {The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to adaptation in {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {55},
	abstract = {Correlation between intraspecific phenotypic variability and variation of environmental conditions could reflect adaptation. Different phenotypes may result from differential expression of a genotype in different environments (phenotypic plasticity) or from expression of different genotypes (genetic diversity). Populations of Lacerta vivipara exhibit larger adult body length, lower age at maturity, higher fecundity, and smaller neonatal size in humid habitats compared to dry habitats. We conducted reciprocal transplants of juvenile L. vivipara to test for the genetic or plastic origin of this variation. We captured gravid females from four populations that differed in the relative humidity of their habitats, and during the last 2 to 4 weeks of gestation, we manipulated heat and water availability under laboratory conditions. Juveniles were released into the different populations and families were divided to compare growth rate and survival of half-sibs in two environments. Growth rate and survival were assessed using capture-recapture techniques. Growth rate was plastic in response to postnatal conditions and did not differ between populations of origin. Survival differed between populations of origin, partially because of differences in neonatal body length. The response of juvenile body length and body condition to selection in the different habitats was affected by the population of origin. This result cannot be simply interpreted in terms of adaptation; however, phenotypic plasticity of fecundity or juvenile size most probably resulted in adaptive reproductive strategies. Adaptation to the habitat by means of genetic specialization was not detected. Further investigation is needed to discriminate between genetic and long-term maternal effects.},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lorenzon, Pauline and Clobert, Jean and Massot, Manuel},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {392}
}

@article{dugatkinMalemaleAssociationPatterns1994,
	title = {Male-male association patterns and female proximity in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. E. and Sargent, R. C.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, association pattern,guppy,mate choice,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {141--145}
}

@article{chaseAggressiveInteractionsIntercontest1994,
	title = {Aggressive interactions and inter-contest interval: how long do winners keep winning?},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Chase, I. D. and Bartolomeo, C. and Dugatkin, L. A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, Aggressive interactions ,sunfish},
	pages = {393--400}
}

@article{findlayBehavioralEvolutionBiocultural1989a,
	title = {Behavioral evolution and biocultural games: {Vertical} cultural transmission},
	volume = {86},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Findlay, C. S. and Lumsden, C. J. and Hansell, R. I. C.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {evolution, call, transmission, biocultural game,cultural transmission,evolutionary game theory,stable strategy},
	pages = {568--572}
}

@article{marshallEarlySpermGets2004,
	title = {The early sperm gets the good egg: mating order effects in free spawners},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000222995100006},
	abstract = {Mating order can have important consequences for the fertilization success of males whose ejaculates compete to fertilize a clutch of eggs. Despite an excellent body of literature on mating-order effects in many animals, they have rarely been considered in marine free-spawning invertebrates, where both sexes release gametes into the water column. In this study, we show that in such organisms, mating order can have profound repercussions for male reproductive success. Using in vitro fertilization for two species of sea urchin we found that the 'fertilization history' of a clutch of eggs strongly influenced the size distribution of unfertilized eggs, and consequently the likelihood that they will be fertilized. Males that had first access to a batch of eggs enjoyed elevated fertilization success because they had privileged access to the largest and therefore most readily fertilizable eggs within a clutch. By contrast, when a male's sperm were exposed to a batch of unfertilized eggs left over from a previous mating event, fertilization rates were reduced, owing to smaller eggs remaining in egg clutches previously exposed to sperm. Because of this size-dependent fertilization, the fertilization history of eggs also strongly influenced the size distribution of offspring, with first-spawning males producing larger, and therefore fitter, offspring. These findings suggest that when there is variation in egg size, mating order will influence not only the quantity but also the quality of offspring sired by competing males},
	number = {1548},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Marshall, D. J. and Steinberg, P. D. and Evans, J. P.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {egg, competition, offspring, PERFORMANCE, quality, sex, sperm, TRAITS, variation, size, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, male reproductive success, paternity, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, PRECEDENCE, Offspring size, SEA-URCHIN, sexual selection,offspring size,sperm precedence, SPAWNING MARINE-INVERTEBRATES},
	pages = {1585--1589}
}

@article{husakHormonalResponseMale2009,
	title = {Hormonal {Response} of {Male} {Green} {Anole} {Lizards} ({Anolis} carolinensis) to {GnRH} {Challenge}},
	volume = {311A},
	issn = {1932-5223},
	url = {://WOS:000264315900005},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.507},
	abstract = {Circulating plasma levels of testosterone often differ among social classes of sexually mature males within a population, but the general physiological mechanisms underlying such differences remain unclear. Within sexually mature male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis), smaller "lightweight'' males have on average relatively smaller heads, lower bite-forces, and lower testosterone levels compared with larger "heavyweight'' males. We conducted gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) challenges on lightweight and heavyweight males to determine if lightweight males were capable of producing comparable levels of circulating testosterone to heavyweight males but are socially or physiologically suppressed from doing so. We challenged lightweight and heavyweight males with chicken I and II GnRH and measured their resulting levels of testosterone and corticosterone. Neither lightweights nor heavyweights increased circulating testosterone levels after GnRH challenge, suggesting they are already at maximal production levels, consistent with the Challenge Hypothesis. Instead, testosterone levels tended to decrease and corticosterone levels increased, most likely owing to the stress response associated with handling. Our results are dramatically different from GnRH challenges conducted in bird species, suggesting that more field studies are needed in reptilian systems. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:105-114, 2009. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology Part a-Ecological Genetics and Physiology},
	author = {Husak, J. F. and Irschick, D. J. and Henningsen, J. P. and Kirkbride, K. S. and Lailvaux, S. P. and Moore, I. T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {105--114}
}

@article{frankhamConservationGenetics1995,
	title = {Conservation genetics},
	volume = {29},
	url = {ISI:A1995TL71900012},
	abstract = {Inbreeding depression, accumulation and loss of deleterious mutations, loss of genetic variation in small populations, genetic adaptation to captivity and its effect on reintroduction success, and outbreeding depression are reviewed. The impact of genetic factors in endangerment and extinction has been underestimated in some recent publications. Inbreeding depression in wildlife and in the field has been clearly established, while its impact has been greatly underestimated. The size of populations where genetic factors become important is higher than previously recognized, as N-e/N ratios average 0.11. Purging effects have been overestimated as a mechanism for eliminating deleterious alleles in small populations. The impact of loss of genetic variation in increasing the susceptibility of populations to environmental stochasticity and catastrophes has generally been ignored. Consequently, extinctions are often attributed to ''nongenetic'' factors when these may have interacted with genetic factors to cause extinction},
	journal = {Annual Review of Genetics},
	author = {Frankham, R.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {evolution, fish, population, variation, size, CONSEQUENCES, SUCCESS, field, flies, lande, allele, heterozygosity, inbreeding, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, adaptation, extinction, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, genetic variation, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, mutation, MUTATIONS, outbreeding, purging, RATIO, REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS, GENETIC-VARIATION, MARKERS, SMALL POPULATIONS, alleles, CAPTIVE DROSOPHILA POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION GENETICS, genetic adaptation, MODELING PROBLEMS, RESISTANCE, outbreeding depression, endangered, scale, RECOVERY, stochasticity, DNA FINGERPRINTS},
	pages = {305--327}
}

@article{hiblerEffectVisualObstructions10,
	title = {The effect of visual obstructions on the sexual behaviour of guppies: the importance of privacy},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4KMYG1N-5/2/d4b96bbec02584e784af7a89620dada0},
	abstract = {Sexual selection is the outcome of behavioural interactions within and between the sexes. Numerous studies show how individuals modify their sexual behaviour in response to ecological or social conditions, and such changes may therefore affect the evolutionary outcome of sexual selection. Our study examined the effect of habitat structure on the sexual behaviour of male and female guppies, Poecilia reticulata. We asked whether the ability of males to observe other courting males would affect the rates of male courtship and courtship interference and the sexual responsiveness of females. Specifically, we manipulated visibility using opaque barriers in laboratory aquaria and found that there was less male interference behaviour in aquaria containing visual obstructions than in aquaria without barriers, regardless of whether the male was courting sexually responsive (virgin) or unresponsive (nonvirgin) females. In addition, sexual responsiveness of virgin females to male displays was significantly increased in aquaria with barriers relative to aquaria without barriers. Finally, the display frequency of males courting virgin females was significantly reduced in aquaria with barriers, probably as a result of the females' increased rate of sexual response. Evidently, the barriers impede visibility enough that males are less likely to observe and interfere with the courtship of other males, and therefore, females are less likely to flee or lose interest in a courting male. Ultimately, characteristics of the visual environment could affect females' ability to choose mates and in turn could potentially affect the evolutionary outcome of sexual selection},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Hibler, Tamara L. and Houde, Anne E.},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, ABILITY, behaviour, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, response, reticulata, selection, sex, SEXUAL-SELECTION, MATES, INDIVIDUALS, display, displays, male displays, condition, social, HABITAT, ENVIRONMENT, SEXES, RATES, behavioural interactions, FREQUENCIES, sexual behaviour, EVOLUTIONARY, responsiveness},
	pages = {959--964}
}

@article{riceAnalyzingTablesStatistical1989,
	title = {Analyzing tables of statistical tests},
	volume = {43},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rice, W. R.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {alpha level, Bonferroni},
	pages = {223--225}
}

@article{hirotaniDominanceRankCopulatory1994,
	title = {Dominance rank, copulatory behaviour and estimated reproductive success in male reindeer},
	volume = {48},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Hirotani, A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {behaviour, mate choice, reproductive success, dominance, dominance rank, reindeer, copulatory behaviour},
	pages = {929--936}
}

@article{orrHaldaneRuleHas1993,
	title = {Haldane's rule has multiple genetic causes},
	volume = {361},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Orr, H. A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {call, autosomes,Drosophila,Haldane's rule},
	pages = {532--533}
}

@article{quinnSiblingRecognitionOlfactory1986,
	title = {Sibling recognition and olfactory sensitivity in juvenile coho salmon (oncorhynchus-kisutch)},
	volume = {64},
	url = {ISI:A1986C507200020},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Quinn, T. P. and Hara, T. J.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {fish, P1, migration, imprinting, RECOGNITION, Canada, COHO SALMON, JUVENILE COHO SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, sibling recognition, OLFACTORY SENSITIVITY},
	pages = {921--925}
}

@article{richardsonParentageAssignmentExtragroup2001,
	title = {Parentage assignment and extra-group paternity in a cooperative breeder: the {Seychelles} warbler ({Acrocephalus} sechellensis)},
	volume = {10},
	url = {ISI:000171127700014},
	abstract = {We describe the development and initial application of a semiautomated parentage testing system in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). This system used fluorescently labelled primers for 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci in two multiplex loading groups to genotype efficiently over 96\% of the warbler population on Cousin island. When used in conjunction with the program cervus, this system provided sufficient power to assign maternity and paternity within the Seychelles warbler, despite the complications associated with its cooperative breeding system and a relatively low level of genetic variation. Parentage analyses showed that subordinate 'helper' females as well as the dominant 'primary' females laid eggs in communal nests, indicating that the Seychelles warbler has an intermediate level of female reproductive skew, in between the alternative extremes of helper-at-the-nest and joint nesting systems. Forty-four per cent of helpers bred successfully, accounting for 15\% of all offspring. Forty per cent of young resulted from extra-group paternity},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Richardson, D. S. and Jury, F. L. and Blaakmeer, K. and Komdeur, J. and Burke, T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, egg, competition, female, offspring, population, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, Y, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, inbreeding avoidance, POPULATIONS, birds, genetic variation, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, ISLAND, PARENTAGE, paternity, GENETIC-VARIATION, DNA, Acrocephalus, ARUNDINACEUS, GREAT REED WARBLER, cooperative breeding, extra-group paternity, FAIRY-WRENS, PAIR PATERNITY, CERVUS, COOPERATIVE BREEDER, INTRASPECIFIC BROOD PARASITISM, likelihood analysis, NEST PARASITISM},
	pages = {2263--2273}
}

@article{dadouneSpermatozoalRNAsWhat2009,
	title = {Spermatozoal {RNAs}: what about their functions?},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {1097-0029 (ELECTRONIC) 1059-910X (LINKING)},
	doi = {10.1002/jemt.20697},
	abstract = {The profound architectural changes that transform spermatids into spermatozoa result in a high degree of DNA packaging within the sperm head. However, the mature sperm chromatin that harbors imprinted genes exhibits a dual nucleoprotamine/nucleohistone structure with DNase-sensitive regions, which could be implicated in the establishment of efficient epigenetic information in the developing embryo. Despite its apparent transcriptionally inert state, the sperm nucleus contains diverse RNA populations, mRNAs, antisense and miRNAs, that have been transcribed throughout spermatogenesis. There is also an endogenous reverse transcriptase that may be activated under certain circumstances. It is now commonly accepted that sperm can deliver some RNAs to the ovocyte at fertilization. This review presents potential links between male-specific genomic imprinting, chromatin organization, and the presence of diverse RNA populations within the sperm nucleus and discusses the functional significance of these RNAs in the spermatozoon itself and in the early embryo following fertilization. Some recent data are provided, supporting the view that analyzing the profile of spermatozoal RNAs could be useful for assessment of male fertility.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Microsc Res Tech},
	author = {Dadoune, J. P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, Male, Humans, Genomic Imprinting, MicroRNAs/ physiology, RNA, Antisense/ physiology, RNA, Messenger/ physiology, Spermatozoa/ physiology},
	pages = {536--51}
}

@article{gasserLifehistoryCorrelatesEvolution2000,
	title = {Life-history correlates of evolution under high and low adult mortality},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Gasser, M. and Kaiser, M. and Berrigan, D. and Stearns, S. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, life history, allocation, predation, mortality},
	pages = {1260--1272}
}

@article{pilastroSexualSelectionSmall1997,
	title = {Sexual selection for small size in male mosquitofish ( {Gambusia} holbrooki )},
	volume = {264},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Pilastro, A. and Giacomello, E. and Bisazza, A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, size, call, Gambusia, mate choice,polymorphism,sneak-copulation,sexual selection},
	pages = {1125--1129}
}

@book{bartSamplingStatisticalMethods1998,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Sampling and statistical methods for behavioural ecologists},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Bart, J. and Fligner, M. A. and Notz, W. I.},
	year = {1998}
}

@article{clobertEvolutionDemographicTactics1998,
	title = {The evolution of demographic tactics in lizards: a test of some hypotheses concerning life history evolution},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000073826600005},
	doi = {10.1007/s000360050092},
	abstract = {We analyze, with an augmented data base, patterns of covariation of the three primary demographic parameters (age at maturity, fecundity, adult survival, all measured in the same unit of time) in lizards. This also constitutes a first attempt to use all three of these parameters for this group of species. We attempt to place these analyses in the framework of recent theories on life history evolution (Ferriere and Clobert, 1992; Charnov, 1993). Life history data were collected from the literature and from our original work, and a composite phylogeny was assembled, based on a variety of published sources. Using a phylogenetically based statistical method (independent contrasts), the allometric (log-log) relationship of fecundity (and of clutch size) in relation to snout-vent length was found to differ significantly between the two major clades of extant lizards, Iguania (43 species in our data set) and Scleroglossa (47 species). We therefore emphasize analyses done separately for the two clades. Without removing correlations with body size, the relationships between fecundity and survival, and between fecundity and age at maturity, were also found to differ between clades, which differs from Charnov's (1993) predictions. When correlations with body size were removed statistically, however, the two clades did not differ significantly in these relationships. In a principal components analysis (PCA) of the three demographic variables plus snout-vent length, the first axis explained the majority (53-57\%) of variation in both clades, while the second axis explained 27-31\% of the variation and loaded mainly on fecundity. In a PCA of size-adjusted demographic variables residuals (from log-log regressions on snout-vent length), the first axis explained 66-68\% of the variation and was clearly interpretable as the classical "slow-fast" continuum, which has been described in birds and mammals. The PCA of residuals did not provide clear evidence of additional significant patterns of covariation. However, the rate of evolution of mortality (size-corrected), but not of fecundity or age at maturity, differed significantly between clades. Furthermore, fecundity and age at maturity, both corrected for variation in adult mortality (in addition to body size), were still significantly related, indicating the existence of other patterns of variation in these life history traits. In other words, the ratios between age at maturity and adult mortality, or between fecundity and adult mortality, were not found to be invariant, because the variation not accounted for by these ratios was significantly associated with variation in another variable. This result contradicts the prediction of Charnov (1993), and suggests the existence of other directions of evolution in these life history traits.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Clobert, J. and Garland, T. and Barbault, R.},
	month = may,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {329--364}
}

@article{kruukEstimatingGeneticParameters2004,
	title = {Estimating genetic parameters in natural populations using the 'animal model'},
	volume = {359},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	url = {://WOS:000222444800002},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2003.1437},
	abstract = {Estimating the genetic basis of quantitative traits can be tricky for wild populations in natural environments, as environmental variation frequently obscures the underlying evolutionary patterns. I review the recent application of restricted maximum-likelihood 'animal models' to multigenerational data from natural populations, and show how the estimation of variance components and prediction of breeding values using these methods offer a powerful means of tackling the potentially confounding effects of environmental variation, as well as generating a wealth of new areas of investigation.},
	number = {1446},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Kruuk, L. E. B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {873--890}
}

@article{rantalaConditionDependencePheromones2003,
	title = {Condition dependence of pheromones and immune function in the grain beetle  {Tenebrio} molitor.},
	volume = {17},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Rantala, M. J. and Kortet, R. and Kotiaho, J. S. and Vainikka, A. and Suhonen, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {pheromone, condition, condition dependence, condition-dependence, immunocompetence, immune system},
	pages = {534--540}
}

@article{tregenzaBenefitsMultipleMates1998,
	title = {Benefits of multiple mates in the cricket  {Gryllus} bimaculatus},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Tregenza, T. and Wedell, N.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, mate choice,genetic incompatibility,polyandry,postcopulatory sexual selection,good genes,sperm competition},
	pages = {1726--1730}
}

@article{craigTailLengthSexual1989,
	title = {Tail length and sexual selection in the polygynous longtailed widow ( {Euplectes} progne ): a cautionary tale},
	volume = {85},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	author = {Craig, A. J. F. K.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, selection, Euplectes progne, tail length, sexual dimorphism, tail ornament size},
	pages = {523--524}
}

@article{hollocherIncipientSpeciationSexual1997,
	title = {Incipient speciation by sexual isolation in  {Drosophila} melanogaster : variation in mating preference and correlation between sexes},
	volume = {51},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Hollocher, H. and Tang, C. T. and Pollack, F. and Wu, C. I.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Drosophila, sex, variation, mating, preference, mating preference, speciation},
	pages = {1175--1181}
}

@article{brodieCautionaryTaleTwo2007,
	title = {A cautionary tale of two matrices: the duality of multivariate abstraction},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01219.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Brodie, E. D. and McGlothlin, J. W.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {multivariate},
	pages = {9--14}
}

@article{greenspanCourtshipDrosophila2000,
	title = {Courtship in  {Drosophila}},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Annual Review of Genetics},
	author = {Greenspan, R. J. and Ferveur, J. F.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, neurobiology, pleiotropy, SMRS},
	pages = {205--232}
}

@article{murrayAreEcologicalEvolutionary2001,
	title = {Are ecological and evolutionary theories scientific?},
	volume = {76},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Murray, B. G.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {theory, philosophy},
	pages = {255--289}
}

@article{bakkerPositiveGeneticCorrelation1993,
	title = {Positive genetic correlation between female preference and preferred male ornament in sticklebacks},
	volume = {363},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bakker, T. C. M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {indirect selection, Fisher, mate choice, ornament, female preference, preference, genetic correlation, runaway},
	pages = {255--257}
}

@article{kaweckiExperimentalEvolution10,
	title = {Experimental evolution},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534712001425},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2012.06.001},
	abstract = {Experimental evolution is the study of evolutionary processes occurring in experimental populations in response to conditions imposed by the experimenter. This research approach is increasingly used to study adaptation, estimate evolutionary parameters, and test diverse evolutionary hypotheses. Long applied in vaccine development, experimental evolution also finds new applications in biotechnology. Recent technological developments provide a path towards detailed understanding of the genomic and molecular basis of experimental evolutionary change, while new findings raise new questions that can be addressed with this approach. However, experimental evolution has important limitations, and the interpretation of results is subject to caveats resulting from small population sizes, limited timescales, the simplified nature of laboratory environments, and, in some cases, the potential to misinterpret the selective forces and other processes at work.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Kawecki, Tadeusz J. and Lenski, Richard E. and Ebert, Dieter and Hollis, Brian and Olivieri, Isabelle and Whitlock, Michael C.},
	pages = {547--560}
}

@article{arnoldAdaptiveLandscapeConceptual2001,
	title = {The adaptive landscape as a conceptual bridge between micro- and macroevolution},
	volume = {112-113},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Arnold, S. J. and Pfrender, M. E. and Jones, A. G.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {fitness, quantitative genetics, microevolution, fitness surface, adaptive landscape, gmax, macroevolution, selection surface},
	pages = {9--32}
}

@article{charlesworthDegenerationChromosomes2000,
	title = {The degeneration of {Y} chromosomes},
	volume = {355},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Charlesworth, B. and Charlesworth, D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Y, Y chromosome, antagonistic genes, chromosomes},
	pages = {1563--1572}
}

@article{freanRockscissorspaperSurvivalWeakest2001,
	title = {Rock-scissors-paper and the survival of the weakest},
	volume = {268},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Frean, M. and Abraham, E. R.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {survival, polymorphism, rock-paper-scissors},
	pages = {1323--1327}
}

@article{amundsenMalePreferenceColourful2003,
	title = {Male preference for colourful females affected by male size in a marine fish},
	volume = {54},
	url = {ISI:000183978400008},
	abstract = {It is becoming increasingly clear that mate preferences are not static, but can vary as a function of ecological conditions and the state of the choosing individual. This applies not only to females, the sex that has usually been the subject in research on mate preferences, but also to males. Under certain conditions, males should be selective in their choice of breeding partner. In the two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens, a small marine fish, breeding females develop conspicuous yellow-orange bellies, which they actively display to males during courtship. We have recently shown that males prefer more colourful females as mates. In this study, we test if the size of a male affects his preference for colourful females. Using three-compartment mate-choice aquaria, we recorded the interest shown by a male in two females differing in coloration but similar in size. Large and small males were equally eager to court females, but only large males showed a greater interest in the more colourful females. We suggest that small males are unselective because they usually obtain few mating opportunities, as a result of being unsuccessful in mate attraction or male contest competition. This study provides the first demonstration that the size of a male affects his preference for female colour},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Amundsen, T. and Forsgren, E.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, courtship, competition, fish, mate choice, predation risk, sex, size, mating, colour, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, male-male competition, display, condition, choosing, attraction, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, male mate choice, POTENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE RATES, 2-SPOTTED GOBY, female ornament,Gobiusculus flavescens,male mate choice,sexual selection,two-spotted goby, GOBIUSCULUS-FLAVESCENS FABRICIUS, OPERATIONAL SEX-RATIOS, POMATOSCHISTUS-MINUTUS, SAND GOBY},
	pages = {55--64}
}

@article{engqvistFemalesBenefitMating5,
	title = {Females benefit from mating with different males in the scorpionfly  {Panorpa} cognata},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/3/435},
	abstract = {The adaptive significance of female polyandry has become a recurrent subject of recent theoretical and empirical research. It has been argued that in addition to direct benefits, such as nuptial gifts or an adequate sperm supply, females may gain genetic benefits from mating with different males. Females of the scorpionfly Panorpa cognata mate with several males during their lifetime. In an experiment designed to rule out any direct nutritional benefit of multiple matings, I found that polyandrous females that mated with two different males achieved a significantly higher egg-hatching success than monandrous females that mated twice with the same male. However, individual males did not trigger the same response in different females as the egg-hatching success of different females that mated with one and same male did not correlate. The results, thus, do not conform to predictions from hypotheses assuming that genetic benefits of polyandry are influenced by the intrinsic genetic quality of males. The results are, however, consistent with the genetic incompatibility hypothesis. Nevertheless, substances from different males transferred during copulation may synergistically affect zygote viability. Furthermore, I discuss why paternity studies can only explicitly test the genetic incompatibility hypothesis if there are a priori expectations of female-male genome compatibilities},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Engqvist, Leif},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, quality, response, sperm, BENEFITS, mating, SUCCESS, experiment, multiple mating, nuptial gifts, polyandry, COMPATIBILITY, genetic quality, intrinsic, viability, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, paternity, genome, polyandrous females, direct benefits, scorpionfly, INCOMPATIBILITY, COPULATION, monandrous females},
	pages = {435--440}
}

@article{zukEffectsExperimentalManipulation1992,
	title = {Effects of experimental manipulation of male secondary sex characters on female mate preference in red jungle fowl},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Zuk, M. and Ligon, J. D. and Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, courtship, mate choice, sex, ornaments, mate preference, preference, widowbird, experimental manipulation, jungle fowl},
	pages = {999--1006}
}

@article{swensonInfanticideCausedHunting1997,
	title = {Infanticide caused by hunting of male bears},
	volume = {386},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://A1997WR25600034},
	language = {English},
	number = {6624},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Swenson, J. E. and Sandegren, F. and Soderberg, A. and Bjarvall, A. and Franzen, R. and Wabakken, P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {URSUS-ARCTOS POPULATION},
	pages = {450--451}
}

@article{angillettaEvolutionThermalPhysiology2010,
	title = {The evolution of thermal physiology in endotherms.},
	volume = {2},
	abstract = {Biologists usually refer to mammals and birds as homeotherms, but these animals universally experience regional and temporal variations in body temperature. These variations could represent adaptive strategies of heterothermy, which in turn would favor genotypes that function over a wide range of temperatures. This coadaptation of thermoregulation and thermosensitivity has been studied extensively among ectotherms, but remains unexplored among endotherms. In this review, we apply classical models of thermal adaptation to predict variation in body temperature within and among populations of mammals and birds. We then relate these predictions to observations generated by comparative and experimental studies. In general, optimality models can explain the qualitative effects of abiotic and biotic factors on thermoregulation. Similar insights should emerge when using models to predict variation in the thermosensitivity of endotherms, but the dearth of empirical data on this subject precludes a rigorous analysis at this time. Future research should focus on the selective pressures imposed by regional and temporal heterothermy in endotherms.},
	journal = {Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)},
	author = {Angilletta, Michael J and Cooper, Brandon S and Schuler, Matthew S and Boyles, Justin G},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {ANIMALS, Biological Evolution, Body Temperature Regulation, Adaptation, Physiological},
	pages = {861--81}
}

@article{charlesworthInbreedingDepressionIts1987,
	title = {Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences},
	volume = {18},
	url = {ISI:A1987K958800011},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {Charlesworth, D. and Charlesworth, B.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {choice, ECOLOGY, evolution, Fisher, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, selection, sex, variation, FERTILIZATION, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, ANIMALS, BIOLOGY, Darwin, lande, theory, form, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, philopatry, SEXES, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, GENETIC-BASIS, FLOW, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, heterosis, demography, FOREST},
	pages = {237--268}
}

@article{lamunyonEvolutionSpermSize1999,
	title = {Evolution of sperm size in nematodes: sperm competition favours larger sperm},
	volume = {266},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/266/1416/263.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.1999.0631},
	abstract = {In the freeâ€“living rhabditid nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, sperm size is a determinant of sperm competitiveness. Larger sperm crawl faster and physically displace smaller sperm to take fertilization priority, but not without a cost: larger sperm are produced at a slower rate. Here, we investigate the evolution of sperm size in the family Rhabditidae by comparing sperm among 19 species, seven of which are hermaphroditic (selfâ€“fertile hermaphrodites and males), the rest being gonochoristic (females and males). We found that sperm size differed significantly with reproductive mode: males of gonochoristic species had significantly larger sperm than did males of the hermaphroditic species. Because males compose 50\% of the populations of gonochoristic species but are rare in hermaphroditic species, the risk of maleâ€”male sperm competition is greater in gonochoristic species. Larger sperm have thus evolved in species with a greater risk of sperm competition. Our results support recent studies contending that sperm size may increase in response to sperm competition.},
	number = {1416},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {LaMunyon, Craig W. and Samuel, Ward},
	month = feb,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {263--267}
}

@article{ryanSexualSelectionReceiver1998,
	title = {Sexual selection, receiver biases, and the evolution of sex differences},
	volume = {281},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Ryan, M. J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, selection, sex, call, female preference evolution,mating systems},
	pages = {1999--2003}
}

@article{evansFemaleBehaviourMediates2002,
	title = {Female behaviour mediates male courtship under predation risk in the guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {52},
	url = {ISI:000179574400008},
	abstract = {Previous work has shown that under elevated predation risk, male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) switch from courtship to less conspicuous coercive mating attempts. This behavioural transition is traditionally interpreted as a 'risk-sensitive' response that makes males less conspicuous to predators. However, predation risk leads to behavioural changes (such as schooling and predator inspection) in females that may result in coercive mating attempts being more profitable in high-risk situations. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the switch to coercive mating by male guppies in high-risk situations is mediated by adjustments in female behaviour, rather than directly by the predator. We used replicate models resembling a known guppy predator to simulate predation risk in wild-caught guppies from a high-predation population in Trinidad. Our results revealed that males performed proportionately more coercive mating attempts when presented with a female that had been exposed previously to a model predator compared to when males were paired with non-exposed females. Total mating activity (combined rates of courtship and forced mating attempts) did not differ significantly among the two treatment groups, indicating that overall mating activity is unaffected by predation risk. Importantly, when we subsequently presented both sexes concurrently with a predator model, total mating activity and the proportion of forced mating attempts remained unchanged in the high-risk treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that the transition from courtship to forced mating attempts under elevated predation risk is mediated by changes in female behaviour, which we suggest may favour the use of coercive mating under high predation risk},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Kelley, J. L. and Ramnarine, I. W. and Pilastro, A.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {courtship, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, predation risk, response, reticulata, sex, model, MODELS, CONSEQUENCES, mating, PREFERENCES, POPULATIONS, predation, risk, alternative mating tactics, frog, threespine stickleback, SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENT, MATING-BEHAVIOR, TRANSITION, REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR, Poeciliidae, female behaviour, predators, ADJUSTMENT, sneaky mating, MALE TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES},
	pages = {496--502}
}

@article{perrinLocalCompetitionInbreeding2000,
	title = {Local competition, inbreeding, and the evolution of sex-biased dispersal},
	volume = {155},
	url = {ISI:000085699000011},
	abstract = {Using game theory, we developed a kin-selection model to investigate the consequences of local competition and inbreeding depression on the evolution of natal dispersal. Mating systems have the potential to favor strong sex biases in dispersal because sex differences in potential reproductive success affect the balance between local resource competition and local mate competition. No bias is expected when local competition equally affects males and females, as happens in monogamous systems and also in polygynous or promiscuous ones as long as female fitness is limited by extrinsic factors (breeding resources). In contrast, a male-biased dispersal is predicted when local mate competition exceeds local resource competition, as happens under polygyny/promiscuity when female fitness is limited by intrinsic factors (maximal rate of processing resources rather than resources themselves). This bias is reinforced by among-sex interactions: female philopatry enhances breeding opportunities for related males, while male dispersal decreases the chances that related females will inbreed. These results meet empirical patterns in mammals: polygynous/promiscuous species usually display a male-biased dispersal, while both sexes disperse in monogamous species. A parallel is drawn with sex-ratio theory, which also predicts biases toward the sex that suffers less from local competition. Optimal sex ratios and optimal sex-specific dispersal show mutual dependence, which argues for the development of coevolution models},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Perrin, N. and Mazalov, V.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, selection, sex, fitness, model, MODELS, resources, mutual, CONSEQUENCES, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, theory, sex ratio, natal dispersal, display, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MAMMALS, social, X, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, birds, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, mating system, mating systems, philopatry, related, RATIO, coevolution, mate competition, game theory, kin selection, SEX-RATIOS, sex-biased dispersal, STABILITY, SEX-RATIO, sex ratios, local mate competition, local competition, resource competition, GEOGRAPHICALLY STRUCTURED POPULATIONS, local resource competition, potential reproductive rate, TOWNSEND VOLES},
	pages = {116--127}
}

@article{coltmanMicrosatelliteMeasuresInbreeding2003,
	title = {Microsatellite measures of inbreeding: {A} meta-analysis},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000183500900004},
	abstract = {Meta-analyses of published and unpublished correlations between phenotypic variation and two measures of genetic variation at microsatellite loci, multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) and mean d(2), revealed that the strength of these associations are generally weak (mean r {\textless} 0.10). Effects on life-history trait variation were significantly greater than zero for both measures over all reported effect sizes (r = 0.0856 and 0.0479 for MLH and mean d(2), respectively), whereas effects on morphometric traits were not (r = 0.0052 and r = 0.0038), which is consistent with the prediction that life-history traits exhibit greater inbreeding depression than morphometric traits. Effect sizes reported using mean d(2) were smaller and more variable than those reported using MLH, suggesting that MLH may be a better metric for capturing inbreeding depression most of the time. However, analyses of paired effect sizes reported using both measures from the same data did not differ significantly. Several lines of evidence suggest that published effects sizes are upwardly biased. First, effect sizes from published studies were significantly higher than those reported in unpublished studies. Second, fail-safe numbers for reported effect sizes were generally quite low, with the exception of correlations between MLH and life-history traits. Finally, the slope of the regression of effect size on sample size was negative for most sets of traits. Taken together, these results suggest that studies designed to detect inbreeding depression on a life-history trait using microsatellites will need to sample in excess of 600 individuals to detect an average effect size (r = 0.10) with reasonable statistical power (0.80). Very few published studies have used samples sizes approaching this value},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Coltman, D. W. and Slate, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {association, ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, population, selection, TRAITS, variation, fitness, size, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, NUMBER, natural selection, phenotypic variation, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, loci, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, red deer, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, microsatellites, ASSOCIATIONS, genetic variation, outbreeding, GENETIC-VARIATION, statistical power, SET, heterosis, META-analysis, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, ALLOZYME, MULTILOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY, ASSOCIATIVE OVERDOMINANCE, heterozygosity-fitness correlations, mean d(2)},
	pages = {971--983}
}

@article{smithConservationSexdeterminingGene12,
	title = {Conservation of a sex-determining gene},
	volume = {402},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Smith, C. A. and McClive, P. J. and Western, P. S. and Reed, K. J. and Sinclair, A. H.},
	month = sep,
	keywords = {X, DMRT1,sex determination,SRY,X and Y chromosome},
	pages = {601--602}
}

@article{marietteEffectsInbreedingMale2006,
	title = {The effects of inbreeding on male courtship behaviour and coloration in guppies},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {0179-1613},
	url = {://000239004200009},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Mariette, M. and Kelley, J. L. and Brooks, R. and Evans, J. P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate-choice, POECILIA-RETICULATA, CONSEQUENCES, life-history, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, LEK PARADOX, CONDITION-DEPENDENT TRAITS, genetic variance},
	pages = {807--814}
}

@article{wapstraBreedingRecordDelicate1986,
	title = {Breeding record of the delicate skink {Leiolopisma} delicata in southern {Tasmania}},
	issn = {0819-6826},
	url = {://ZOOREC:ZOOR12300057119},
	journal = {Tasmanian Naturalist},
	author = {Wapstra, M. and Wapstra, E.},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {5--6}
}

@book{sadlerManagingYourAcademic2003,
	address = {St Leonards, NSW},
	title = {Managing your {Academic} {Career}: {Strategies} for {Success}},
	publisher = {Allen \& Unwin},
	author = {Sadler, D. R.},
	year = {2003}
}

@article{jigginsSexlinkedHybridSterility2001,
	title = {Sex-linked hybrid sterility in a butterfly},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Jiggins, C. D. and Linares, M. and Naisbit, R. E. and Salazar, C. and Yang, Z. H. and Mallet, J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {butterfly, Y, Y chromosome, Haldanes' rule, hybrid, hybrid sterility, heterogametic, Z chromosome},
	pages = {1631--1638}
}

@article{pattersonNewTypeIsolating1946,
	title = {A new type of isolating mechanism in {Drosophila}},
	number = {32},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Patterson, J.T.},
	year = {1946},
	pages = {202--208}
}

@article{youngPopulationGeneticStructure2011,
	title = {Population genetic structure and a possible role for selection in driving phenotypic divergence in a rainbowfish ({Melanotaeniidae})},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0024-4066},
	url = {://WOS:000285305000013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01558.x},
	abstract = {Quantitative genetic divergence may be driven by drift or selection. The rainbowfish Melanotaenia australis exhibits phenotypic divergence among populations in Western Australia, although the mechanisms driving this divergence are unknown. We used microsatellites to assess neutral genetic divergence (F(ST)), and found a hierarchical pattern of subdivision consistent with low divergence between upstream and downstream populations (within drainages), moderate divergence between drainages (within regions), and high divergence between regions. Using a common-garden approach, we measured quantitative genetic divergence in phenotypic traits (Q(ST)). By comparing this to expectations from neutral processes (F(ST)), we concluded that the effect of selection varies depending on the spatial scale considered. Within drainages, selection may be causing divergence between upstream and downstream phenotypes but, between regions, selection appears to homogenize phenotypes. This highlights the importance of spatial scale in studies of this kind, and suggests that, because variance in selection pressures can drive speciation, polymorphism in M. australis may represent speciation in action. (c) 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102, 144-160.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Young, M. J. and Evans, J. P. and Simmons, L. W.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {plasticity, microsatellite, polymorphism, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, QUANTITATIVE TRAITS, gene flow, biogeography, local adaptation, australis, BODY SHAPE, CONTRASTING PATTERNS, FRESH-WATER FISH, genetic subdivision, MARKER LOCI, Melanotaenia splendida, NEUTRAL THEORY, neutral variation, WESTERN-AUSTRALIA},
	pages = {144--160}
}

@article{cadbyPotentiallyAdaptiveEffects2011,
	title = {Potentially adaptive effects of maternal nutrition during gestation on offspring phenotype of a viviparous reptile},
	volume = {214},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	url = {://WOS:000297684200024},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.057349},
	abstract = {Viviparous reptiles have been used as model species for many studies that seek to explain the evolution of viviparity. The vast majority of such studies have focused on the advantage viviparity provides with regards to maternal control of embryonic developmental temperature. However, viviparity may also allow increased control of nutrient transfer, such that mothers adaptively manipulate offspring phenotype through varying maternal nutritional support. Because maternal nutritional transfer is temperature dependent, maternal nutritional strategies may vary between climatically distinct populations. In this study we used an orthogonal experimental design in which mothers and offspring from climatically distinct populations of a viviparous skink (Niveoscincus ocellatus) were allocated randomly to either a protein-rich or a protein-poor diet. Our results suggest that N. ocellatus mothers are able to compensate for sub-optimal nutritional conditions and can adaptively manipulate offspring phenotype to best fit the postnatal nutritional environment. Furthermore, maternal nutritional strategies appear to vary between climatically distinct populations. These results suggest that in viviparous reptiles, matrotrophy provides a means of producing an adaptive offspring phenotype, in addition to maternal control of developmental temperature.},
	number = {24},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Cadby, Chloe D. and Jones, Susan M. and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {4234--4239}
}

@article{lacyHierarchicalAnalysisInbreeding1996,
	title = {Hierarchical analysis of inbreeding depression in {Peromyscus} polionotus},
	volume = {50},
	url = {ISI:A1996WB94600007},
	abstract = {The severity of inbreeding depression appears to vary among taxa, but few ecological or other patterns have been identified that predict accurately which taxa are most sensitive to inbreeding. To examine the causes of heterogeneity in inbreeding depression, the effects of inbreeding on reproduction, survival, and growth were measured in three replicate experimental stocks for each of three subspecies of Peromyscus polionotus mice. Inbreeding of the dam reduced the probability of breeding, the probability of producing a second litter, and litter size. Inbreeding of the litter caused depression of litter size, juvenile viability, and mass at weaning, and caused an increase in the within-litter variance in mass. In spite of differences between the subspecies in natural population sizes, genetic variation, and mean rates of reproduction and survival, all variation observed between experimental populations in their responses to inbreeding could be attributed to random founder effects. The genetic load of deleterious alleles in each replicate was unequally partitioned among its founder pairs, and different founders contributed to the load affecting different fitness components. Thus, inbreeding depression for any one fitness component, in our experimental environment, must be due to relatively few deleterious alleles with major effects. Genetic loads so comprised would be expected to diverge among natural populations due to both random drift and selective removal of recessive deleterious alleles during population bottlenecks. The near universality of inbreeding depression would be maintained, however, if different alleles contribute to inbreeding depression of different fitness components and in different environments},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lacy, R. C. and Alaks, G. and Walsh, A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, PAIR, population, response, variation, fitness, size, survival, SUCCESS, ANIMALS, Darwin, GROWTH, lande, reproduction, allele, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, genetic variation, ENVIRONMENT, patterns, VARIANCE, viability, RESPONSES, bottleneck, GENETIC LOAD, load, population bottlenecks, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, PROBABILITY, GENETIC-VARIATION, MICE, alleles, heterosis, fitness components, PEROMYSCUS-POLIONOTUS, FOUNDER, CAPTIVE POPULATIONS, Peromyscus polionotus, founder effect},
	pages = {2187--2200}
}

@article{manierAnalyticalFrameworkEstimating2013,
	title = {An analytical framework for estimating fertilization bias and the fertilization set from multiple sperm-storage organs},
	volume = {82},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Manier, M. K. and Lupold, S. and Pitnick, S. and Starmer, W.T.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {552--561}
}

@article{griffithsSexSchoolingBehaviour1998,
	title = {Sex and schooling behaviour in the {Trinidadian} guppy},
	volume = {56},
	url = {ISI:000076287400020},
	abstract = {We tested the hypothesis that sexual asymmetry in mating costs affects choice of schooling partner in fish. Female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, from the Tacarigua River, Trinidad, associated preferentially with other (familiar) females from their natural wild school, while males did not show such a preference. This implies that wild guppy schools are not random assemblages of conspecifics. Females form the core of natural schools while males seem to trade off the potential advantages of schooling with familiar conspecifics against increased mobility in search of mating opportunities. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to cooperative behaviour, gene flow and population differentiation. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Griffiths, S. W. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, fishes, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, predation risk, reticulata, selection, sex, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, ENGLAND, preference, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, form, cost, costs, POPULATIONS, WILD, SCOTLAND, asymmetry, trade-off, CONSPECIFICS, SEXES, TRINIDAD, SEARCH, ADVANTAGE, differentiation, FLOW, gene flow, cooperative behaviour, population differentiation, WILD GUPPY, ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR, BIASED DISPERSAL, SELFISH HERD, SHOALING BEHAVIOR},
	pages = {689--693}
}

@article{endlerSensoryEcologyReceiver1998,
	title = {Sensory {Ecology}, receiver biases and sexual selection},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Endler, J. A. and Basolo, A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, sensory drive, pre-existing receiver biases, pre-existing bias, sensory exploitation},
	pages = {415--420}
}

@article{allaineRELATIONSHIPFECUNDITYADULT1987,
	title = {{THE} {RELATIONSHIP} {BETWEEN} {FECUNDITY} {AND} {ADULT} {BODY}-{WEIGHT} {IN} {HOMEOTHERMS}},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://WOS:A1987J910100022},
	doi = {10.1007/bf00385268},
	number = {3},
	journal = {OECOLOGIA},
	author = {Allaine, D. and Pontier, D. and Gaillard, J. M. and Lebreton, J. D. and Trouvilliez, J. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {478--480}
}

@article{webbQuantitativeGeneticsSound1992,
	title = {The quantitative genetics of sound production in  {Gryllus} firmus},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Webb, K. L. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {call, quantitative genetics, genetics, sound, cricket,heritability,mate choice,sound,species recognition},
	pages = {823--832}
}

@article{pomiankowskiSwordplaySensoryBias1994,
	title = {Swordplay and sensory bias},
	volume = {368},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {call, female preference,ornaments},
	pages = {494--495}
}

@article{wintersGeneDispersalOutbreeding2003,
	title = {Gene dispersal and outbreeding in a philopatric mammal},
	volume = {12},
	url = {ISI:000184178000018},
	abstract = {Extensive mark-recapture data from banner-tailed kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis , have shown that both males and females are highly philopatric and suggest the possibility of close inbreeding. However, indirect analyses based on genetic structure appear to contradict direct observations, suggesting longer dispersal distances. Using microsatellite genotypes from most members of a banner-tailed kangaroo rat population during five successive breeding seasons, we ask how relatedness is influenced by dispersal and how it in turn influences mating patterns. The data confirm that, because of philopatry, neighbours are often close relatives. However, patterns of parentage also show that the average distance between mates is large relative to natal dispersal distances and larger than the average distance between nearest opposite-sexed neighbours. Females' mates were often not their nearest male neighbour and many were less related than the nearest male neighbour. We detected multiple paternity in some females' litters; both sexes produce offspring with multiple mates within and between breeding seasons. At the population level, heterozygosities were high and estimates of F were low, indicating that levels of inbreeding were low. Using individual inbreeding coefficients of all juveniles to estimate their parents' relatedness, we found that parental relatedness was significantly lower than relatedness between nearest opposite-sexed adult neighbours. Thus in philopatric populations, long breeding forays can cause genes to move further than individuals disperse, and polyandry may serve to reduce relatedness between mates},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Winters, J. B. and Waser, P. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, genes, MALES, MATE, mate choice, offspring, population, sex, mating, polyandry, Rats, natal dispersal, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, philopatry, related, patterns, outbreeding, MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS, PARENTAGE, paternity, peacock, MARKERS, mark-recapture, DISTANCE, multiple paternity, parental relatedness, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, dispersal distances, mating patterns, MATING-BEHAVIOR, GROUND-SQUIRRELS, INCOMPATIBILITY, DIPODOMYS-SPECTABILIS, KANGAROO-RATS, BANNERTAIL KANGAROO RATS, MULTIPLE MATES},
	pages = {2251--2259}
}

@article{wingeExperimentalAlterationSex1936,
	title = {The experimental alteration of sex chromosomes into autosomes and vice versa, as illustrated by  {Lebistes}},
	volume = {21},
	journal = {Journal of Genetics},
	author = {Winge, ™},
	year = {1936},
	keywords = {sex, call, Lebistes, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, autosomes, Lebistes reticulatus, autosome},
	pages = {1--49}
}

@article{cotePersonalitydependentDispersalCharacterization2010,
	title = {Personality-dependent dispersal: characterization, ontogeny and consequences for spatially structured populations},
	volume = {365},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	url = {://WOS:000284208600013},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2010.0176},
	abstract = {Dispersal is one of the most fundamental components of ecology, and affects processes as diverse as population growth, metapopulation dynamics, gene flow and adaptation. Although the act of moving from one habitat to another entails major costs to the disperser, empirical and theoretical studies suggest that these costs can be reduced by having morphological, physiological or behavioural specializations for dispersal. A few recent studies on different systems showed that individuals exhibit personality-dependent dispersal, meaning that dispersal tendency is associated with boldness, sociability or aggressiveness. Indeed, in several species, dispersers not only develop behavioural differences at the onset of dispersal, but display these behavioural characteristics through their life cycle. While personality-dependent dispersal has been demonstrated in only a few species, we believe that it is a widespread phenomenon with important ecological consequences. Here, we review the evidence for behavioural differences between dispersers and residents, to what extent they constitute personalities. We also examine how a link between personality traits and dispersal behaviours can be produced and how personality-dependent dispersal affects the dynamics of metapopulations and biological invasions. Finally, we suggest future research directions for population biologists, behavioural ecologists and conservation biologists such as how the direction and the strength of the relationship between personality traits and dispersal vary with ecological contexts.},
	number = {1560},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Cote, J. and Clobert, J. and Brodin, T. and Fogarty, S. and Sih, A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {4065--4076}
}

@article{kruukFluctuatingAsymmetrySecondary2003,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry in a secondary sexual trait: no associations with individual fitness, environmental stress or inbreeding, and no heritability},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jeb},
	abstract = {Abstract It has been suggested that fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in secondary sexual traits may be a useful indicator of either individual quality or environmental stress. We tested this concept using a series of analyses of FA in male antler size in a wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) population, using four measures of size repeated across successive years on the same individuals. We found no consistent evidence of correlations between traits in levels of FA, nor of any associations between known environmental or developmental conditions. None of the four measures of FA showed a significant heritability (average h2=0.041), nor was there any evidence of inbreeding depression. For three of the four traits, fluctuating asymmetry did not predict either annual or lifetime breeding success. However there were significant associations between breeding success and FA in antler length. Given the series of null results in our other tests, it seems likely that this was a direct mechanistic effect rather than because measures of FA were indicative of individual quality or condition},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Kruuk, L. E. B. and Slate, J. and Pemberton, J. M. and Clutton-Brock, T. H.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {association, population, quality, TRAITS, fitness, size, heritability, SUCCESS, INDIVIDUALS, condition, inbreeding, red deer, WILD, BREEDING SUCCESS, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, ASSOCIATIONS, environmental stress, STRESS, asymmetry, indicator, LENGTH, fluctuating asymmetry, TESTS, FA, Cervus elaphus, CERVUS},
	pages = {101--113}
}

@article{boulSexualSelectionDrives2007,
	title = {Sexual selection drives speciation in an {Amazonian} frog},
	volume = {274},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000243354100012},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3736},
	abstract = {One proposed mechanism of speciation is divergent sexual selection, whereby divergence in female preferences and male signals results in behavioural isolation. Despite the appeal of this hypothesis, evidence for it remains inconclusive. Here, we present several lines of evidence that sexual selection is driving behavioural isolation and speciation among populations of an Amazonian frog (Physalaemus petersi). First, sexual selection has promoted divergence in male mating calls and female preferences for calls between neighbouring populations, resulting in strong behavioural isolation. Second, phylogenetic analysis indicates that populations have become fixed for alternative call types several times throughout the species' range, and coalescent analysis rejects genetic drift as a cause for this pattern, suggesting that this divergence is due to selection. Finally, gene flow estimated with microsatellite loci is an average of 30 times lower between populations with different call types than between populations separated by a similar geographical distance with the same call type, demonstrating genetic divergence and incipient speciation. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that sexual selection is driving behavioural isolation and speciation, supporting sexual selection as a cause for speciation in the wild.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1608},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Boul, K. E. and Funk, W. C. and Darst, C. R. and Cannatella, D. C. and Ryan, M. J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, call, PREFERENCES, COMPLEX, POPULATIONS, patterns, speciation, gene flow, morphology, call variation, leptodactylidae, Physalaemus, physalaemus-pustulosus, pustulosus species group, tungara frog},
	pages = {399--406}
}

@article{veigaBadgeSizePhenotypic1993,
	title = {Badge size, phenotypic quality, and reproductive success in the house sparrow: a study on honest advertisement},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Veiga, J. P.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {quality, size, reproductive success, honest advertisement, badge size, house sparrow, phenotypic quality},
	pages = {1161--1170}
}

@article{vonschantzArtificialSelectionIncreased1995,
	title = {Artificial selection for increased comb size and its effects on other sexual characters and viability in  {Gallus} domesticus  (the domestic chicken)},
	volume = {75},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {von Schantz, T. and Tufvesson, M. and G”ransson, G. and Grahn, M. and Wilhelmson, M. and Wittzell, H.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {selection, sexual characters, size, artificial selection, viability, costs,handicap,selection experiment,comb size,viability costs,correlated response},
	pages = {518--529}
}

@article{civettaCorrelatedEffectsSperm2000,
	title = {Correlated effects of sperm competition and postmating female mortality},
	volume = {97},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Civetta, A. and Clark, A. G.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {competition, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, antagonistic coevolution, mortality, inter-sexual conflict, seminal toxins},
	pages = {13162--13165}
}

@article{hugieMovementPatchesUnequal1998,
	title = {Movement between patches, unequal competitors and the ideal free distribution},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Hugie, D. M. and Grand, T. C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {ideal free distribution},
	pages = {1--19}
}

@article{olssonTESTINGQUALITYCARRIER2009,
	title = {{TESTING} {THE} {QUALITY} {OF} {A} {CARRIER}: {A} {FIELD} {EXPERIMENT} {ON} {LIZARD} {SIGNALERS}},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000263679800011},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00569.x},
	abstract = {In the Australian painted dragon lizard (Ctenophorus pictus), males occur in two different morphs with respect to gular color, with or without a yellow bib. Males without a bib lost within-clutch paternity significantly more often to rivals than bibbed males. Thus, it appears that bibs identify some phenotypic advantage linked to competitive ability. To test whether this could be related to whole-organism capacity to withstand an increased workload (due to better health and vigor, or evolved differences in self-maintenance), we implanted males with a lead pellet (loaded), Styrofoam pellet (controls), or sham-operated males without implants (shams), and compared male categories with respect to how they maintained body mass during the mating season. Somewhat unexpectedly, bibbed males consistently lost more body weight across all treatments and controls, although we could not verify that this translated into higher mortality in this short-lived animal (about 80\% survive for one year only). However, bibbed males may invest more into "mating success" than nonbibbed males, which agrees with our experimental results and paternity data.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Healey, Mo and Wapstra, Erik and Uller, Tobias},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {695--701}
}

@article{candolinUseMultipleCues2003,
	title = {The use of multiple cues in mate choice},
	volume = {78},
	url = {ISI:000187287300003},
	abstract = {An increasing number of studies find females to base their mate choice on several cues. Why this occurs is debated and many different hypotheses have been proposed. Here I review the hypotheses and the evidence in favour of them. At the same time I provide a new categorisation based on the adaptiveness of the preferences and the information content of the cues. A few comparative and empirical studies suggest that most multiple cues are Fisherian attractiveness cues or uninformative cues that occur alongside a viability indicator and facilitate detection, improve signal reception, or are remnants from past selection pressures. However, much evidence exists for multiple cues providing additional information and serving as multiple messages that either indicate general mate quality or enable females that differ in mate preferences to choose the most suitable male. Less evidence exists for multiple cues serving as back-up signals. The importance of receiver psychology, multiple sensory environments and signal interaction in the evolution of multiple cues and preferences has received surprisingly little attention but may be of crucial importance. Similarly, sexual conflict has been proposed to result in maladaptive preferences for manipulative cues, and in neutral preferences for threshold cues, but no reliable evidence exists so far. An important factor in the evolution of multiple preferences is the cost of using additional cues. Most theoretical work assumes that the cost of choice increases with the number of cues used, which restricts the conditions under which preferences for multiple cues are expected to evolve. I suggest that in contrast to this expectation, the use of multiple cues can reduce mate choice costs by decreasing the number of mates inspected more closely or the time and energy spent inspecting a set of mates. This may be one explanation for why multiple cues are more common than usually expected. Finally I discuss the consequences that the use of multiple cues may have for the process of sexual selection, the maintenance of genetic variation, and speciation},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	author = {Candolin, U.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Attractiveness, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, Fisher, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, quality, selection, sex, variation, INCREASE, mate quality, signals, CONSEQUENCES, MAINTENANCE, PREFERENCES, Darwin, lande, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, theory, Y, sexual conflict, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, condition, cost, costs, conflict, COMMON, genetic variation, ENVIRONMENT, viability, threshold, species recognition, speciation, asymmetry, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, INCREASES, indicator, GENETIC-VARIATION, sexually selected traits, carotenoid, male ornaments, carotenoids, FEMALE PIED FLYCATCHERS, RED JUNGLE FOWL, viability indicators, cost of choice, GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA, territory quality, receiver psychology, multiple ornaments, MALLARD MATING PREFERENCES, multiple preferences, multicomponent signals, amplifiers, mate choice costs, signal interaction, unreliable signals},
	pages = {575--595}
}

@article{vanoosterhoutGuppyConservationModel2007,
	title = {The guppy as a conservation model: {Implications} of parasitism and inbreeding for reintroduction success},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	url = {://000251764200027},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00809.x},
	abstract = {Ex situ conservation is of increasing importance to prevent the extinction of endangered animals in the wild. Despite low success rates of reintroduction programs few researchers have investigated empirically the efficacy of captive breeding regimes for the release of captive-bred vertebrates. We used guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from two populations in Trinidad to compare different conservation breeding regimes. The upper Aripo population was chosen for its small effective population size (N-e approximate to 100) and genetic isolation, which makes it representative of many endangered natural populations. By contrast, the lower Aripo population is a genetically diverse, much larger population (N-e approximate to 2400). We examined three captive-breeding regimes: (1) inbreeding fish crossed with their full siblings, (2) minimized inbreeding, no consanguineous matings, and (3) control fish crossed at random. We kept pedigree records for all regimes so that we could calculate inbreeding coefficients over four generations. The body size and fertility of guppies was significantly reduced due to inbreeding depression. The genetic load of sterile equivalents was particularly high for the lower Aripo population. Body size also declined due to breeding conditions in the captive environment. After four generations in captivity, the fish were released into a mesocosm in Trinidad. Captive-bred guppies were extremely susceptible to gyrodactylid parasites (58\% survival rate) compared with their wild counterparts (96\% survival). A reduced level of immunogenetic variation due to inbreeding and lack of exposure to natural parasites may have rendered captive-bred individuals more prone to infectious disease. The threat of disease outbreak is particularly high when naive captive-bred hosts are released in wild populations. Susceptible, captive-bred hosts could facilitate the transmission of parasites throughout the wild population, thus initiating an epidemic. This risk could potentially be reduced by prior exposure to parasites before release and gradual release of captive-bred individuals.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Van Oosterhout, C. and Smith, A. M. and Hanfling, B. and Ramnarine, I. W. and Mohammed, R. S. and Cable, J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, selection, parasites, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, MHC, genetic variation, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, genetic adaptation, RESISTANCE, immunocompetence, CAPTIVE POPULATIONS, Gyrodactylus, captive breeding, 2 WILD POPULATIONS, ex situ conservation, FERRET MUSTELA-NIGRIPES, GYRODACTYLUS-TURNBULLI, resistance to gyrodactylids, sterile equivalents},
	pages = {1573--1583}
}

@article{massotProcessesOriginSimilarities2000,
	title = {Processes at the origin of similarities in dispersal behaviour among siblings},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Massot, M and Clobert, J},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {707--719}
}

@article{belliureDispersalDistancesPredict2000,
	title = {Dispersal distances predict subspecies richness in birds},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:000087030000012},
	abstract = {Dispersal ability has been hypothesized to reduce intraspecific differentiation by homogenizing populations. On the other hand, long-distance dispersers may have better opportunities to colonize novel habitats, which could result in population divergence. Using direct estimates of natal and breeding dispersal distances, we investigated the relationship between dispersal distances and: (i) population differentiation, assessed as subspecies richness; (ii) ecological plasticity, assessed as the number of habitats used for breeding; and (iii) wing size, assessed as wing length. The number of subspecies was negatively correlated with dispersal distances. This was the case also after correcting for potential confounding factors such as migration and similarity due to common ancestry. Dispersal was not a good predictor of ecological plasticity, suggesting that long-distance dispersers do not have more opportunities to colonize novel habitats. Residual wing length was related to natal dispersal, but only for sedentary species. Overall, these results suggest that dispersal can have a homogenizing effect on populations and that low dispersal ability might promote speciation.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Belliure, J. and Sorci, G. and Moller, A. P. and Clobert, J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {480--487}
}

@article{lailvauxPerformanceNoProxy2010a,
	title = {Performance is no proxy for genetic quality: tradeoffs between locomotion, attractiveness and life-history in crickets},
	volume = {91},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Lailvaux, Simon P. and Hall, Matt P. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1530--1537}
}

@article{ala-honkolaInbreedingRevealsMode2013,
	title = {Inbreeding reveals mode of past selection on male reproductive characters in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	url = {://WOS:000322002400023},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.625},
	abstract = {Directional dominance is a prerequisite of inbreeding depression. Directionality arises when selection drives alleles that increase fitness to fixation and eliminates dominant deleterious alleles, while deleterious recessives are hidden from it and maintained at low frequencies. Traits under directional selection (i.e., fitness traits) are expected to show directional dominance and therefore an increased susceptibility to inbreeding depression. In contrast, traits under stabilizing selection or weakly linked to fitness are predicted to exhibit little-to-no inbreeding depression. Here, we quantify the extent of inbreeding depression in a range of male reproductive characters and then infer the mode of past selection on them. The use of transgenic populations of Drosophila melanogaster with red or green fluorescent-tagged sperm heads permitted in vivo discrimination of sperm from competing males and quantification of characteristics of ejaculate composition, performance, and fate. We found that male attractiveness (mating latency) and competitive fertilization success (P-2) both show some inbreeding depression, suggesting they may have been under directional selection, whereas sperm length showed no inbreeding depression suggesting a history of stabilizing selection. However, despite having measured several sperm quality and quantity traits, our data did not allow us to discern the mechanism underlying the lowered competitive fertilization success of inbred (f=0.50) males.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Ala-Honkola, O. and Hosken, D. J. and Manier, M. K. and Lupold, S. and Droge-Young, E. M. and Berben, K. S. and Collins, W. F. and Belote, J. M. and Pitnick, S.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {choice, Attractiveness, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, life-history, inbreeding depression, Drosophila melanogaster, fluctuating asymmetry, fitness components, ejaculate quality, competitive fertilization success, courtship behavior, endangered ungulate, female sperm, male-mating-behavior, past, population prediction, sperm length},
	pages = {2089--2102}
}

@article{cheverudQuantitativeGeneticsDevelopment1983,
	title = {Quantitative genetics of development: genetic correlations among age-specific trait values and the evolution of ontogeny},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Cheverud, J. M. and Rutledge, J. J. and Atchley, W. R.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {evolution, quantitative genetics, genetics, genetic correlation, ontogenies, variable gene effects},
	pages = {895--905}
}

@article{lindholmCausesMaleSexual2014,
	title = {Causes of male sexual trait divergence in introduced populations of guppies},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12313},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.12313},
	abstract = {Males from different populations of the same species often differ in their sexually selected traits. Variation in sexually selected traits can be attributed to sexual selection if phenotypic divergence matches the direction of sexual selection gradients among populations. However, phenotypic divergence of sexually selected traits may also be influenced by other factors, such as natural selection and genetic constraints. Here, we document differences in male sexual traits among six introduced Australian populations of guppies and untangle the forces driving divergence in these sexually selected traits. Using an experimental approach, we found that male size, area of orange coloration, number of sperm per ejaculate and linear sexual selection gradients for male traits differed among populations. Within populations, a large mismatch between the direction of selection and male traits suggests that constraints may be important in preventing male traits from evolving in the direction of selection. Among populations, however, variation in sexual selection explained more than half of the differences in trait variation, suggesting that, despite within-population constraints, sexual selection has contributed to population divergence of male traits. Differences in sexual traits were also associated with predation risk and neutral genetic distance. Our study highlights the importance of sexual selection in trait divergence in introduced populations, despite the presence of constraining factors such as predation risk and evolutionary history.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Lindholm, A. K. and Head, M. L. and Brooks, R. C. and Rollins, L. A. and Ingleby, F. C. and Zajitschek, S. R. K.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Poecilia reticulata, natural selection, population divergence, predation, COLORATION, selection gradient, genetic drift, alignment, introduced populations},
	pages = {437--448}
}

@article{readReadHarveyReply1989,
	title = {Read and {Harvey} reply},
	volume = {340},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Read, A. F. and Harvey, P. H.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sexual selection, parasite load, colouration},
	pages = {105--105}
}

@article{pitcherMalePhenotypeSperm2001,
	title = {Male phenotype and sperm number in the guppy ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:000172265900017},
	abstract = {The idea that female mate choice might be adaptive is relatively easy to understand in species with resource-based mating systems in which females gain access to a territory, food, or other forms of parental care from the males with whom they mate. In contrast, the evolution of female mate choice in species exhibiting resource-free mating systems remains controversial. One such species in which males contribute nothing but sperm during mating is the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Here, we examined whether female guppies can obtain information on male fertility (i.e., direct fertility benefits) via cues used during mate choice. Specifically, we examined whether male guppy colour patterns, body size, and mating behaviour signal their functional fertility, that is, their ability to supply a large number of sperm at copulation. We found significant correlations between male phenotype parameters and the number of sperm in male guppies originating from two wild Trinidadian populations. There were, however, significant interpopulation differences with respect to which traits were good predictors of sperm load. In the low-predation Paria River population, larger males and males with relatively more carotenoid colouration had significantly larger sperm loads, but mating behaviour (i.e., sigmoids) and melanin colouration were not good predictors of sperm load. In the high-predation Tacarigua River population, larger males, males that displayed more, and males with less yellow colouration had significantly more sperm, but other colour pattern components (area of orange and black colouration) were not good predictors of sperm load. Overall, our results suggest that there is the potential for direct fertility benefits through mate choice in the promiscuous, non-resource-based mating system of the guppy},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Pitcher, T. E. and Evans, J. P.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, behaviour, evolution, guppies, guppy, MALE PHENOTYPE, mate choice, orange, PERFORMANCE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, quality, reticulata, sperm, female mate choice, parental care, size, body size, mating, SUCCESS, colour, form, phenotype, POPULATIONS, territory, mating system, mating systems, mating behaviour, viability, load, MATING TACTICS, carotenoid, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS, colouration, food, COLOR-PATTERN, melanin, STATISTICAL TESTS},
	pages = {1891--1896}
}

@article{lindstrmSocialPreferencesMale1993,
	title = {Social preferences by male guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata , based on shoal size and sex},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Lindstr”m, K. and Ranta, E.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, sex, size, call, preference, social, guppy,Poecilia reticulata,social preferences},
	pages = {1029--1031}
}

@article{simmonsCorrelatesMaleQuality1995,
	title = {Correlates of male quality in the field cricket,  {Gryllus} campensis  {L}.: age, size and symmetry determine pairing success in field populations},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {population, quality, size, cricket, field, age, symmetry, age indicator mechanism},
	pages = {376--381}
}

@article{kraakCopyingMateChoice1996,
	title = {'{Copying} mate choice': {Which} phenomena deserve this term?},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	author = {Kraak, S. B. M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, call, copying, copying mate choice,proximate/ultimate causes},
	pages = {99--102}
}

@article{carlssonKinbiasedDistributionBrown2004,
	title = {Kin-biased distribution in brown trout: an effect of redd location or kin recognition?},
	volume = {92},
	url = {ISI:000188431700001},
	abstract = {A wide range of animals have been reported to show kin-biased behaviours, such as reduced aggressiveness and increased food sharing among relatives. However, less is known about whether wild animals also associate with relatives under natural conditions, which is a prerequisite to facilitate kin-biased behaviours and hence kin selection. We tested, by means of microsatellite polymorphism, correlations between pair-wise relatedness and pair-wise metric distance in wild brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) under natural conditions in two streams. Our data show that young-of-the-year as well as older trout found close together also had a higher genetic relatedness in one of the two streams, whereas no relationship was found in the other stream. Very few half and full siblings were found in the second stream and under these conditions it is unlikely that kin-biased behaviours will receive positive selection. We discuss the underlying mechanisms for the observed structure and we specifically address the issue of whether the grouping of related individuals could reflect dispersal from the same spawning redds, or if it reflects active association with relatives, possibly conferring kin-selected advantages},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Carlsson, J. and Carlsson, J. E. L. and Olsen, K. H. and Hansen, M. M. and Eriksson, T. and Nilsson, J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, evolution, fish, Fisher, i, selection, INDIVIDUALS, microsatellite, polymorphism, relatedness, condition, DISPERSAL, MECHANISM, POPULATIONS, genetics, microsatellites, related, KIN RECOGNITION, STREAM, differentiation, POSITIVE SELECTION, food, ATLANTIC SALMON, GENETIC-MARKERS, brown trout, SALMON SALMO-SALAR, microgeographic, TRUTTA L},
	pages = {53--60}
}

@article{nakayamaProcessbasedApproachReveals2011,
	title = {Process-based approach reveals directional effects of environmental factors on movement between habitats},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:000296452700020},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01859.x},
	abstract = {1. Understanding the effects of environmental factors on animal distributions is a central issue in ecology. However, movement rules inferred from distribution patterns do not reveal the processes through which animal distribution is realized. 2. We investigated individual movement rules using a process-based approach. In experiments, coastal fish larvae (red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus) were matched with an intraspecific competitor of different sizes, and time series of habitat transition of individuals were fitted with a continuous-time Markov chain model to evaluate the effects of the presence of a competitor, behavioural interactions and habitat quality on the likelihoods of habitat transition. 3. The process-based approach revealed that these factors did not simply act as a 'slope' between habitats that makes it easier to go in one direction and more difficult to return. Rather, these factors modify the movement rules differently depending on the directions of the movement. 4. Individuals were less likely to enter a better habitat in the presence of a larger conspecific, more likely to shift to a poorer habitat when they received aggressive behaviour and more likely to stay in a better habitat in the presence of food. However, no effect was found on the transition intensity for moving in the opposite direction. 5. The process-based approach to evaluating movement rules of animals allowed us to see the contrasting directional effects of different factors on the underlying movement rules used by animals, as opposed to pattern-based fitting of observed distributions. Consideration of these rules would improve the existing habitat-choice models.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Nakayama, S. and Ojanguren, A. F. and Fuiman, L. A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1299--1304}
}

@article{puseyPrimateDispersalReply1988,
	title = {Primate dispersal - reply},
	volume = {3},
	url = {ISI:A1988N516900010},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pusey, A.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, DISPERSAL, genetics},
	pages = {145--146}
}

@article{fryMixedmodelAnalysisVariance1992,
	title = {The mixed-model analysis of variance applied to quantitative genetics: biological meaning of the parameters},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Fry, J. D.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {call, quantitative genetics, genetics, analysis of variance,genetic correlation,genotype-environment interaction,heritability,quantitative genetics},
	pages = {540--550}
}

@article{batesonOptimalOutbreedingDevelopment1980,
	title = {Optimal outbreeding and the development of sexual prefereces in japanese quail},
	volume = {53},
	url = {ISI:A1980KT09100003},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie-Journal of Comparative Ethology},
	author = {Bateson, P.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, evolution, selection, sex, SEXUAL-SELECTION, PREFERENCES, HISTORIES, HISTORY, preference, human, bird, birds, conflict, outbreeding, SEXES, Westermarck, Japanese quail, sexual preference, JAPANESE-QUAIL, SEXUAL PREFERENCES},
	pages = {231--244}
}

@article{arnoldQuantitativeGeneticModels1985,
	title = {Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection},
	volume = {41},
	journal = {Experientia},
	author = {Arnold, S. J.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {sexual selection, good genes, selection, handicap principle, quantitative genetics, sexy son, indicator, runaway models},
	pages = {1296--1310}
}

@article{doligezPublicInformationBreeding2002,
	title = {Public information and breeding habitat selection in a wild bird population.},
	volume = {297},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1072838},
	abstract = {According to the "public information" hypothesis, some animal species may monitor the current reproductive success of conspecifics to assess local habitat quality and to choose their own subsequent breeding site. To test this hypothesis experimentally, we manipulated two components of public information, the mean number of offspring raised locally ("quantity") and their condition ("quality"), in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Immigration rate decreased with local offspring quantity but did not depend on local offspring quality, suggesting that immigrants are deprived of information regarding local quality. Conversely, emigration rate increased both when local offspring quantity or quality decreased, suggesting that residents can use both components of public information.},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Doligez, Blandine and Danchin, Etienne and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Male, reproduction, Behavior, Animal, ENVIRONMENT, PROBABILITY, cues, Cognition, Animal Migration, Animals, Wild, Nesting Behavior, Animals, Wild: physiology, Songbirds, Songbirds: physiology, Sweden},
	pages = {1168--70}
}

@article{sorciEffectsMaternalParasite1995,
	title = {Effects of maternal parasite load on offspring life-history traits in the common lizard ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1420-9101.1995.8060711.x},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Sorci, G. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {711--723}
}

@article{tomlinsonCoevolutionMultipleFemale1989,
	title = {The co-evolution of multiple female mating preferences and preferred male characters: the gene-for-gene hypothesis of sexual selection},
	volume = {139},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Tomlinson, I. and O'Donald, p},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {sexual selection, female mating preferences, selection, mating, call, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, coevolution, female mating preference},
	pages = {219--238}
}

@article{alvergnePersonalityReproductiveSuccess2010,
	title = {Personality and reproductive success in a high-fertility human population},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/06/08/1001752107.abstract},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1001752107},
	abstract = {The existence of interindividual differences in personality traits poses a challenge to evolutionary thinking. Although research on the ultimate consequences of personality differences in nonhuman animals has recently undergone a surge of interest, our understanding of whether and how personality influences reproductive decisions in humans has remained limited and informed primarily by modern societies with low mortalityâ€“fertility schedules. Taking an evolutionary approach, we use data from a contemporary polygynous high-fertility human population living in rural Senegal to investigate whether personality dimensions are associated with key life-history traits in humans, i.e., quantity and quality of offspring. We show that personality dimensions predict reproductive success differently in men and women in such societies and, in women, are associated with a trade-off between offspring quantity and quality. In women, neuroticism positively predicts the number of children, both between and within polygynous families. Furthermore, within the low social class, offspring quality (i.e., child nutritional status) decreases with a woman's neuroticism, indicating a reproductive trade-off between offspring quantity and quality. Consistent with this, maximal fitness is achieved by women at an intermediate neuroticism level. In men, extraversion was found to be a strong predictor of high social class and polygyny, with extraverted men producing more offspring than their introverted counterparts. These results have implications for the consideration of alternative adaptive hypotheses in the current debate on the maintenance of personality differences and the role of individual factors in fertility patterns in contemporary humans.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Alvergne, Alexandra and Jokela, Markus and Lummaa, Virpi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010}
}

@article{arakArtefactNetworkEvolution1995,
	title = {Artefact or network evolution- {Arak} and {Enquist} reply},
	volume = {374},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Arak, A. and Enquist, M.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {evolution, neural nets},
	pages = {313--314}
}

@article{harariMaleBeetlesAttracted1999,
	title = {Male beetles attracted by females mounting},
	volume = {401},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Harari, A. R. and Brockmann, H. J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {call, beetle,intrasexual mounting},
	pages = {762--763}
}

@article{ondineEffectsOrganicSoil2009,
	title = {Effects of organic and soil conservation management on specialist bird species},
	volume = {129},
	doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2008.08.004},
	journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems \& Environment},
	author = {Ondine, F and Jean, C and Romain, J},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {140--143}
}

@article{gavriletsSpeciationSexualConflict3,
	title = {Speciation and {Sexual} {Conflict}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10682-004-7916-4},
	abstract = {We review mathematical models that explicitly consider the dynamics of evolutionary change driven by sexual conflict over mating rate when males are selected for increasing mating success whereas females are selected to restrict mating rate. These models focus on a pair of traits each of which is controlled by a separate set of genes expressed in one sex only. The traits control the probability of mating and/or fertilization. Overall, there are at least six different dynamic regimes observed in models of sexual conflict: (1) continuous coevolutionary chase between the sexes (which can result in allopatric speciation as a byproduct), (2) evolution towards an equilibrium, (3) cyclic evolution, (4) evolution towards a line of equilibria with subsequent random drift along this line, (5) Buridan's Ass regime involving extensive diversification in female alleles without comparable diversification in male alleles, and (6) extensive diversification in both male and female alleles (which can result in sympatric speciation). Mathematical models also show that different dynamic regimes can be observed with the same set of parameter values but under different initial conditions. It is also possible that the same population switches from one regime to another as a result of stochastic perturbations due to, say, random genetic drift. Moreover, different sets of loci controlling mating and fertilization in the same species can follow different dynamic regimes. We attempt to make some generalizations and identify important directions for theoretical and empirical work.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Gavrilets, Sergey and Hayashi, Takehiko I.},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, MALES, PAIR, population, sex, TRAITS, FERTILIZATION, model, MODELS, mating, SUCCESS, sexual conflict, allele, loci, condition, DYNAMICS, conflict, speciation, mating success, SEXES, PROBABILITY, DIRECTION, alleles, SET, EVOLUTIONARY, diversification, DIRECTIONS, sympatric speciation, genetic drift},
	pages = {167--198}
}

@article{gilburnFemaleMatingBehaviour1999,
	title = {Female mating behaviour, sexual selection and chromosome {I} inversion karyotype in the seweed fly,  {Coelopa} frigida},
	volume = {82},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Gilburn, A. S. and Day, T. H.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, behaviour, i, selection, mating, call, flies, mating behaviour, chromosomal inversions,Coelopa frigida,female choice sexual selection},
	pages = {276--281}
}

@article{baerendsEthologicalStudiesLebistes1955,
	title = {Ethological studies on  {Lebistes} reticulatus  ({Peters}) 1. {An} analysis of the male courtship pattern},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Baerends, G. P. and Brouwer, R. and Waterbolk, H. T. J.},
	year = {1955},
	keywords = {courtship, Lebistes reticulatus},
	pages = {249--334}
}

@article{jirotkulPopulationDensityInfluences1999,
	title = {Population density influences male-male competition in guppies},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Jirotkul, M.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {competition, guppies, guppy, population, male-male competition, sex ratio, population density, osr},
	pages = {1169--1175}
}

@article{atkinsonSexualShowinessParasite1991,
	title = {Sexual showiness and parasite load: correlations without parasite coevolutionary cycles},
	volume = {150},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Atkinson, D.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ornaments, parasite load, parasite cycles},
	pages = {251--260}
}

@article{fitzeCarotenoidbasedColoursReflect2009,
	title = {Carotenoid-based colours reflect the stress response in the common lizard.},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0005111},
	abstract = {Under chronic stress, carotenoid-based colouration has often been shown to fade. However, the ecological and physiological mechanisms that govern colouration still remain largely unknown. Colour changes may be directly induced by the stressor (for example through reduced carotenoid intake) or due to the activation of the physiological stress response (PSR, e.g. due to increased blood corticosterone concentrations). Here, we tested whether blood corticosterone concentration affected carotenoid-based colouration, and whether a trade-off between colouration and PSR existed. Using the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), we correlatively and experimentally showed that elevated blood corticosterone levels are associated with increased redness of the lizard's belly. In this study, the effects of corticosterone did not depend on carotenoid ingestion, indicating the absence of a trade-off between colouration and PSR for carotenoids. While carotenoid ingestion increased blood carotenoid concentration, colouration was not modified. This suggests that carotenoid-based colouration of common lizards is not severely limited by dietary carotenoid intake. Together with earlier studies, these findings suggest that the common lizard's carotenoid-based colouration may be a composite trait, consisting of fixed (e.g. genetic) and environmentally elements, the latter reflecting the lizard's PSR.},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Fitze, Patrick S and Cote, Julien and San-Jose, Luis Martin and Meylan, Sandrine and Isaksson, Caroline and Andersson, Staffan and Rossi, Jean-Marc and Clobert, Jean},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Male, Lizards: physiology, carotenoids, Carotenoids: metabolism, Color, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: blood, Stress, Physiological, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Pigments, Biological, Pigments, Biological: metabolism, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet},
	pages = {e5111}
}

@article{kokkoPredictingDirectionSexual2001,
	title = {Predicting the direction of sexual selection},
	volume = {4},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Kokko, H. and Monaghan, P.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, osr},
	pages = {159--165}
}

@article{caleyDoesTotalReproductive2001,
	title = {Does total reproductive effort evolve independently of offspring size},
	volume = {55},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Caley, M. J. and Schwarzkopf, L. and Shine, R.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {reproductive effort, offspring, size, Offspring size},
	pages = {1245--1248}
}

@article{massotGeneticPrenatalPostnatal2003,
	title = {Genetic, prenatal, and postnatal correlates of dispersal in hatchling fence lizards ({Sceloporus} occidentalis)},
	volume = {14},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arg056},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Massot, M.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {650--655}
}

@article{olssonHotPursuitFluctuating2010,
	title = {In hot pursuit: fluctuating mating system and sexual selection in sand lizards},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000286629100021},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01152.x},
	abstract = {A changing climate is expected to have profound effects on many aspects of ectotherm biology. We report on a decade-long study of free-ranging sand lizards (Lacerta agilis), exposed to an increasing mean mating season temperature and with known operational sex ratios. We assessed year-to-year variation in sexual selection on body size and postcopulatory sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Higher temperature was not linked to strength of sexual selection on body mass, but operational sex ratio (more males) did increase the strength of sexual selection on body size. Elevated temperature increased mating rate and number of sires per clutch with positive effects on offspring fitness. In years when the "quality" of a female's partners was more variable (in standard errors of a male sexual ornament), clutches showed less multiple paternity. This agrees with prior laboratory trials in which females exercised stronger cryptic female choice when male quality varied more. An increased number of sires contributing to within-clutch paternity decreased the risk of having malformed offspring. Ultimately, such variation may contribute to highly dynamic and shifting selection mosaics in the wild, with potential implications for the evolutionary ecology of mating systems and population responses to rapidly changing environmental conditions.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Olsson, Mats and Wapstra, Erik and Schwartz, Tonia and Madsen, Thomas and Ujvari, Beata and Uller, Tobias},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {574--583}
}

@article{morrisPolymorphismFemalePreference2003,
	title = {A polymorphism in female preference for a polymorphic male trait in the swordtail fish  {Xiphophorus} cortezi},
	volume = {65},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Morris, M. R. and Nicoletto, P. F. and Hesselman, E.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {fish, variation, female preference, preference, repeatability, polymorphism},
	pages = {45--52}
}

@article{baerExperimentalVariationPolyandry1999,
	title = {Experimental variation in polyandry affects parasite loads and fitness in a bumble-bee},
	volume = {397},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Baer, B. and Schmid-Hempel, P.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {variation, fitness, polyandry, parasites, female mating frequency, bumblebee},
	pages = {151--154}
}

@article{nakadateInbreedingDepressionHeterosis2003,
	title = {Inbreeding depression and heterosis in various quantitative traits of the guppy, {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {220},
	url = {ISI:000182099100019},
	abstract = {The present study examines the effects of inbreeding and crossing on various quantitative traits in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Effects of inbreeding and crossing were examined in six quantitative traits; body length at birth, survival at day 120, undwarf rate at day 120, body length at day 120, salinity tolerance and high temperature tolerance. Full-sib matings revealed that the amount of inbreeding depression varied from - 1.0\% to 24.6\% among the traits and a significant decrease in survival at day 120 and salinity tolerance was observed. This result indicates that inbreeding reduces the performance for some of the quantitative traits but not all. On the other hand, crosses between genetically different strains showed that the amount of heterosis varied from - 1.3\% to 42.2\% among the six quantitative traits and a significant increase in survival at day 120 and salinity tolerance was observed. The relationship between the amount of inbreeding depression and heterosis supports the theory that the phenomenon of heterosis is the reverse of inbreeding depression, indicating that the traits which have decreased by inbreeding can be recovered by means of crossing. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved},
	number = {1-4},
	journal = {Aquaculture},
	author = {Nakadate, M. and Shikano, T. and Taniguchi, N.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, PERFORMANCE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, TRAITS, INCREASE, survival, FULL-SIB, mating, GROWTH, theory, microsatellite, inbreeding, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, RAINBOW-TROUT, LENGTH, MARKERS, QUANTITATIVE TRAITS, heterosis, SALINITY TOLERANCE, inbreeding depression,heterosis,quantitative trait,fitness,guppy,Poecilia reticulata, STRAIN COMBINATIONS},
	pages = {219--226}
}

@article{massotVERTEBRATENATALDISPERSAL1994,
	title = {{VERTEBRATE} {NATAL} {DISPERSAL} - {THE} {PROBLEM} {OF} {NONINDEPENDENCE} {OF} {SIBLINGS}},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {0030-1299},
	url = {://WOS:A1994NP63300023},
	doi = {10.2307/3545714},
	abstract = {The studies on natal dispersal in vertebrates often ignore the family structure and treat the behaviour of siblings as if they were statistically independent. This might lead to erroneous conclusions since the non-independence of siblings is supported empirically. We show the possible misinterpretations that may arise from such approaches and propose a method allowing to avoid this problem. We illustrate this method by using data on natal dispersal of the common lizard Lacerta vivipara.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Massot, M. and Clobert, J. and Chambon, A. and Michalakis, Y.},
	month = may,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {172--176}
}

@article{adamoChangesLifetimeImmunocompetence2001,
	title = {Changes in lifetime immunocompetence in male and female  {Gryllus} texensis  (formerly  {G}.integer ): trade-offs between immunity and reproduction},
	volume = {62},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Adamo, S. A. and Jensen, M. and Younger, M.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {cricket, reproduction, trade-off, trade-offs, immunocompetence, immunocompetence handicap},
	pages = {417--425}
}

@article{reinholdSexLinkageGenes1998,
	title = {Sex linkage among genes controlling sexually selected traits},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Reinhold, K.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {genes, sex, call, linkage, sexually selected traits, sex-linkage, sex-linkage,X chromosome,heterogamy,sexual selection},
	pages = {1--7}
}

@article{petersEvidenceLackInbreeding1996,
	title = {Evidence for lack of inbreeding avoidance by selective simultaneous hermaphrodite},
	volume = {115},
	url = {ISI:A1996UJ96800002},
	abstract = {In the many species in which breeding between close kin yields deleterious effects (inbreeding depression), outbreeding is promoted by various mechanisms, such as kin recognition and, in hermaphrodites, barriers to self-fertilization. When the cost of inbreeding is not too high, hermaphrodites will be selected to self. The sexually reproducing, simultaneous hermaphroditic flatworm Dugesia polychroa does not self-fertilize, suggesting that selfing is too costly in this species. To ascertain whether kin recognition exists as a behavioral mechanism to avoid inbreeding in D. polychroa, experiments were designed using two genetically identical gegenerates, or clonemates, from a single halved worm. The mating behavior of clonemates vs. unrelated worms was recorded, in pairs and in triads consisting of two clonemates and one unrelated worm. No clear differences in frequency or duration of copulations could be demonstrated between clonemates or unrelated worms, either in pairs or triads. Our results indicate that there is no kin recognition mechanism or selective mating for inbreeding avoidance in D. polychroa. We hypothesize that, in the field, dispersal in this species is sufficient to limit inbreeding},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Invertebrate Biology},
	author = {Peters, A. and Michiels, N. K.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, PAIR, mating, field, BEHAVIOR, cost, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, outbreeding, SELF-FERTILIZATION, selfing, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, COPULATIONS, inbreeding-avoidance, LIMIT, hermaphrodite, MATING-BEHAVIOR, simultaneous hermaphrodite, clones},
	pages = {99--103}
}

@article{basoloPhylogeneticEvidenceRole1995,
	title = {Phylogenetic evidence for the role of a pre-existing bias in sexual selection},
	volume = {259},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Basolo, A. L.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, female preference, mating preference, poeciliid fish, swordtails, platyfish},
	pages = {307--311}
}

@article{chapmanNoReductionCost1993,
	title = {No reduction in the cost of mating for  {Drosophila} melanogaster  females matign with spermless males},
	volume = {253},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Chapman, T. and Hutchings, J. and Partridge, L.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Drosophila, mating, cost},
	pages = {211--217}
}

@article{averyPopulationGeneticsHaplodiploids1984,
	title = {The population genetics of haplo-diploids and {X}-linked genes},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Genetical Research},
	author = {Avery, P. J.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {population, population genetics, X-linked genes, sex-chromosomes, genetic variability, sex-linkage},
	pages = {321--341}
}

@article{roffTradeoffsGrowthReproduction2000,
	title = {Trade-offs between growth and reproduction: ananalysis of the quantitative genetic evidence},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Roff, D. A.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {reproduction, trade-off, trade-offs},
	pages = {434--445}
}

@article{stockleySpermSelectionGenetic1999,
	title = {Sperm selection and genetic incompatibility: does relatedness of mates affect male success in sperm competition?},
	volume = {266},
	url = {ISI:000082118200008},
	abstract = {Sperm selection may be said to occur if females influence the relative success of ejaculates competing to fertilize their ova. Most evidence that female animals or their ova are capable of sperm selection relates to male genetic incompatibility, although relatively few studies focus on competition between conspecific males. Here I look for evidence of sperm selection with respect to relatedness of mates. Reduced fitness or inbreeding effects in offspring resulting from copulations between close relatives are well documented. If females are capable of sperm selection, they might therefore be expected to discriminate against the sperm of sibling males during sperm competition. I describe an experimental protocol designed to test for evidence of sperm selection while controlling for inbreeding effects. Using decorated field crickets (Gryllodes supplicans), I found that sibling males achieved lower fertilization success in competition with a male unrelated to the female than in competition with another sibling more frequently than expected by chance, although the mean paternity values did not differ significantly between treatments. The tendancy for sibling males to achieve relatively lower fertilization success in competition with males unrelated to the female could not be explained by the effects of increased ejaculate allocation, female control of sperm transfer or inbreeding. This study therefore provides some evidence in support of the idea that female insects (or their ova) may be capable of selection against sperm on the basis of genetic similarity of conspecific males},
	number = {1429},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Stockley, P.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, Drosophila, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, HOUSE, i, MALES, MATE, offspring, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATION, fitness, insect, INSECTS, SUCCESS, cricket, field, ANIMALS, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, ejaculate, MATES, transfer, allocation, GENETIC SIMILARITY, relatedness, similarity, inbreeding, genetics, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, COPULATIONS, paternity, Cryptic female choice, FIELD CRICKET, SPERM TRANSFER, NO EVIDENCE, EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES, female control, sperm selection, INCOMPATIBILITY, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, MALE SUCCESS, ASCIDIAN DIPLOSOMA-LISTERIANUM, PRECEDENCE, crickets, GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, FIELD CRICKETS, Gryllodes supplicans},
	pages = {1663--1669}
}

@article{thrallSexualTransmissionDisease1997,
	title = {Sexual transmission of disease and host mating systems: within-season reproductive success},
	volume = {149485},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Thrall, P. H. and Antonovics, J. and Bever, J. D.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {mating, reproductive success, mating system, mating systems, host, transmission},
	pages = {485--506}
}

@article{neffMechanismsSpermCompetition2004,
	title = {Mechanisms of sperm competition: {Testing} the fair raffle},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000223583900018},
	abstract = {Sperm competition is a major force of sexual selection, but its implications for mating system and life-history evolution are just beginning to be understood. Of particular importance is understanding the mechanisms of sperm competition. Models have been developed to determine if sperm competition operates in a fair raffle process, whereby each sperm from competing males has an equal chance of fertilizing a female's ova, or if it operates in a loaded raffle process, whereby one male's sperm has a fertilization advantage. These models require data on relative sperm and offspring (paternity) numbers of competing males. Here we develop a model based on maximum-likelihood methods for differentiating between the fair and loaded raffle processes. The model calculates the relative competitiveness of two males' sperm (loadings) as well as the economy of scale (nonlinear returns to sperm number). Previous models implicitly assumed that there is no economy of scale, which may not be the case when there is cooperation or interference among sperm from a given male. We demonstrate that our model has superior power-in some instances more than double-than previous models. We apply our model to an example of sperm competition in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and show that the system may be characterized by a loaded raffle attributable to effects of second male precedence},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Neff, B. D. and Wahl, L. M.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, INSEMINATION, MALES, MATE, offspring, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, FERTILIZATION, model, MODELS, mating, colour, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, life-history evolution, polyandry, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, genetics, mating system, postcopulatory sexual selection, SYSTEM, MATING TACTICS, Canada, cooperation, paternity, maximum likelihood, scale, GAMES, GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA, PRECEDENCE, P-2},
	pages = {1846--1851}
}

@article{hindeParentoffspringConflictCoadaptation2010,
	title = {Parent-offspring conflict and coadaptation.},
	volume = {327},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1186056},
	abstract = {The evolution of family life has traditionally been studied in parallel by behavioral ecologists and quantitative geneticists. The former focus on parent-offspring conflict and whether parents or offspring control provisioning, whereas the latter concentrate on the coadaptation of parental supply and offspring demand. Here we show how prenatal effects on offspring begging can link the two different approaches. Using theoretical and experimental analyses, we show that when offspring control provisioning, prenatal effects primarily serve the parent's interests: Selection on parents drives coadaptation of parent and offspring traits. In contrast, when parents control provisioning, prenatal effects primarily serve the offspring's interests: Selection on the offspring drives coadaptation of parent and offspring traits. Parent-offspring conflict may thus be responsible for the selective forces that generate parent-offspring coadaptation.},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Hinde, Camilla a and Johnstone, Rufus a and Kilner, Rebecca M},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {evolution, female, ANIMALS, Selection, Genetic, Behavior, Animal, Maternal Behavior, cues, Feeding Behavior, Conflict (Psychology), Adaptation, Biological, Nesting Behavior, Canaries, Canaries: growth \& development, Genetic Fitness},
	pages = {1373--6}
}

@article{grossmanCharacterizationBehavioralEndocrine2010,
	title = {Characterization of behavioral and endocrine effects of {LSD} on zebrafish},
	volume = {214},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432810004134},
	abstract = {Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent hallucinogenic drug that strongly affects animal and human behavior. Although adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) are emerging as a promising neurobehavioral model, the effects of LSD on zebrafish have not been investigated previously. Several behavioral paradigms (the novel tank, observation cylinder, lightâ€“dark box, open field, T-maze, social preference and shoaling tests), as well as modern video-tracking tools and whole-body cortisol assay were used to characterize the effects of acute LSD in zebrafish. While lower doses (5â€“100\&\#xa0;Î¼g/L) did not affect zebrafish behavior, 250\&\#xa0;Î¼g/L LSD increased top dwelling and reduced freezing in the novel tank and observation cylinder tests, also affecting spatiotemporal patterns of activity (as assessed by 3D reconstruction of zebrafish traces and ethograms). LSD evoked mild thigmotaxis in the open field test, increased light behavior in the lightâ€“dark test, reduced the number of arm entries and freezing in the T-maze and social preference test, without affecting social preference. In contrast, LSD affected zebrafish shoaling (increasing the inter-fish distance in a group), and elevated whole-body cortisol levels. Overall, our findings show sensitivity of zebrafish to LSD action, and support the use of zebrafish models to study hallucinogenic drugs of abuse.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Grossman, Leah and Utterback, Eli and Stewart, Adam and Gaikwad, Siddharth and Chung, Kyung Min and Suciu, Christopher and Wong, Keith and Elegante, Marco and Elkhayat, Salem and Tan, Julia and Gilder, Thomas and Wu, Nadine and DiLeo, John and Cachat, Jonathan and Kalueff, Allan V.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Cortisol, Adult zebrafish, Behavioral paradigms, Hallucinogenic drugs, LSD, Screening},
	pages = {277--284}
}

@article{brooksDoesMaleAttractiveness1995,
	title = {Does a male's attractiveness to a female depend on her previous experience?},
	volume = {91},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Caithness, N.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {156--158}
}

@article{fennigDIFFERENTIALSELECTIONAVOID2002,
	title = {{DIFFERENTIAL} {SELECTION} {TO} {AVOID} {HYBRIDIZATION} {IN} {TWO} {TOAD} {SPECIES}},
	volume = {56},
	author = {Fennig, K Arin S P and Imovich, M Arie A S},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {female mate choice, speciation, reinforcement, spea, 2002, accepted june 5, adaptive hybridization, hybrid fitness, introgression, received march 13},
	pages = {1840--1848}
}

@article{pedronoWildcaptiveMetapopulationViability2004,
	title = {Wild-captive metapopulation viability analysis},
	volume = {119},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {://WOS:000223026500004},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.007},
	abstract = {We developed an interactive management model for wild and captive populations of the ploughshare tortoise or angonoka, Geochelone yniphora. Interactive management is based on the translocation of individuals between wild and captive populations to simulate a metapopulation. Demographic parameters of one captive and two wild populations of this rare tortoise were used to conduct a metapopulation viability analysis (MVA). The effectiveness of the conservation strategy proposed for this species was then evaluated by modifying the probability of extinction and growth of the metapopulation over a fixed period of time. Several alternative scenarios of interactive management were then tested and ranked in terms of their effect on the viability of the metapopulation. The model predicted that catastrophic events such as bush fires would likely have a negative effect on the future of remaining wild populations. However, the model also predicted that the use of captive-born offspring to establish additional wild populations would decrease the risk of extinction of the metapopulation as a whole. We believe that, when supported by sound knowledge of the demographic parameters of a species, the use of MVA as part of an interactive management program can be an effective conservation tool that allows assessment of the probable response of both captive and wild populations to different management alternatives. One of the most interesting aspects of this interactive management approach is the link between in situ and ex situ conservation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Pedrono, M. and Smith, L. L. and Clobert, J. and Massot, M. and Sarrazin, F.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {463--473}
}

@article{nuzhdinSexspecificQuantitativeTrait1997,
	title = {Sex-specific quantitative trait loci affecting longevity in  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {94},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Nuzhdin, S. V. and Pasyukova, E. G. and Dilda, C. L. and Zeng, Z. and Mackay, T. F. C.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Drosophila, longevity, call, loci, genetic variation,quantitative trait loci},
	pages = {9734--9739}
}

@article{zhangThermalDependenceFood2004,
	title = {The thermal dependence of food assimilation and locomotor performance in southern grass lizards, {Takydromus} sexlineatus ({Lacertidae})},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2003.10.007},
	journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
	author = {Zhang, Y},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {thermal tolerance, lacertidae, food assimilation, locomotor, selected body temperature, takydromus sexlineatus},
	pages = {45--53}
}

@article{partridgeMechanismsFrequencydependentMating1984,
	title = {Mechanisms for frequency-dependent mating success},
	volume = {23},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Partridge, L. and Hill, W. G.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {mating, mating success, frequency dependence, rare male effect},
	pages = {113--132}
}

@article{brooksFemaleChoiceFeral1995,
	title = {Female choice in a feral guppy population: are there multiple cues?},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Brooks, R. and Caithness, N.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, guppies, guppy, population, multiple ornaments},
	pages = {301--307}
}

@article{huntFemaleMateChoice2005,
	title = {Female mate choice as a condition-dependent life-history trait},
	volume = {166},
	url = {ISI:000229794700009},
	abstract = {The acquisition of resources is an important determinant of patterns of variation in and covariation among traits that are costly to produce and are dependent on condition for their expression. However, the extent to which variation in female mate choice behavior is condition dependent, and how this is related to other life-history traits, remains largely unknown. We manipulated the acquisition of dietary protein in the black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, and measured the effects of this on several important life-history traits and on female mate choice behavior. Females reared on a high-protein diet developed faster, were heavier at eclosion, and lived longer than females reared on a low-protein diet. Two lines of evidence suggest that female mate choice behavior in T. commodus is condition dependent. First, females reared on the high-protein diet were more sexually responsive and expressed stronger linear and quadratic preference functions for call rate and dominant frequency, respectively. Second, within treatments, females that developed faster were lighter, generally less sexually responsive, and, in the high-protein-diet treatment, expressed weaker preferences than slower-developing females. Collectively, our findings suggest an important role for resource acquisition in generating variation in mate choice behavior},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Brooks, R. and Jennions, M. D.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {choice, EXPRESSION, female, FEMALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, TRAITS, variation, female mate choice, resources, SEXUAL-SELECTION, BODY-SIZE, call, cricket, field, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, mating preferences, preference, BEHAVIOR, condition, preference function, related, pattern, patterns, trade-offs, GENETIC-VARIATION, LEK PARADOX, GUPPIES POECILIA-RETICULATA, FIELD CRICKET, FREQUENCIES, diet, TELEOGRYLLUS-COMMODUS, acquisition, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, patterns of variation, CRICKET CALLING SONG, FLY CYRTODIOPSIS-DALMANNI, HYPEROLIUS-MARMORATUS, life history,condition dependence,mate choice,sexual responsiveness,preference function,Teleogryllus commodus},
	pages = {79--92}
}

@article{olssonAdvantagesMultipleMatings1997,
	title = {Advantages of multiple matings to females: {A} test of the infertility hypothesis using lizards},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:A1997YE98000035},
	doi = {10.2307/2411220},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Shine, R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1684--1688}
}

@article{zelanoMhcComponentKin2002,
	title = {An {Mhc} component to kin recognition and mate choice in birds: {Predictions}, progress, and prospects},
	volume = {160},
	url = {ISI:000179869000008},
	abstract = {The major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) has been identified as a locus influencing disease resistance, mate choice, and kin recognition in mammals and fish. However, it is unclear whether the mechanisms by which Mhc genes influence behavior in mammals are applicable to other nonmammalian vertebrates such as birds. We review the biology of Mhc genes with particular reference to their relevance to avian mating and social systems. New genomics approaches recently have been applied to the Mhcs of chickens, quail, and several icons of avian behavioral ecology, including red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). The predominance of concerted evolution at avian Mhc loci makes such methods attractive for providing access to this complicated multigene family. Although some biological processes influenced by Mhc in mammals are physiologically implausible for birds, Mhc could influence cues that form well-known bases for mate choice in birds by influencing the health and vigor of individuals. The tight associations of Mhc variation and disease resistance in chickens raise hope that finding associations of Mhc genes, disease, and mate choice in natural populations of birds will be as fruitful as in mammalian systems},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Zelano, B. and Edwards, S. V.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, competition, evolution, fish, genes, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, mating, mating preferences, theory, Y, form, INDIVIDUALS, loci, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, BEHAVIOR, MAMMALS, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, social, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, genetics, NATURAL-POPULATION, MHC, ASSOCIATIONS, FAMILY, heterozygote advantage, host, asymmetry, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, cooperation, locus, RESISTANCE, FINCH, FINCHES, immunogenetics, GREAT REED WARBLERS, kin selection, individual recognition, VERTEBRATES, DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, QTL, CARPODACUS-MEXICANUS, extrapair fertilizations, CLASS-II GENE, genome-enabled science, VIDEO IMAGES},
	pages = {S225--S237}
}

@incollection{rallsConservationBiology2005,
	address = {Sunderland, Massachusetts},
	series = {Inbreeding in natural poulations of birds and mammals},
	title = {Conservation {Biology}},
	shorttitle = {Inbreeding in natural poulations of birds and mammals},
	booktitle = {The {Science} of {Scarcity} and {Diversity}},
	publisher = {Sinauer Associates Inc.},
	author = {Ralls, K. and Harvey, P. H. and Lyles, A. M. and Soule, M. E.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {BIOLOGY, inbreeding, MAMMALS, CONSERVATION, bird, birds, DIVERSITY, conservation biology},
	pages = {35--56}
}

@article{abrahamsTradeoffForagingCourting1993,
	title = {The trade-off between foraging and courting in male guppies},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Abrahams, M. V.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, guppy, Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {673--681}
}

@article{edwardsMultiennialReproductionFemales2002,
	title = {Multiennial reproduction in females of a viviparous, temperate-zone skink, {Tiliqua} nigrolutea},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0018-0831},
	url = {://WOS:000178924400002},
	doi = {10.1655/0018-0831(2002)058[0407:mrifoa]2.0.co;2},
	abstract = {We examined the reproductive frequency in wild-caught and captive females of Tiliqua nigrolutea over five consecutive reproductive seasons. Reproductive frequency (0.38 +/- SE 0.035) was clearly different from an annual pattern (1.0) in which all females reproduce every, year. Individual femles did not reproduce every year, but "skipped" seasons were staggered such that a proportion of the population produced a clutch each season. We attribute skipped reproductive opportunities to a combination of a long gestation, high relative clutch mass (0.43 +/- SE 0.034), parturition late in the active season, a cessation of feeding in the latter stages of gestation, and low autumn temperatures that limited post-partum feeding opportunities.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	author = {Edwards, A. and Jones, S. M. and Wapstra, E.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {407--414}
}

@article{widemoSocialImplicationsTraditional1997,
	title = {The social implications of traditional use of lek sites in the ruff  {Philomachus} pugnax.},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Widemo, F.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {social, lek, ruff},
	pages = {211--217}
}

@article{kondrashovMeasuringSpontaneousDeleterious1998,
	title = {Measuring spontaneous deleterious mutation process},
	volume = {103},
	url = {ISI:000075404900017},
	abstract = {Parameters of the deleterious mutation process can be estimated using the data on genotypes, phenotypes, or fitnesses. These data can be on long-term evolution, on short-term changes, or on the properties of equilibrium populations. The two most important parameters at the genomic level, the total deleterious mutation rate U and the mutational pressure on fitness P, remain poorly known. Reliable data on the rates of presumably neutral evolution, together with less certain estimates of the functionally important fraction of the genome, suggest that in mammals U {\textgreater} 1. The magnitudes of inbreeding depression in populations of selfers imply U similar to 1 in flowering plants. The straightforward way to estimate P is to assay the decline of fitness in populations with relaxed selection. The relevant data are contradictory, possibly because the results of the measurement of fitness depend strongly on the environmental conditions},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Kondrashov, A. S.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, P1, population, selection, fitness, Darwin, lande, theory, Y, phenotype, condition, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, P2, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, deleterious mutation, mutation, mutation rate, PLANTS, genome, phenotypes, immunogenetics, long-term, MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE, NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION, AMINO-ACID SUBSTITUTION, DNA-SEQUENCE POLYMORPHISM, FACTOR-IX GENE, POLYGENIC MUTATION, THERMAL-STABILITY},
	pages = {183--197}
}

@article{hurstEyesHaveIt1998,
	title = {The eyes have it},
	volume = {391},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hurst, L. D. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {call, female choice,female preference,selfish genes,stalk-eyed flies,sexual selection,X chromosome},
	pages = {223--224}
}

@article{kruukAntlerSizeRed2002,
	title = {Antler size in red deer: heritability and selection but no evolution},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Kruuk, L. E. B. and Slate, J. and Pemberton, J. M. and Brotherstone, S. and Guinness, F. E. and Clutton-Brock, T. H.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, size, heritability, red deer, environmental covariance, multivariate heritability},
	pages = {1683--1695}
}

@article{cookTwostageModelCepaea1998,
	title = {A two-stage model for  {Cepaea}  polymorphism},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Cook, L. M.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {model, call, polymorphism, polymorphism,Cepaea nemoralis,migration,metapopulation},
	pages = {1577--1593}
}

@article{milinskiMajorHistocompatibilityComplex2006,
	title = {The {Major} {Histocompatibility} {Complex}, {Sexual} {Selection}, and {Mate} {Choice}},
	volume = {37},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110242},
	abstract = {To maintain sexual reproduction, recombination of good genes through selective mate choice must achieve a twofold genetic benefit in each generation. "Fragrant" immune genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allow the choosy sex to complement her own set of alleles with a more or less diverse set of male alleles to reach an optimal number of different MHC alleles for the offspring. The optimal complement from the partner should include those MHC alleles that provide resistance against the current parasites, which could be revealed by the expression of costly secondary sexual characters. This maximizes resistance to ever-changing infectious diseases. Because the advantage of sex must be produced through recombination, assortative mating should combine currently advantageous MHC alleles. Preferring just MHC dissimilar mates is only a best-of-bad-job rule. MHC ligand peptides may be the natural "perfume" that reveals a potential partner's MHC genetics probably in all vertebrates. Perfumes may mimick MHC related signals},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Milinski, Manfred},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, sexual selection, EXPRESSION, genes, good genes, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, selection, sex, CHARACTERS, sexual characters, SEXUAL-SELECTION, signals, mating, reproduction, MATES, NUMBER, assortative mating, parasites, allele, COMPLEX, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, genetics, MHC, related, REVEAL, genetic benefit, SEXES, SIGNAL, alleles, RESISTANCE, SET, ADVANTAGE, recombination, VERTEBRATES, secondary sexual character, secondary sexual characters, sexual reproduction, INFECTIOUS-DISEASE},
	pages = {159--186}
}

@article{montanaCriteriaFemaleMate1993,
	title = {Criteria of female mate choice in  {Drosophila} littoralis},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Montana, D. and Ezoana, D.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Drosophila, mate choice, female mate choice, male courtship sounds},
	pages = {768--777}
}

@article{widemoLekSizeMale1995,
	title = {Lek size, male mating skew and the evolution of lekking},
	volume = {373},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Widemo, F. and Owens, I. P. F.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {lekking, evolution, size, mating, call, lek, lek,lekking},
	pages = {148--151}
}

@article{brumbackSelfModelingFlexible2004,
	title = {Self modeling with flexible, random time transformations.},
	volume = {60},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0006-341X.2004.00191.x},
	abstract = {Methods for modeling sets of complex curves where the curves must be aligned in time (or in another continuous predictor) fall into the general class of functional data analysis and include self-modeling regression and time-warping procedures. Self-modeling regression (SEMOR), also known as a shape invariant model (SIM), assumes the curves have a common shape, modeled nonparametrically, and curve-specific differences in amplitude and timing, traditionally modeled by linear transformations. When curves contain multiple features that need to be aligned in time, SEMOR may be inadequate since a linear time transformation generally cannot align more than one feature. Time warping procedures focus on timing variability and on finding flexible time warps to align multiple data features. We draw on these methods to develop a SIM that models the time transformations as random, flexible, monotone functions. The model is motivated by speech movement data from the University of Wisconsin X-ray microbeam speech production project and is applied to these data to test the effect of different speaking conditions on the shape and relative timing of movement profiles.},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {Brumback, Lyndia C and Lindstrom, Mary J},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Models, Statistical, Regression Analysis, Humans, Models, Biological, movement, Biomechanics, Nonlinear Dynamics, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Biometry, Speech, Speech Acoustics},
	pages = {461--70}
}

@article{jonsenInfluenceMatrixHabitat2001,
	title = {The influence of matrix habitat on {Aphthona} flea beetle immigration to leafy spurge patches},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0029-8549},
	url = {://000168395600019},
	abstract = {Variation in movement ability by insects among different non-habitat (matrix) types may have important implications for both metapopulation dynamics and weed biocontrol practices. We used a mark-recapture experiment to explore the effects of two different matrix habitats (grass vs shrub) on the ability of two species of Aphthona (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) flea beetle to immigrate to patches of the invasive weed, leafy spurge. Using generalized linear models, we compared effects of the matrix habitat types, species and sex on observed immigration probabilities. Our analyses demonstrated that one species (A. nigriscutis) had a much higher immigration probability when moving through a grass-dominated matrix than a shrub-dominated matrix whereas immigration probabilities for the second species (A. lacertosa) were similar in both matrix habitats but significantly lower overall than for A. nigriscutis. Furthermore, A. nigriscutis females were more likely to immigrate to spurge patches embedded in a grass matrix than in shrub, whereas the opposite occurred for males. Our results suggest that metapopulation dynamics may be strongly affected by the type(s) of matrix habitat present on a landscape. These effects also suggest that release strategies for weed biocontrol should be tailored according to the structure of the landscape into which releases are planned. in addition, even closely related species can have significantly different movement abilities which will also affect release strategies.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	author = {Jonsen, I. D. and Bourchier, R. S. and Roland, J.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {size, DISPERSAL, metapopulation, connectivity, landscape structure, biological control, BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL, ANIMAL MOVEMENT, METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS, landscape, POPULATION-DYNAMICS, colonization, ESTABLISHMENT, Euphorbia esula, non-habitat},
	pages = {287--294}
}

@article{gomezPhenotypicSelectionResponse2000,
	title = {Phenotypic selection and response to selection in  {Lobularia} maritima:  importance of direct and correlational components of natural selection},
	volume = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Gomez, J. M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {response, selection, natural selection},
	pages = {689--699}
}

@article{pomiankowskiLinkedSexinessChoosiness1994,
	title = {Linked sexiness and choosiness},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A. and Sheridan, L.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {indirect selection, mate choice, choosiness, genetic correlation, runaway, Fisher process, linkage disequillibrium},
	pages = {242--244}
}

@article{blowsComplexityComplexitySake2007,
	title = {Complexity for complexity's sake?},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01241.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Blows, M. W.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {39--44}
}

@article{endlerNaturalSelectionColor1980,
	title = {Natural selection on color patterns in  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {34},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, selection, call, natural selection, colour patterns,Poecilia reticulata,spot size},
	pages = {76--91}
}

@article{reynoldsAnimalBreedingSystems1996,
	title = {Animal breeding systems},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:A1996TT85400011},
	abstract = {The study of breeding systems explores relationships between mating behaviour and parental care. Recent findings have shown that in many birds, fishes, anurans, and insects, females play a more active role than previously thought, by engaging in mate choice, mating with more than one male, and selecting genetic partners separately from social partners, Theoretical advances have improved our understanding of the effect of parental care on sex differences in mating behaviour, though less attention has been devoted to feedback in the opposite direction, The original emphasis on the role of ecology in determining breeding systems has been overshadowed by studies of individual interactions, but modern comparative techniques may provide a new fusion between ecology, life histories, and reproductive behaviour},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Reynolds, J. D.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, competition, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, fishes, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, parental care, insect, INSECTS, mating, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, reproductive behaviour, BEHAVIOR, social, bird, birds, genetics, mating system, mating systems, mating behaviour, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, SEXES, DIRECTION, BREEDING SYSTEM, SEX-DIFFERENCES, POTENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE RATES, COPULATE},
	pages = {A68--A72}
}

@article{dussourdPheromonalAdvertisementNuptial1991,
	title = {Pheromonal advertisement of a nuptial gift by a male moth ( {Utetheisa} ornatrix )},
	volume = {88},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Dussourd, D. E. and Harvis, C. A. and Meinwald, J. and Eisner, T.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {mate choice, pheromone, Utetheisa ornatrix, pyrrolizidine alkaloid, hydroxydanaidal, male pheromone},
	pages = {9224--9227}
}

@article{emlenArtificialSelectionHorn1996,
	title = {Artificial selection on horn length-body size allometry in the horned beetle  {Onthophagus} acuminatus  ({Coleoptera}: {Scarabaeidae})},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Emlen, D. J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {selection, size, artificial selection, threshold, dimorphism, allometry, horned beetle, Onthophagus acuminatus},
	pages = {1219--1230}
}

@article{tregenzaGeneticCompatibilityMate2000,
	title = {Genetic compatibility, mate choice and patterns of parentage: {Invited} review},
	volume = {9},
	url = {ISI:000088807700001},
	abstract = {There is growing interest in the possibility that genetic compatibility may drive mate choice, including gamete choice, particularly from the perspective of understanding why females frequently mate with more than one male. Mate choice for compatibility differs from other forms of choice for genetic benefits (such as 'good genes') because individuals are expected to differ in their mate preferences, changing the evolutionary dynamics of sexual selection. Recent experiments designed to investigate genetic benefits of polyandry suggest that mate choice on the basis of genetic compatibility may be widespread. However in most systems the mechanisms responsible for variation in compatibility are unknown. We review potential sources of variation in genetic compatibility and whether there is any evidence for mate choice driven by these factors. Selfish genetic elements appear to have the potential to drive mate compatibility mate choice, though as yet there is only one convincing example. There is abundant evidence for assortative mating between populations in hybrid zones, but very few examples where this is clearly a result of selection against mating with genetically less compatible individuals. There are also numerous cases of inbreeding avoidance, but little evidence that mate choice or differential fertilization success driven by genetic compatibility occurs between unrelated individuals. The exceptions to this are a handful of situations where both the alleles causing incompatibility and the alleles involved in mate choice are located in a chromosome region where recombination is suppressed. As yet there are only a few potential sources of genetic compatibility which have clearly been shown to drive mate choice. This may reflect limitations in the potential for the evolution of mate choice for genetic compatibility within populations, although the most promising sources of such incompatibilities have received relatively little research},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Tregenza, T. and Wedell, N.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, genes, genetic benefits, good genes, MATE, mate choice, population, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, BENEFITS, mating, SUCCESS, PREFERENCES, lande, mate preference, mate preferences, mating preferences, preference, form, polyandry, assortative mating, allele, human, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, DYNAMICS, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, genetics, philopatry, speciation, hybrid, meiotic drive, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, SELFISH, reinforcement, PARENTAGE, Cryptic female choice, alleles, recombination, CHROMOSOME, WILD HOUSE MICE, FERTILIZATION SUCCESS, sympatric speciation, ASCIDIAN DIPLOSOMA-LISTERIANUM, MHC-GENOTYPE, T-COMPLEX, selfish elements},
	pages = {1013--1027}
}

@article{langellottoBenefitsDispersalPatchy2001,
	title = {Benefits of dispersal in patchy environments: {Mate} location by males of a wing-dimorphic insect},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000170125600006},
	doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1870:bodipe]2.0.co;2},
	abstract = {Dispersal dimorphisms, in which both flight-capable and flightless adults occur in the same species, are commonplace in insects. Such dimorphisms are seen as reflecting a balance between the benefits and costs of flight and wing reduction or loss. In heterogeneous habitats. theory predicts that fitness trade-offs can favor the evolution of a dispersal dimorphism in which both flight-capable and flightless morphs are retained in the same population, Despite the wealth of theory, however. there has never been an explicit field assessment of how habitat heterogeneity directly influences the reproductive success of the flight-capable and flightless wing forms of an insect species. The objective of this research was to investigate how variation in habitat heterogeneity (vegetation structure) and female density influence mate location and thus the potential for reproductive success by the male wing forms of a salt marsh inhabiting insect, the planthopper Prokelisia dolus. By placing unmated females in the field at different densities and in sparse and contiguous vegetation, we were able to compare the ability of male wing forms to locate stationary mates. Our data show that both vegetation structure and female density differentially influenced the ability of the male wing forms to locate mates. Flight-capable males located females and acquired matings far more frequently in sparse vegetation, whereas flightless males discovered females more often in contiguous vegetation. Flight-capable males located females more effectively at low female densities, whereas flightless males discovered females more efficiently at higher female densities. Thus, natural variation in vegetation structure and female density are two important factors which combine to influence the mating success of each male wing form. We conclude that habitat heterogeneity in concert with the known reproductive penalties imposed by flight capability (reduced siring ability) interact to favor the persistence of the dispersal polymorphism in males of this planthopper species.},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Langellotto, G. A. and Denno, R. F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, GRYLLUS-FIRMUS, ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE, FLIGHT CAPABILITY, flightlessness, GENETIC POPULATION-STRUCTURE, GERRIS-REMIGIS, HABITAT PERSISTENCE, mate location, NILAPARVATA-LUGENS, planthopper, PLANTHOPPERS HOMOPTERA, Prokelisia dolus, PROKELISIA-MARGINATA, SALT-MARSH, trade-off between flight capability and reproduction, wing polymorphism},
	pages = {1870--1878}
}

@article{charpentierGeneticDiversityReproductive11,
	title = {Genetic diversity and reproductive success in mandrills ({Mandrillus} sphinx)},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0507205102v1},
	abstract = {Edited by Tomoko Ohta, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan, and approved September 29, 2005 (received for review August 25, 2005)Recent studies of wild animal populations have shown that estimators of neutral genetic diversity, such as mean heterozygosity, are often correlated with various fitness traits, such as survival, disease susceptibility, or reproductive success. We used two estimators of genetic diversity to explore the relationship between heterozygosity and reproductive success in male and female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) living in a semifree ranging setting in Gabon. Because social rank is known to influence reproductive success in both sexes, we also examined the correlation between genetic diversity and social rank in females, and acquisition of alpha status in males, as well as length of alpha male tenure. We found that heterozygous individuals showed greater reproductive success, with both females and males producing more offspring. However, heterozygosity influenced reproductive success only in dominant males, not in subordinates. Neither the acquisition of alpha status in males, nor social rank in females, was significantly correlated with heterozygosity, although more heterozygous alpha males showed longer tenure than homozygous ones. We also tested whether the benefits of greater genetic diversity were due mainly to a genome-wide effect of inbreeding depression or to heterosis at one or a few loci. Multilocus effects best explained the correlation between heterozygosity and reproductive success and tenure, indicating the occurrence of inbreeding depression in this mandrill colony},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Charpentier, M. and Setchell, J. M. and Prugnolle, F. and Knapp, L. A. and Wickings, E. J. and Peignot, P. and Hossaert-McKey, M.},
	month = jul,
	keywords = {female, FEMALES, MALES, offspring, population, sex, TRAITS, BENEFITS, fitness, survival, reproductive success, SUCCESS, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, loci, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, social, WILD, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, SEXES, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, DOMINANT MALES, LENGTH, COLONIES, COLONY, heterosis, RANK, acquisition, DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, SOCIAL RANK, susceptibility},
	pages = {0507205102}
}

@article{landeGeneticCorrelationCharacters1984,
	title = {The genetic correlation between characters maintained by selection, linkage and inbreeding},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Genetical Research},
	author = {Lande, R.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {selection, call, inbreeding, linkage, mutation, genetic correlation},
	pages = {309--320}
}

@article{chippendaleChromosomePolymorphismStrong2001,
	title = {Y chromosome polymorphism is a strong determinant of male fitness in  {Drosophila} melanogaster.},
	volume = {98},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Chippendale, A. K. and Rice, W. R.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Drosophila, fitness, Y, Y chromosome, polymorphism},
	pages = {5677--5682}
}

@article{vinesMaintenanceReproductiveIsolation2003,
	title = {The maintenance of reproductive isolation in a mosaic hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads {Bombina} bombina and {B}-variegata},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://000185073500016},
	abstract = {Mosaic hybrid zones arise when ecologically differentiated taxa hybridize across a network of habitat patches. Frequent interbreeding across a small-scale patchwork can erode species differences that might have been preserved in a clinal hybrid zone. In particular, the rapid breakdown of neutral divergence sets an upper limit to the time for which differences at marker loci can persist. We present here a case study of a mosaic hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata (Anura: Discoglossidae) near Apahida in Romania. In our 20 X 20 km study area, we detected no evidence of a clinal transition but found a strong association between aquatic habitat and mean allele frequencies at four molecular markers. In particular, pure populations of B. bombina in ponds appear to cause massive introgression into the surrounding B. variegata gene pool found in temporary aquatic sites. Nevertheless, the genetic structure of these hybrid populations was remarkably similar to those of a previously studied transect near Pescenica (Croatia), which had both clinal and mosaic features: estimates of heterozygote deficit and linkage disequilibrium in each country are similar. In Apahida, the observed strong linkage disequilibria should stem from an imperfect habitat preference that guides most (but not all) adults into the habitats to which they are adapted. In the absence of a clinal structure, the inferred migration rate between habitats implies that associations between selected loci and neutral markers should break down rapidly. Although plausible selection strengths can maintain differentiation at those loci adapting the toads to either permanent or temporary breeding sites, the divergence at neutral markers must be transient. The hybrid zone may be approaching a state in which the gene pools are homogenized at all but the selected loci, not dissimilar from an early stage of sympatric divergence.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Vines, T. H. and Kohler, S. C. and Thiel, A. and Ghira, I. and Sands, T. R. and MacCallum, C. J. and Barton, N. H. and Nurnberger, B.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1876--1888}
}

@article{blaisNonlinearEffectsFemale2004,
	title = {Nonlinear effects of female mate choice in wild threespine sticklebacks},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000225357600011},
	abstract = {Sexual selection by mate choice represents a very important selective pressure in many animal species and might have evolutionary impacts beyond exaggeration of secondary sexual traits. Describing the shape and strength of the relationships linking mating success and nonsexual traits in natural conditions represents a challenging step in our understanding of adaptive evolution. We studied the effect of behavioral (nest site choice), immunological (trematode level of infection), genetic diversity (measured by mean d(2)) and morphological (standard length and pectoral fin size) traits on male mating success in a natural population of threespine sticklebacks Gasterosteaus aculeatus. Male mating success was measured by microsatellite genotyping of embryos used to infer female genotypes. First, we analyzed all territorial males (full analysis) but also considered independently only males with a nonzero mating success (reduced analysis) because some of the males with no eggs could have been part of a later breeding cycle. Multiple linear regressions identified a significant negative effect of parasite load in the full analysis, whereas no linear effect was found in the reduced analysis. The quadratic analyses revealed that nest location and parasite load were significantly related to mating success by positive (concave selection) and negative (convex selection) quadratic coefficients respectively, resulting in a saddle-shaped fitness surface. Moreover, there were significant interactions between nest location, mean d2 and parasite load in the reduced analysis. The subsequent canonical rotation of the matrix of quadratic and cross-product terms identified two major axes of the response surface: a vector representing mostly nest site choice and a vector representing parasite load. These results imply that there exists more than one way for a male threespine stickleback to maximize its mating success and that such nonlinear relationships between male mating success induced by female mate choice and male characteristics might have been overlooked in many studies},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Blais, J. and Rico, C. and Bernatchez, L.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, egg, evolution, female, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, population, response, selection, TRAITS, female mate choice, fitness, parental care, size, stickleback, sticklebacks, mating, SUCCESS, microsatellite, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, condition, WILD, NATURAL-POPULATION, related, load, male mating success, mating success, Canada, natural population, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, GENETIC-VARIATION, parasite load, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, threespine stickleback, canonical rotation, fitness surface, cycle, INFECTION, sympatric speciation, 3-SPINED STICKLEBACK, ACULEATUS, FITNESS SURFACES, site choice, STABILIZING SELECTION, Gasterosteus aculeatus,immunocompetence,mate choice,mean d(2),parasite load,reproductive success,sexual selection, WADING BIRDS},
	pages = {2498--2510}
}

@article{streFoodProvisioningPied1995,
	title = {Food provisioning in the pied flycatcher: do females gain direct benefits from choosing bright-coloured males?},
	volume = {64},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {S‘tre, G. P. and Fossnes, T. and Slagsvold, T.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {provisioning, age, choosing, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, age indicator mechanism, food, direct benefits},
	pages = {21--30}
}

@article{fitzeLongtermLifehistoryConsequences2004,
	title = {Long-term life-history consequences of ectoparasite-modulated growth and development},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:000223113500033},
	doi = {10.1890/03-0138},
	abstract = {Many parasites affect the development and survival of offspring. Because passerines exhibit determinate growth, parasites may have lasting effects on phenotypes. The life-history consequences of parasite-induced developmental modifications have rarely been analyzed, and require long-term experimental studies. Here we present the results of a four-year experimental study on the effects of a hematophagous ectoparasite, the hen flea (Ceratophyllus gallinae), on growth, survival, and lifetime reproductive success of nestlings of the Great Tit (Parus major). In a design A, half of the nests were heat-treated several times per year to kill parasites, while in the other half, fleas were allowed to immigrate naturally over several years. To allow for the estimation and statistical control of effects due to potentially nonrandom phenotype distribution within this design, a second design, design B, was applied. In design B, all nests were heat treated to kill parasites after nest box occupation, and the subsequent infestation of half of the nests was then randomized in space and time. In both designs, the fleas significantly reduced nestling body size but did not significantly affect the probability of nestling recruitment as local breeders. Parasitism reduced the clutch size of the nestlings' first recorded clutch, and of the subsequent clutches, and reduced the total number of recruits produced per nestling over the entire study period. Because body size of the recruited nestlings, both at the end of growth and as recruits, was not significantly different between treatments, the reduced fitness was not an indirect consequence of parasite-modified body size. This study provides experimental evidence for parasite-induced effects during growth on survival and development of offspring and shows the consequences of this phenotypic modification on lifetime reproductive success. It shows that parasite-induced effects during growth are important for understanding optimal resource allocation and life-history evolution under parasitism.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Fitze, P. S. and Clobert, J. and Richner, H.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {2018--2026}
}

@article{creanAdaptivePaternalEffects2013,
	title = {Adaptive paternal effects? {Experimental} evidence that the paternal environment affects offspring performance},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0184.1},
	doi = {10.1890/13-0184.1},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2014-02-03},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Crean, Angela J. and Dwyer, John M. and Marshall, Dustin J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2575--2582}
}

@article{bondurianskyImplicationsNongeneticInheritance2012,
	title = {The implications of nongenetic inheritance for evolution in changing environments},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1752-4571},
	url = {://WOS:000300875400009},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00213.x},
	abstract = {Nongenetic inheritance is a potentially important but poorly understood factor in population responses to rapid environmental change. Accumulating evidence indicates that nongenetic inheritance influences a diverse array of traits in all organisms and can allow for the transmission of environmentally induced phenotypic changes (acquired traits), as well as spontaneously arising and highly mutable variants. We review models of adaptation to changing environments under the assumption of a broadened model of inheritance that incorporates nongenetic mechanisms of transmission, and survey relevant empirical examples. Theory suggests that nongenetic inheritance can increase the rate of both phenotypic and genetic change and, in some cases, alter the direction of change. Empirical evidence shows that a diversity of phenotypes spanning a continuum from adaptive to pathological can be transmitted nongenetically. The presence of nongenetic inheritance therefore complicates our understanding of evolutionary responses to environmental change. We outline a research program encompassing experimental studies that test for transgenerational effects of a range of environmental factors, followed by theoretical and empirical studies on the population-level consequences of such effects.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
	author = {Bonduriansky, R. and Crean, A. J. and Day, T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {192--201}
}

@article{iwasaEvolutionCostlyMate1991,
	title = {The evolution of costly mate preferences {II}. {The} "handicap" principle},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Iwasa, Y. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, good genes, sexual characters, call, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, deleterious mutations, indicator, male choice, "handicap" principle},
	pages = {1431--1442}
}

@article{husbyCONTRASTINGPATTERNSPHENOTYPIC2010,
	title = {{CONTRASTING} {PATTERNS} {OF} {PHENOTYPIC} {PLASTICITY} {IN} {REPRODUCTIVE} {TRAITS} {IN} {TWO} {GREAT} {TIT} ({PARUS} {MAJOR}) {POPULATIONS}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00991.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00991.x},
	abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism via which populations can respond to changing environmental conditions, but we know very little about how natural populations vary with respect to plasticity. Here we use random-regression animal models to understand the multivariate phenotypic and genetic patterns of plasticity variation in two key life-history traits, laying date and clutch size, using data from long-term studies of great tits in The Netherlands (Hoge Veluwe [HV]) and UK (Wytham Woods [WW]). We show that, while population-level responses of laying date and clutch size to temperature were similar in the two populations, between-individual variation in plasticity differed markedly. Both populations showed significant variation in phenotypic plasticity (IxE) for laying date, but IxE was significantly higher in HV than in WW. There were no significant genotype-by-environment interactions (GxE) for laying date, yet differences in GxE were marginally nonsignificant between HV and WW. For clutch size, we only found significant IxE and GxE in WW but no significant difference between populations. From a multivariate perspective, plasticity in laying date was not correlated with plasticity in clutch size in either population. Our results suggest that generalizations about the form and cause of any response to changing environmental conditions across populations may be difficult.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Husby, Arild and Nussey, Dan H. and Visser, Marcel E. and Wilson, Alastair J. and Sheldon, Ben C. and Kruuk, Loeske E. B.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {heritability, phenotypic plasticity, Animal model, multivariate, climate change, random regression, genotype environment interaction},
	pages = {2221--2237}
}

@article{coteSocialPersonalityTrait2009,
	title = {Social personality trait and fitness (vol {B275}, pg 2851, 2008)},
	volume = {276},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000262419000024},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.1689},
	number = {1657},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Cote, J. and Dreiss, A. and Clobert, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {787--787}
}

@article{hoffmannClimateChangeEvolutionary//,
	title = {Climate change and evolutionary adaptation},
	volume = {470},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952128475&partnerID=40&md5=1efbb4b5e40bb152e3e10e34a96f7b3b},
	abstract = {Evolutionary adaptation can be rapid and potentially help species counter stressful conditions or realize ecological opportunities arising from climate change. The challenges are to understand when evolution will occur and to identify potential evolutionary winners as well as losers, such as species lacking adaptive capacity living near physiological limits. Evolutionary processes also need to be incorporated into management programmes designed to minimize biodiversity loss under rapid climate change. These challenges can be met through realistic models of evolutionary change linked to experimental data across a range of taxa. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.},
	number = {7335},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Hoffmann, A. A. and Sgró, C. M.},
	pages = {479--485}
}

@article{gerlachPromiscuousMatingProduces2012,
	title = {Promiscuous mating produces offspring with higher lifetime fitness},
	volume = {279},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1730/860.abstract},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.1547},
	abstract = {In many species, each female pairs with a single male for the purpose of rearing offspring, but may also engage in extra-pair copulations. Despite the prevalence of such promiscuity, whether and how multiple mating benefits females remains an open question. Multiple mating is typically thought to be favoured primarily through indirect benefits (i.e. heritable effects on the fitness of offspring). This prediction has been repeatedly tested in a variety of species, but the evidence has been equivocal, perhaps because such studies have focused on pre-reproductive survival rather than lifetime fitness of offspring. Here, we show that in a songbird, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), both male and female offspring produced by extra-pair fertilizations have higher lifetime reproductive success than do offspring sired within the social pair. Furthermore, adult male offspring sired via extra-pair matings are more likely to sire extra-pair offspring (EPO) themselves, suggesting that fitness benefits to males accrue primarily through enhanced mating success. By contrast, female EPO benefited primarily through enhanced fecundity. Our results provide strong support for the hypothesis that the evolution of extra-pair mating by females is favoured by indirect benefits and shows that such benefits accrue much later in the offspring's life than previously documented.},
	number = {1730},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Gerlach, Nicole M. and McGlothlin, Joel W. and Parker, Patricia G. and Ketterson, Ellen D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {860--866}
}

@article{meylanAreDispersalDependentBehavioral2009,
	title = {Are {Dispersal}-{Dependent} {Behavioral} {Traits} {Produced} by {Phenotypic} {Plasticity}?},
	volume = {311A},
	issn = {1932-5223},
	url = {://WOS:000268239800007},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.533},
	abstract = {Dispersal is a common response to deteriorating conditions such as intense competition, food limitation, predation or parasitism. Although it provides obvious advantages, dispersal is often assumed to be costly. Selection is therefore likely to have acted to decrease these costs, and indeed several studies demonstrated that dispersers and philopatric individuals differ in their morphology, physiology and/or behavior. Using the common lizard (Lacerta viuipara) as our model system, we examined the contribution of phenotypic plasticity to the establishment of dispersal-dependent behavioral traits. We used a reciprocal transplant experiment in which conditions at the maternal site of origin, during offspring development in utero, and at the release site were manipulated. We then compared activity, social interactions and foraging behavior between individuals that stayed philopatric and those that dispersed. Most behavioral traits were also measured at birth and after the dispersal phase. This study demonstrates that (a) 10 months after the dispersal phase, there were still marked behavioral differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals, (b) the reaction when confronted to another individual was also dispersal-status dependent, a result which strongly suggests that individuals are able to recognize the dispersal status of same-age conspecifics and (c) none of the behavioral characteristics were found to be dependent on the environmental conditions (maternal and natal environment) indicating a lack of phenotypic plasticity in the building of the dispersal-dependent behavioral traits examined. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:377-388, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology Part a-Ecological Genetics and Physiology},
	author = {Meylan, S. and De Fraipont, M. and Aragon, P. and Vercken, E. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {377--388}
}

@article{wingePeculiarModeInheritance1922,
	title = {A peculiar mode of inheritance and its cytological explanation},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Genetics},
	author = {Winge, ™},
	year = {1922},
	keywords = {call, Lebistes reticulatus},
	pages = {137--144}
}

@article{bredenEffectExperienceMate1995,
	title = {The effect of experience on mate choice in the {Trinidad} guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {42},
	journal = {Environmental Biology of Fishes},
	author = {Breden, F. and Novinger, D. and Schubert, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, call, developmental experience,female preference,Pisces,Poeciliidae,Poecilia reticulata,sexual selection},
	pages = {323--328}
}

@article{vieiraGenotypeenvironmentInteractionQuantitative2000,
	title = {Genotype-environment interaction for quantitative trait loci affecting life span in  {Drosophila} melanogaster.},
	volume = {154},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Vieira, C. and Pasyukova, E. G. and Zeng, Z. B. and Hackett, J. B. and Lyman, R. F. and Mackay, T. F. C.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Drosophila, loci, senescence, antagonistic genes, sexually antagonistic genes, life span, antagonistic pleiotropy, g*e, QTL},
	pages = {213--227}
}

@article{lebretonMODELINGSURVIVALTESTING1992,
	title = {{MODELING} {SURVIVAL} {AND} {TESTING} {BIOLOGICAL} {HYPOTHESES} {USING} {MARKED} {ANIMALS} - {A} {UNIFIED} {APPROACH} {WITH} {CASE}-{STUDIES}},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0012-9615},
	url = {://WOS:A1992HF77100003},
	doi = {10.2307/2937171},
	abstract = {The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time. Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based on capture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters. Capture-recapture models oriented to estimation of survival rates are the result of a recent change in emphasis from earlier approaches in which population size was the most important parameter, survival rates having been first introduced as nuisance parameters. This emphasis on survival rates in capture-recapture models developed rapidly in the 1980s and used as a basic structure the Cormack-Jolly-Seber survival model applied to an homogeneous group of animals, with various kinds of constraints on the model parameters. These approaches are conditional on first captures; hence they do not attempt to model the initial capture of unmarked animals as functions of population abundance in addition to survival and capture probabilities. This paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets. The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection. The following procedure is recommended: (1) start from a global model compatible with the biology of the species studied and with the design of the study, and assess its fit; (2) select a more parsimonious model using Akaike's Information Criterion to limit the number of formal tests; (3) test for the most important biological questions by comparing this model with neighboring ones using likelihood ratio tests; and (4) obtain maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters with estimates of precision. Computer software is critical, as few of the models now available have parameter estimators that are in closed form. A comprehensive table of existing computer software is provided. We used RELEASE for data summary and goodness-of-fit tests and SURGE for iterative model fitting and the computation of likelihood ratio tests. Five increasingly complex examples are given to illustrate the theory. The first, using two data sets on the European Dipper (Cinclus cinclus), tests for sex-specific parameters, explores a model with time-dependent survival rates, and finally uses a priori information to model survival allowing for an environmental variable. The second uses data on two colonies of the Swift (Apus apus), and shows how interaction terms can be modeled and assessed and how survival and recapture rates sometimes partly counterbalance each other. The third shows complex variation in survival rates across sexes and age classes in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), with a test of density dependence in annual survival rates. The fourth is an example of experimental density manipulation using the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). The last example attempts to examine a large and complex data set on the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), where parameters are age specific, survival is a function of an environmental variable, and an age x year interaction term is important. Heterogeneity seems present in this example and cannot be adequately modeled with existing theory. The discussion presents a summary of the paradigm we recommend and details issues in model selection and design, and foreseeable future developments.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	author = {Lebreton, J. D. and Burnham, K. P. and Clobert, J. and Anderson, D. R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {67--118}
}

@article{mollerSexualSelectionBarn1993,
	title = {Sexual selection in the barn swallow  {Hirundo} rustica.  {III}. {Female} tail ornaments},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {Hirundo rustica, sexual selection, selection, ornament, ornaments, heritability, reproduction, assortative mating, swallow, tail ornaments, genetic correlation, sexual size dimorphism},
	pages = {417--431}
}

@article{ahnesjoDifferentialHabitatSelection2006,
	title = {Differential habitat selection by pygmy grasshopper color morphs; interactive effects of temperature and predator avoidance},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0269-7653},
	url = {://000237193600003},
	doi = {10.1007/s10682-006-6178-8},
	abstract = {Habitat selection behavior is affected by complex interplays between competing requirements. Here we combine field observations with laboratory experiments to examine how thermal benefits and predator avoidance influences habitat selection by different color morphs of the pygmy grasshopper Tetrix undulata. The composition of substrate types and surface temperatures in areas selected by free-ranging individuals did not reflect relative availability, and varied among morphs and sexes. Surface temperatures of selected habitats deviated less from the range of preferred body temperatures than would result from a random utilization of surface temperatures, suggesting that grasshoppers selected habitats with thermal properties which were suitable for maintaining preferred body temperatures. The thermal property of habitats occupied by different color morphs suggests that darker morphs (which absorb more solar radiation) selected cooler habitats to avoid overheating. Dissimilarities in substrate use among color morphs in the field and laboratory emphasize a role also of predator avoidance by background matching for habitat choice. The degree of habitat selectivity was lowest in the striped morph, supporting the notion that a disruptive color pattern may constitute a solution to the trade-off between relative crypsis in different visual backgrounds. Finally, individuals modified their habitat use when subjected to elevated risk of predation, showing that habitat choice is governed by conflicting priorities. Collectively, our findings suggest that, as a result of direct and indirect effects of coloration on performance, alternative color morphs use different solutions to the trade-off between competing requirements. Our results also lend support to the notion that relative fitness of alternative color morphs and sexes may be dependent on microhabitat selection, as predicted by the theory of multiple niche polymorphisms.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Ahnesjo, J. and Forsman, A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {predation risk, selection, butterflies, BEHAVIOR, HABITAT, pattern, trade-off, crypsis, Orthoptera, color polymorphism, THERMOREGULATION, BODY-TEMPERATURE, tetrix-subulata, colias, cryptic coloration, disruptive coloration, idotea-baltica, microhabitat choice, thermal sensitivity},
	pages = {235--257}
}

@article{leeDimorphicMaleMidshipman7,
	title = {Dimorphic male midshipman fish: reduced sexual selection or sexual selection for reduced characters?},
	volume = {17},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/670},
	abstract = {In most taxa with male dimorphisms, some males are large in body size with exaggerated secondary sexual characters (exaggerated morph), whereas other males in the same population are small and have reduced secondary sexual characters (reduced morph). What selective pressures cause male dimorphisms? Reduced morphologies may result when a) some males develop a morphology that, in the absence of sexual selection pressures for an exaggerated morphology, reduces energetic and developmental costs and/or b) some males opt for an alternative morphology that does well at an alternative behavioral tactic such as cuckoldry. The 2 mechanisms could act together, but each alone is theoretically sufficient to drive dimorphisms. Here, we tested hypothesis "b" (sexual selection for reduced characters) in the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus. Behavioral plasticity between territoriality and cuckoldry in an exaggerated male morph (type I) allows for a direct comparison of cuckoldry by exaggerated morph males to cuckoldry by reduced morph (type II) males. Compared with type I cuckolders, type II cuckolders were able to remain near the nest for longer periods before being chased by the territorial type I male, suggesting that the reduced type II morphology allows type II males to prolong the time before attack by territorial males. Combined with other studies showing a role of sexual selection in maintaining the exaggerated morph, the data support the "sexual selection for reduced characters" hypothesis and elucidate how sexual selection can act in different ways on different males to maintain 2 male morphologies within a single species},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Lee, Jonathan S. F. and Bass, Andrew H.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {sexual selection, fish, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, population, selection, CHARACTERS, sexual characters, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, body size, BODY-SIZE, territoriality, plasticity, cost, costs, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, dimorphism, male morphology, morphology, secondary sexual character, secondary sexual characters, cuckoldry, MALE MORPH},
	pages = {670--675}
}

@article{plautEffectsFinSize2000,
	title = {Effects of fin size on swimming performance, swimming behaviour and routine activity of zebrafish {Danio} rerio},
	volume = {203},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/203/4/813.abstract},
	abstract = {The zebrafish Danio rerio exhibits substantial morphological variability in the sizes and shapes of the body and the caudal fin. The present study describes swimming performance, swimming behaviour and routine locomotor activity patterns in three of the major morphotypes: wild-type, long-finned and no-tail. Wild-type and long-finned differ in total length (TL), fork length (FL), caudal fin length (CFL) and caudal fin height (CFH). No-tail has no caudal fin and is significantly smaller in standard length (SL) than the other types. Critical swimming speeds (U(crit)) were measured at 28 degrees C in a modified Brett-type water tunnel. U(crit) of wild-type fish was 56.0+/âˆ’4.8 cm s(âˆ’1) or 15.5 SL s(âˆ’)(1) (mean +/âˆ’ s.d., N=21), significantly faster than the U(crit) of long-finned fish (43.7+/âˆ’6.8 cm s(âˆ’1) or 12.5 SL s(âˆ’1), N=17); both were significantly faster than the U(crit) of no-tail fish (19. 8+/âˆ’4.7 cm s(âˆ’1) or 6.9 SL s(âˆ’1), N=15). When forced to swim in the water tunnel, zebrafish tended to turn and swim downstream for short periods at slow water velocities. Turning frequencies (turns per minute, f(T)) at the slowest velocity (4 cm s(âˆ’1)) were 10. 1+/âˆ’6.5 min(âˆ’)(1) (N=63) and 8.6+/âˆ’4.7 min(âˆ’1) (N=51) for wild-type and long-finned, respectively, significantly different from that of the no-tail fish, 4.7+/âˆ’2.8 min(âˆ’1) (N=45). These frequencies decreased below 1 min(âˆ’1) at 56\%, 64\% and 61\% of U(crit) in wild-type, long-finned and no-tail fish, respectively. Activity levels of wild-type fish were generally significantly higher than those of long-finned fish, and the levels of both were significantly higher than those of no-tail fish. The pattern of differences in relative activity levels between types was similar to that for U(crit). The results show that the wild-type fish, on a size-scaled basis, is one of the fastest-swimming fishes ever measured, reaching the maximum predicted theoretical sustained swimming speed. U(crit) of long-finned fish was 22\% lower than that of wild-type fish, and U(crit) of no-tail fish was 65\% lower. Similar differences were found in turning frequencies and routine activity level.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Plaut, I.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {813--820}
}

@article{gemmellMotherCurseEffect2004,
	title = {Mother's curse: the effect of {mtDNA} on individual fitness and population viability},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://000221435600008},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Gemmell, N. J. and Metcalf, V. J. and Allendorf, F. W.},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, GENETIC-VARIATION, motility, DOMESTIC-FOWL, spermatozoa, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA CONTENT, PATERNAL INHERITANCE},
	pages = {238--244}
}

@article{massotDensityDependenceCommon1992,
	title = {Density dependence in the common lizard - demographic consequences of a density manipulation},
	volume = {73},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	url = {://WOS:A1992JP74000023},
	doi = {10.2307/1940026},
	abstract = {Density dependence plays an important role in the regulation of most populations. Descriptive studies provide only limited evidence, while density manipulations are thought to be a more powerful tool. Here, we describe such a manipulation. We experimentally analyzed demographic responses to changes in density in common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) populations. Two neighboring sites were studied from 1986 to 1988. At the end of the first year, density was artificially decreased at one site and increased at the other. The evolution of demographic parameters over time (before and after manipulation) was compared between the two sites. We found that: (1) density in each age and sex class quickly converged to pre-experimental values at both sites; (2) survival rates (introduced individuals excluded) were unchanged, except that juvenile mortality was positively related to density; (3) emigration rates remained low and did not seem to be influenced by density, while immigration rates were negatively influenced by density; (4) the proportion of young reproductive females was negatively influenced by density; (5) body length and growth rate were negatively influenced by density only in yearlings, and at least in females, no catchup on growth is apparently possible; no difference in reserve storage was found; and (6) female reproduction was modified by the manipulation through clutch size and hatching success, which were negatively influenced by density; however, no difference was detected for hatching date, number of abortive (clear) eggs, prenatal mortality, reproductive investment, and body mass of live neonates. Rapid density readjustments were mostly explained by immigration into the site where density was decreased, and by high mortality of introduced individuals and of native juveniles where density was increased. Other parameters that were influenced by the manipulation could only have induced delayed effects on population density. Different age and sex classes showed different responses to density. These responses indicate that density dependence plays a key role in shaping the demography of this lizard species.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Massot, M. and Clobert, J. and Pilorge, T. and Lecomte, J. and Barbault, R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1742--1756}
}

@article{crookDeterminantsPhysiologicalColour1997,
	title = {Determinants of the physiological colour patterns of juvenile parrotfish,  {Chlorurus} sordidus},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Crook, A. C.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, colour, body size,colour patterns,parrotfish,schooling behaviour},
	pages = {1251--1261}
}

@article{pomiankowskiEvolutionCostlyMate1991,
	title = {the evolution of costly mate preferences {I}. {Fisher} and biased mutation},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A. and Iwasa, Y. and Nee, S.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {evolution, Fisher, i, call, mate preference, mate preferences, preference, mutation, mate choice,mutation pressure,runaway process,sexual characters,sexy son},
	pages = {1422--1430}
}

@article{svenssonSocialContextLife1998,
	title = {The social context of life history evolution},
	volume = {83},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Svensson, E. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, life history, social, context, social interactions},
	pages = {466--477}
}

@article{houdeEffectParasiticInfection1992,
	title = {Effect of parasitic infection on male color pattern and female choice in guppies},
	volume = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Houde, A. E. and Torio, A. J.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, guppies, guppy, call, guppy,parasite,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {346--351}
}

@article{thornhillFluctuatingAsymmetryInterspecific1992,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry, interspecific aggression and male mating tactics of two species of {Japanese} scorpionflies},
	volume = {30},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Thornhill, R.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {fitness, mating, nuptial gifts, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, scorpionfly},
	pages = {357--363}
}

@article{kondrashovDeleteriousMutatationsApparent1992,
	title = {Deleterious mutatations, apparent stabilizing selection and the maintenance of quantitative variation},
	volume = {132},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Kondrashov, A. S. and Turelli, M.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {selection, variation, direct selection,mutation,stabilising selection},
	pages = {603--618}
}

@article{alataloMaleColorationSpecies1994,
	title = {Male coloration and species recognition in sympatric flycatchers},
	volume = {256},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Alatalo, R. V. and Gustafsson, L. and Lundberg, A.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {ornament, species recognition, flycatcher, pied flycatcher, male colouration},
	pages = {113--118}
}

@article{houdeEvolutionaryMismatchMating1997,
	title = {Evolutionary mismatch of mating preferences and male color patterns in guppies},
	volume = {53},
	abstract = {Female mating preferences and the male colour pattern characteristics upon which preferences are based vary both within and between guppy,Poecilia reticulatapopulations from Trinidad. A general trend is for the degree of preference for orange coloration to match the degree of expression of orange coloration in each population, resulting in a positive correlation between the means of the two traits across populations. This study documented an exception to this trend. The mating preferences of female guppies from Trinidad's Yarra and Paria Rivers were compared using standard behavioural assays. Because Yarra males show less orange coloration in their colour patterns than do Paria males, results of previous studies led to a prediction in the present study of a corresponding difference in mating preferences between Yarra and Paria females. Both Yarra and Paria females, however, showed a strong preference for more orange individuals when responding to courtship by Paria males. The expression of preference in Yarra females therefore does not match the expression of orange coloration as predicted. Several hypotheses are suggested that may account for this apparent mismatch.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Houde, A. E. and Hankes, M. A.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, mating, call, mating preferences, preference, mating preference, colour patterns,mating preferences,sexual selection},
	pages = {343--351}
}

@article{lambertSimulationConditionsNecessary1984,
	title = {Simulation of the conditions necessary for the evolution of species by reinforcement},
	volume = {80},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	author = {Lambert, D. M. and Centner, M. R. and Paterson, H. E. H.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, condition, reinforcement},
	pages = {308--311}
}

@article{bredenTestIndirectModels1994,
	title = {Test of indirect models of selection in the {Trinidad} guppy},
	volume = {73},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Breden, F. and Hornaday, K.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, selection, call, attractive male traits,female preference,genetic correlations,indirect selection,sexual selection,Trinidad guppy},
	pages = {291--297}
}

@article{singerDistinguishingPreferenceMotivation1992,
	title = {Distinguishing between 'preference' and 'motivation' in food choice: an example from insect oviposition},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Singer, M. C. and Vasco, C. and Parmesan, C. and Thomas, C. D. and Ng, D.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {choice, insect, OVIPOSITION, preference, foraging, food, motivation, hunger},
	pages = {463--471}
}

@article{lynchNaturevianurtureUnravellingCausality1,
	title = {Nature-via-nurture and unravelling causality in evolutionary genetics},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534713002541},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2013.10.005},
	abstract = {Quantitative geneticists traditionally attribute phenotypic variation to genetic or environmental sources. New findings with near-clonal mice raised in a single enriched environment demonstrated significant developmental and behavioural divergence. This suggests intriguing possibilities for how (epi)genomes and environments might interact to drive phenotypic individuality, thus shaping evolutionary pathways.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Lynch, Kathleen E. and Kemp, Darrell J.},
	keywords = {epigenetics, covariance, genetic variance},
	pages = {2--4}
}

@article{zajitschekDemographicCostsInbreeding2009,
	title = {Demographic costs of inbreeding revealed by sex-specific genetic rescue effects},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/289},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND:Inbreeding can slow population growth and elevate extinction risk. A small number of unrelated immigrants to an inbred population can substantially reduce inbreeding and improve fitness, but little attention has been paid to the sex-specific effects of immigrants on such "genetic rescue". We conducted two subsequent experiments to investigate demographic consequences of inbreeding and genetic rescue in guppies. RESULTS:Populations established from pairs of full siblings that were descended either from two generations of full-sibling inbreeding or unrelated outbred guppies did not grow at different rates initially, but when the first generation offspring started breeding, outbred-founded populations grew more slowly than inbred-founded populations. In a second experiment, adding two outbred males to the inbred populations resulted in significantly faster population growth than in control populations where no immigrants were added. Adding females resulted in growth at a rate intermediate to the control and male-immigrant treatments. CONCLUSIONS:The slower growth of the outbred-founded than inbred-founded populations is the opposite of what would be expected under inbreeding depression unless many deleterious recessive alleles had already been selectively purged in the inbreeding that preceded the start of the experiment, and that significant inbreeding depression occurred when the first generation offspring in outbred-founded populations started to inbreed. The second experiment revealed strong inbreeding depression in the inbred founded populations, despite the apparent lack thereof in these populations earlier on. Moreover, the fact that the addition of male immigrants resulted in the highest levels of population growth suggests that sex-specific genetic rescue may occur in promiscuous species, with male rescue resulting in higher levels of outbreeding than female rescue.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Zajitschek, S.R.K and Zajitschek, F. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {289}
}

@article{schlichtingPollenOvuleSources1992,
	title = {Pollen and ovule sources affect seed production of  {Lobelia} cardinalis  ({Lobeliaceae})},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:A1992JJ95600007},
	abstract = {To examine the breeding system and components of male and female reproductive success in the hermaphroditic plant Lobelia cardinalis, we performed three crossing experiments with plants taken from natural populations. The experiments were designed to determine if the crossing success of plants as pollen and ovule parents was affected by the distance among mates, including self-pollinations and pollinations between populations; to determine if plants differed in their abilities to sire or mature seed; and to determine if there was a correlation between a plant's success at siring and maturing seed. Self-pollinations resulted in significantly fewer seeds per fruit and significantly smaller seeds. There were no significant differences in germinability between selfed and outcrossed seeds. Distance among parents within a population did not affect any of the traits. Outcrosses within and between population produced similar numbers of seeds per fruit, similar seed weights, and similar germination success. There were highly significant differences among maternal plants in all three experiments in the number of seeds they matured, mean seed weight, and seed germinability. The maternal parent was the most important factor determining seed production, but there were also significant differences among paternal plants in the number of seeds they sired (all three experiments), in the germinability of the seeds they sired (two experiments), and in the sizes of seeds they sired (one experiment). Our results indicate that differences in success of Lobelia plants as male parents cannot be due solely to their relatedness to the female parent},
	number = {8},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	author = {Schlichting, C. D. and Devlin, B.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ABILITY, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, MATE, mate choice, population, sex, TRAITS, reproductive success, SUCCESS, relatedness, POPULATIONS, genetics, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, COMPONENTS, PLANTS, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, WEIGHT, CAMPSIS-RADICANS, DISTANCE, pollination, multiple paternity, BREEDING SYSTEM, SEED PRODUCTION, WILD RADISH, LOBELIA-CARDINALIS, TUBE GROWTH, NONRANDOM FERTILIZATION, FRUIT PRODUCTION, RAPHANUS-RAPHANISTRUM},
	pages = {891--898}
}

@article{ginsbergSpermCompetitionVariation1990,
	title = {Sperm competition and variation in zebra mating behavior},
	volume = {26},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Ginsberg, J. R. and Rubenstein, D. I.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {competition, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, mating, male-male competition, reproductive behaviour, polyandrous females, monandrous females, zebra, Equus burchelli, Equus grevyi, inter-specific variation, intra-specific variation},
	pages = {427--434}
}

@article{kellerSelectionInbredSong1994,
	title = {Selection against inbred song sparrows during a natural population bottleneck},
	volume = {372},
	number = {6504},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Keller, L. F. and Arcese, P. and Smith, J. N. M. and Hochachka, W. M. and Stearns, S. C.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {356--357}
}

@article{huntReconcilingStrongStabilizing2007,
	title = {Reconciling strong stabilizing selection with the maintenance of genetic variation in a natural population of black field crickets ({Teleogryllus} commodus)},
	volume = {177},
	issn = {0016-6731},
	url = {://000250657800018},
	abstract = {Genetic variation in single traits, including those closely related to fitness, is pervasive and generally high. By contrast, theory predicts that several forms of selection, including stabilizing selection, will eliminate genetic variation. Stabilizing selection in natural populations tends to be stronger than that assumed in theoretical models of the maintenance of genetic variation. The widespread presence of genetic variation in the presence of strong stabilizing selection is a persistent problem in evolutionary genetics that currently has no compelling explanation. The recent insight that stabilizing selection often acts most strongly on trait combinations via correlational selection may reconcile this problem. Here we show that for a set of male call properties in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus, the pattern of multivariate stabilizing sexual selection is closely associated with the degree of additive genetic variance. The multivariate trait combinations experiencing the strongest stabilizing selection harbored very little genetic variation while combinations tinder weak selection contained most of the genetic variation. Our experiment provides empirical Support for the prediction that a small number of trait combinations experiencing strong stabilizing selection will have reduced genetic variance and that genetically independent trait combinations experiencing weak selection can simultaneously harbor much higher levels of genetic variance.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Hunt, J. and Blows, M. W. and Zajitschek, F. and Jennions, M. D. and Brooks, R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, CHARACTERS, MODELS, heritability, covariance, pleiotropy, directional selection, DIMENSIONALITY, QUANTITATIVE VARIATION},
	pages = {875--880}
}

@article{hassonCheatingSignals1994,
	title = {Cheating signals},
	volume = {167},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Hasson, O.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {signals, call, cheating, cheating,communication,reciever costs,signals},
	pages = {223--238}
}

@article{schmellerAdvantagesVolunteerBasedBiodiversity2009,
	title = {Advantages of {Volunteer}-{Based} {Biodiversity} {Monitoring} in {Europe}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0888-8892},
	url = {://WOS:000264272000015},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01125.x},
	abstract = {Without robust and unbiased systems for monitoring, changes in natural systems will remain enigmatic for policy makers, leaving them without a clear idea of the consequences of any environmental policies they might adopt. Generally, biodiversity-monitoring activities are not integrated or evaluated across any large geographic region. The EuMon project conducted the first large-scale evaluation of monitoring practices in Europe through an on-line questionnaire and is reporting on the results of this survey. In September 2007 the EuMon project had documented 395 monitoring schemes for species, which represents a total annual cost of about (sic)4 million, involving more than 46,000 persons devoting over 148,000 person-days/year to biodiversity-monitoring activities. Here we focused on the analysis of variations of monitoring practices across a set of taxonomic groups ( birds, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, butterflies, plants, and other insects) and across 5 European countries ( France, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, and Poland). Our results suggest that the overall sampling effort of a scheme is linked with the proportion of volunteers involved in that scheme. Because precision is a function of the number of monitored sites and the number of sites is maximized by volunteer involvement, our results do not support the common belief that volunteer-based schemes are too noisy to be informative. Just the opposite, we believe volunteer-based schemes provide relatively reliable data, with state-of-the-art survey designs or data-analysis methods, and consequently can yield unbiased results. Quality of data collected by volunteers is more likely determined by survey design, analytical methodology, and communication skills within the schemes rather than by volunteer involvement per se.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Schmeller, D. S. and Henry, P. Y. and Julliard, R. and Gruber, B. and Clobert, J. and Dziock, F. and Lengyel, S. and Nowicki, P. and Deri, E. and Budrys, E. and Kull, T. and Tali, K. and Bauch, B. and Settele, J. and Van Swaay, C. and Kobler, A. and Babij, V. and Papastergiadou, E. and Henle, K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {307--316}
}

@article{griffithsSchoolingPreferencesFamiliar1997,
	title = {Schooling preferences for familiar fish vary with group size in a wild guppy population},
	volume = {264},
	url = {ISI:A1997WW53300012},
	abstract = {The ability of fish to recognize and preferentially associate with familiar conspecifics has been well documented in a series of laboratory experiments. In this paper we investigate the schooling preferences of wild female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, in the Upper Tunapuna River in Trinidad and confirm that they do indeed prefer to associate with familiar individuals. The guppies in this river occur in a series of pools that become isolated during the dry season. These fish interact solely with other individuals in their pool for periods of several months at a time and thus have ample opportunity to become accustomed to one another. Our study also reveals that the tendency of female guppies to school with familiar fish declines as the group size in which they naturally live increases. Preferences are strong when there are small numbers of females in a pool, but diminish thereafter. This indicates that the expression of familiarity is constrained by group size. The basis of recognition and the consequences of schooling preferences for familiar individuals are discussed},
	number = {1381},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Griffiths, S. W. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {ABILITY, ECOLOGY, EXPRESSION, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, HOUSE, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, reticulata, INCREASE, size, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, experiment, preference, INDIVIDUALS, WILD, FAMILIARITY, REVEAL, INCREASES, RECOGNITION, CONSPECIFICS, TRINIDAD, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, PARTNER CHOICE, shoal, ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR, SCHOOLING PREFERENCES, GROUP-SIZE, MINNOW, 3-SPINED STICKLEBACKS},
	pages = {547--551}
}

@article{magurranPopulationDifferentiationSpeciation1998,
	title = {Population differentiation without speciation},
	volume = {353},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {guppies, population, sexual conflict, speciation, sneak-copulation, forced copulations, differentiation},
	pages = {275--286}
}

@article{hedrickMateChoiceFemale1993,
	title = {Mate choice by female crickets is influenced by predation risk},
	volume = {46},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Hedrick, A. V. and Dill, L. M.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, mate choice, predation risk, cricket, predation, risk, Gryllus integer, trilling},
	pages = {193--196}
}

@article{fitzeConflictMultiplepartnerMating2005,
	title = {Conflict over multiple-partner mating between males and females of the polygynandrous common lizards},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000233769000016},
	doi = {10.1554/05-208.1},
	abstract = {The optimal number of mate partners for females rarely coincides with that for males, leading to a potential sexual conflict over multiple-partner mating. This suggests that the population sex ratio may affect multiple-partner mating and thus multiple paternity. We investigate the relationship between multiple paternity and the population sex ratio in the polygynandrous common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). In Six Populations the adult sex ratio was biased toward males, and in another six Populations the adult sex ratio was biased toward females, the latter corresponding to the average adult sex ratio encountered in natural populations. In males the frequency and the degree of polygyny were lower in male-biased populations, as expected if competition among males determines polygyny. In females the frequency of polyandry was not different between treatments, and polyandrous females produced larger clutches, suggesting that polyandry might be adaptive. However, in male-biased populations females Suffered from reduced reproductive success compared to female-biased populations, and the number of mate partners increased with female body size in polyandrous females. Polyandrous females of male-biased populations showed disproportionately more mating scars. indicating that polyandrous females of male-biased populations had more interactions with males and suggesting that the degree of multiple paternity is controlled by male sexual harassment. Our results thus imply that polyandry may be hierarchically controlled, with females controlling when to mate with multiple partners and male sexual harassment being a proximate determinant of the degree of multiple paternity. The results are also consistent with a sexual conflict in which male behaviors are harmful to females.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Fitze, P. S. and Le Galliard, J. F. and Federici, P. and Richard, M. and Clobert, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2451--2459}
}

@article{bauwensEvolutionSprintSpeed1995,
	title = {Evolution of sprint speed in lacertid lizards - morphological, physiological and behavioral covariation},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:A1995TE99000007},
	doi = {10.2307/2410408},
	abstract = {Organismal performance abilities occupy a central position in phenotypic evolution; they are determined by suites of interacting lower-level traits (e.g., morphology and physiology) and they are a primary focus of natural selection. The mechanisms by which higher levels of organismal performance are achieved during evolution are therefore fundamentally important for understanding correlated evolution in general and coadaptation in particular. Here we address correlated evolution of morphological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that influence interspecific variation in sprint speed in a clade of lacertid lizards. Phylogenetic analyses using independent contrasts indicate that the evolution of high maximum sprinting abilities (measured on a photocell-timed racetrack) has occurred via the evolution of (1) longer hind limbs relative to body size, and (2) a higher physiologically optimum temperature for sprinting. For ectotherms, which experience variable body temperatures while active, sprinting abilities in nature depend on both maximum capacities and relative performance levels (i.e., percent of maximum) that can be attained. With respect to temperature effects, relative performance levels are determined by the interaction between thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behavior. Among the 13 species or subspecies of lizards in the present study, differences in the optimal temperature for sprinting (body temperature at which lizards run fastest) closely matched interspecific variation in median preferred body temperature (measured in a laboratory photothermal gradient), indicating correlated evolution of thermal physiology and thermal preferences. Variability of the preferred body temperatures maintained by each species is, across species, negatively correlated with the thermal-performance breadth (range of body temperatures over which lizards can run relatively fast). This pattern leads to interspecific differences in the levels of relative sprint speed that lizards are predicted to attain while active at their preferred temperatures. The highest levels of predicted relative performance are achieved by species that combine a narrow, precise distribution of preferred temperatures with the ability to sprint at near-maximum speeds over a wide range of body temperatures. The observed among-species differences in predicted relative speed were positively correlated with the interspecific variation in maximum sprinting capacities. Thus, species that attain the highest maximum speeds are (1) also able to run at near-maximum levels over a wide range of temperatures and (2) also maintain body temperatures within a narrow zone near the optimal temperature for sprinting. The observed pattern of correlated evolution therefore has involved traits at distinct levels of biological organization, that is, morphology, physiology, and behavior; and tradeoffs are not evident. We hypothesize that this particular trait combination has evolved in response to coadaptational selection pressures. We also discuss our results in the context of possible evolutionary responses to global climatic change.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bauwens, D. and Garland, T. and Castilla, A. M. and Vandamme, R.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {selection, body size, LIZARDS, NATURAL-POPULATION, SPRINT SPEED, morphology, LOCOMOTION, temperature, SENSITIVITY, PHYSIOLOGY, LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE, SCELOPORUS-OCCIDENTALIS, CORRELATED EVOLUTION, THERMAL, COADAPTATION, COMPARATIVE METHOD, ANOLIS, CHEMOSYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATIONS, HIGH-TEMPERATURE, PHYLOGENETICALLY INDEPENDENT CONTRASTS, PODARCIS-TILIGUERTA},
	pages = {848--863}
}

@article{wapstraGeographicVariationAge2001,
	title = {Geographic variation in age and size at maturity in a small {Australian} viviparous skink},
	issn = {0045-8511},
	url = {://WOS:000173529600006},
	abstract = {Age and size at maturity are pivotal life-history traits through their effects on other key traits, such as annual and lifetime fecundity. We used skeletochronology to investigate the relationships among size (snout-vent length), age, and maturity in two populations of a small viviparous skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus, from Tasmania, Australia. The species occupies a wide geographic and climatic range within the temperate zone, and we chose populations from the climatic extremes of this range. Growth in N. ocellatus is rapid early in life but slows considerably after maturity in both sexes. Within sites, we found no difference in growth patterns or length at maturity between the sexes. However, there were large differences between sites. At our "warm" site, lizards were mature at three years of age at a relatively small size. Lizards from the "cold" site typically delayed maturity until their fourth year (although some males were mature at the end of their third year); as a result, they were significantly larger at maturity and thereafter remained larger for any age than did warm-site lizards. These patterns are consistent with predictions from models of the proximate influence of the thermal environment on growth and maturity patterns in squamate reptiles. Lizards from the cold site are born later in the season and have a shorter activity season prior to obligatory winter hibernation, and conditions for growth are less favorable in any particular month than at the warm site. Because delaying maturity is costly to current fecundity, we suggest that in N. ocellatus lifetime fecundity is enhanced at the cold site by additional growth and gains in future fecundity through the relationship between body length and reproductive output.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Wapstra, E. and Swain, R. and O'Reilly, J. M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {646--655}
}

@article{wedekindMHClinkedSusceptibilityBacterial2004,
	title = {{MHC}-linked susceptibility to a bacterial infection, but no {MHC}-linked cryptic female choice in whitefish},
	volume = {17},
	url = {ISI:000187891700002},
	abstract = {Non-random gamete fusion is one of several potential cryptic female choice mechanisms that have been postulated and that may enhance the survival probability of the offspring. Previous studies have found that gamete fusion in mice is influenced by genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. Here we test (i) whether there is MHC-dependent gamete fusion in whitefish (Coregonus sp.) and (ii) whether there is a link between the MHC and embryo susceptibility to an infection by the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. We experimentally bred whitefish and reared sibships in several batches that either experienced or did not experience strong selection by P. fluorescens. We then determined the MHC class II B1 genotype of 1016 surviving larvae of several full sibships. We found no evidence for MHC-linked gamete fusion. However, in one of seven sibships we found a strong connection between the MHC class II genotype and embryo susceptibility to P. fluorescens. This connection was still significant after correcting for multiple testing. Hence, the MHC class II genotype can considerably influence embryo survival in whitefish, but gamete fusion seems to be random with respect to the MHC},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Wedekind, C. and Walker, M. and Portmann, J. and Cenni, B. and Muller, R. and Binz, T.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, fish, genes, i, mate choice, offspring, selection, survival, mating preferences, Y, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, DYNAMICS, genetics, sperm-egg interaction, MHC, heterozygote advantage, HLA, PROBABILITY, MICE, Cryptic female choice, larvae, immunogenetics, MHC class II, NO EVIDENCE, ATLANTIC SALMON, ANTIGENS, MANAGEMENT, CLASS-I, CHINOOK SALMON, Coregonus, egg disease, gamete fusion, HUMAN-SPERMATOZOA, Pseudomonas fluorescens, second meiotic division, within-family comparison},
	pages = {11--18}
}

@article{landeMechanismsRapidSympatric2001,
	title = {Mechanisms of rapid sympatric speciation by sex reversal and sexual selection in cichlid fish},
	volume = {112-113},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Lande, R. and Seehausen, O. and Van Alphen, J. J. M.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fish, selection, sex, speciation, cichlid, sympatric speciation},
	pages = {435--443}
}

@article{kokkoMateGuardingMale7,
	title = {Mate guarding, male attractiveness, and paternity under social monogamy},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/724},
	abstract = {Socially monogamous species vary widely in the frequency of extrapair offspring, but this is usually discussed assuming that females are free to express mate choice. Using game-theory modeling, we investigate the evolution of male mate guarding, and the relationship between paternity and mate-guarding intensity. We show that the relationship between evolutionarily stable mate-guarding behavior and the risk of cuckoldry can be complicated and nonlinear. Because male fitness accumulates both through paternity at his own nest and through his paternity elsewhere, males evolve to guard little either if females are very faithful or if they are very unfaithful. Attractive males are usually expected to guard less than unattractive males, but within-pair paternity may correlate either positively or negatively with the number of extrapair offspring fertilized by a male. Negative correlations, whereby attractive males are cuckolded more, become more likely if the reason behind female extrapair behavior applies to most females (e.g., fertility insurance) rather than the subset mated to unattractive males (e.g., when females seek "good genes") and if mate guarding is efficient in controlling female behavior. We discuss the current state of empirical knowledge with respect to these findings},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Kokko, Hanna and Morrell, Lesley J.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {choice, Attractiveness, evolution, female, FEMALES, male attractiveness, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, fitness, NUMBER, BEHAVIOR, social, risk, guarding, monogamy, paternity, game theory, FREQUENCIES, FERTILITY, intensity, mate guarding, cuckoldry},
	pages = {724--731}
}

@article{rosenthalContrastAnalysisFocused1985,
	title = {Contrast {Analysis}. {Focused} {Comparisons} in the {Analysis} of {Variance}},
	author = {Rosenthal, R. and Rosnow, R. L.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {VARIANCE}
}

@article{richardAgespecificMatingStrategies2005,
	title = {Age-specific mating strategies and reproductive senescence.},
	volume = {14},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02662.x},
	abstract = {While males gain obvious direct advantages from multiple mating, the reproductive capacity of females is more constrained. The reason why polyandry evolved in females is therefore open to many conjectures. One hypothesis postulates that females gain indirect benefits by increasing the probability of siring young from high quality males. To explore this hypothesis, we used the natural variation of the reproductive value that males and females undergo through age. The age-related variation of phenotypic performance might then induce variations in mating strategies in males and females. Using the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) as our model system, we showed that reproductive immaturity and senescence created variability in both male and female reproductive success (including survival of offspring). Consistent with theory, males at their best-performing phenotype adopted a polygynous strategy. These males were of an intermediate age and they produced offspring of higher viability than younger and older males. In contrast, females at their best performing phenotype, also of an intermediate age, were less polyandrous than other less-performing females. Middle-aged females tended to mate with males of an intermediate age and produced litters with higher viability independently from their reproductive strategy. Males of an intermediate age enhanced their fitness by additional matings with young or old females. Young and old females increased their fitness by being more polyandrous. Polyandry therefore appears as means to seek for good males. A positive correlation between males and their partners' fitness disagree with the idea that polyandry is the result of a sexual conflict in this species.},
	journal = {Molecular ecology},
	author = {Richard, M and Lecomte, J and de Fraipont, M and Clobert, J},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Genotype, Male, reproduction, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Sexual Behavior, Animal: physiology, DNA, DNA: chemistry, DNA: genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Age Factors, Linear Models, Polymerase Chain Reaction},
	pages = {3147--55}
}

@article{payneNatalDispersalPopulationstructure1991,
	title = {Natal dispersal and population-structure in a migratory songbird, the indigo bunting},
	volume = {45},
	url = {ISI:A1991FF29200005},
	abstract = {Male and female indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) were equally likely to return and breed in their natal areas. The distances and number of territories between natal and breeding sites were similar between the sexes. The breeding site was not limited by prior occupation of sites by breeding adults closer to the natal territory. Dispersal distances were independent of whether parents or siblings of either sex returned in the same year. Variation in distance within the natal area appeared to be independent of local population density, social competition, active kin recognition, and avoidance of incest, but was affected by date of birth. The local distribution of dispersal distances approximated a neutral model with a decreasing probability of settling with distance from the natal site. A population inbreeding coefficient DELTA-F of 0.01 was estimated from known genealogies and mattings. The proportion of nestlings recaptured in a later year on their natal area was 1.65\% of 1,212 nestlings at the George Reserve and 8.78\% of 1,332 nestlings at Niles. Locally born birds comprised 1.6\% and 13.0\% of the breeding population in areas of 10 and 4 km2. Evidently most buntings settle and breed more than 2 km from their natal site.   The results are inconsistent with predictions of social and avoidance-of-inbreeding hypotheses that are based on the local natal demographic environment. The results are consistent with a model of neutral dispersal within a genetically open population},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Payne, R. B.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, competition, evolution, female, i, MATE, mate choice, population, sex, variation, model, CONSEQUENCES, heritability, SUCCESS, field, Social Behavior, theory, NUMBER, natal dispersal, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, population density, social, territory, migration, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, genetics, philopatry, kin, ENVIRONMENT, ISLAND, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, SEXES, PROBABILITY, DISTANCE, geographic variation, GREAT TIT, siblings, parus-major, incest, gene flow, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, dispersal distances, SITES, population structure, avoidance of inbreeding, GENEALOGIES, BIASED DISPERSAL, INDIGO BUNTINGS},
	pages = {49--62}
}

@article{arnoldMeasurementNaturalSexual1984a,
	title = {On the measurement of natural and sexual selection: applications},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Arnold, S. J. and Wade, M. J.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, fitness,mating success,natural selection,sexual selection},
	pages = {720--734}
}

@article{odeenSexualSelectionPeripatric2002,
	title = {Sexual selection and peripatric speciation: the {Kaneshiro} model revisited},
	volume = {15},
	url = {ISI:000174709000013},
	abstract = {The Kaneshiro model proposes a role for sexual selection in peripatric speciation. During population bottlenecks, derived males lose attractive traits and become discriminated against by ancestral females, whereas derived females are selected to be less choosy. This permits novel mate choice cues to evolve in derived populations. In a quantitative analysis of laboratory experiments, we show that bottlenecked males have indeed become less attractive but females have not lost their ancestral preferences. Contrary to the model, mating asymmetries were not limited to bottlenecks, but regularly occurred between derived and ancestral populations. The simplest explanation for the observed mating asymmetries is loss of genetic variation and inbreeding in the derived populations. The Kaneshiro process is unlikely to isolate small daughter populations from their ancestor but with slight modifications it may become a strong candidate for speciation in allopatry manifested as isolation between daughter populations in secondary contact},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Odeen, A. and Florin, A. B.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Drosophila, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, population, selection, TRAITS, variation, model, mating, PREFERENCES, mating preferences, preference, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, genetics, genetic variation, speciation, asymmetry, bottleneck, population bottlenecks, PROPENSITY, DIRECTION, GENETIC-VARIATION, allopatry, DROSOPHILA-MOJAVENSIS, FOUNDER-FLUSH SPECIATION, Kaneshiro model, mating asymmetries, peripatric speciation},
	pages = {301--306}
}

@article{HomageSantaAnita2010,
	title = {Homage to {Santa} {Anita} : {Thermal} {Sensitivity} of {Sprint} {Speed} in {Agamid} {Lizards} {Author} ( s ): {Paul} {E} . {Hertz} , {Raymond} {B} . {Huey} , {Eviatar} {Nevo} {Published} by : {Society} for the {Study} of {Evolution} {Stable} {URL} : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2408420},
	volume = {37},
	journal = {Society},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1075--1084}
}

@article{wingeOnesidedMasculineSexlinked1922,
	title = {One-sided masculine and sex-linked inheritance in  {Lebistes} reticulatus},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Genetics},
	author = {Winge, ™},
	year = {1922},
	keywords = {call, Lebistes, Lebistes reticulatus},
	pages = {145--162}
}

@article{olssonSeasonalTimingOviposition1997,
	title = {The seasonal timing of oviposition in sand lizards ({Lacerta} agilis): {Why} early clutches are better},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {://WOS:A1997XE51300008},
	doi = {10.1007/s000360050030},
	abstract = {We studied a population of sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) near the northern edge of the species' range in coastal Sweden. We captured, marked, released and recaptured 98 adult female lizards over 5 years. Hatchlings from 146 laboratory-incubated clutches (1279 eggs) from field-caught gravid females were measured, weighed, marked and released at the study site. Female sand lizards usually laid only a single clutch of 4 to 15 eggs each year, but varied considerably in the time of year at which they laid their eggs. Oviposition dates shifted between years depending on weather (basking opportunities), but the relative timing of oviposition was consistent within a given female from year-to-year. The first females to oviposit each year were large animals in good physical condition, that had grown rapidly in previous years. ''Early'' clutches were larger than ''later'' clutches, had higher hatching success, and tended to have higher post-hatching survival rates. Offspring from early clutches were larger than ''later'' hatchlings, and differed in body proportions (probably because seasonal changes in maternal temperatures directly modified offspring phenotypes). Overall, our study documents several strong correlates of the timing of oviposition, and suggests that variation in this trait among females has strong fitness consequences, perhaps related to maternal ''quality''. The correlations we observed between oviposition date and other traits that have been invoked as determinants of hatchling survival in reptiles (e.g., hatchling size, body shape, opportunities for multiple mating by the mother) suggest that hypotheses advocating simple causal connections between these traits and hatchling success should be viewed with caution.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Shine, R.},
	month = may,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, population, selection, fitness, size, survival, life-history, reproduction, NUMBER, lizard, seasonality, lacertidae, climatic influences, reproductive, timing, uta-stansburiana},
	pages = {369--381}
}

@article{croftSexualSegregationGuppy2004,
	title = {Is sexual segregation in the guppy, {Poecilia} reticulata, consistent with the predation risk hypothesis?},
	volume = {71},
	url = {ISI:000224701900003},
	abstract = {We examined the importance of sex differences in predation risk in generating sexual segregation in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. We hypothesised that sex differences in predation risk will result in habitat segregation and ultimately social segregation of the sexes, with the more vulnerable sex ( males in this case) using safer habitats. In accordance with the predation risk hypothesis we observed sexual segregation in a population associated with high but not low predation risk. Under high predation risk we observed a larger proportion of males in shallow marginal habitats resulting in habitat segregation and ultimately social segregation of the sexes. Furthermore, habitat segregation by sex was associated with habitat segregation by body length with shoals in deeper water having a larger mean body length. Shoaling fish species have been key models in investigating group living, and further research directed towards understanding sexual segregation in other fish species would be valuable},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental Biology of Fishes},
	author = {Croft, D. P. and Botham, M. S. and Krause, J.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, fish, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, predation risk, reticulata, sex, TRINIDADIAN GUPPY, model, MODELS, CONSEQUENCES, BIOLOGY, life-history evolution, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, social, ungulates, predation, HABITAT, risk, social association, LENGTH, HABITAT SELECTION, SEX-DIFFERENCES, shoal, shoaling, group living, habitat preferences},
	pages = {127--133}
}

@article{filatovLowVariabilityYlinked2000,
	title = {Low variability in a {Y}-linked plant gene and its implications for {Y}-chromosome evolution},
	volume = {404},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Filatov, D. A. and Mon‚ger, F. and Negrutiu, I. and Charlesworth, D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, Y chromosome, Sex chromosomes},
	pages = {388--390}
}

@article{fridolfssonEvolutionAvianSex1998,
	title = {Evolution of the avian sex chromosomes from an ancestral pair of autosomes},
	volume = {95},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Fridolfsson, A. and Cheng, H. and Copeland, N. G. and Jenkins, N. A. and Liu, H. and Raudsepp, T. and Woodage, T. and Chowdhary, B. and Halverson, J. and Ellegren, H.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, call, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes},
	pages = {8147--8152}
}

@article{charlesworthInbreedingHeterozygoteAdvantage1999,
	title = {Inbreeding, heterozygote advantage and the evolution of neo-{X} and neo-{Y} sex chromosomes},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Charlesworth, B. and Wall, J. D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, call, inbreeding, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, heterozygote advantage,inbreeding,sex chromosomes,termites,translocation},
	pages = {51--56}
}

@article{grantNoReductionFemale2002,
	title = {No reduction in female sexual receptivity following mating in a stalk-eyed fly,  {Cyrtodiopsis} dalmanni  ({Diptera}: {Diopsidae})},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Grant, C. A. and Fowler, K. and Chapman, T.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {mating, flies, stalk-eyed flies, mating history, matedness},
	pages = {210--215}
}

@article{weigensbergNaturalHeritabilitiesCan1996,
	title = {Natural heritabilities: {Can} they be reliably estimated in the laboratory?},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Weigensberg, I. and Roff, D. A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {heritability, call, quantitative genetics, Additive genetic variance, narrow-sense heritability, natural heritability},
	pages = {2149--2157}
}

@article{millarDisentanglingSelectiveFactors2006a,
	title = {Disentangling the selective factors that act on male colour in wild guppies},
	volume = {113},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14038.x},
	abstract = {The colour pattern of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) is thought to evolve as a compromise between sexual selection (favouring conspicuousness) and natural selection (favouring crypsis). Underpinning this classic explanation is the observation that guppies living with dangerous fish predators are less colourful than guppies living without these predators. However, high fish-predation sites are generally farther downstream than low fish-predation sites, and so may also differ in physical habitat features related to stream size, as well as in the abundance of predatory prawns (Macrobrachium crenulatum). The goal of our study was to disentangle the effects of fish predation on colour evolution from the potential effects of physical habitat features and predation by prawns. We collected 20 male guppies from each of 29 sites in two Trinidadian rivers. We then quantified the colour pattern of these fish; each spot was measured for size and assigned to a colour category. For each site, we determined the fish predation regime and quantified stream size, water colour, canopy openness, and prawn abundance. We then used regressions to assess the relative importance of these factors in explaining variation in guppy colour. Supporting previous work, the presence of predatory fishes was the most important explanatory variable for many components of colour pattern. Physical habitat features explained some of the remaining variation, but in inconsistent ways between the two rivers. The abundance of predatory prawns also explained variation in male colour. Our results suggest that predatory fishes impose the strongest selection on the colour pattern of male guppies but that other factors are also important},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Millar, P. and Reznick, N. and Kinnison, T. and Hendry, P.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, fish, fishes, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, selection, variation, SEXUAL-SELECTION, size, colour, natural selection, NATURAL-SELECTION, WILD, predation, HABITAT, COMPONENTS, related, pattern, STREAM, MALE GUPPIES, colour pattern, crypsis, SITES, WILD GUPPY, predators, colour evolution},
	pages = {1--12}
}

@article{shawPhylogeneticTestsSensory1995,
	title = {Phylogenetic tests of the sensory exploitation model of sexual selection},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Shaw, K.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, model, call, sensory exploitation, sensory exploitaiton model,sexual selection},
	pages = {117--120}
}

@article{rowleyInbreedingBenefitsMay1986,
	title = {Inbreeding - benefits may outweigh costs},
	volume = {34},
	url = {ISI:A1986C588000037},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Rowley, I. and Russell, E. and Brooker, M.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {i, P1, BENEFITS, ENGLAND, cost, costs, inbreeding, CONSERVATION, philopatry, FLORIDA, jay},
	pages = {939--941}
}

@article{janzenTemperaturedependentSexDetermination1996,
	title = {Is temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles adaptive?},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Janzen, F. J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {sex, reptiles, sex determination, TSD, temperature-dependent sex determination, ESD, GSD},
	pages = {253--253}
}

@article{sorciPlumageDichromatismBirds1998,
	title = {Plumage dichromatism of birds predicts introduction success in {New} {Zealand}},
	volume = {67},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Sorci, G. and Moller, A. P. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, extinction, bird, birds, stochasticity},
	pages = {263--269}
}

@article{jangAbsoluteRelativeMeasurements1998,
	title = {Absolute versus relative measurements of sexual selection: assessing the contributions of ultrasonic signal characters to male attraction in lesser wax moths,  {Achroia} grisella  ({Lepidoptera}: {Pyralidae})},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Jang, Y. and Greenfield, M. D.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, Lepidoptera, attraction, moth, moths, sound, multvariate selection},
	pages = {1383--1393}
}

@article{milinskiFemaleSticklebacksUse1990,
	title = {Female sticklebacks use male coloration in mate choice and hence avoid parasitized males},
	volume = {344},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Milinski, M. and Bakker, T. C. M.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {choice, mate choice, stickleback, sticklebacks, call, male colouration,mate choice},
	pages = {330--333}
}

@article{hurstStellateRelictMeiotic1992,
	title = {Is  {Stellate}  a relict meiotic driver?},
	volume = {130},
	journal = {Genetics},
	author = {Hurst, L. D.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {meiotic drive genes, meiotic drive, intragenomic conflict},
	pages = {229--230}
}

@article{sacchiMalemaleCombatsPolymorphic2009,
	title = {Male-male combats in a polymorphic lizard: residency and size, but not color, affect fighting rules and contest outcome.},
	volume = {35},
	doi = {10.1002/ab.20305},
	abstract = {Theoretical models predict that the outcome of dyadic agonistic encounters between males is influenced by resource-holding potential, resource value, and intrinsic aggressiveness of contestants. Moreover, in territorial disputes residents enjoy a further obvious competitive advantage from the residency itself, owing to the intimate familiarity with their territory. Costs of physical combats are, however, dramatically high in many instances. Thus, signals reliably reflecting fighting ability of the opponents could easily evolve in order to reduce these costs. For example, variation in color morph in polymorphic species has been associated with dominance in several case studies. In this study, we staged asymmetric resident-intruder encounters in males of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis, a species showing three discrete morphs (white, yellow, and red) to investigate the effects of asymmetries in color morph, residency, and size between contestants on the outcome of territorial contests. We collected aggression data by presenting each resident male with three intruders of different color morph, in three consecutive tests conducted in different days, and videotaping their interactions. The results showed that simple rules such as residency and body size differences could determine the outcome of agonistic interactions: residents were more aggressive than intruders, and larger males were competitively superior to smaller males. However, we did not find any effect of color on male aggression or fighting success, suggesting that color polymorphism in this species is not a signal of status or fighting ability in intermale conflicts.},
	journal = {Aggressive behavior},
	author = {Sacchi, Roberto and Pupin, Fabio and Gentilli, Augusto and Rubolini, Diego and Scali, Stefano and Fasola, Mauro and Galeotti, Paolo},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {pigmentation, body size, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Male, territoriality, Statistics, Nonparametric, AGGRESSION, Aggression: physiology, Lizards: physiology, Pigmentation: physiology, Conflict (Psychology), Body Size: physiology, Hierarchy, Social},
	pages = {274--83}
}

@article{martinParasitesHealthAffect2008,
	title = {Parasites and health affect multiple sexual signals in male common wall lizards, {Podarcis} muralis.},
	volume = {95},
	doi = {10.1007/s00114-007-0328-x},
	abstract = {Multiple advertising sexual traits may either advertise different characteristics of male condition or be redundant to reinforce reliability of signals. Research has focused on multiple visual traits. However, in animals that use different multiple additional sensory systems, such as chemoreception, different types of traits might have evolved to signal similar characteristics of a male quality using different sensory channels. We examined whether ventral coloration and chemicals in femoral gland secretions of male common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis, are affected by their health state (blood-parasite load and cell-mediated immune response). Our results indicated that less parasitized lizards had brighter and more yellowish ventral colorations and also femoral secretions with higher proportions of two esters of octadecenoic acid. In addition, lizards with a greater immune response had more saturated coloration and secretions with higher proportions of octadecenoic acid methyl ester. We suggest that these signals would be reliable because only healthier males seemed able to allocate more carotenoids to coloration and presumably costly chemicals to secretions. The use of multiple sensory channels may provide more opportunities to signal a male quality under different circumstances, but also may reinforce the reliability of the signal when both types of traits may be perceived simultaneously.},
	journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften},
	author = {Martín, José and Amo, Luisa and López, Pilar},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {pigmentation, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Male, Sexual Behavior, Animal, parasites, Lizards: physiology, carotenoids, Mating Preference, Animal, Hair, Hair: physiology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Lizards: parasitology, Parasitic Diseases, Parasitic Diseases: epidemiology},
	pages = {293--300}
}

@article{dugatkinDelayedBreedingEvolution1995,
	title = {Delayed breeding and the evolution of mate copying in lekking species},
	volume = {174},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Dugatkin, L. E. and H”glund, J.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {lekking, evolution, call, copying, female choice,lekking},
	pages = {261--267}
}

@article{headSexualCoercionOpportunity3,
	title = {Sexual coercion and the opportunity for sexual selection in guppies},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4J6X3T9-1/2/df1e1304835a113a7bc65a73d6421cf6},
	abstract = {The operational sex ratio (OSR) is believed to play a major role in determining the opportunity for sexual selection. Most studies that investigate the effects of OSR on the opportunity for sexual selection, however, ignore the important effects that OSR has on sexual coercion. Sexually coercive behaviour by males, including forceful or subversive mating tactics and sexual harassment, may cause females to mate suboptimally and thus have important consequences for the opportunity for sexual selection. We investigated how variation in OSR affects sexual coercion in guppies, Poecilia reticulata, and examined the costs of this coercion to females. Males did not change mating tactics nor did individuals perform more coercive acts in the male-biased treatment, but the net rate of coercive intersexual interactions was higher simply because there were more males present. Increased sexual coercion did not affect direct fitness components (including number, weight and survival of offspring) or the proportion of courtship displays to which females responded positively},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Head, Megan L. and Brooks, Robert},
	keywords = {sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, offspring, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, selection, sex, variation, fitness, SEXUAL-SELECTION, survival, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, NUMBER, sex ratio, INDIVIDUALS, display, displays, cost, costs, COMPONENTS, RATIO, MATING TACTICS, SEXES, WEIGHT, courtship display, harassment, fitness components, operational sex ratio, SEX-RATIO, osr},
	pages = {515--522}
}

@article{melserSelectiveSeedAbortion2001,
	title = {Selective seed abortion increases offspring survival in {Cynoglossum} officinale ({Boraginaceae})},
	volume = {88},
	url = {ISI:000169364900009},
	abstract = {Selective embryo abortion is one of the evolutionary explanations for the surplus of ovules found in many plant species. To manipulate the level of embryo abortion, we removed ovules and applied nutrients to plants of Cynoglossum officinalpe (Boraginaceae) after they started to flower. From these two treatments and a control series, seeds were collected, germinated, and transplanted in the field to assess the quality of the resulting offspring. Nutrient addition did not increase the number of seeds per flower significantly. Fewer embryos were aborted in the ovule removal treatment. The seeds produced in the ovule: removal treatment had a significantly greater mass and significantly lower survival than the offspring from the control group. This difference in survival indicates that offspring of lower quality are selectively aborted in the control group. Offspring from the nutrient addition treatment survived longer. The offspring of the treatments did not differ significantly from the control group in growth. Simple mathematical calculations, based on the differences in offspring quality that we found, indicate that the selective abortion hypothesis can be an important factor explaining the advantage of the "surplus production" of ovules},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	author = {Melser, C. and Klinkhamer, P. G. L.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, evolution, HYPOTHESIS, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, offspring quality, quality, sex, INCREASE, survival, field, Darwin, GROWTH, inbreeding depression, PLANTS, INCREASES, FRUIT ABORTION, CRYPTANTHA-FLAVA, embryo abortion, manipulate, bet-hedging strategy, Boraginaceae, Cynoglossum officinale, ECHIUM VULGARE BORAGINACEAE, PLANTS PRODUCE, POLLEN-LOAD SIZE, PROGENY PERFORMANCE, RANDOM OVULE ABORTION, seed abortion},
	pages = {1033--1040}
}

@article{carsonArtificialSelectionSecondary1984,
	title = {Artificial selection for a secondary sexual character in males of  {Drosophila} silvestris  from {Hawaii}},
	volume = {81},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Carson, H. L. and Teramoto, L. T.},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {Drosophila, selection, call, Drosophila silvestris,sexual selection},
	pages = {3915--3917}
}

@article{schmollGeneticSimilarityPair2005,
	title = {Genetic similarity between pair mates is not related to extrapair paternity in the socially monogamous coal tit},
	volume = {69},
	url = {ISI:000229278800001},
	abstract = {The benefits of extrapair mating behaviour for females of socially monogamous bird species are unclear despite substantial research effort. The genetic compatibility hypothesis proposes genetic benefits such that females paired to social mates of low genetic compatibility avoid or diminish negative fitness consequences by mating with a more compatible extrapair mate, resulting in offspring of higher genetic quality. Furthermore, within the context of inbreeding depression observed in natural populations, a high degree of overall genetic similarity between social pair mates may be regarded as a special case of genetic incompatibility. We tested the hypothesis that female extrapair matings represent an adaptive behavioural response to avoid negative consequences of being paired to a genetically similar social pair male in the coal tit, Parus ater, a socially monogamous passerine with high rates of extrapair paternity. In contrast to what was predicted, we found no evidence for a positive association between the genetic similarity of social pair mates (measured as band-sharing coefficients from multilocus DNA fingerprints) and the occurrence of extrapair paternity. Furthermore, the genetic similarity of the cuckolding female with its social mate was not higher when compared pairwise to that of its extrapair mate in 63 uniquely composed triplets. Finally, three parameters of reproductive success were not related to the genetic similarity of social pair mates. We conclude that avoiding the potentially negative fitness consequences of being paired to a genetically similar social pair mate did not select for and thus cannot maintain female extrapair mating behaviour in our study population. (c) 2004 The Association for tire Study of Animal Behaviour Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Schmoll, T. and Quellmalz, A. and Dietrich, V. and Winkel, W. and Epplen, J. T. and Lubjuhn, T.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {association, behaviour, female, FEMALES, genetic benefits, HYPOTHESIS, MATE, offspring, PAIR, population, quality, response, BENEFITS, fitness, CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENCES, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, ENGLAND, MATES, COMPATIBILITY, genetic compatibility, genetic quality, GENETIC SIMILARITY, similarity, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, social, bird, BLUE TITS, DEPRESSION, HATCHING FAILURE, inbreeding depression, NATURAL-POPULATION, related, mating behaviour, genetic benefit, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, paternity, RATES, DNA, NO EVIDENCE, GREAT TIT, EVOLUTIONARY, context, extrapair paternity, INCOMPATIBILITY, COEFFICIENTS, FITNESS CONSEQUENCES, passerine, BAND SHARING, FINGERPRINTS, DNA FINGERPRINTS, BIRDS ENGAGE, PARUS-ATER},
	pages = {1013--1022}
}

@article{klappertAcousticPreferenceFunctions2003,
	title = {Acoustic preference functions and sexual selection on the male calling song in the grasshopper  {Chorthippus} biggututlus.},
	volume = {65},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Klappert, K. and Reinhold, K.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, preference, preference function, song, grasshopper},
	pages = {225--233}
}

@article{spiessRareMaleMating1978,
	title = {Rare male mating advantage},
	volume = {272},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Spiess, E. B. and Ehrman, L.},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {mating, male mating advantage},
	pages = {188--189}
}

@article{kodricbrownConsensusFemalesTheir1996,
	title = {Consensus among females in their choice of males in the guppy {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {39},
	url = {ISI:A1996WH62700007},
	abstract = {We studied female guppies from two populations (Trinidad and Jemez Springs, New Mexico) to determine their mating preferences, the degree of consensus among females for particular male phenotypes, and the variation among females for the types of traits they prefer. We recorded the visual responses of 68 Trinidad and 10 Jemez females in paired male trials. The three sexually-selected male traits quantified were the area of orange color and iridescence on the body, and display behavior. Females from the Trinidad population agreed in their choice of males in three of the eight replicates, and this agreement was based on display rate rather than male color patterns. Females from the Jemez population showed no agreement in their preferences of males. Mating preferences of females varied both between populations and among females of a population. In both populations, female preferences were based primarily on courtship intensity and only secondarily on color pattern. However, females from both populations differed in the relative importance of orange color and iridescence. The fact that females differ in criteria for evaluating males has important implications for selection and maintenance of color polymorphisms and for the interactions among multiple secondary sexual traits of males in the guppy},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {KodricBrown, A. and Nicoletto, P. F.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, MALE COLOR PATTERNS, MALE PHENOTYPE, MALES, mate choice, orange, P1, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, response, reticulata, selection, TRAITS, variation, MAINTENANCE, mating, SUCCESS, artificial selection, PREFERENCES, COLOR PATTERNS, female preference, lande, mating preferences, preference, phenotype, mating preference, polymorphism, display, BEHAVIOR, POPULATIONS, consensus, pattern, patterns, RESPONSES, TRINIDAD, CRITERIA, phenotypes, display rate, intensity, MALE TRAITS, color polymorphism, COLOR-PATTERN, PETERS PISCES, male phenotypes, courtship intensity},
	pages = {395--400}
}

@article{magurranSchoolingPreferencesFamilial1994,
	title = {Schooling preferences for familial fish in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {45},
	url = {ISI:A1994PG32300004},
	abstract = {Although schooling behaviour is an important antipredator response of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in Trinidad it is not known whether fish elect to school with particular individuals. Familiarity is a simple mechanism that could lead to non-random associations within schools. In this paper we test the idea that prior experience of particular individuals influences the choice of partners during schooling. We show (in a laboratory study) that female guppies prefer to associate with familiar individuals. However, we are unable to detect any schooling preference for unfamiliar females from the same population},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Magurran, A. E. and Seghers, B. H. and Shaw, P. W. and Carvalho, G. R.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, response, reticulata, size, CONSEQUENCES, PREFERENCES, ENGLAND, preference, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, MECHANISM, predation, ASSOCIATIONS, FAMILIARITY, pattern, EXPERIENCE, TRINIDAD, SCHOOLING PREFERENCES, sunfish, SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR,PARTNER PREFERENCE,INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION,POECILIA-RETICULATA, SHINER},
	pages = {401--406}
}

@article{brownRainbowTroutAtlantic1992,
	title = {Do rainbow trout and atlantic salmon discriminate kin},
	volume = {70},
	url = {ISI:A1992JP72000025},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine if juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) can discriminate kin from non-kin, since other salmonid species (coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Arctic chaff (Salvelinus alpinus)) have been shown to possess this ability. When tested in water conditioned by conspecifics (kin and non-kin) and heterospecifics in a two-choice tank, both rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon demonstrated a significant preference for kin over non-kin and heterospecifics, indicating that these species possess kin-discrimination abilities. This ability appears to be widespread among salmonid fishes},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Brown, G. E. and Brown, J. A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {ABILITY, fish, fishes, preference, BEHAVIOR, kin, kin discrimination, RECOGNITION, Canada, COHO SALMON, CONSPECIFICS, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH, RAINBOW-TROUT, sibling recognition, sociobiology, ATLANTIC SALMON, TADPOLES},
	pages = {1636--1640}
}

@article{johnstoneHonestAdvertisementMultiple1995,
	title = {Honest advertisement of multiple qualities using multiple signals},
	volume = {177},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Johnstone, R. A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, quality, signals, honest advertisement, call, honest signalling, multiple traits, multiple ornaments, multiple preferences},
	pages = {87--94}
}

@article{pomiankowskiEvolutionMultipleSexual1993,
	title = {Evolution of multiple sexual preferences by {Fisher}'s runaway process of sexual selection},
	volume = {253},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A. and Iwasa, Y.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, Fisher, selection, preference, sexual preference, runaway, Runaway process, sexual selection,multiple ornaments,multiple preferences,mate choice,theory,model,costs,Fisher,runaway},
	pages = {173--181}
}

@article{jirotkulMaleTraitDistribution2000,
	title = {Male trait distribution determined alternative mating tactics in guppies},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Jirotkul, M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, variation, mating, alternative mating tactics},
	pages = {1427--1434}
}

@article{tregenzaOriginsPrematingReproductive2000,
	title = {The origins of premating reproductive isolation: testing hypotheses in the grasshopper  {Chorthippus} parrallelus},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Tregenza, T. and Pritchard, V. L. and Butlin, R. K.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {reproductive isolation, speciation, grasshopper},
	pages = {1687--1698}
}

@article{zajitschekDistinguishingEffectsFamiliarity2008,
	title = {Distinguishing the effects of familiarity, relatedness, and color pattern rarity on attractiveness and measuring their effects on sexual selection in guppies ({Poecilia} reticulata)},
	volume = {172},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/593001},
	doi = {10.1086/593001},
	abstract = {Abstract: Mate choice is often based on multiple signal traits and can be influenced by context-dependent factors. Understanding the importance of these signals and factors can be difficult because they are often correlated and might interact. Here, we experimentally disentangle the effects of familiarity, kinship, pattern rarity, and ornament patterns on mate choice in guppies. We estimate whether these factors alter sexual selection on six phenotypic traits known to influence male attractiveness. Rarity of the male's phenotype is the only context-dependent factor that significantly influenced female mating decisions, with common patterns being least attractive. This preference for rare male patterns is a source of negative frequency-dependent selection that may contribute to maintaining the extreme polymorphism in male guppy coloration. Neither visual familiarity nor relatedness between mating partners had any significant effect on mate choice decisions. There was significant linear and nonlinear sexual selection on ornamental traits, but this was not influenced by the context-dependent measures. Our approach highlights the complexity of female mate choice and sexual selection, as well as the value of combining multifactorial experiments with multivariate selection analyses. Our study shows that both negative frequency-dependent selection and disruptive selection contribute to the maintenance of extreme polymorphism in guppies.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Zajitschek, Susanne R. K. and Brooks, Robert C.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {843--854}
}

@article{caucheteuxInnateFrontiersMother2003,
	title = {At the innate frontiers between mother and fetus: linking abortion with complement activation},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00028-1},
	journal = {Immunity},
	author = {Caucheteux, S. M. and Kanellopoulos-Langevin, C. and Ojcius, D. M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {ABORTION},
	pages = {169--172}
}

@article{madsenWhyFemaleAdders1992,
	title = {Why do female adders copulate so frequently},
	volume = {355},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	url = {://WOS:A1992HB53000067},
	doi = {10.1038/355440a0},
	abstract = {MALES of most animal species will enhance their reproductive success if they mate often and with many different partners, whereas promiscuous mating is unlikely to increase a female's reproductive success. Why then is multiple copulation by females so common 1-6? Many theoreticians have suggested that multiple copulations might enhance the viability of a female's offspring, either because of inadequate quantities of sperm from the first mating 1,7, additional nutrients derived from the seminal fluid 7,8 or some genetic advantage 9-14. Our field studies on Swedish adders provide the first empirical evidence that multiple copulations, with different partners each time, increase offspring viability. This advantage apparently results from more intense sperm competition in the female's reproductive tract, resulting in a higher proportion of her ova being fertilized by genetically superior males.},
	number = {6359},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Madsen, T. and Shine, R. and Loman, J. and Hakansson, T.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {440--441}
}

@article{marksLefthandednessLifeExpectancy1991,
	title = {Left-handedness and life expectancy},
	volume = {325},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Marks, J. S. and Williamson, D. F.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {left handedness},
	pages = {1041}
}

@article{emlenDevelopmentEvolutionExaggerated2000,
	title = {The development and evolution of exaggerated morphologies in insects},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	author = {Emlen, D. J.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, insect, horn, exaggerated male characters},
	pages = {661--708}
}

@article{wardCopulaDurationTestes1991,
	title = {Copula duration and testes size in the yellow dung fly,  {Scathophaga} stercoraria  ({L}.): the effects of diet, body size, and mating history},
	volume = {29},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Ward, P. I. and Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {size, body size, mating, flies, Scathophaga stercoraria, dung fly, testes, diet, sperm production, mating history, Copula, cow dung},
	pages = {77--85}
}

@article{mollerFluctuatingAsymmetrySexual1993,
	title = {Fluctuating asymmetry and sexual selection},
	volume = {89},
	journal = {Genetica},
	author = {Moller, A. P. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, call, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry,heterozygosity,reliable signalling,sexual selection,stress},
	pages = {267--279}
}

@article{bulmerModelsPolygenicSex1982,
	title = {Models of polygenic sex determination and sex ratio control},
	volume = {36},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Bulmer, M. G. and Bull, J. J.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {sex, model, sex ratio, sex determination, chromosomes, polygenic sex determination},
	pages = {13--26}
}

@article{hoskenSpermCounts3,
	title = {Sperm counts},
	volume = {13},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-3WJDVDF-33/2/6fde0d9cfaa24ad46a0fbf4c66c179ac},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Hosken, D. J. and Stockley, P.},
	keywords = {sperm},
	pages = {91--92}
}

@article{chapmanCostMatingDrosophila1995,
	title = {Cost of mating in  {Drosophila} melanogaster  is mediated by male accessory gland products},
	volume = {373},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Chapman, T. and Liddle, L. F. and Kalb, J. M. and Wolfner, M. F. and Partridge, L.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Drosophila, mating, cost, sperm toxicity,ICE,coevolution,costs,mating,mate choice},
	pages = {241--244}
}

@article{scheuberConditionDependenceMulticomponent2003,
	title = {Condition dependence of a multicomponent sexual signal in the field cricket  {Gryllus} campestris.},
	volume = {65},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Scheuber, H. and Jacot, A. and Brinkhof, M. W. G.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {cricket, field, condition, condition dependence, condition-dependence},
	pages = {721--727}
}

@article{olssonFecundityMHCAffects2004,
	title = {Fecundity and {MHC} affects ejaculation tactics and paternity bias in sand lizards},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000221234700023},
	doi = {10.1554/03-610},
	abstract = {We demonstrate that extending copulation enhances probability of paternity in sand lizards and that determinants of copulation duration depend on a males' mating order (first or second). First males, with no information on presence of rivals, extend copulation when mating with a more fecund female. Second males, however, adjust copula duration in relation to a first male's relatedness with his female, which there is reason to believe can be deduced from the MHC-related odor of the copulatory plug. Male-female relatedness negatively influences a male's probability of paternity, and when second males are in a favored role (i.e., the first male is the one more closely related to the female), second males transfer larger ejaculates, resulting in higher probability of paternity. This result corroborates predictions from recent theoretical models on sperm expenditure theory incorporating cryptic female choice and sexual conflict. More specifically, the results conform to a "random roles" model, which depicts males as being favored by some females and disfavored by others, but not to a "constant-type" model, in which a male is either favored or disfavored uniformly by all females in a population.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Madsen, T. and Ujvari, B. and Wapstra, E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {906--909}
}

@article{puseyInbreedingAvoidanceAnimals1996,
	title = {Inbreeding avoidance in animals},
	volume = {11},
	url = {ISI:A1996UF70500007},
	abstract = {The phenomenon of inbreeding depression is well documented and behavioral adaptations for inbreeding avoidance have been described. However, there is debate over whether inbreeding depression is always an important selective force on behavior. Here, we summarize recent evidence for inbreeding depression under natural conditions, review inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, and discuss how these are influenced by social structure. We also examine the idea that animals have evolved mechanisms to avoid outbreeding},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Pusey, A. and Wolf, M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, ECOLOGY, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, ANIMALS, BEHAVIOR, condition, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, social, wolf, WOLVES, X, adaptation, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, philopatry, outbreeding, KIN RECOGNITION, inbreeding-avoidance, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, FIELD CRICKET, attraction, outbreeding depression, social system, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE, MEADOW VOLE, GRYLLUS-BIMACULATUS, NON-SIBLINGS},
	pages = {201--206}
}

@article{mollerPatternsFluctuatingAsymmetry1992,
	title = {Patterns of fluctuating asymmetry in weapons: evidence for reliable signalling of quality in beetle horns and bird spurs},
	volume = {248},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Moller, A. P.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {quality, signalling, bird, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, horn, beetle horns, bird spurs},
	pages = {199--206}
}

@article{kruukWakeupCallStudies2007,
	title = {A wake-up call for studies of natural selection?},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01223.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Kruuk, L. E. B. and Garant, D.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {selection, call, natural selection, NATURAL-SELECTION},
	pages = {30--33}
}

@article{janzenPreliminaryTestAdaptive1991,
	title = {A preliminary test of the adaptive significance of environmental sex determination in reptiles},
	volume = {45},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Janzen, F. J. and Paukstis, G. L.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {sex, LIZARDS, reptiles, sex determination, crocodiles, environmental sex determination},
	pages = {435--440}
}

@article{jamesMultivariateAnalysisEcology1990,
	title = {Multivariate analysis in ecology and systematics: panacea or {Pandora}'s box?},
	volume = {21},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
	author = {James, F. C. and McCulloch, C. E.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {multivariate, multiple regression, PCA, priciple components},
	pages = {129--166}
}

@article{acevedo-whitehouseDiseaseSusceptibilityCalifornia2003,
	title = {Disease susceptibility in {California} sea lions},
	volume = {422},
	url = {ISI:000181343100027},
	abstract = {Inbreeding in animals can increase their susceptibility to pathogens, but direct evidence from wild populations is scarce1,2 and it is unclear whether all pathogens are affected equally. Here we analyse rescued California sea lions afflicted with a range of different pathogens, and find that sick animals have higher-than normal parental relatedness, with the extent varying among disease classes. Our findings indicate that mortality in natural populations may not be entirely random and that inbred individuals could act as more effective reservoirs of infectious agents. We found a significant positive regression of rehabilitation time on inbreeding ( r  240.14,  n 443,  P 40.01), indicating that the more inbred individuals take longer to recover. All of the challenges (apart from trauma) that we studied were influenced by inbreeding, which supports findings that link hetero-zygosity of the major histocompatibility complex with an effective response to challenge (see ref. 12, for example). The importance of genetics in demography and conservation is contentious13. Our results indicate that the role of stochasticity in the natural mortality of vertebrates may be less important than was previously thought, and that inbreeding could have a significant impact on conservation programmes and the dynamics of wildlife diseases. The most inbred individuals not only cost more to treat and rehabilitate, but they could also act disproportionately as reservoirs of infectious agents when they are subsequently released. (Aus Originalartikel kopiert, kein eigener Abstract)},
	number = {6927},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. and Gulland, F. and Greig, D. and Amos, W.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {evolution, response, SUCCESS, ENGLAND, COMPLEX, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MAJOR-HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-COMPLEX, cost, inbreeding, MAMMALS, DYNAMICS, CONSERVATION, genetics, microsatellites, California, mortality, demography, VERTEBRATES, DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, stochasticity, ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS},
	pages = {35--35}
}

@article{zajitschekExperimentalEvidenceThat2009,
	title = {Experimental evidence that high levels of inbreeding depress sperm competitiveness, but not ornamental traits.},
	volume = {22},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Susanne R. K. and Lindholm, A. and Evans, J. P. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1338--1345}
}

@article{kingsolverPathAnalysisSelection1991,
	title = {Path analysis of selection},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Kingsolver, J. G. and Schemske, D. W.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {selection, path analysis, pollination biology},
	pages = {276--280}
}

@article{vannoordwijkAcquisitionAllocationResources1986,
	title = {Acquisition and allocation of resources: their influence on variation in life history tactics},
	volume = {128},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {van Noordwijk, A. J. and de Jong, G.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {variation, resources, call, life history, allocation, life history traits,selection},
	pages = {137--142}
}

@article{bostGENTOOPENGUINPYGOSCELISPAPUA1992,
	title = {{GENTOO} {PENGUIN} {PYGOSCELIS}-{PAPUA} - {FACTORS} {AFFECTING} {THE} {PROCESS} {OF} {LAYING} {A} {REPLACEMENT} {CLUTCH}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1146-609X},
	url = {://WOS:A1992KJ97500007},
	abstract = {The Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua provided a model for the study of factors influencing patterns of relaying in seabirds during a two year study at the Crozet archipelago. The timing of brood loss, the stage of breeding at failure and the degree of reinforcement of the pair bond were found to have interrelated influences. The ability to lay a replacement clutch was more closely associated with mate coordination in foraging trips during the incubation. The strong capacity to lay replacement clutches was associated with a unique early onset of laying among sub-antarctic seabirds. The inability to lay a second clutch after a breeding success seems to be related to the important energetic cost of the prolonged chick rearing at the northern edge of the breeding range.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Bost, C. A. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {593--605}
}

@article{oliverWholeGenomePositiveSelection2010,
	title = {Whole-{Genome} {Positive} {Selection} and {Habitat}-{Driven} {Evolution} in a {Shallow} and a {Deep}-{Sea} {Urchin}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1759-6653},
	url = {://WOS:000291467300022},
	doi = {10.1093/gbe/evq063},
	abstract = {Comparisons of genomic sequence between divergent species can provide insight into the action of natural selection across many distinct classes of proteins. Here, we examine the extent of positive selection as a function of tissue-specific and stage-specific gene expression in two closely-related sea urchins, the shallow-water Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the deep-sea Allocentrotus fragilis, which have diverged greatly in their adult but not larval habitats. Genes that are expressed specifically in adult somatic tissue have significantly higher dN/dS ratios than the genome-wide average, whereas those in larvae are indistinguishable from the genome-wide average. Testis-specific genes have the highest dN/dS values, whereas ovary-specific have the lowest. Branch-site models involving the outgroup S. franciscanus indicate greater selection (omega(FG)) along the A. fragilis branch than along the S. purpuratus branch. The A. fragilis branch also shows a higher proportion of genes under positive selection, including those involved in skeletal development, endocytosis, and sulfur metabolism. Both lineages are approximately equal in enrichment for positive selection of genes involved in immunity, development, and cell-cell communication. The branch-site models further suggest that adult-specific genes have experienced greater positive selection than those expressed in larvae and that ovary-specific genes are more conserved (i.e., experienced greater negative selection) than those expressed specifically in adult somatic tissues and testis. Our results chart the patterns of protein change that have occurred after habitat divergence in these two species and show that the developmental or functional context in which a gene acts can play an important role in how divergent species adapt to new environments.},
	journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
	author = {Oliver, T. A. and Garfield, D. A. and Manier, M. K. and Haygood, R. and Wray, G. A. and Palumbi, S. R.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Drosophila, EXPRESSION, genes, Humans, sequence, POSITIVE SELECTION, CHIMPANZEES, constraint, Allocentrotus, allocentrotus-fragilis, dN/dS, fragilis, likelihood, phylogenetic analysis, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus},
	pages = {800--814}
}

@article{mollerSpermCompetitionSexual1998,
	title = {Sperm competition and sexual selection: a meta-analysis of paternity studies of birds},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0340-5443},
	url = {://000076383400001},
	abstract = {Sperm competition (the competition among the sperm of different males for fertilization of the eggs of a female) has been suggested to be an important component of sexual selection, but no general assessment has been made of this proposition. We used a meta-analytic approach to assess the extensive literature on paternity (the proportion of offspring in a focal nest sired by an attending male) in birds based on allozyme and molecular techniques. The relative variance in male mating success was on average increased by a factor of 4.6 over the variance in apparent male success. Males with more extravagant secondary sexual characters had higher paternity in their own nests than less adorned males. There was a weak effect of male age being positively associated with paternity in own nests. Male body size measured as the length of wing and tarsus was weakly positively associated with paternity in own nests. Male survival prospect was positively associated with paternity in own nests. Polygynous males generally had decreased paternity of their broods compared to monogamous males. Paternity of the resident male decreased with increasing population density and breeding asynchrony. The intensity of paternity guards such as within-pair copulation rate and mate guarding were not significantly related to extra-pair paternity. Sperm competition was thus an important component of sexual selection by increasing the variance in male mating success, and by being associated with the expression of secondary sexual characters, in particular in dense and asynchronously breeding populations of birds.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Moller, A. P. and Ninni, P.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {female choice, sexual selection, population density, birds, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, parasitism, GREAT REED WARBLER, parus-major, META-analysis, SWALLOW HIRUNDO-RUSTICA, tree swallows, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, TIT, AGELAIUS-PHOENICEUS, EASTERN BLUEBIRDS, INTRASPECIFIC BROOD, synchrony},
	pages = {345--358}
}

@article{gabirotChemicalCompositionFemoral2008,
	title = {Chemical composition of femoral secretions of oviparous and viviparous types of male common lizards {Lacerta} vivipara},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0305-1978},
	url = {://WOS:000257254600005},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bse.2008.03.006},
	abstract = {In spite of the importance of chemoreception in intraspecific communication of lizards, only a few studies have examined chemical composition of secretions of lizards. The secretion of the femoral glands of adult male lizards Lacerta vivipara contains a relatively low number (18) of lipophilic compounds in comparison with other related lacertid lizards. These compounds were identified on the basis of mass spectra, obtained by GC-MS. Chemicals included ten steroids (mainly cholesterol) and four carboxylic acids between n-C-12 and n-C-18, and minor components such as squalene, cc-tocopherol, and two waxy esters, which may contribute to avoid oxidation of other lipophilic components in the fairly humid environments occupied by this lizard. Secretions of adult males from oviparous and viviparous populations did not differ in the numbers and quality of chemical compounds, but there were some differences in the relative proportion of some compounds. Males from oviparous populations had lower proportions of hexadecanoic acid and cholestan-3-one, and higher proportions of squalene than viviparous males. These differences might be explained by either small genetic differences between types or due to different microclimatic conditions in the original populations. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},
	author = {Gabirot, M. and Lopez, P. and Martin, J. and de Fraipont, M. and Heulin, B. and Sinervo, B. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {539--544}
}

@article{brownNoEvidenceThat2004,
	title = {No evidence that polyandry benefits females in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000222513900009},
	abstract = {Understanding the evolution of polyandry (mating with multiple males) is a major issue in the study of animal breeding systems. We examined the adaptive significance of polyandry in Drosophila melanogaster, a species with well-documented costs of mating in which males generally cannot force copulations. We found no direct fitness advantages of polyandry. Females that mated with multiple males had no greater mean fitness and no different variance in fitness than females that mated repeatedly with the same male. Subcomponents of reproductive success, including fecundity, egg hatch rate, larval viability, and larval development time, also did not differ between polyandrous and monogamous females. Polyandry had no affect on progeny sex ratios, suggesting that polyandry does not function against costly sex-ratio distorters. We also found no evidence that polyandry functions to favor the paternity of males successful in precopulatory sexual selection. Experimentally controlled opportunities for precopulatory sexual selection had no effect on postcopulatory sperm precedence. Although these results were generally negative, they are supported with substantial statistical power and they help narrow the list of evolutionary explanations for polyandry in an important model species},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Brown, W. D. and Bjork, A. and Schneider, K. and Pitnick, S.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Drosophila, egg, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, selection, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, BENEFITS, fitness, model, BODY-SIZE, fecundity, insect, MALE SIZE, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, Y, multiple mating, polyandry, sex ratio, cost, costs, genetics, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, VARIANCE, viability, RATIO, mating success, GENETIC INCOMPATIBILITY, COPULATIONS, paternity, statistical power, NO EVIDENCE, BREEDING SYSTEM, SEX-RATIOS, promiscuity, ACCESSORY-GLAND PRODUCTS, SPERM PRECEDENCE, SEX-RATIO, sex ratios, OFFSPRING VIABILITY, PRECEDENCE, LITIGIOSA LINYPHIIDAE, MULTIPLE MATES},
	pages = {1242--1250}
}

@article{garantOffspringGeneticDiversity2005,
	title = {Offspring genetic diversity increases fitness of female {Atlantic} salmon ({Salmo} salar)},
	volume = {57},
	url = {ISI:000226302100005},
	abstract = {Inbreeding has negative effects on individual and population performances. Therefore, enhancement of offspring genetic diversity is believed to play a major role in shaping mating systems. However, no study has clearly separated the direct effect of having multiple partners from the indirect effect of having more outbred offspring on the resulting reproductive success of individuals in the wild. In this study, we report significant associations between both multiple mating and within-individual genetic diversity of offspring, and an increased reproductive success of wild female Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Specifically, we found that females with a higher number of mates also have more outbred offspring (within-individuals), and that both of these characteristics increased their reproductive success expressed in terms of offspring surviving when combining all freshwater juvenile stages. Our findings also indicate that determinants of fitness are different among sexes as within-individual offspring genetic diversity was not a strong predictor of male reproductive success, while the number of mates was important. We also show that females mated with more outbred males than on average, which potentially increased their chances of producing outbred offspring. These results therefore suggest that there could be more important indirect genetic benefits of multiple mating for females than for males.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Garant, D. and Dodson, J. D. and Bernatchez, L.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {female, offspring, fitness, INCREASE, INCREASES, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, ATLANTIC SALMON, SALAR, Salmo salar},
	pages = {240--244}
}

@article{petersIntegratingPatchBoundary2006,
	title = {Integrating patch and boundary dynamics to understand and predict biotic transitions at multiple scales},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0921-2973},
	url = {://000235887300003},
	doi = {10.1007/s10980-005-1063-3},
	abstract = {Human modification of landscapes overlying natural environmental heterogeneity is resulting in an increase in the numbers and types of ecological patches and their intervening boundaries. In this paper, we describe an operational framework for understanding and predicting dynamics of these biotic transitions for a range of environmental conditions across multiple spatial scales. We define biotic transitions as the boundary and the neighboring states, a more general definition than typically denoted by the terms boundary, ecotone, edge or gradient. We use concepts of patch dynamics to understand the structural properties of biotic transitions and to predict changes in boundaries through time and across space. We develop testable hypotheses, and illustrate the utility of our approach with examples from arid and semiarid ecosystems. Our framework provides new insights and predictions as to how landscapes may respond to future changes in climate and other environmental drivers.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	author = {Peters, D. P. C. and Gosz, J. R. and Pockman, W. T. and Small, E. E. and Parmenter, R. R. and Collins, S. L. and Muldavin, E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {RESPONSES, dominance, landscape ecology, CLIMATE-CHANGE, DESERT, directional transitions, ecotones, GRASSLAND-SHRUBLAND ECOTONE, HABITAT EDGES, PLANT-SPECIES, positive feedbacks, shifting, SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO, SPATIAL-PATTERNS, stationary transitions, transitions, VEGETATION CHANGE},
	pages = {19--33}
}

@article{hoffmannDetectingGeneticResponses2008,
	title = {Detecting genetic responses to environmental change},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1471-0056},
	url = {://WOS:000255953500010},
	doi = {10.1038/nrg2339},
	abstract = {Changes in environmental conditions can rapidly shift allele frequencies in populations of species with relatively short generation times. Frequency shifts might be detectable in neutral genetic markers when stressful conditions cause a population decline. However, frequency shifts that are diagnostic of specific conditions depend on isolating sets of genes that are involved in adaptive responses. Shifts at candidate loci underlying adaptive responses and DNA regions that control their expression have now been linked to evolutionary responses to pollution, global warming and other changes. Conversely, adaptive constraints, particularly in physiological traits, are recognized through DNA decay in candidate genes. These approaches help researchers and conservation managers understand the power and constraints of evolution.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Genetics},
	author = {Hoffmann, A. A. and Willi, Y.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, CLIMATE-CHANGE, insecticide resistance, QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI, arabidopsis-thaliana, flowering time, heat-shock genes, taste receptor genes, water-deficit},
	pages = {421--432}
}

@article{mulliganCommentPopulationSize12,
	title = {Comment on "{Population} {Size} {Does} {Not} {Influence} {Mitochondrial} {Genetic} {Diversity} in {Animals}"},
	volume = {314},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/314/5804/1390a},
	abstract = {Bazin et al. (Reports, 28 April, 2006, p. 570) found no relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity and population size when comparing across large groups of animals. We show empirically that species with smaller populations, as represented by eutherian mammals, exhibit a positive correlation between mtDNA and allozyme variation, suggesting that mtDNA diversity may correlate with population size in these animals},
	number = {5804},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Mulligan, Connie J. and Kitchen, Andrew and Miyamoto, Michael M.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {population, variation, size, ANIMALS, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA, ALLOZYME},
	pages = {1390a}
}

@article{anderholmFitFatEnlarged2004,
	title = {Fit and fat from enlarged badges: a field experiment on male sand lizards},
	volume = {271},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000221321100005},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2003.0094},
	abstract = {To investigate the impact of nuptial coloration (the badge) on male fitness in the Swedish sand lizard (Lacerta agilis), we conducted a manipulation experiment in a natural population. Males in one group had their badges enlarged by being painted as cheaters and were compared to a control group with respect to mate acquisition, body condition and survival. Badge enlargement did not affect survival, but elevated mate acquisition by almost 400\%, and body condition in small males. This increase in condition is likely to stem from greater access to female-associated sites with high food availability.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Anderholm, S. and Olsson, M. and Wapstra, E. and Ryberg, K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {S142--S144}
}

@book{maynardsmithEvolutionaryGenetics1998,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Evolutionary {Genetics}},
	isbn = {0-19-854215-1},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Maynard Smith, J.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {selection, quantitative genetics, genetics}
}

@article{mccleeryNestPredationDelayed1996,
	title = {Nest predation and delayed cost of reproduction in the great tit},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	url = {://WOS:A1996TR13000009},
	doi = {10.2307/5703},
	abstract = {1. During a study on the great tit at Wytham Wood, Oxfordshire, nest predation by weasels was as high as 50\% in some years prior to 1976. In 1976, nest-boxes were made virtually predator proof. 2. The change in nest-box type increased local recruitment rate and total population size of great and blue tits. We examined here the consequences of reduced nest predation on the survival rate of the great tit late in life. 3. Prior to 1976 (during the nest predation period), survival rate after the age of 5 years showed no decline and no relationship to the number of successful breeding attempts in either sex. 4. After 1976 (predator-proof period), both sexes showed increased mortality rates after the age of 5. However, only female survival was related to the number of successful breeding attempts, with a negative correlation. 5. This enhanced mortality late in life is likely to result from an increased cost of reproduction due to the combined effects of increased competition (higher adult density) and increased investment in reproduction (more young to raise because of reduced nest predation). These results fit predictions from life history theory, where increased effort early in life is predicted to trade with survival late in life.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {McCleery, R. H. and Clobert, J. and Julliard, R. and Perrins, C. M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {96--104}
}

@article{calsbeekComparingGeneticArchitecture2011,
	title = {Comparing the genetic architecture of potential response to sleection of invasive and native populations of reed canary grass},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolutionary Applications},
	author = {Calsbeek, B and Lavergne, S. and Patel, M. and Molofsky, J.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {726--735}
}

@article{wigbySexPeptideCauses2005,
	title = {Sex {Peptide} {Causes} {Mating} {Costs} in {Female} {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982205001107},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.051},
	abstract = {Conflicts between females and males over reproductive decisions are common [1]. In Drosophila, as in many other organisms, there is often a conflict over how often to mate. The mating frequency that maximizes male reproductive success is higher than that which maximizes female reproductive success [2]. In addition, frequent mating reduces female lifespan and reproductive success [3], a cost that is mediated by male ejaculate accessory gland proteins (Acps) [4]. We demonstrate here that a single Acp, the sex peptide [5] (SP or Acp70A), which decreases female receptivity and stimulates egg production in the first matings of virgin females 6, 7, is a major contributor to Acp-mediated mating costs in females. Females continuously exposed to SP-deficient males (which produce no detectable SP [6]) had significantly higher fitness and higher lifetime reproductive success than control females. Hence, rather than benefiting both sexes, receipt of SP decreases female fitness, making SP the first identified gene that is likely to play a central role in sexual conflict.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-11-26},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Wigby, Stuart and Chapman, Tracey},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {316--321},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6317/Wigby and Chapman - 2005 - Sex Peptide Causes Mating Costs in Female Drosophi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6318/S0960982205001107.html:text/html}
}

@article{riceAssessingSexualConflict2006,
	title = {Assessing sexual conflict in the {Drosophila} melanogaster laboratory model system},
	volume = {361},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2005.1787},
	abstract = {We describe a graphical model of interlocus coevolution used to distinguish between the interlocus sexual conflict that leads to sexually antagonistic coevolution, and the intrinsic conflict over mating rate that is an integral part of traditional models of sexual selection. We next distinguish the 'laboratory island' approach from the study of both inbred lines and laboratory populations that are newly derived from nature, discuss why we consider it to be one of the most fitting forms of laboratory analysis to study interlocus sexual conflict, and then describe four experiments using this approach with Drosophila melanogaster. The first experiment evaluates the efficacy of the laboratory model system to study interlocus sexual conflict by comparing remating rates of females when they are, or are not, provided with a spatial refuge from persistent male courtship. The second experiment tests for a lag-load in males that is due to adaptations that have accumulated in females, which diminish male-induced harm while simultaneously interfering with a male's ability to compete in the context of sexual selection. The third and fourth experiments test for a lag-load in females owing to direct costs from their interactions with males, and for the capacity for indirect benefits to compensate for these direct costs.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1466},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences},
	author = {Rice, William R. and Stewart, Andrew D. and Morrow, Edward H. and Linder, Jodell E. and Orteiza, Nicole and Byrne, Phillip G.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2006},
	pmid = {16612888},
	pmcid = {PMC1569610},
	keywords = {Male, Genetics, Population, Models, Genetic, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Animals, Biological Evolution, Drosophila melanogaster, Conflict (Psychology), Female},
	pages = {287--299},
	file = {Full Text:files/6321/Rice et al. - 2006 - Assessing sexual conflict in the Drosophila melano.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{orteizaSexySonsRemating2005,
	title = {Sexy sons from re-mating do not recoup the direct costs of harmful male interactions in the {Drosophila} melanogaster laboratory model system},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00923.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00923.x},
	abstract = {The empirical foundation for sexual conflict theory is the data from many different taxa demonstrating that females are harmed while interacting with males. However, the interpretation of this keystone evidence has been challenged because females may more than counterbalance the direct costs of interacting with males by the indirect benefits of obtaining higher quality genes for their offspring. A quantification of this trade-off is critical to resolve the controversy and is presented here. A multi-generation fitness assay in the Drosophila melanogaster laboratory model system was used to quantify both the direct costs to females due to interactions with males and indirect benefits via sexy sons. We specifically focus on the interactions that occur between males and nonvirgin females. In the laboratory environment of our base population, females mate soon after eclosion and store sufficient sperm for their entire lifetime, yet males persistently court these nonvirgin females and frequently succeed in re-mating them. Females may benefit from these interactions despite direct costs to their lifetime fecundity if re-mating allows them to trade-up to mates of higher genetic quality and thereby secure indirect benefits for their offspring. We found that direct costs of interactions between males and nonvirgin females substantially exceeded indirect benefits through sexy sons. These data, in combination with past studies of the good genes route of indirect benefits, demonstrate that inter-sexual interactions drive sexually antagonistic co-evolution in this model system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-11-29},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Orteiza, N. and Linder, J. E. and Rice, W. R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {evolution, female mate choice, fitness, reproduction, sexual conflict, adaptation, exposure, interlocus conflict, interlocus contest evolution, sexually antagonistic co-evolution, benefits, copulation, water strider},
	pages = {1315--1323},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6324/Orteiza et al. - 2005 - Sexy sons from re-mating do not recoup the direct .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6325/j.1420-9101.2005.00923.html:text/html}
}

@article{stewartSexualConflictNot2008,
	title = {Sexual conflict is not counterbalanced by good genes in the laboratory {Drosophila} melanogaster model system},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {© 2008 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2008 European Society For Evolutionary Biology},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01593.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01593.x},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict theory is based on the observation that females of many species are harmed through their interactions with males. Direct harm to females, however, can potentially be counterbalanced by indirect genetic benefits, where females make up for a reduction in offspring quantity by an increase in offspring quality through a generic increase in offspring fitness (good genes) and/or one restricted to the context of sexual selection (sexy sons). Here, we quantify the magnitude of the good genes mechanism of indirect benefits in a laboratory-adapted population of Drosophila melanogaster. We find that despite high-standing genetic variance for fitness, females gain at most only a modest benefit through the good genes form of indirect benefits – far too little to counterbalance the direct cost of male-induced harm.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2018-11-29},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Stewart, A. D. and Hannes, A. M. and Mirzatuny, A. and Rice, W. R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {sexual selection, good genes, indirect benefits, sexual conflict, female remating},
	pages = {1808--1813},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6327/Stewart et al. - 2008 - Sexual conflict is not counterbalanced by good gen.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6328/j.1420-9101.2008.01593.html:text/html}
}

@article{stewartAssessingPutativeInterlocus2005,
	title = {Assessing putative interlocus sexual conflict in {Drosophila} melanogaster using experimental evolution},
	volume = {272},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559894/},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2005.3182},
	abstract = {The theoretical foundation of sexually antagonistic coevolution is that females suffer a net fitness cost through their interactions with males. The empirical prediction is that direct costs to female lifetime fecundity will exceed indirect benefits despite a possible increase in the genetic quality of offspring. Although direct costs of males have been repeatedly shown, to date no study has comprehensively tested whether females are compensated for this direct harm through indirect benefits. Here we use experimental evolution to show that a mutation giving Drosophila melanogaster females nearly complete resistance to the direct costs of male courtship and remating, but which also excluded almost all indirect benefits, is strongly favoured by selection. We estimated the selection coefficient favouring the resistance allele to be +20\%. These results demonstrate that any indirect benefits that females accrued were not sufficient to counter-balance the direct costs of males, and reinforce a large body of past studies by verifying interlocus sexual conflict in this model system.},
	number = {1576},
	urldate = {2018-11-29},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Stewart, Andrew D and Morrow, Edward H and Rice, William R},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16191613},
	pmcid = {PMC1559894},
	pages = {2029--2035},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/6330/Stewart et al. - 2005 - Assessing putative interlocus sexual conflict in D.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{linderNaturalSelectionGenetic2005,
	title = {Natural selection and genetic variation for female resistance to harm from males},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00872.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00872.x},
	abstract = {The sexual conflict hypothesis predicts that males evolve traits that exploit the higher parental investment of females, which generates selection for females to counter-evolve resistance. In Drosophila melanogaster it is now established that males harm females and that there is genetic variation among males for the degree of this harm. Genetic variation among females for resistance to harm from males, and the corresponding strength of selection on this variation, however, have not been quantified previously. Here we carryout a genome-wide screen for female resistance to harm from males. We estimate that the cost of interactions with males depresses lifetime fecundity of females by 15\% (95\% CI: 8.2–22.0), that genetic variation for female resistance constitutes 17\% of total genetic variation for female adult fitness, and that propensity to remate in response to persistent male courtship is a major factor contributing to genetic variation for female resistance.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-11-29},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Linder, J. E. and Rice, W. R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual conflict, sexually antagonistic coevolution, interlocus conflict, interlocus contest evolution},
	pages = {568--575},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6333/Linder and Rice - 2005 - Natural selection and genetic variation for female.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6334/j.1420-9101.2004.00872.html:text/html}
}

@article{st-cyrMaternalPredatorOdour2018,
	title = {Maternal predator odour exposure programs metabolic responses in adult offspring},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-26462-w},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-26462-w},
	abstract = {A cardinal feature of the reaction to stress is the promotion of energy mobilization, enabling appropriate behavioural responses. Predator odours are naturalistic and ecologically relevant stressors present over evolutionary timescales. In this study, we asked whether maternal predator odour exposure could program long-term energy mobilization in C57BL/6 mice offspring. To test this hypothesis, we measured rates of oxygen consumption in prenatally predator odour exposed mice in adulthood while controlling for levels of locomotor activity at baseline and under stress. Circulating thyroid hormone levels and the transcript abundance of key regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis within the periventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in the liver, including carriers and receptors and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, were measured as endocrine mediators facilitating energy availability. Prenatally predator odour exposed mice of both sexes mobilized more energy during lower energy demand periods of the day and under stressful conditions. Further, prenatally predator odour exposed mice displayed modifications of their hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis through increased circulating thyroxine and thyroid hormone receptor α within the PVN and decreased transthyretin in the liver. Overall, these results suggest that maternal exposure to predator odour is sufficient to increase long-term energy mobilization in adult offspring.},
	language = {En},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-11-29},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {St-Cyr, Sophie and Abuaish, Sameera and Welch, Kenneth C. and McGowan, Patrick O.},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {8077},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6336/St-Cyr et al. - 2018 - Maternal predator odour exposure programs metaboli.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6337/s41598-018-26462-w.html:text/html}
}

@article{franklinEpigeneticTransmissionImpact2010,
	series = {Stress, {Neuroplasticity}, and {Posttraumatic} {Stress} {Disorder}},
	title = {Epigenetic {Transmission} of the {Impact} of {Early} {Stress} {Across} {Generations}},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0006-3223},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322310005767},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.036},
	abstract = {Background
Traumatic experiences in early life are risk factors for the development of behavioral and emotional disorders. Such disorders can persist through adulthood and have often been reported to be transmitted across generations.
Methods
To investigate the transgenerational effect of early stress, mice were exposed to chronic and unpredictable maternal separation from postnatal day 1 to 14.
Results
We show that chronic and unpredictable maternal separation induces depressive-like behaviors and alters the behavioral response to aversive environments in the separated animals when adult. Most of the behavioral alterations are further expressed by the offspring of males subjected to maternal separation, despite the fact that these males are reared normally. Chronic and unpredictable maternal separation also alters the profile of DNA methylation in the promoter of several candidate genes in the germline of the separated males. Comparable changes in DNA methylation are also present in the brain of the offspring and are associated with altered gene expression.
Conclusions
These findings highlight the negative impact of early stress on behavioral responses across generations and on the regulation of DNA methylation in the germline.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-11-29},
	journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
	author = {Franklin, Tamara B. and Russig, Holger and Weiss, Isabelle C. and Gräff, Johannes and Linder, Natacha and Michalon, Aubin and Vizi, Sandor and Mansuy, Isabelle M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Brain, DNA methylation, epigenetic, depression, early stress, germline},
	pages = {408--415},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6339/Franklin et al. - 2010 - Epigenetic Transmission of the Impact of Early Str.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6340/S0006322310005767.html:text/html}
}

@article{mollerGoodgenesEffectsSexual1999,
	title = {Good-genes effects in sexual selection},
	volume = {266},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/266/1414/85},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.1999.0607},
	abstract = {The magnitude of the effect of good genes as a viability benefit accruing to choosy females remains a controversial theoretical and empirical issue. We collected all available data from the literature to estimate the magnitude of good–genes viability effects, while adjusting for sample size. The average correlation coefficient between male traits and offspring survival in 22 studies was 0.122, which differed highly significantly from zero. This implies that male characters chosen by females reveal on average 1.5\%of the variance in viability. The studies demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in effect size; some of this heterogeneity could be accounted for by differences among taxa (birds demonstrating stronger effects), and by differences in the degree of mating skew in the species (high skew reflecting stronger effects). Although these results suggest that viability–based sexual selection is widespread across taxa, they indicate that the effect is relatively minor. Finally, there was also an effect of publication year in that the more recent studies reported reduced effects. This may reflect publication biases during paradigm shifts of this debated issue, but it should also be recalled that the studies have only partly estimated the full fitness consequences of mate choice for offspring.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1414},
	urldate = {2018-11-29},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Møller, Anders Pape and Alatalo, Rauno V.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, good genes, HOUSE, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, offspring, P1, PERFORMANCE, quality, selection, TRAITS, CHARACTERS, fitness, size, survival, CONSEQUENCES, mating, SUCCESS, BIOLOGY, ENGLAND, experiment, mate preference, Y, bird, birds, genetics, mating system, REVEAL, VARIANCE, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, viability, META-analysis, choosy females, secondary sexual character, SKEW, COSTLY MATE PREFERENCES, OFFSPRING FITNESS, MALE TRAITS, FITNESS CONSEQUENCES, REPERTOIRE},
	pages = {85--91},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6343/Møller and Alatalo - 1999 - Good-genes effects in sexual selection.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6344/85.html:text/html}
}

@article{ragunathanEpigeneticInheritanceUncoupled2014,
	title = {Epigenetic inheritance uncoupled from sequence-specific recruitment},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/11/19/science.1258699.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1258699},
	abstract = {Changes in histone post-translational modifications are associated with epigenetic states that define distinct patterns of gene expression. It remains unclear whether epigenetic information can be transmitted through histone modifications independently of specific DNA sequence, DNA methylation, or RNAi. Here we show that, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, ectopically induced domains of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me), a conserved marker of heterochromatin, are inherited through several mitotic and meiotic cell divisions after removal of the sequence-specific initiator. The putative JmjC domain H3K9 demethylase, Epe1, and the chromodomain of the H3K9 methyltransferase, Clr4/Suv39h play opposing roles in maintaining silent H3K9me domains. These results demonstrate how a direct ‘read-write’ mechanism involving Clr4 propagates histone modifications and allows histones to act as carriers of epigenetic information.},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Ragunathan, Kaushik and Jih, Gloria and Moazed, Danesh},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014}
}

@article{ala-honkolaNOEVIDENCEPOSTCOPULATORY2011,
	title = {{NO} {EVIDENCE} {FOR} {POSTCOPULATORY} {INBREEDING} {AVOIDANCE} {IN} {DROSOPHILA} {MELANOGASTER}},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000294594300021},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01317.x},
	abstract = {Selection to avoid inbreeding is predicted to vary across species due to differences in population structure and reproductive biology. Over the past decade, there have been numerous investigations of postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance, a phenomenon that first requires discrimination of mate (or sperm) relatedness and then requires mechanisms of male ejaculate tailoring and/or cryptic female choice to avoid kin. The number of studies that have found a negative association between male-female genetic relatedness and competitive fertilization success is roughly equal to the number of studies that have not found such a relationship. In the former case, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study was undertaken to verify and expand upon a previous report of postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance in D. melanogaster, as well as to resolve underlying mechanisms of inbreeding avoidance using transgenic flies that express a sperm head-specific fluorescent tag. However, siblings did not have a lower fertilization success as compared to unrelated males in either the first (P(1)) or second (P(2)) mate role in sperm competition with a standard unrelated competitor male in our study population of D. melanogaster. Analyses of mating latency, copulation duration, egg production rate, and remating interval further revealed no evidence for inbreeding avoidance.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Ala-Honkola, O. and Manier, M. K. and Lupold, S. and Pitnick, S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {FEMALES, MALES, mate choice, selection, SPERM COMPETITION, relatedness, similarity, DEPRESSION, inbreeding depression, postcopulatory sexual selection, patterns, paternity, Cryptic female choice, genetic, competitive fertilization success},
	pages = {2699--2705}
}

@article{albersEvidenceEvolutionGuppies2000,
	title = {Evidence for evolution of guppies in a semi-natural environment},
	volume = {50},
	journal = {Netherlands Journal of Zoology},
	author = {Albers, P. C. H.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy},
	pages = {425--433}
}

@article{albertSexualSelectionCan10,
	title = {Sexual {Selection} {Can} {Resolve} {Sex}-{Linked} {Sexual} {Antagonism}},
	volume = {310},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/310/5745/119},
	abstract = {Sexual selection is a potent evolutionary force. However, very few models have considered the evolution of female preferences for traits expressed in both sexes. Here we explore how female preferences coevolve with sexually antagonistic traits, which involve alleles that are beneficial to one sex but harmful to the other. We show that with a sexually antagonistic trait on the X chromosome (males XY, females XX), females evolve to prefer mates carrying alleles beneficial to daughters. In contrast, with a Z-linked trait (males ZZ, females ZW), females more often evolve mating preferences for mates carrying alleles beneficial to sons (that is, flashy displays)},
	number = {5745},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Albert, Arianne Y. K. and Otto, Sarah P.},
	month = jul,
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, selection, sex, TRAITS, model, MODELS, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, PREFERENCES, female preference, mating preferences, preference, MATES, allele, mating preference, display, displays, X, SEXES, alleles, EVOLUTIONARY, sexually antagonistic, sexual antagonism, CHROMOSOME, ZZ},
	pages = {119--121}
}

@article{englishInformationValueNonGenetic2015,
	title = {The {Information} {Value} of {Non}-{Genetic} {Inheritance} in {Plants} and {Animals}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0116996},
	abstract = {Parents influence the development of their offspring in many ways beyond the transmission of DNA. This includes transfer of epigenetic states, nutrients, antibodies and hormones, and behavioural interactions after birth. While the evolutionary consequences of such non-genetic inheritance are increasingly well understood, less is known about how inheritance mechanisms evolve. Here, we present a simple but versatile model to explore the adaptive evolution of non-genetic inheritance. Our model is based on a switch mechanism that produces alternative phenotypes in response to different inputs, including genes and non-genetic factors transmitted from parents and the environment experienced during development. This framework shows how genetic and non-genetic inheritance mechanisms and environmental conditions can act as cues by carrying correlational information about future selective conditions. Differential use of these cues is manifested as different degrees of genetic, parental or environmental morph determination. We use this framework to evaluate the conditions favouring non-genetic inheritance, as opposed to genetic determination of phenotype or within-generation plasticity, by applying it to two putative examples of adaptive non-genetic inheritance: maternal effects on seed germination in plants and transgenerational phase shift in desert locusts. Our simulation models show how the adaptive value of non-genetic inheritance depends on its mechanism, the pace of environmental change, and life history characteristics.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {English, Sinead and Pen, Ido and Shea, Nicholas and Uller, Tobias},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	note = {WOS:000348203500040},
	keywords = {desert locust, developmental plasticity, environmental-conditions, evolutionary consequences, life-histories, locust phase polyphenism, natural-selection, populations, schistocerca-gregaria, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance},
	pages = {e0116996}
}

@article{nilssonEnvironmentallyInducedEpigenetic2015,
	title = {Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease susceptibility},
	volume = {165},
	issn = {1931-5244},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trsl.2014.02.003},
	abstract = {Environmental insults, such as exposure to toxicants or nutritional abnormalities, can lead to epigenetic changes that are in turn related to increased susceptibility to disease. The focus of this review is on the transgenerational inheritance of such epigenetic abnormalities (epimutations), and how it is that these inherited epigenetic abnormalities can lead to increased disease susceptibility, even in the absence of continued environmental insult. Observations of environmental toxicant specificity and exposure-specific disease susceptibility are discussed. How epimutations are transmitted across generations and how epigenetic changes in the germline are translated into an increased disease susceptibility in the adult is reviewed with regard to disease etiology.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Translational Research},
	author = {Nilsson, Eric E. and Skinner, Michael K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	note = {WOS:000347017600003},
	keywords = {endocrine disruptor vinclozolin, Female, adult-onset disease, behavior, diethylstilbestrol, prenatal exposure, rats, sperm epimutations, subsequent   generations, transcriptome},
	pages = {12--17}
}

@article{aparicioTestHypothesisMate2001,
	title = {A test of the hypothesis of mate choice based on heterozygosity in the spotless starling},
	volume = {62},
	url = {ISI:000172719700019},
	abstract = {The hypothesis of mate choice based on heterozygosity predicts that sexual traits will reach their extreme expression in males with the greatest average heterozygosity, and that both a male's ornament expression and his mating success will correlate positively with degree of individual heterozygosity. In agreement with the first prediction, we found a negative correlation between degree of homozygosity and length of the throat feathers (a secondary sexual trait) in male spotless starlings, Sturnus unicolor. However, we found a quadratic relationship between degree of homozygosity and both mating success and mean number of young sired per year. Hence, males of intermediate heterozygosity were more successful in mating and reproduction than either more homozygous or more heterozygous males. These results do not support the hypothesis of mate choice based on heterozygosity. (C) 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Aparicio, J. M. and Cordero, P. J. and Veiga, J. P.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, association, behaviour, evolution, Fisher, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, PAIR, quality, TRAITS, fitness, ornament, mating, SUCCESS, reproduction, theory, parasites, heterozygosity, microsatellite, CONSERVATION, genetics, microsatellites, NATURAL-POPULATION, asymmetry, mating success, DNA, Spain, DNA fingerprinting, MULTILOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY},
	pages = {1001--1006}
}

@article{overveldPersonalityPredictsSpatial2010,
	title = {Personality predicts spatial responses to food manipulations in free-ranging great tits ({Parus} major)},
	volume = {6},
	copyright = {© 2009 The Royal Society},
	issn = {1744-9561, 1744-957X},
	url = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/2/187},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2009.0764},
	abstract = {Personality differences measured under standardized lab-conditions are assumed to reflect differences in the way individuals cope with spatio-temporal changes in their natural environment, but few studies have examined how these are expressed in the field. We tested whether exploratory behaviour in a novel environment predicts how free-living individual great tits (Parus major) react to a change in food supply. We temporarily removed food at feeding stations during two summers and recorded the behavioural response of juvenile birds to these food manipulations using radio-tracking. When challenged by an abrupt change in food supply, fast-exploring individuals more rapidly switched to different foraging areas at longer distances from the feeder. This study is the first to show that personality traits predict the spatial response to experimentally induced changes in their natural environment.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2016-04-18},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Overveld, Thijs van and Matthysen, Erik},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pmid = {19906682},
	pages = {187--190},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6357/Overveld and Matthysen - 2010 - Personality predicts spatial responses to food man.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6359/187.html:text/html}
}

@article{arnoldKinRecognitionRainbowfish2000,
	title = {Kin recognition in rainbowfish ({Melanotaenia} eachamensis): sex, sibs and shoaling},
	volume = {48},
	url = {ISI:000090138400008},
	abstract = {Living with relatives can be beneficial to individuals via the evolution of kin-directed altruism, but this is tempered by the increased risk of inbreeding. Therefore, in social species, the ability to recognise relatives can be highly advantageous. This study focuses on kin discrimination in the Lake Eacham rainbowfish, Melanotaenia eachamensis, an endangered freshwater species from north-east Queensland, Australia. First, I examined kin recognition abilities when a combination of both chemical and visual recognition cues was available. When given a choice of shoaling with same-sex groups, females spent significantly longer with full-sibs rather than half-sibs, full-sibs rather than non-relatives and half-sibs rather than non-relatives. Males spent significantly longer shoaling with full-brothers versus half-brothers, but showed no other shoalmate preferences. Second, in the presence of only chemical cues, females did not discriminate among groups of different levels of relatedness, but males showed a non-significant tendency to associate with full-sibs rather than non-relatives. Male shoaling behaviour seemed to be more influenced by factors other than relatedness, e.g. intra-sexual competition. Finally, I found that the shoaling preferences of females changed when exposed to groups of males. Females preferred to associate with non-relatives rather than half-brothers and non-relatives rather than full-brothers. There was no significant difference in the time spent with half-brothers versus full-brothers. Taken together, my results suggest that females have very good kin recognition abilities. They prefer to shoal with female relatives but avoid male relatives, and so are able to balance the benefits of nepotism and the costs of incest},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Arnold, K. E.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, ABILITY, AUSTRALIA, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, guppies, i, MALES, POECILIA-RETICULATA, population, sex, BENEFITS, FULL-SIB, PREFERENCES, ANIMALS, preference, INDIVIDUALS, relatedness, cost, costs, inbreeding, social, risk, ALTRUISM, discrimination, FAMILIARITY, kin, kin discrimination, SCOTLAND, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, SALVELINUS-ALPINUS L, SEXES, endangered, nepotism, incest, JUVENILE ARCTIC CHARR, INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION, shoal, shoaling, CHEMICAL CUES, recognition cues, kin recognition,inbreeding avoidance,shoaling,fish,group living},
	pages = {385--391}
}

@article{duncanEpigeneticsPlasticityEvolution2014,
	title = {Epigenetics, plasticity, and evolution: {How} do we link epigenetic change to phenotype?},
	volume = {322},
	copyright = {© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1552-5015},
	shorttitle = {Epigenetics, plasticity, and evolution},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.b.22571/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.b.22571},
	abstract = {Epigenetic mechanisms are proposed as an important way in which the genome responds to the environment. Epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation and Histone modifications, can be triggered by environmental effects, and lead to permanent changes in gene expression, affecting the phenotype of an organism. Epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed as key in plasticity, allowing environmental exposure to shape future gene expression. While we are beginning to understand how these mechanisms have roles in human biology and disease, we have little understanding of their roles and impacts on ecology and evolution. In this review, we discuss different types of epigenetic marks, their roles in gene expression and plasticity, methods for assaying epigenetic changes, and point out the future advances we require to understand fully the impact of this field. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 208–220, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-03-17},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution},
	author = {Duncan, Elizabeth J. and Gluckman, Peter D. and Dearden, Peter K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {208--220},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6363/Duncan et al. - 2014 - Epigenetics, plasticity, and evolution How do we .pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/6364/Duncan et al. - 2014 - Epigenetics, plasticity, and evolution How do we .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6365/abstract\;jsessionid=0A66D3E39B2BE863D7B83A22FA563601.html:text/html}
}

@article{aspburyRepeatableFemalePreferences2002,
	title = {Repeatable female preferences, mating order and mating success in the poeciliid fish {Heterandria} formosa},
	volume = {51},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Aspbury, A. S. and Basolo, A. L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {fish, mating, female preference, preference, mating success, poeciliid fish},
	pages = {238--244}
}

@article{bakkerGeneticBasisFemale1995,
	title = {The genetic basis of female mate preferences},
	volume = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bakker, T. C. M. and Pomiankowski, A.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {preference, sexual selection,mate choice,preference,genetic variance,covariance,genetic correlation,hertiability},
	pages = {129--171}
}

@article{beaumontAdaptationSpeciationWhat8,
	title = {Adaptation and speciation: what can {Fst} tell us?},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4GCX18V-1/2/dd892cfd0e6ac63f75c38177d5732e12},
	abstract = {A useful way of summarizing genetic variability among different populations is through estimates of the inbreeding coefficient, Fst. Several recent studies have tried to use the distribution of estimates of Fst from individual genetic loci to detect the effects of natural selection. However, the promise of this approach has yet to be fully realized owing to the pervasive dogma that this distribution is highly dependent on demographic history. Here, I review recent theoretical results that indicate that the distribution of estimates of Fst is generally expected to be robust to the vagaries of demographic history. I suggest that analyses based on it provide a useful first step for identifying candidate genes that might be under selection, and explore the ways in which this information can be used in ecological and evolutionary studies},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Beaumont, Mark A.},
	keywords = {genes, i, population, selection, HISTORIES, HISTORY, natural selection, loci, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, adaptation, speciation, VARIABILITY, EVOLUTIONARY, INFORMATION, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY},
	pages = {435--440}
}

@book{beckerManualQuantitativeGenetics1992,
	address = {Pullman, WA, U.S.A.},
	title = {Manual of {Quantitative} {Genetics}},
	isbn = {0-931399-11-4},
	publisher = {Academic Enterprises},
	author = {Becker, W. A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {10}
}

@article{bennettUltravioletVisionMate1996,
	title = {Ultraviolet vision and mate choice in zebra finches},
	volume = {380},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bennett, A. T. D. and Cuthill, I. C. and Partridge, J. C. and Maier, E. J.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {mate choice, asymmetry,sexual selection,zebra finches},
	pages = {433--435}
}

@article{bjorklundMateChoiceIndirect3,
	title = {Mate choice for indirect benefits displayed by a large ornament: simulations using a neural network},
	volume = {71},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4J90W5P-2/2/ddb7c8fbdb16a30bc45c319855de215a},
	abstract = {I analysed mate choice for indirect genetic benefits displayed by an ornament theoretically by means of a neural network model. In particular, the fitness of a choosy female was compared to that of a nonchoosy one under various ecological conditions such as variation in ornament size between males, the cost of searching, the heritability of the ornament and a correlation between 'good genes' and the phenotypic expression of the ornament. Females were allowed to choose between either six or 43 males with ornaments of various sizes. They were allowed to compare males until the largest of the presented males was chosen. I found that choosiness was favoured with increasing variation in ornament size between males, combined with a high heritability of the ornament, a very high correlation between the 'good genes' and the phenotype, and low search costs. In general, as the correlation between the 'good genes' and the phenotype decreased the variance in expected fitness of choosy females increased. The results suggest that the conditions favouring this type of mate choice are restrictive and apply only to a small set of species},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bjorklund, Mats},
	keywords = {choice, good-genes, ornament size, EXPRESSION, female, FEMALES, genes, genetic benefits, good genes, i, indirect benefits, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, variation, BENEFITS, fitness, model, ornament, ornaments, size, heritability, choosiness, phenotype, condition, cost, costs, VARIANCE, genetic benefit, SET, SEARCH, choosy females, search costs, SIZES},
	pages = {549--553}
}

@article{boakeGeneticConsequencesMate1985,
	title = {Genetic consequences of mate choice: a quantitative genetic method for testing sexual selection theory},
	volume = {227},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Boake, C. R. B.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, mate choice, selection, female mate choice, call, theory},
	pages = {1061--1063}
}

@article{boakeMethodTestingAdaptive1986,
	title = {A method for testing adaptive hypotheses of mate choice},
	volume = {127},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Boake, C. R. B.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, Drosophila, male attractiveness, mate choice, female preference, male displays, Fisher's process, Runaway process},
	pages = {654--666}
}

@article{bourneFemalesPreferCarotenoid2003,
	title = {Females prefer carotenoid colored males as mates in the pentamorphic livebearing fish, {Poecilia} parae},
	volume = {90},
	url = {ISI:000185428100003},
	abstract = {The first results of female preference and chosen male mating success in a new model organism, the pentamorphic livebearing fish, Poecilia parae, are presented. Poecilia parae is a relative of the guppy, P. reticulata, and is assumed to have similar reproductive behavior. We tested the hypothesis that P. parae females, like female guppies, prefer caretenoid colored males as mates. Here we show that the time a female spent with males was significantly greater for carotenoid coloration in red and yellow melanzona, but time with these two morphs did not differ. The preferred red and yellow males mated significantly more often with their choosing females than did the non-preferred blue and parae males. The few blue melanzona and parae males that mated did so without performing courtship displays. Some females mated with all phenotypes including immaculata males during open group trials. Female P. parae clearly preferred males with carotenoid coloration, thereby corroborating the hypothesis. Alternative male mating tactics by blue melanzona, parae, and immaculata morphs and promiscuous mating by females also resembled features of reproductive behaviors exhibited by guppies},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	author = {Bourne, G. R. and Breden, F. and Allen, T. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, courtship, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, female, FEMALES, fish, fishes, guppies, guppy, HYPOTHESIS, i, MALES, MATE, P1, Poecilia, predation risk, reticulata, selection, sex, BENEFITS, model, mating, SUCCESS, Darwin, female preference, PIGMENTS, preference, phenotype, display, displays, BEHAVIOR, choosing, alternative male mating tactics, male mating success, mating success, MATING TACTICS, carotenoid, courtship display, COLORATION, phenotypes, polyandrous females, morphs, promiscuity, REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR, parae, reproductive behavior},
	pages = {402--405}
}

@article{brederPreliminaryStudyPopulation1932,
	title = {A preliminary study of population stability and sex ratio of  {Lebistes}},
	volume = {3},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Breder, C. M. and Coates, C. W.},
	year = {1932},
	keywords = {population, sex, sex ratio, Lebistes},
	pages = {147--155}
}

@book{brinkleyChicagoHandbookTeachers2003,
	address = {Chicago},
	title = {The {Chicago} {Handbook} for {Teachers}. {A} {Practical} {Guide} to the {College} {Classroom}},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Brinkley, A. and Dessants, B. and Flamm, M. and Fleming, C. and Forcey, C. and Rothschild, E.},
	year = {2003}
}

@article{brommerExploringPlasticityWild2008,
	title = {Exploring plasticity in the wild: laying date-temperature reaction norms in the common gull {Larus} canus},
	volume = {275},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000252764900012},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2007.0951},
	abstract = {Exploration of causal components of plasticity is important for insight into evolutionary dynamics and an organism's ability to respond to climate change. Among individuals, variation in plasticity can be due to genotype-environment interaction (G X E) or a result from environmental effects associated with an individual. We investigated plasticity for laying date in the common gulls Larus canus, using data collected in Estonia during 37 years (n = 11 624 records on 2262 females, with 472 relatives). We used a sliding window approach to find the period in spring during which mean temperature best explained the annual mean laying date. Then, considering the spring temperature as a quantitative description of the environment, we used pedigree information and a random regression animal model to determine the variation in plasticity for the laying date - temperature relationship. We found that individuals differ in the plasticity of laying date (such that there is increased variation among individuals for the laying date in warmer springs), and that approximately 11\% of variation in the laying date is heritable, but we found no statistical support for G X E. Plasticity in this species is not constrained by warmer springs.},
	number = {1635},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Brommer, J. E. and Rattiste, K. and Wilson, A. J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {687--693}
}

@article{bronikowskiPopulationdynamicConsequencesPredatorinduced2002,
	title = {Population-dynamic consequences of predator-induced life history variation in the guppy ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {83},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Bronikowski, A. M. and Clark, M. E. and Rodd, F. H. and Reznick, D. N.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, variation, life history},
	pages = {2194--2204}
}

@article{brooksVariationMaleOrnamentation2001,
	title = {Variation in male ornamentation and female choice, but no covariation: a study of six introduced guppy populations},
	journal = {In prep},
	author = {Brooks, R.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, ornamentation, guppies, guppy, population, variation, introduced, male ornamentation}
}

@article{buckleySpeciationSignalTrait1997,
	title = {Speciation and signal trait genetics},
	volume = {12},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Buckley, S. H. and Tregenza, T. and Butlin, R. K.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {genetics, speciation, cuticular hydrocarbon, Drosophila melanogaster,signal traits},
	pages = {299--301}
}

@article{bukowskiAsynchronousMaturationSexes2002,
	title = {Asynchronous maturation of the sexes may limit close inbreeding in a subsocial spider},
	volume = {80},
	url = {ISI:000174447100001},
	abstract = {We studied the temporal patterns of maturation and sexual receptivity of a subsocial spider, Anelosimus cf. jucundus, in southern Arizona. In subsocial spiders, sibling males and females share a common nest for a large portion of their life cycle, often only dispersing short distances close to the mating season. We found that, on average, male A. cf. jucundus matured 9 days earlier than females and that females did not become sexually receptive until 10 days following their final molt to maturity. The periods of sexual receptivity of sibling males and females, therefore, would be separated in time by a significant fraction of an adult male's life cycle. We also found significant asynchrony in maturation dates across nests and nest clusters at the two collection localities. We suggest that these temporal patterns may limit the opportunities for sibling males and females to mate with each other, thus explaining the apparent absence of mechanisms to discriminate against kin as mates in this species},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie},
	author = {Bukowski, T. C. and Aviles, L.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {courtship, competition, evolution, female, MATE, sex, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, insect, mating, clutch size, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, DISTANCE, cycle, LIFE-CYCLE, spider, PROTANDRY, STEGODYPHUS-LINEATUS ERESIDAE, AGELENA-LIMBATA ARANEAE},
	pages = {193--198}
}

@phdthesis{bussiere2002a,
	type = {Ph.{D}.},
	school = {University of Toronto},
	author = {Bussiere, L. F.},
	year = {2002}
}

@article{byrneSimultaneousMatingMultiple1999,
	title = {Simultaneous mating with multiple males reduces fertilization success in the myobatrachid frog  {Crinia} georgiana},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Byrne, P. G. and Roberts, J. D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {mating, call, frog, Crinia georgiana,fertilization success,multiple-male mating,polyandry},
	pages = {717--721}
}

@article{cadyMicrohabitatSelectionLocomotor1984,
	title = {Microhabitat selection and locomotor activity of {Schizocosa} ocreata},
	volume = {11},
	abstract = {Direct observations of the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata (Walckenaer) in a deciduous wood s during its breeding season indicated that soil moisture, deciduous leaf litter, and herbaceous vegetation influenced the patterns of their distribution and movement . Areas of high soil moisture, noncompressed litter, and a micro-canopy of herbaceous vegetation comprised the microhabitat wit h highest spider density. Spiders tended to travel greater distances in the drier patches, suggesting tha t the increased level of locomotion was related to increased searching for favorable environments . S. ocreata was found to aggregate at a litter patch size of 625 cm' . This lycosid appeared to employ a sit-and-wait foraging strategy based on the relationships o f spider movement and microhabitat selection . A sex ratio of 1 :1 differed from those previously ob - tained by pitfall trapping methods . Movement and distance information from direct observations of spiders provided support to the previous hypothesis of greater motility of male lycosids .},
	journal = {Journal of Arachnology},
	author = {Cady, Alan B},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {297--307}
}

@article{carlsonIncestuousBehaviorSpotted1998,
	title = {Incestuous behavior in {Spotted} {Owls}},
	volume = {110},
	url = {ISI:000077768400015},
	abstract = {Inbreeding of closely related individuals can be referred to as incest, generally limited to parent-offspring or sibling pairs. Cases of incest in raptors are rarely reported because they require long term monitoring of marked individuals. We documented 3 cases of close inbreeding among 730 pairs of individually marked Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis) across all 3 subspecies during 14 years of study. The incestuous pairings we observed may be the result of shorter than normal dispersal distances and chance encounters. Although the level of incest appears to be low in Spotted Owls, the level of actual inbreeding remains unknown},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
	author = {Carlson, P. C. and LaHaye, W. S. and Franklin, A. B.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {i, PAIR, field, INDIVIDUALS, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, bird, birds, related, DISTANCE, incest, dispersal distances, pairing},
	pages = {562--564}
}

@article{ostPaternalDietDefines2014,
	title = {Paternal {Diet} {Defines} {Offspring} {Chromatin} {State} and {Intergenerational} {Obesity}},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {0092-8674},
	url = {http://www.cell.com/article/S0092867414014366/abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.005},
	abstract = {The global rise in obesity has revitalized a search for genetic and epigenetic factors underlying the disease. We present a Drosophila model of paternal-diet-induced intergenerational metabolic reprogramming (IGMR) and identify genes required for its encoding in offspring. Intriguingly, we find that as little as 2 days of dietary intervention in fathers elicits obesity in offspring. Paternal sugar acts as a physiological suppressor of variegation, desilencing chromatin-state-defined domains in both mature sperm and in offspring embryos. We identify requirements for H3K9/K27me3-dependent reprogramming of metabolic genes in two distinct germline and zygotic windows. Critically, we find evidence that a similar system may regulate obesity susceptibility and phenotype variation in mice and humans. The findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying intergenerational metabolic reprogramming and carry profound implications for our understanding of phenotypic variation and evolution.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2015-03-17},
	journal = {Cell},
	author = {Öst, Anita and Lempradl, Adelheid and Casas, Eduard and Weigert, Melanie and Tiko, Theodor and Deniz, Merdin and Pantano, Lorena and Boenisch, Ulrike and Itskov, Pavel M. and Stoeckius, Marlon and Ruf, Marius and Rajewsky, Nikolaus and Reuter, Gunter and Iovino, Nicola and Ribeiro, Carlos and Alenius, Mattias and Heyne, Steffen and Vavouri, Tanya and Pospisilik, J. Andrew},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {25480298},
	pages = {1352--1364},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6403/Öst et al. - 2014 - Paternal Diet Defines Offspring Chromatin State an.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6405/S0092-8674(14)01436-6.html:text/html}
}

@article{charlesworthRelativeRatesEvolution1987,
	title = {The relative rates of evolution of sex chromosomes and autosomes},
	volume = {130},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Charlesworth, B. and Coyne, J. A. and Barton, N. H.},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {evolution, sex, call, chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, autosomes,deleterious mutations,evolution,favourable mutations,selection,sex chromosomes},
	pages = {113--146}
}

@article{charmantierAdaptivePhenotypicPlasticity2008,
	title = {Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change in a wild bird population},
	volume = {320},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {://WOS:000255644400043},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1157174},
	abstract = {Rapid climate change has been implicated as a cause of evolution in poorly adapted populations. However, phenotypic plasticity provides the potential for organisms to respond rapidly and effectively to environmental change. Using a 47- year population study of the great tit ( Parus major) in the United Kingdom, we show that individual adjustment of behavior in response to the environment has enabled the population to track a rapidly changing environment very closely. Individuals were markedly invariant in their response to environmental variation, suggesting that the current response may be fixed in this population. Phenotypic plasticity can thus play a central role in tracking environmental change; understanding the limits of plasticity is an important goal for future research.},
	language = {English},
	number = {5877},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Charmantier, A. and McCleery, R. H. and Cole, L. R. and Perrins, C. and Kruuk, L. E. B. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {selection, reproduction, long-term, parus-major, temperature, phenology},
	pages = {800--803}
}

@article{charnovWhenSexEnvironmentally1977,
	title = {When is sex environmentally determined?},
	volume = {266},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Charnov, E. L. and Bull, J.},
	year = {1977},
	keywords = {sex, environmental sex determination, ESD, labile sex determination},
	pages = {828--830}
}

@article{cliftonRisksAlternativeMating1993,
	title = {Risks of alternative mating tactics},
	volume = {366},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Clifton, K. E. and Robertson, D. R.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {mating, call, risk, courtship,male mating tactics},
	pages = {520}
}

@article{connerTaleTwoMethods2007,
	title = {A tale of two methods: putting biology before statistics in the study of phenotypic evolution},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01224.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Conner, J. K.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {evolution, BIOLOGY},
	pages = {17--19}
}

@article{cordtsCourtshipReducesLongevity1996,
	title = {Courtship reduces longevity of male  {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Cordts, R. and Partridge, L.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, longevity, age},
	pages = {269--278}
}

@article{coyneGeneticsSpeciation1992,
	title = {Genetics and speciation},
	volume = {355},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Coyne, J. A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {sexual selection, natural selection, genetics, speciation, genetic drift, allopatry, eodarwinian},
	pages = {511--515}
}

@book{dawkinsExtendedPhenotype1982,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {The {Extended} {Phenotype}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Dawkins, R.},
	year = {1982}
}

@article{deruiterRelatednessMatrilinesDispersing1998,
	title = {Relatedness of matrilines, dispersing males and social groups in long-tailed macaques ({Macaca} fascicularis)},
	volume = {265},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {://WOS:000071820400001},
	abstract = {Genealogical relatedness is thought to be an important causal factor in the evolution of cooperation. We inferred relatedness on the basis of 11 blood protein markers using the Queller and Goodnight index of relatedness in a macaque population with long-term demographic records. This estimate reflected independently determined pedigree relationships in our data set. Mean relatedness among all members of a social group was 0.10 but much higher levels of relatedness (0.30-0.47) were found among the members of matrilineal families with a high or intermediate social rank. Groups of dispersing males that had been born into the same social group were sometimes closely related (0.43 and 0.58), but they could also be less related (0.08). We found that the pattern of distribution of relatedness was associated with gene flow and differential reproduction in males, rather than with group fission and the presence of geographical barriers.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1391},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {de Ruiter, J. R. and Geffen, E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {evolution, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, PRIMATES, ALTRUISM, cooperation, RHESUS MACAQUES, paternity, kin selection, GENETIC-MARKERS, barrier, geographic, macaque, matriline, RECIPROCITY},
	pages = {79--87}
}

@article{dhondtSparrowhawkAccipiterNisus1998,
	title = {Sparrowhawk {Accipiter} nisus predation and {Blue} {Tit} {Parus} caeruleus adult annual survival rate},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {0019-1019},
	url = {://WOS:000076307500003},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04702.x},
	abstract = {The adult annual survival rate of breeding Blue Tits Parus caeruleus decreased from 0.485 to 0.376 after a pair of Sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus started to breed in the study plot in 1990, whereas in two neighbouring plots, survival rates did not change. This decrease was likely caused by the Sparrowhawk predation mainly in spring, Although the size of the Blue Tit breeding population did not decrease, there remained fewer nonbreeding floaters, and as a result, replacement polygyny became more common.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ibis},
	author = {Dhondt, A. A. and Kempenaers, B. and Clobert, J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {580--584}
}

@article{dingemanseNatalDispersalPersonalities2003,
	title = {Natal dispersal and personalities in great tits ({Parus} major).},
	volume = {270},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2002.2300},
	abstract = {Dispersal is a major determinant of the dynamics and genetic structure of populations, and its consequences depend not only on average dispersal rates and distances, but also on the characteristics of dispersing and philopatric individuals. We investigated whether natal dispersal correlated with a predisposed behavioural trait: exploratory behaviour in novel environments. Wild great tits were caught in their natural habitat, tested the following morning in the laboratory using an open field test and released at the capture site. Natal dispersal correlated positively with parental and individual exploratory behaviour, using three independent datasets. First, fast-exploring parents had offspring that dispersed furthest. Second, immigrants were faster explorers than locally born birds. Third, post-fledging movements, comprising a major proportion of the variation in natal dispersal distances, were greater for fast females than for slow females. These findings suggest that parental behaviour influenced offspring natal dispersal either via parental behaviour per se (e.g. via post-fledging care) or by affecting the phenotype of their offspring (e.g. via their genes). Because this personality trait has a genetic basis, our results imply that genotypes differ in their dispersal distances. Therefore, the described patterns have profound consequences for the genetic composition of populations.},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
	author = {Dingemanse, Niels J and Both, Christiaan and van Noordwijk, Arie J and Rutten, Anne L and Drent, Piet J},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Genotype, Male, ENVIRONMENT, population dynamics, Aging, Time Factors, Songbirds, Songbirds: physiology, Exploratory Behavior, Songbirds: genetics},
	pages = {741--7}
}

@article{dobsonBlacktailedPrairieDogs1997,
	title = {Do black-tailed prairie dogs minimize inbreeding?},
	volume = {51},
	url = {ISI:A1997XM06500028},
	abstract = {Considerable controversy surrounds the importance of inbreeding in natural populations. The rate of natural inbreeding and the influences of behavioral mechanisms that serve to promote or minimize inbreeding (e.g., philopatry vs. dispersal) are poorly understood. We studied inbreeding and social structuring of a population of black-railed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) to assess the influence of dispersal and mating behavior on patterns of genetic variation. We examined 15 years of data on prairie dogs, including survival and reproduction, social behavior, pedigrees, and allozyme alleles. Pedigrees revealed mean inbreeding coefficients (F) of 1-2\%. A breeding-group model that incorporated details of prairie dog behavior and demography was used to estimate values of fixation indices (Estimates). Model predictions were consistent with the minimization of inbreeding within breeding groups (''coteries,'' asymptotic F-IL = -0.18) and random mating within the subpopulation (''colony,'' asymptotic F-IS = 0.00). Estimates from pedigrees (mean F-IL = -0.23, mean F-is = 0.00) and allozyme data (mean F-lL = -0.21, mean F-IS = -0.01) were consistent with predictions of the model. The breeding-group model, pedigrees, and allozyme data showed remarkably congruent results, and indicated strong genetic structuring within the colony (F-LS = 0.16, 0.19 and 0.17, respectively). We concluded that although inbreeding occurred in the colony, the rate of inbreeding was strongly minimized at the level of breeding groups, but not at the subpopulation level. The behavioral mechanisms most important to the minimization of inbreeding appeared to be patterns of male-biased dispersal of both subadults and adults, associated with strong philopatry of females. Incest avoidance also occurred, associated with recognition of close kin via direct social learning within the breeding groups},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Dobson, F. S. and Chesser, R. K. and Hoogland, J. L. and Sugg, D. W. and Foltz, D. W.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, population, variation, model, survival, mating, Social Behavior, reproduction, allele, polymorphism, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, POPULATIONS, social, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, genetics, mating system, NATURAL-POPULATION, philopatry, genetic variation, patterns, RECOGNITION, SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, f-statistics, DIVERSITY, GENETIC-VARIATION, alleles, pedigree, Cynomys, CYNOMYS-LUDOVICIANUS, DOGS, PRAIRIE DOGS, COLONIES, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, gene flow, COLONY, SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS, demography, MATING-BEHAVIOR, random mating, gene diversity, POCKET GOPHERS, gene dynamics, GROUND-SQUIRREL},
	pages = {970--978}
}

@article{marshallEnvironmentallyInducedCo2015,
	title = {Environmentally induced (co)variance in sperm and offspring phenotypes as a source of epigenetic effects},
	volume = {218},
	issn = {0022-0949, 1477-9145},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/1/107},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.106427},
	abstract = {Traditionally, it has been assumed that sperm are a vehicle for genes and nothing more. As such, the only source of variance in offspring phenotype via the paternal line has been genetic effects. More recently, however, it has been shown that the phenotype or environment of fathers can affect the phenotype of offspring, challenging traditional theory with implications for evolution, ecology and human in vitro fertilisation. Here, I review sources of non-genetic variation in the sperm phenotype and evidence for co-variation between sperm and offspring phenotypes. I distinguish between two environmental sources of variation in sperm phenotype: the pre-release environment and the post-release environment. Pre-release, sperm phenotypes can vary within species according to male phenotype (e.g. body size) and according to local conditions such as the threat of sperm competition. Post-release, the physicochemical conditions that sperm experience, either when freely spawned or when released into the female reproductive tract, can further filter or modify sperm phenotypes. I find evidence that both pre- and post-release sperm environments can affect offspring phenotype; fertilisation is not a new beginning – rather, the experiences of sperm with the father and upon release can drive variation in the phenotype of the offspring. Interestingly, there was some evidence for co-variation between the stress resistance of sperm and the stress resistance of offspring, though more studies are needed to determine whether such effects are widespread. Overall, it appears that environmentally induced covariation between sperm and offspring phenotypes is non-negligible and further work is needed to determine their prevalence and strength.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2015-03-17},
	journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Marshall, Dustin J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25568457},
	keywords = {epigenetics, paternal effects, Sperm},
	pages = {107--113},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6429/Marshall - 2015 - Environmentally induced (co)variance in sperm and .pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/6430/Marshall - 2015 - Environmentally induced (co)variance in sperm and .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6433/107.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6434/107.html:text/html}
}

@article{eberhardPostcopulatorySexualSelection2009,
	title = {Postcopulatory sexual selection : {Darwin} ’ s omission and its consequences},
	volume = {106},
	journal = {PNAS},
	author = {Eberhard, William G},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {10025--10032}
}

@article{endlerPredatorViewAnimal1978,
	title = {A predator's view of animal colour patterns},
	volume = {11},
	journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Endler, J. A.},
	year = {1978},
	keywords = {sexual selection, guppies, colour, predation},
	pages = {319--364}
}

@article{endlerGeographicVariationFemale1995,
	title = {Geographic variation in female preferences for male traits in  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {49},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Endler, J. A. and Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, variation, call, female preference, preference, geographic variation, color patterns,geographic variation,mate choice,mate preferences,sexual selection,visual contrast},
	pages = {456--468}
}

@article{engqvistPitfallsExperimentsTesting12,
	title = {Pitfalls in experiments testing predictions from sperm competition theory},
	volume = {18},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00792.x/abs},
	abstract = {Abstract As females of many species mate with more than one male, ejaculates often face competition from the sperm of other males. In recent years, numerous papers have been published on theoretical predictions of evolutionary, behavioural and physiological responses to variation in the strength of sperm competition (SC). These theoretical predictions have also been extensively tested. However, although predictions from SC theory are relatively straightforward, extra caution has to be paid in the design of experiments testing them. One difficulty is for example to disentangle immediate and mean SC risk and intensity. Without carefully designed experiments, it is also very easy to simultaneously increase SC risk and the probability of intense SC - a situation for which we currently have no clear predictions, as the theoretical models to date only assume variation in either SC risk or intensity. In this paper, we discuss these and some other pitfalls related to manipulations of SC risk and intensity and suggest how to avoid them},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Engqvist, L. and Reinhold, K.},
	month = jan,
	keywords = {competition, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, response, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, variation, INCREASE, model, MODELS, theory, ejaculate, risk, related, RESPONSES, PROBABILITY, intensity},
	pages = {116--123}
}

@article{evansVariableSexualOrnaments1995,
	title = {Variable sexual ornaments in scarlet-tufted malachite sunbirds ( {Nectarinia} johnstoni ) on {Mount} {Kenya}},
	volume = {54},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Evans, M. R. and Barnard, P.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, ornament, ornaments, sexual ornaments, phenotypic variation, monogamy, condition-dependence, morphological variation, sexual size dimorphism, scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird, Nectarinia johnstoni},
	pages = {371--381}
}

@article{gadgilPlausibleModelsSexual1975,
	title = {Plausible models of sexual selection and polymorphism},
	volume = {109},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Gadgil, M. and Taylor, C. E.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, model, polymorphism, polymorphism,selection},
	pages = {470--472}
}

@article{janifNegativeFrequencydependentPreferences2014,
	title = {Negative frequency-dependent preferences and variation in male facial hair},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {© 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1744-9561, 1744-957X},
	url = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/4/20130958},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2013.0958},
	abstract = {Negative frequency-dependent sexual selection maintains striking polymorphisms in secondary sexual traits in several animal species. Here, we test whether frequency of beardedness modulates perceived attractiveness of men's facial hair, a secondary sexual trait subject to considerable cultural variation. We first showed participants a suite of faces, within which we manipulated the frequency of beard thicknesses and then measured preferences for four standard levels of beardedness. Women and men judged heavy stubble and full beards more attractive when presented in treatments where beards were rare than when they were common, with intermediate preferences when intermediate frequencies of beardedness were presented. Likewise, clean-shaven faces were least attractive when clean-shaven faces were most common and more attractive when rare. This pattern in preferences is consistent with negative frequency-dependent selection.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-06-19},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Janif, Zinnia J. and Brooks, Robert C. and Dixson, Barnaby J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24740903},
	pages = {20130958},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6446/Janif et al. - 2014 - Negative frequency-dependent preferences and varia.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6448/20130958.html:text/html}
}

@article{geffenClimateHabitatBarriers2004,
	title = {Climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1365-294X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02244.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02244.x},
	abstract = {We reanalysed published data to evaluate whether climate and habitat are barriers to dispersal in one of the most mobile and widely distributed mammals, the grey wolf (Canis lupus). Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) was used to examine the amount of variation in genetic distances that could be explained by an array of environmental factors, including geographical distance. Patterns in genetic variation were also examined using MDS plots among populations and relationships between genetic structure and individual environmental variables were further explored using the BIOENV procedure. We found that, contrary to a previous report, a pattern of isolation with distance is evident on a continental scale in the North American wolf population. This pattern is apparently related to climate and habitat. Specifically, vegetation types appear to play a role in the genetic dissimilarities among populations. When we controlled for the effect of spatial variation, climate was still associated with genetic distance. Further, partitioning of geographical distances into latitudinal and longitudinal axes revealed that the east–west gradient had the strongest relationship with genetic distance. We suggest two possible mechanisms by which environmental conditions may influence the dispersal decisions made by wolves.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Geffen, E. L. I. and Anderson, Marti J. and Wayne, Robert K.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {DISPERSAL, HABITAT, climate, cline, grey wolf, isolation-by-distance},
	pages = {2481--2490}
}

@article{godinFemaleMateChoice1996,
	title = {Female mate choice under predation risk in the guppy},
	volume = {51},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Godin, J. G. J. and Briggs, S. E.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, predation risk, female mate choice, predation, risk},
	pages = {117--130}
}

@article{gouldSpandrelsSanMarco1979,
	title = {The spandrels of {San} {Marco} and the {Panglossian} paradigm: a critique of the adaptionist programme},
	volume = {205},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Gould, S. J. and Lewontin, R. C.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {natural selection},
	pages = {581--598}
}

@article{gowatyBehavioralDemographicEnvironmental1991,
	title = {Behavioral, demographic, and environmental correlates of extrapair fertilizations in eastern bluebirds,  {Sialia} sialis},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Gowaty, P. A. and Bridges, W. C.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {call, eastern bluebirds,extrapair fertilizations,nondirectly descendent nestlings (NDDN)},
	pages = {339--350}
}

@article{grayQuantitativeGeneticsSexual1999,
	title = {Quantitative genetics of sexual selection in the field cricket,  {Gryllus} integer.},
	volume = {53},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Gray, D. A. and Cade, W. H.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, heritability, cricket, quantitative genetics, genetics, genetic correlation},
	pages = {848--854}
}

@article{grayPerceptualConstraintsOptimal2000,
	title = {Perceptual constraints on optimal foraging: a reason for departures from the ideal free distribution},
	volume = {47},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gray, R. D. and Kennedy, M.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {foraging, constraints, ideal free distribution},
	pages = {469--471}
}

@article{griffithsDNASexIdentification2000,
	title = {{DNA} sex identification in the three-spined stickleback},
	volume = {57},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Griffiths, R. and Orr, K. J. and Adam, A. and Barber, I.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sex, stickleback, DNA, AFLP},
	pages = {1331--1334}
}

@article{hglundCostReproductionSexual1998,
	title = {The cost of reproduction and sexual selection},
	volume = {83},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {H”glund, J. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, life history, reproduction, age, cost, trade-off},
	pages = {478--483}
}

@article{haagStrongInbreedingDepression2002,
	title = {Strong inbreeding depression in a {Daphnia} metapopulation},
	volume = {56},
	url = {ISI:000175040500008},
	abstract = {The deleterious effects of inbreeding have long been known, and inbreeding can increase the risk of extinction for local populations in metapopulations. However, other consequences of inbreeding in metapopulations are still not well understood. Here we show the presence of strong inbreeding depression in a rockpool metapopulation of the planktonic freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, which reproduces by cyclical parthenogenesis. We conducted three experiments in real and artificial rockpools to quantify component,,; of inbreeding depression in the presence and the absence of competition between clonal lines of selfed and outcrossed genotypes. In replicated asexual populations, we recorded strong selection against clones produced by selling in competition with clones produced by outcrossing. In contrast, inbreeding depression was much weaker in single-clone populations, that is, in the absence of competition between inbred and outbred clones. The finding of a competitive advantage of the outbred genotypes in this metapopulation suggests that if rockpool populations arc inbred, hybrid offspring resulting from crosses between immigrants and local genotypes might have a strong selective advantage. This would increase the effective gene flow in the metapopulation. However, the finding of low inbreeding depression in the monoclonal populations suggests that inbred and outbred genotypes might have about equal chances of establishing new populations},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Haag, C. R. and Hottinger, J. W. and Riek, M. and Ebert, D.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, i, offspring, population, selection, CONSEQUENCES, lande, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, extinction, metapopulation, migration, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, risk, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, ENVIRONMENT, hybrid, deleterious mutations, selfing, interspecific competition, rapid evolution, FLOW, gene flow, heterosis, ROCK POOLS, SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS, parthenogenesis, clonal, clonal competition},
	pages = {518--526}
}

@article{hanssonFemaleGreatReed2004,
	title = {Do female great reed warblers seek extra-pair fertilizations to avoid inbreeding?},
	volume = {271},
	url = {ISI:000223099800011},
	abstract = {Females of many species mate with several males. According to a recent hypothesis, female promiscuity serves to avoid inbreeding. We tested this hypothesis in a polygynous bird, the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus), in which extra-pair fertilization, inbreeding and inbreeding depression occur. However, the extra-pair males and social males did not differ in relatedness to the promiscuous females, nor did the least related males sire most of the females' chicks. Thus, contrary to recent findings in some insects, birds and reptiles, we found no evidence for inbreeding avoidance among the promiscuous females. Instead, female great reed warblers may seek other potential benefits when cuckolding, such as good gene effects at particular functional genes},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Hansson, B. and Hasselquist, D. and Bensch, S.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {evolution, female, FEMALES, genes, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, BENEFITS, FERTILIZATIONS, INCREASE, insect, multiple mating, reptiles, GENETIC SIMILARITY, microsatellite, relatedness, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, infanticide, social, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, DEPRESSION, EXTRA-PAIR FERTILIZATIONS, inbreeding depression, related, patterns, polygyny, PARENTAGE, paternity, NO EVIDENCE, Acrocephalus, ACROCEPHALUS-ARUNDINACEUS, ARUNDINACEUS, GREAT REED WARBLER, promiscuity, chicks, extra-pair fertilization, SECONDARY FEMALES},
	pages = {S290--S292}
}

@article{hastingsManifestationsSexualSelection1994,
	title = {Manifestations of sexual selection may depend on the genetic basis of sex determination},
	volume = {258},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Hastings, I. M.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, sex, call, sex determination, sexual selection,sex linkage,homogametic,heterogametic},
	pages = {83--87}
}

@phdthesis{headEvolutionaryConsequencesCosts2005,
	address = {Sydney},
	title = {Evolutionary consequences of the costs of mate choice},
	school = {The University of New South Wales},
	author = {Head, M.L.},
	year = {2005}
}

@article{houdeEffectArtificialSelection1994,
	title = {Effect of artificial selection on male colour patterns on mating preference of female guppies},
	volume = {256},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Houde, A. E.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {indirect selection, sexual selection, Fisher, guppies, guppy, mate choice, selection, mating, artificial selection, colour, preference, mating preference, genetic correlation, runaway},
	pages = {125--130}
}

@article{hutterReproductiveBehaviourWild2010,
	title = {Reproductive behaviour of wild zebrafish ({Danio} rerio) in large tanks},
	volume = {147},
	issn = {0005-7959},
	url = {://000278591500005},
	doi = {10.1163/000579510x12632972473944},
	abstract = {Zebrafish are an intensively studied model organism, and yet there are no studies describing the reproductive behaviour of wild zebrafish. Here we investigated the reproductive behaviour of wild-caught zebrafish (Danio rerio) from India in large (1100 l) aquaria containing gravel and plants and low population densities. We observed the behaviour of focal individuals in groups of eight fish (equal sex ratio; 28 replicates; 42 h total observations), and found similarities to what has been previously described for domesticated fish in small aquaria. However, we also found several notable differences and, in particular, we found that the fish usually spawned in pairs rather than in groups, and we found evidence for sexual selection. We conducted additional observations of wild-derived fish in smaller, conventional aquaria (17 l) and high densities, and found that group spawning is more common in these conditions. Taken together, our observations suggest that high rates of group spawning may be an artefact of small aquaria, which may reduce or eliminate sexual selection by giving more opportunities for sneaky males and preventing females' from choosing their mates.},
	number = {5-6},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Hutter, S. and Penn, D. J. and Magee, S. and Zala, S. M.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {fish, sex, size, BRACHYDANIO-RERIO, PREFERENCES, GROWTH, reproductive behaviour, BEHAVIOR, density, shoaling, FEMALE ZEBRAFISH, wild zebrafish, density-dependence, group, spawning, STEROID GLUCURONIDES},
	pages = {641--660}
}

@article{iharaEvolutionDisassortativeAssortative2003,
	title = {Evolution of disassortative and assortative mating preferences based on imprinting},
	volume = {64},
	url = {ISI:000185265500006},
	abstract = {A two-locus haploid model of sexual selection is investigated to explore evolution of disassortative and assortative mating preferences based on imprinting. In this model, individuals imprint on a genetically transmitted trait during early ontogeny and choosy females later use those parental images as a criterion of mate choice. It is assumed that the presence or absence of the female preference is determined by a genetic locus. In order to incorporate such mechanisms as inbreeding depression and heterozygous advantage into our haploid framework, we assume that same-type matings are less fertile than different-type mating. The model suggests that: if all the females have a disassortative mating preference a viability-reducing trait may be maintained even without the fertility cost of same-type matings; a disassortative mating preference can be established even if it is initially rare, when there is a fertility cost of same-type matings. Further, an assortative mating preference is less likely to evolve than a disassortative mating preference. The model may be applicable to the evolution of MHC-disassortative mating preferences documented in house mice and humans. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
	author = {Ihara, Y. and Feldman, M. W.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, evolution, female, FEMALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, model, mating, PREFERENCES, female preference, handicap principle, lande, mating preferences, preference, Y, assortative mating, human, Humans, INDIVIDUALS, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, mating preference, cost, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, MHC, HLA, imprinting, KIN RECOGNITION, HOUSE MICE, MICE, locus, immunogenetics, haploid, FERTILITY, sexual imprinting, ontogenies, ontogeny, choosy females, COSTLY MATE PREFERENCES, genetic polymorphism, CULTURAL-EVOLUTION, heterozygous advantage, negative assortative mating},
	pages = {193--200}
}

@article{ishidaFemaleControlPaternity2001,
	title = {Female control of paternity during copulation: {Inbreeding} avoidance in feral cats},
	volume = {138},
	url = {ISI:000168416200007},
	abstract = {Although among feral cats, Felis catus, females copulate with multiple malts, they do not accept all mounting or copulation attempts by males during their oestrous period. We observed eight female cats over their oestrous periods to examine whether or not female cats control paternity of their offspring in the field. The females were courted by between nine and 19 males, but copulated with only three to nine of them. Firstly, we compared female receptivity to male attempts among the eight females and tested how female traits affect their receptivity. Female receptivity to male attempts varied among the females both at mounting and at copulation. Females were more choosy at the rime of copulation than at mounting. Females with a shorter oestrous duration and a lighter body weight tended to accept mounts more frequently than the females with a longer oestrous duration and a higher body weight. Older and lighter females tended to accept copulation more frequently than younger and heavier females. Females courted by fewer males per day also tended to accept copulations more frequently. Secondly, combining behavioural observations and determined kinship, we assessed whether females avoided copulating with their kin. The results showed that female cats avoid inbreeding with their close kin during copulation but not with distant relatives. Copulation attempts by kin males were less frequently accepted than those by nonkin males. Thirdly, we tested whether male age and body weight affect their mating success, but we failed to find any such correlation. These results support the hypothesis that female cats control paternity of their offspring during copulation},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Ishida, Y. and Yahara, T. and Kasuya, E. and Yamane, A.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, i, MALES, mate choice, offspring, TRAITS, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, field, Y, age, relatedness, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, red deer, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, kinship, mating success, KIN RECOGNITION, paternity, WEIGHT, PRAIRIE DOGS, male age, MHC GENETIC DIVERSITY, FELIS-CATUS},
	pages = {235--250}
}

@article{izemVariationContinuousReaction2005,
	title = {Variation in continuous reaction norms: quantifying directions of biological interest.},
	volume = {166},
	doi = {10.1086/431314},
	abstract = {Thermal performance curves are an example of continuous reaction norm curves of common shape. Three modes of variation in these curves--vertical shift, horizontal shift, and generalist-specialist trade-offs--are of special interest to evolutionary biologists. Since two of these modes are nonlinear, traditional methods such as principal components analysis fail to decompose the variation into biological modes and to quantify the variation associated with each mode. Here we present the results of a new method, template mode of variation (TMV), that decomposes the variation into predetermined modes of variation for a particular set of thermal performance curves. We illustrate the method using data on thermal sensitivity of growth rate in Pieris rapae caterpillars. The TMV model explains 67\% of the variation in thermal performance curves among families; generalist-specialist trade-offs account for 38\% of the total between-family variation. The TMV method implemented here is applicable to both differences in mean and patterns of variation, and it can be used with either phenotypic or quantitative genetic data for thermal performance curves or other continuous reaction norms that have a template shape with a single maximum. The TMV approach may also apply to growth trajectories, age-specific life-history traits, and other function-valued traits.},
	journal = {The American naturalist},
	author = {Izem, Rima and Kingsolver, Joel G},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {butterflies, ANIMALS, Models, Biological, genetic variation, temperature, Butterflies: genetics, Butterflies: growth \& development, Principal Component Analysis, Larva, Larva: growth \& development, Larva: genetics},
	pages = {277--89}
}

@article{jamiesonFunctionalApproachBehavior1986,
	title = {The functional approach to behavior: is it useful?},
	volume = {127},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Jamieson, I. G.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {behaviour, genes, natural selection},
	pages = {195--208}
}

@article{jaroensutasineeFemalePreferenceGuppies,
	title = {Female preference in guppies,  {Poecilia} reticulata  {Peters}},
	journal = {Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology},
	author = {Jaroensutasinee, M.},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, female preference, preference, absolute preference, relative preference}
}

@article{karinoFemaleMatePreference12,
	title = {Female mate preference based on male orange spot patterns in the feral guppy {Poecilia} reticulata in {Japan}},
	volume = {51},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10228-004-0234-6},
	abstract = {It is known that females prefer males with larger and/or brighter orange spots in many populations of the guppy Poecilia reticulata. However, female preference for male orange spots varies among populations and changes within several years when they are introduced into new habitats with different environment. Guppies were introduced into Okinawa, Japan, more than 20 years ago and were subjected to natural and sexual selection for a long period. The female preference for orange spot patterns of males was examined by the dichotomous choice experiment for a feral guppy population of the Hiji River, Okinawa. We chose full-sibling males as a pair of stimulus males that were simultaneously presented to a test female, because sibling males should resemble each other. To create different orange spot patterns between stimulus males, one male of the stimulus male pair was fed carotenoid-supplement food such as algae and another male was fed low-carotenoid food. High-carotenoid-treatment males showed not only brighter coloration of orange spots but also larger spots than other males as a result of this dietary-manipulation. In the dichotomous choice experiment, females preferred the high-carotenoid-treatment males. In addition, logistic regression analysis clarified that brighter coloration of male orange spots was the most important factor for female mate preference. This finding suggests indirect benefits of female preference for male orange spot patterns if the male foraging ability for algae were heritable.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ichthyological Research},
	author = {Karino, Kenji and Shinjo, Shinya},
	keywords = {female, guppies, guppy, MATE, orange, mate preference, preference, pattern, patterns, FEMALE MATE PREFERENCE},
	pages = {316--320}
}

@article{karrSpermCompetitionDefining1999,
	title = {Sperm competition: {Defining} the rules of engagement},
	volume = {9},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Karr, T. L. and Pitnick, S.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {competition, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, call, intersexual choice,sperm behaviour,sperm competition,sexual selection},
	pages = {R787--R790}
}

@article{khooGeneticBasisVariegated1999,
	title = {Genetic basis of the variegated tail pattern in the guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata.},
	volume = {16},
	journal = {Zoological Science},
	author = {Khoo, G. and Lim, T. M. and Chan, W. K. and Phang, V. P. E.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, X and Y chromosome},
	pages = {431--437}
}

@article{kingPrairieRattlesnakeSeasonal1990,
	title = {Prairie rattlesnake seasonal migrations: episodes of movement, vernal foraging and sex differences},
	volume = {39},
	abstract = {Functional study of animal migration in nature requires both description and empirical analysis of component episodes of movement dedicated to the potential solution of problems in survival. Good study systems are those exhibiting larger' patterns of migration that can be partitioned empirically into functionally analysable, component episodes. This facilitates analysis of alternative explanations both for larger cycles of migration and the component episodes that comprise them. Free-ranging prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis, are good subjects in this respect. Results of a long-term field study of radiotagged individuals indicate that while both males and females search for small mammal prey in the first half of the brief, 3"5-month summer in Wyoming, males but not females search for mates in the second half of the season. Females continue to forage for the duration of the season. Accordingly, males must {\textasciitilde}earch for and locate two stations in time and space (food and mates) each season, while females need search only for one (food). Given this difference, males and females exhibit predicted differences in key patterns of seasonal activity. Males exhibit significantly greater spatial searching efficiency during the vernal foraging episode than females, allowing males to concentrate foraging activities into the first half of the season, so that the second can be largely dedicated to a search for females. The mating system of prairie rattlesnakes in Wyoming is best described as prolonged mate searching polygyny.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {King, M and Duvall, D},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {924--935}
}

@article{aibarFunctionalGeneNetworks2015,
	title = {Functional {Gene} {Networks}: {R}/{Bioc} package to generate and analyze gene networks derived from functional enrichment and clustering},
	issn = {1367-4803, 1460-2059},
	shorttitle = {Functional {Gene} {Networks}},
	url = {http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/01/13/bioinformatics.btu864},
	doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btu864},
	abstract = {Summary: Functional Gene Networks (FGNet) is an R/Bioconductor package that generates gene networks derived from the results of functional enrichment analysis (FEA) and annotation clustering. The sets of genes enriched with specific biological terms –obtained from a FEA platform– are transformed into a network by establishing links between genes based on common functional annotations. The network provides a new view of FEA results revealing gene modules with similar functions and genes that are related to multiple functions. In addition to building the functional network, FGNet analyzes the similarity between the groups of genes and provides a distance heatmap and a bipartite network of functionally overlapping genes. The application includes an interface to directly perform FEA queries using different external tools: DAVID, GeneTerm Linker, TopGO or GAGE; and a graphical interface (GUI) to facilitate the use.
Availability: FGNet is available in Bioconductor, including a tutorial. URL: http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/FGNet.html
Contact: jrivas@usal.es; saibar@usal.es},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2015-04-20},
	journal = {Bioinformatics},
	author = {Aibar, Sara and Fontanillo, Celia and Droste, Conrad and Rivas, Javier De Las},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25600944},
	pages = {btu864},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6489/Aibar et al. - 2015 - Functional Gene Networks RBioc package to genera.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6491/bioinformatics.html:text/html}
}

@article{kodric-brownMaleDominanceCan1992,
	title = {Male dominance can enhance mating success in guppies},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, A.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, mating, call, mating success, dominance, male ornaments,mating success,Poecilia reticulata},
	pages = {165--167}
}

@article{koenigReproductiveRolesCooperatively1998,
	title = {Reproductive roles in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker: {Incest} avoidance versus reproductive competition},
	volume = {151},
	url = {ISI:000072128600004},
	abstract = {Incest is rare in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) despite a polygynandrous mating system in which nearly all group members are close relatives. Here we test the relative importance of avoiding matings between close relatives (incest avoidance) and within-sex competition for breeding opportunities (reproductive competition) in determining the mating system of acorn woodpeckers by examining how reproductive roles change following breeding vacancies. In 83\% of cases in which helpers of the same sex were present in the group, reproductive vacancies were resolved when new unrelated immigrants filled the vacancy to the exclusion of resident same-sex helpers, who generally emigrated or did not breed while they remained in the group. Helpers of the opposite sex, especially when male, were significantly more likely to remain in their natal group and in about half the cases inherited and bred following reproductive vacancies. This result was not explainable by reproductive competition, since the number of immigrants was often less than or equal to the number of same-sex helpers in the group. Apparent incest resulted in 5\% of cases. The time required to resolve reproductive vacancies was significantly longer for groups with helpers of the same sex as the vacancy. These results confirm that both incest avoidance and reproductive competition are important factors determining reproductive roles within groups of this highly social species},
	number = {3},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Koenig, W. D. and Haydock, J. and Stanback, M. T.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {competition, evolution, i, population, sex, CONSEQUENCES, mating, Darwin, DISPERSAL, inbreeding avoidance, social, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, DEPRESSION, genetics, mating system, reproductive competition, DNA, PRAIRIE DOGS, cooperative breeding, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, ACORN WOODPECKER, WOODPECKER, BREEDERS},
	pages = {243--255}
}

@article{kokkoUnifyingTestingModels2006,
	title = {Unifying and {Testing} {Models} of {Sexual} {Selection}},
	volume = {37},
	url = {http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110259},
	abstract = {Sexual reproduction is associated with the evolution of anisogamy and sperm-producing males and egg-laying females. The ensuing competition for mates has led to sexual selection and coevolution of the sexes. Mathematical models are extensively used to test the plausibility of different complicated scenarios for the evolution of sexual traits. Unfortunately, the diversity of models is now itself equally bewildering. Here we clarify some of the current debate by reviewing evolutionary explanations for the relationship between anisogamy, potential reproductive rates, parental care, sex roles, and mate choice. We review the benefits females might gain by mating with certain males rather than others. We also consider other forms of selection that can make females mate nonrandomly. One way empiricists can contribute to resolving theoretical disputes is to quantify the cost of expressing mating biases in the appropriate life-history currency},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
	author = {Kokko, Hanna and Jennions, Michael D. and Brooks, Robert},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, sex, TRAITS, BENEFITS, model, MODELS, parental care, SEXUAL-SELECTION, mating, life histories, life history, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, reproduction, form, MATES, cost, CARE, coevolution, SEXES, DIVERSITY, RATES, EVOLUTIONARY, FEMALES MATE, sexual reproduction, REPRODUCTIVE RATES, anisogamy, BIASES, COMPETITION FOR MATES, sex roles, POTENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE RATES, potential reproductive rate},
	pages = {43--66}
}

@article{koopmanDispersalPatternsSan2000,
	title = {Dispersal patterns of {San} {Joaquin} kit foxes ({Vulpes} macrotis mutica)},
	volume = {81},
	url = {ISI:000085435500019},
	abstract = {We investigated dispersal patterns of San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis multica) on the Naval Petroleum Reserves, California. Of 209 juvenile kit foxes monitored during 1980-1996, 33\% dispersed from their natal territory. Significantly more males (49.4\%) than females (23.8\%) dispersed, and dispersal peaked in July. Dispersing males tended to be heavier than philopatric males; philopatric females were significantly heavier than dispersing females. Expressed as a percentage of all juveniles monitored, annual dispersal ranged from 0\% to 79\% for males, 0\% to 50\% for females, and 0\% to 52\% for all foxes. Percentage of male dispersal was related weakly to mean annual litter size (r(2) = 0.27), and percentage of female dispersal was weakly and inversely related to annual indices of small-mammal abundance (r(2) = 0.46). Most (65.2\%) dispersing juveniles died within less than or equal to 10 days of leaving their natal range. Survival tended to be higher for dispersing males than for philopatric males but was similar between dispersing and philopatric females. Sixty percent of all foxes that survived to breeding age reproduced except among dispersing females, none of which reproduced, Alloparental care did not account for sex-biased dispersal in kit foxes. Auxiliary adults were observed occasionally with mated pairs, but helping behavior was not observed. Dispersal patterns of kit foxes may be a function of innate sex-biased dispersal altered by physical and biological pressures},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Koopman, M. E. and Cypher, B. L. and Scrivner, J. H.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {egg, female, fish, i, MALES, PAIR, population, size, survival, age, BEHAVIOR, DISPERSAL, MAMMALS, natal philopatry, territory, metapopulation, migration, birds, philopatry, related, California, sex-biased dispersal, endangered species, alloparental care, social ecology, HELPING-BEHAVIOR, CARNIVORE SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, RED FOX, San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica},
	pages = {213--222}
}

@article{laikreEstimatedInbreedingSmall1997,
	title = {Estimated inbreeding in a small, wild muskox {Ovibos} moschatus population and its possible effects on population reproduction},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:A1997WE00200008},
	abstract = {Knowledge of the effects of inbreeding in natural animal populations is limited. Although inbreeding depression is well documented in wild animals bred in captivity, it has been suggested that the phenomenon does not occur in nature. The potentially negative effects of inbreeding may be of great importance for the survival of small, wild populations. In a small free-living population of muskox Ovibos moschatus in Sweden, fecundity and longevity have decreased to the extent that the population now numbers only 12 individuals and is highly likely to die out in the near future. It is possible that this decline is due to harmful effects of inbreeding, the extent of which has been estimated using incomplete pedigree data in combination with computer simulations. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Limited},
	number = {2-3},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Laikre, L. and Ryman, N. and Lundh, N. G.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {evolution, population, TRAITS, survival, fecundity, longevity, ANIMALS, reproduction, Y, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, PRIMATES, WILD, CONSERVATION, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, philopatry, WILD POPULATION, bottleneck, mating success, STRATEGY, GENETIC-VARIATION, VARIABILITY, conservation biology, CONSERVATION GENETICS, pedigree, WILD POPULATIONS, MANAGEMENT, BANKS ISLAND, GEESE, pedigree analysis},
	pages = {197--204}
}

@article{lailvauxInteractiveEffectsSex2007,
	title = {Interactive effects of sex and temperature on locomotion in reptiles},
	volume = {47},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/icm011},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Lailvaux, S. P.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {189--199}
}

@article{lancasterCorticosteroneManipulationReveals2008,
	title = {Corticosterone manipulation reveals differences in hierarchical organization of multidimensional reproductive trade-offs in r-strategist and {K}-strategist females.},
	volume = {21},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01478.x},
	abstract = {Life history trade-offs are often hierarchical with decisions at one level affecting lower level trade-offs. We investigated trade-off structure in female side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), which exhibit two evolved strategies: yellow-throated females are K-strategists and orange-throated are r-strategists. Corticosterone treatment was predicted to differentially organize these females' reproductive decisions. Corticosterone-treated yellow females suppressed reproduction but survived well, and augmented egg mass without decreasing clutch size. Conversely, corticosterone enhanced mortality and reproductive rates in orange females, and increased egg mass only after lengthy exposure. Corticosterone did not affect post-laying condition, suggesting that corticosterone increased egg mass through enhanced energy acquisition (income breeding). Corticosterone enhanced survival of lightweight females, but decreased survival of heavy females, introducing a foraging vs. predation trade-off. We conclude that rather than being a direct, functional relationship, observed trade-offs between offspring size and number represent evolved differences in hierarchical organization of multidimensional trade-offs, particularly in response to stress.},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	author = {Lancaster, L T and Hazard, L C and Clobert, J and Sinervo, B R},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female, pigmentation, body size, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Oviparity, Oviparity: physiology, clutch size, Lizards: physiology, Lizards: anatomy \& histology, Corticosterone, Pigmentation: physiology, Random Allocation, Survival Analysis, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Physiological: physiopathology, Ovum, Time Factors, Body Size: physiology, Clutch Size: physiology, Corticosterone: physiology, Ovum: cytology},
	pages = {556--65}
}

@article{leamyDevelopmentalStabilityHeritable1997,
	title = {Is developmental stability heritable?},
	volume = {10},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Leamy, L.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {call, developmental stability,fluctuating asymmetry,heritability,meta-analysis},
	pages = {21--29}
}

@article{lesnaDietdependentFemaleChoice1999,
	title = {Diet-dependent female choice for males with 'good genes' in a soil predatory mite},
	volume = {401},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Lesna, I. and Sabelis, M. W.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, genes, good genes, call, female choice,good genes,mate choice,mite},
	pages = {581--584}
}

@article{lindholmSexChromosomesSexual2002,
	title = {Sex chromosomes and sexual selection in {Poeciliid} fishes},
	volume = {160},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Lindholm, A. and Breden, F.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fishes, selection, sex, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes},
	pages = {s214--s224}
}

@article{longChangesMaleGuppy1998,
	title = {Changes in male guppy courting distance in response to a fluctuating light environment},
	volume = {44},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Long, K. D. and Rosenqvist, G.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, response, call, light, light environment, courtship,environmental irradiance,fish vision,guppy,mate choice,sexual selection},
	pages = {77--83}
}

@article{lupoldMaleDrosophilaMelanogaster2011,
	title = {Male {Drosophila} melanogaster adjust ejaculate size based on female mating status, fecundity, and age},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000288276100030},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arq193},
	abstract = {In contrast to early predictions, it is now widely accepted that males incur substantive costs from ejaculate production. Hence, males are predicted to allocate their reproductive investments, including ejaculate size, relative to the risk of sperm competition and to female quality. The study of sperm allocation, however, has been technically challenging with nonvirgin females because sperm from different males must be discriminated within the female reproductive tract. To date, such investigations have thus largely been restricted to species that transfer sperm in spermatophores or for which females can be fitted with a harness to capture the incoming ejaculate. In this study, we examined sperm allocation using male Drosophila melanogaster that express a fluorescently labeled protein in sperm heads, allowing us to quantify sperm numbers from different males within the female reproductive tract. We found that male D. melanogaster deliver significantly more sperm to mated, large or young females compared with virgins, small or old females, respectively, whereas copulation duration was only significantly longer with large than with small females. These results provide further evidence for costly ejaculate production and consequent prudent allocation of sperm. Key words: ejaculate size, body size, female reproductive value, sperm competition, sperm number. [Behav Ecol 22: 184-191 (2011)]},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Lupold, S. and Manier, M. K. and Ala-Honkola, O. and Belote, J. M. and Pitnick, S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {sexual selection, SPERM COMPETITION, body size, male body-size, risk, male mate choice, SPERM COMPETITION GAMES, LIFE-SPAN, COPULATION, sperm number, ejaculate size, duration, female reproductive value, fruit-flies, male crickets, plastic responses},
	pages = {184--191}
}

@article{lutzEvolutionMateChoice2009,
	title = {Evolution of mate choice for genome-wide heterozygosity},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00575.x},
	abstract = {The extent to which indirect genetic benefits can drive the evolution of directional mating preferences for more ornamented mates, and the mechanisms that maintain such preferences without depleting genetic variance, remain key questions in evolutionary ecology. We used an individual-based genetic model to examine whether a directional preference for mates with higher genome-wide heterozygosity (H), and consequently greater ornamentation, could evolve and be maintained in the absence of direct fitness benefits of mate choice. We specifically considered finite populations of varying size and spatial genetic structure, in which parent2013offspring resemblance in heterozygosity could provide an indirect benefit of mate choice. A directional preference for heterozygous mates evolved under broad conditions, even given a substantial direct cost of mate choice, low mutation rate, and stochastic variation in the link between individual heterozygosity and ornamentation. Furthermore, genetic variance was retained under directional sexual selection. Preference evolution was strongest in smaller populations, but weaker in populations with greater internal genetic structure in which restricted dispersal increased local inbreeding among offspring of neighboring females that all preferentially mated with the same male. These results suggest that directional preferences for heterozygous or outbred mates could evolve and be maintained in finite populations in the absence of direct fitness benefits, suggesting a novel resolution to the lek paradox.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lutz, Fromhage and Hanna, Kokko and Jane, M. Reid},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {684--694}
}

@article{magellanHabitatUseMediates7,
	title = {Habitat use mediates the conflict of interest between the sexes},
	volume = {72},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W9W-4K2SKB6-5/2/9516919d6b1ef6ddafe32fa78bd3ad77},
	abstract = {Males of many species have alternative mating behaviours and must make decisions about which behaviours to use to maximize reproductive success. Guppies, Poecilia reticulata, have two alternative mating behaviours: display behaviour, which facilitates female choice, and sneak mating, a form of sexual coercion, which circumvents female choice. The choice of which behaviour to use and the circumstances in which behaviours are used can be potentially costly to both sexes. We examined the influence of variation in water velocity on male mating behaviour in nature and in controlled laboratory conditions in which we were able to control for male size. We first examined whether males use alternative behaviour when subjected to changes in water velocity and then whether females have the potential to ameliorate male harassment by moving to high water velocities where the smaller males may be excluded. Females preferentially used higher available water velocities than males and mating activity decreased with increasing water velocity. However, at high water velocities males switched from displays to sneak mating behaviour, the behaviour type that most opposes female interests. Females thus have the potential to reduce, but not entirely escape, the detrimental effects of this sexual conflict by moving to high water velocities},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Magellan, Kit and Magurran, Anne E.},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, behaviour, female, FEMALES, guppies, guppy, MALES, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, reticulata, sex, variation, size, MALE SIZE, mating, reproductive success, SUCCESS, form, sexual conflict, display, displays, condition, HABITAT, conflict, mating behaviour, SEXES, harassment, male mating behaviour, habitat use},
	pages = {75--81}
}

@article{marionReproductiveCuesGonadal1982,
	title = {Reproductive cues for gonadal development in temperate reptiles: temperature and photoperiod effects on the testicular cycle of the lizard  {Sceloporus} undulatus},
	volume = {38},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	author = {Marion, K. R.},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {reptiles, lizard, Reproductive cues, Sceloporus undulatus, temperature and photoperiod},
	pages = {26--39}
}

@article{martinImpactPredationEvolution1997,
	title = {Impact of predation on the evolution of {European} bird life histories - {Reply}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {://WOS:A1997WB57700015},
	doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(97)88393-0},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Martin, T. E. and Clobert, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {33--34}
}

@article{matthewsEvidenceSpermTransfer2000,
	title = {Evidence for sperm transfer during sneaky mating in wild {Trinidadian} guppies},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Journal of Fish Biology},
	author = {Matthews, I. M. and Magurran, A. E.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, sperm, mating, sneak-copulation},
	pages = {1381--1386}
}

@article{mclaughlinEffectMaleFamiliarity2001,
	title = {The effect of male familiarity on proximity time in female eastern mosquitofish ( {Gambusia} holbrooki )},
	volume = {51},
	url = {ISI:000169056300005},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Psychological Record},
	author = {McLaughlin, M. E. and Bruce, K. E.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {female, FAMILIARITY, Gambusia, EASTERN MOSQUITOFISH},
	pages = {237--250}
}

@article{mcminnEffectsNematodeParasite1990,
	title = {Effects of the nematode parasite  {Camallanus} cotti  on sexual and non-sexual behaviors in the guppy  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {30},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	author = {{McMinn}},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, call, behaviour patterns,guppy,parasite},
	pages = {245--249}
}

@article{mcnuttSexbiasedDispersalAfrican1996,
	title = {Sex-biased dispersal in {African} wild dogs, {Lycaon} pictus},
	volume = {52},
	url = {ISI:A1996WA30300001},
	abstract = {Sex differences in African wild dog dispersal behaviour have been described variously as strongly female biased to unbiased. Dispersal from natal home ranges to reproductive home ranges was recorded over 5 years from eight study packs in a free-ranging population of wild dogs in northern Botswana. Analysis of sex differences in natal dispersal was based on (1) age of natal dispersers, (2) dispersing group size, and (3) natal dispersal distance. Dispersal distance was measured by (i) the distance between arithmetic centres of range locations, (ii) spatial association of reproductive and natal home ranges (contiguous versus disjunct), and (iii) pair-wise comparison of dispersal distances between males and females establishing a reproductive home range together. Males in this population dispersed later, in larger groups and further than females. These results contrast with earlier reports for wild dogs and show that females are the more spatially philopatric sex. This pattern of sex-biased dispersal is evaluated in relation to two current, alternative but not mutually exclusive hypotheses: inbreeding avoidance and competition for mating opportunities. All wild dogs of both sexes emigrated when in the presence of their opposite sex parent. Despite frequent opportunities, no dogs mated with close relatives (r greater than or equal to 0.5). The consequences of sex-biased dispersal in wild dogs are consistent with both hypotheses, but the competition for mating opportunities hypothesis is supported only within the context of dispersal behaviour indicative of close inbreeding avoidance. (C) 1996 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {McNutt, J. W.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, FEMALES, i, MALES, MATE, mate choice, population, sex, size, CONSEQUENCES, mating, age, natal dispersal, DISPERSAL, HOME-RANGE, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, WILD, wolf, WOLVES, CONSERVATION, AVOIDANCE, birds, philopatry, AFRICAN, MINNESOTA, DISTANCE, DOGS, PRAIRIE DOGS, context, dispersal distances, sex-biased dispersal, Oryx, GROUP-SIZE, VULPES-VULPES},
	pages = {1067--1077}
}

@article{merilGeneticArchitectureFitness1999,
	title = {Genetic architecture of fitness and nonfitness traits: empirical patterns and development of ideas},
	volume = {83},
	journal = {Heredity},
	author = {Meril„, J. and Sheldon, B. C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, fitness, heritability, life history traits, natural selection, Additive genetic variance, dominance variance},
	pages = {103--109}
}

@article{dietzPaternalTransmissionStressInduced2011,
	series = {Stress, {Controllability}, and {Posttraumatic} {Stress} {Disorder}},
	title = {Paternal {Transmission} of {Stress}-{Induced} {Pathologies}},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {0006-3223},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322311004823},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.005},
	abstract = {Background
There has been recent interest in the possibility that epigenetic mechanisms might contribute to the transgenerational transmission of stress-induced vulnerability. Here, we focused on possible paternal transmission with the social defeat stress paradigm.
Methods
Adult male mice exposed to chronic social defeat stress or control nondefeated mice were bred with normal female mice, and their offspring were assessed behaviorally for depressive- and anxiety-like measures. Plasma levels of corticosterone and vascular endothelial growth factor were also assayed. To directly assess the role of epigenetic mechanisms, we used in vitro fertilization (IVF); behavioral assessments were conducted on offspring of mice from IVF-control and IVF-defeated fathers.
Results
We show that both male and female offspring from defeated fathers exhibit increased measures of several depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. The male offspring of defeated fathers also display increased baseline plasma levels of corticosterone and decreased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. However, most of these behavioral changes were not observed when offspring were generated through IVF.
Conclusions
These results suggest that, although behavioral adaptations that occur after chronic social defeat stress can be transmitted from the father to his male and female F1 progeny, only very subtle changes might be transmitted epigenetically under the conditions tested.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-03-17},
	journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
	author = {Dietz, David M. and LaPlant, Quincey and Watts, Emily L. and Hodes, Georgia E. and Russo, Scott J. and Feng, Jian and Oosting, Ronald S. and Vialou, Vincent and Nestler, Eric J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Anxiety, depression, in vitro fertilization, social defeat, trans-generational},
	pages = {408--414},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6528/Dietz et al. - 2011 - Paternal Transmission of Stress-Induced Pathologie.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6529/S0006322311004823.html:text/html}
}

@article{mitchellTaxonomicPositionGouldian1958,
	title = {The taxonomic position of the {Gouldian} {Finch}},
	volume = {58},
	journal = {The Emu},
	author = {Mitchell, I. G.},
	year = {1958},
	keywords = {gouldian finch},
	pages = {395--411}
}

@article{mooersEffectsSelectionBottlenecks1999,
	title = {The effects of selection and bottlenecks on male mating success in peripheral isolates},
	volume = {153},
	url = {ISI:000079923700009},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Mooers, A. O. and Rundle, H. D. and Whitlock, M. C.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {courtship, evolution, mate choice, P1, population, selection, fitness, mating, SUCCESS, theory, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, CONSERVATION, genetics, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, VARIANCE, speciation, bottleneck, male mating success, mating success, Canada, PERSPECTIVE, gene flow, SEXUAL ISOLATION, FOUNDER-FLUSH SPECIATION, GENETIC REVOLUTIONS, peripheral isolates, speciation genetics},
	pages = {437--444}
}

@article{moreheadOedipusDarwinFreud1999,
	title = {Oedipus, {Darwin}, and {Freud}: {One} big, happy family?},
	volume = {68},
	url = {ISI:000081907200001},
	abstract = {The author reviews recent sociobiological and psychoanalytic literature relevant to sexual aspects of the male Oedipus complex. Sociobiological discussions of incest and incest avoidance frequently contrast Freud's Oedipus complex with the Westermarck hypothesis. Westermarck argued that children who grow up in close association are averse to sex with each other as adults. Human and animal evidence supports the Westemzarck hypothesis, and sociobiologically oriented writers have argued that it contradicts Freud's oedipal notion of an early incestuous sexual interest. However, two additional lines of evidence are relevant to such discussions. First, recent analytic theory on the Oedipus complex does not require the existence of a central, powerful, incestuous sexual drive Second, both oedipal and sociobiological theory suggest that early familial experience forms a model for adult sexual mate choice and establishes patterns of adult sexual relationships. In these instances, sociobiological understandings of early development correspond well to oedipal theory},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Psychoanalytic Quarterly},
	author = {Morehead, D.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {choice, association, behaviour, evolution, genes, HYPOTHESIS, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, selection, sex, mate selection, model, mating, Darwin, theory, Y, form, natural selection, COMPLEX, human, inbreeding avoidance, NATURAL-SELECTION, social, wolf, WOLVES, AVOIDANCE, FAMILY, patterns, RECOGNITION, SELFISH, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, attraction, PERSONALITY, incest, INCEST AVOIDANCE, MARRIAGE, Westermarck, Spain, Freud, CHIMPANZEES, EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE, GENDER IDENTITY, OBSTACLES},
	pages = {347--375}
}

@article{museumIsolationMicrosatelliteLoci1999,
	title = {Isolation of microsatellite loci for paternity testing in the rufous vanga {Schetba} rufa {Microsatellite} markers in {Stylosanthes}},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Museum, Science},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {microsatellite, paternity, madagascar, 1998, 81ð6-6605ð3172, ac, asai, correspondence, e-mail, fax, helper, jp, osaka-cu, received 4 june 1998, revision accepted 7 july, s, schetba rufa, sci, shigeki}
}

@article{naterDevelopmentPolymorphicMicrosatellite2008,
	title = {Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the livebearing fish {Poecilia} parae},
	volume = {doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2008.02090.x},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	author = {Nater, A; and Krützen, M and Lindholm, A.},
	year = {2008}
}

@article{nayuduGeneticStudiesMelanic1979,
	title = {Genetic studies of melanic color patterns and atypical sex determination in the guppy  {Poecilia} reticulata},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Nayudu, P. L.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, sex, call, sex determination, colour patterns,Flavis gene,Poecilia reticulata,sex chromosomes},
	pages = {225--231}
}

@article{nevoExtraordinaryMultilocusGenetic2000,
	title = {Extraordinary multilocus genetic organization in mole crickets, {Gryllotalpidae}},
	volume = {54},
	url = {ISI:000086886500024},
	abstract = {Allozymic diversity at 21 loci was analyzed in 370 individuals of three species of mole cricket superspecies, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (two new chromosomal species, G. tall and G. marismortui) and G. africana in Israel, which are distributed along a southward transect of increasing aridity. Two outstanding findings emerged in G. tali and G. marismortui: (1) genetic polymorphism was high but heterozygosity very low, indicating significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations; and (2) significant linkage disequilibria at an unprecedented level for outbreeders and remarkable intersite differences. The results may characterize subterranean gryllotalpids worldwide because a single sample of Neocurtilla hexadactyla from Tefe, Amazonia, shows the same features. Significant variation of heterozygote paucity among loci, combined with the biology of the species, rejects the simple explanation of inbreeding or any other single explanatory model. Likewise, direct selection against heterozygotes or specific multilocus associations can explain, but is not necessary nor likely to explain, the observed results in mole crickets. To explain these results, we developed a multiple-factor mathematical model combining niche viability selection, niche choice, and positive assortative mating. This model involves a special case of Wahlund effect and inbreeding. Simulations based on this model showed that a combination of these three mechanisms may produce the observed distribution of alleles, via selection on a few loci, to affect the entire genome organization},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Nevo, E. and Beiles, A. and Korol, A. B. and Ronin, Y. I. and Pavlicek, T. and Hamilton, W.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {choice, association, evolution, i, mate choice, P1, population, selection, variation, model, mating, cricket, theory, assortative mating, allele, heterozygosity, INDIVIDUALS, loci, polymorphism, inbreeding, MECHANISM, MECHANISMS, genetics, heterozygotes, ASSOCIATIONS, patterns, viability, speciation, linkage, linkage disequilibrium, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, DIVERSITY, population genetics, POPULATION-GENETICS, alleles, Orthoptera, food, MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, ORGANIZATION, direct selection, HARDY-WEINBERG, genetic polymorphism, HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS, horn, habitat choice, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, ISRAEL, MICROGEOGRAPHIC EDAPHIC DIFFERENTIATION, SPALAX, WILD BARLEY},
	pages = {586--605}
}

@article{norrisHeritableVariationPlumage1993,
	title = {Heritable variation in a plumage indictor of viability in male great tits  {Parus} major},
	volume = {362},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Norris, K. J.},
	year = {1993},
	keywords = {variation, call, viability, female mate choice,genotypic viability,sexual selection,stripe size},
	pages = {537--539}
}

@article{olssonFemalebiasedNatalBreeding2003,
	title = {Female-biased natal and breeding dispersal in an alpine lizard, {Niveoscincus} microlepidotus},
	volume = {79},
	url = {ISI:000183522700003},
	abstract = {We measured two aspects of dispersal in the alpine Australian scincid lizard, Niveoscincus micolepidotus: (1) natal dispersal, i.e. shift in home range over the lizard's first year of life, and (2) breeding dispersal, i.e. shifts of home ranges between breeding attempts as adults. On average, displacements were surprisingly small. Female neonates dispersed about twice as far as did males in the same cohort (means of 12 m vs. 6 m). A female's natal dispersal distance was not correlated with her body size or our estimate of physiological performance (sprint speed). However, larger, faster-running male neonates dispersed further than did smaller, slower males. As was the case for neonates, adult females moved significantly further between breeding seasons than did adult males (14.2 m vs. 9.6 m). Because of a female's long gestation period (more than 1 year), two groups of females occur simultaneously in the population, non-ovulated (i.e. with yolking folicles) and pregnant females (i.e. approaching parturition). Females that were not yet ovulated showed a markedly stronger dispersal in response to high reproductive effort (i.e. clutch size in relation to body condition) than did pregnant females. In adult males, body size was negatively correlated with dispersal distance, suggesting that although males have overlapping territories, they exhibit an increasing level of site tenacity with age and/or size. Thus, selection for the relatively more pronounced site tenacity in adult males may have resulted in the more marked philopatric behaviour compared to females also as neonates. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 79, 277-283},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Olsson, M. and Shine, R.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {reproductive effort, behaviour, competition, evolution, female, i, PERFORMANCE, population, response, selection, sperm, SPERM COMPETITION, size, body size, age, clutch size, natal dispersal, condition, DISPERSAL, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, territory, birds, philopatry, lizard, sex-biased dispersal, LACERTA-AGILIS, SAND LIZARD, UTA STANSBURIANA},
	pages = {277--283}
}

@article{osteenRapidEvolutionEscape2002,
	title = {Rapid evolution of escape ability in trinidadian guppies ( {Poecilia} reticulata )},
	volume = {56},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {O'Steen, S. and Cullum, A. J. and Bennett, A. F.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {evolution, guppies, guppy, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata},
	pages = {776--784}
}

@article{parkerSpermCompetitionGames2010,
	title = {Sperm competition games: {Sperm} size (mass) and number under raffle and displacement, and the evolution of {P}(2)},
	volume = {264},
	issn = {0022-5193},
	url = {://WOS:000281460900036},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.03.003},
	abstract = {We examine models for evolution of sperm size (i.e. mass m) and number (s) under three mechanisms of sperm competition at low 'risk' levels: (i) raffle with no constraint on space available for competing sperm, (ii) direct displacement mainly by seminal fluid, and (iii) direct displacement mainly by sperm mass. Increasing sperm mass increases a sperm's 'competitive weight' against rival sperm through a diminishing returns function, r(m). ESS total ejaculate expenditure (the product m*s*) increases in all three models with sperm competition risk, q. If r(m), or ratio r'(m)/r(m), is independent of ESS sperm numbers, ESS sperm mass remains constant, and the sperm mass/number ratio (m*/s*) therefore decreases with risk. Dependency of sperm mass on risk can arise if r(m) depends on competing sperm density (sperm number / space available for sperm competition). Such dependencies generate complex relationships between sperm mass and number with risk, depending both on the mechanism and how sperm density affects r(m). While numbers always increase with risk, mass can either increase or decrease, but m*/s* typically decreases with risk unless sperm density strongly influences r(m). Where there is no extrinsic loading due to mating order, ESS paternity of the second (i.e. last) male to mate (P(2)) under displacement always exceeds 0.5, and increases with risk (in the raffle P(2) = 0.5). Caution is needed when seeking evidence for a sperm size-number trade off. Although size and number trade-off independently against effort spent on acquiring matings, their product, m*s*, is invariant or fixed at a given risk level, effectively generating a size-number trade off. However, unless controlled for the effects of risk, the relation between m* and s* can be either positive or negative (a positive relation is usually taken as evidence against a size-number trade off). (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Parker, G. A. and Immler, S. and Pitnick, S. and Birkhead, T. R.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1003--1023}
}

@article{partridgeMaleSizeMating1983,
	title = {Male size and mating success in  {Drosophila} melanogaster : the roles of male and female behaviour},
	volume = {35},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Partridge, L. and Ewing, A. and Chandler, A.},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {Drosophila, behaviour, size, mating, mating success, female behaviour},
	pages = {555--562}
}

@article{bransonHighthroughputEthomicsLarge2009,
	title = {High-throughput ethomics in large groups of {Drosophila}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1548-7105},
	doi = {10.1038/nmeth.1328},
	abstract = {We present a camera-based method for automatically quantifying the individual and social behaviors of fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, interacting in a planar arena. Our system includes machine-vision algorithms that accurately track many individuals without swapping identities and classification algorithms that detect behaviors. The data may be represented as an ethogram that plots the time course of behaviors exhibited by each fly or as a vector that concisely captures the statistical properties of all behaviors displayed in a given period. We found that behavioral differences between individuals were consistent over time and were sufficient to accurately predict gender and genotype. In addition, we found that the relative positions of flies during social interactions vary according to gender, genotype and social environment. We expect that our software, which permits high-throughput screening, will complement existing molecular methods available in Drosophila, facilitating new investigations into the genetic and cellular basis of behavior.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Nature Methods},
	author = {Branson, Kristin and Robie, Alice A. and Bender, John and Perona, Pietro and Dickinson, Michael H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19412169},
	pmcid = {PMC2734963},
	keywords = {Social Behavior, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Humans, Drosophila melanogaster, Artificial Intelligence, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Monitoring, Physiologic, Movement, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Posture},
	pages = {451--457}
}

@article{potokReprogrammingMaternalZebrafish2013,
	title = {Reprogramming the {Maternal} {Zebrafish} {Genome} after {Fertilization} to {Match} the {Paternal} {Methylation} {Pattern}},
	volume = {153},
	issn = {0092-8674},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867413005059},
	abstract = {Early vertebrate embryos must achieve totipotency and prepare for zygotic genome activation (ZGA). To understand this process, we determined the DNA methylation (DNAme) profiles of zebrafish gametes, embryos at different stages, and somatic muscle and compared them to gene activity and histone modifications. Sperm chromatin patterns are virtually identical to those at ZGA. Unexpectedly, the DNA of many oocyte genes important for germline functions (i.e., piwil1) or early development (i.e., hox genes) is methylated, but the loci are demethylated during zygotic cleavage stages to precisely the state observed in sperm, even in parthenogenetic embryos lacking a replicating paternal genome. Furthermore, this cohort constitutes the genes and loci that acquire DNAme during development (i.e., ZGA to muscle). Finally, DNA methyltransferase inhibition experiments suggest that DNAme silences particular gene and chromatin cohorts at ZGA, preventing their precocious expression. Thus, zebrafish achieve a totipotent chromatin state at ZGA through paternal genome competency and maternal genome DNAme reprogramming. "Sperm chromatin patterns mirror the blastomere at zygotic genome activation (ZGA)"Maternal chromatin patterns are reprogrammed to the paternal/sperm state by ZGA"Maternal reprogrammed/demethylated genes are all later methylated in development"Promoter DNA methylation prevents precocious expression of particular genes at ZGA In the zebrafish zygote, the maternal genome undergoes considerable DNA methylation changes so that it conforms to the paternal pattern by the time zygotic genes are activated, a process that helps establish a totipotent zygotic genome.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Cell},
	author = {Potok, Magdalena E and Nix, David A and Parnell, Timothy J and Cairns, Bradley R},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {759--772}
}

@article{pottsMatingPatternsSeminatural1991,
	title = {Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by {MHC} genotype},
	volume = {352},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Potts, W. K. and Manning, C. J. and Wakeland, E. K.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {population, variation, mating, MHC, frequency dependence},
	pages = {619--621}
}

@article{preziosiMultivariateSelectionRest2007,
	title = {Multivariate selection for the rest of us},
	volume = {20},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01221.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Preziosi, R. F. and Harris, W. E.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {selection, multivariate selection, multivariate},
	pages = {34--35}
}

@article{priceConstraintsEvolutionAttractive1994,
	title = {Constraints on the evolution of attractive traits: selection in male and female zebra finches},
	volume = {144},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Price, D. K. and Burley, N. T.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, zebra finch, FINCH, constraints, zebra},
	pages = {908--934}
}

@article{randoDaddyIssuesPaternal2012,
	title = {Daddy {Issues}: {Paternal} {Effects} on {Phenotype}},
	volume = {151},
	issn = {0092-8674},
	shorttitle = {Daddy {Issues}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867412012354},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.020},
	abstract = {The once popular and then heretical idea that ancestral environment can affect the phenotype of future generations is coming back into vogue due to advances in the field of epigenetic inheritance. How paternal environmental conditions influence the phenotype of progeny is now a tractable question, and researchers are exploring potential mechanisms underlying such effects.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2015-03-17},
	journal = {Cell},
	author = {Rando, Oliver J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {702--708},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6560/Rando - 2012 - Daddy Issues Paternal Effects on Phenotype.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6561/S0092867412012354.html:text/html}
}

@article{proulxMatingSystemsEvolution1999,
	title = {Mating systems and the evolution of niche breadth},
	volume = {154},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {Proulx, S.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {evolution, mating, mating system, mating systems},
	pages = {89--98}
}

@article{puurtinenGeneticVariabilityDrift2004,
	title = {Genetic variability and drift load in populations of an aquatic snail},
	volume = {58},
	url = {ISI:000221234700008},
	abstract = {Population genetic theory predicts that in small populations, random genetic drift will fix and accumulate slightly deleterious mutations, resulting in reduced reproductive output. This genetic load due to random drift (i.e., drift load) can increase the extinction risk of small populations. We studied the relationship between genetic variability (indicator of past population size) and reproductive output in eight isolated, natural populations of the hermaphroditic snail Lymnaea stagnalis. In a common laboratory environment, snails from populations with the lowest genetic variability mature slower and have lower fecundity than snails from genetically more variable populations. This result suggests that past small population size has resulted in increased drift load, as predicted. The relationship between genetic variability and reproductive output is independent of the amount of nonrandom mating within populations. However, reproductive output and the current density of snails in the populations were not correlated. Instead, data from the natural populations suggest that trematode parasites may determine, at least in part, population densities of the snails},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Puurtinen, M. and Knott, K. E. and Suonpaa, S. and van Ooik, T. and Kaitala, V.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {ECOLOGY, evolution, i, P1, population, fitness, INCREASE, size, fecundity, mating, lande, theory, parasites, population density, POPULATIONS, extinction, CONSERVATION, EXTINCTION RISK, genetics, NATURAL-POPULATION, COMMON, risk, ENVIRONMENT, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, GENETIC LOAD, load, mutation, MUTATIONS, natural population, NATURAL-POPULATIONS, indicator, VARIABILITY, SMALL POPULATIONS, genetic variability, GENETIC-VARIABILITY, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, SALVIA-PRATENSIS, PULMONATA, allelic richness, drift load, GENTIANACEAE, Lymnaea stagnalis, LYMNAEA-STAGNALIS, mutational meltdown, trematode parasites, TREMATODES},
	pages = {749--756}
}

@article{pyronFemalePreferencesMalemale2003,
	title = {Female preferences and male-male interactions in zebrafish ({Danio} rerio)},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0008-4301},
	url = {://000181614200015},
	doi = {10.1139/z02-229},
	abstract = {Female preferences for male body size, male preferences for female body size, and male-male interactions were experimentally evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) obtained from the pet trade. Female preferences were shown for larger males. Males did not show preferences for female body size. Zebrafish males have strong interactions when two males are placed together with a female. Body length of males and females was not different. These results indicate that the reproductive strategy of zebrafish is more elaborate than simply broadcast spawning: females are choosy and males compete for females. Mate preferences and male-male interactions of zebrafish are discussed and compared with expectations based on sexual selection theory.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie},
	author = {Pyron, M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {mate choice, POECILIA-RETICULATA, size, SYSTEM, phylogeny},
	pages = {122--125}
}

@article{rallsEstimatesLethalEquivalents1988,
	title = {Estimates of lethal equivalents and the cost of inbreeding in mammals},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Ralls, K. and Ballou, J. D. and Templeton, A. R.},
	year = {1988},
	keywords = {cost, inbreeding, MAMMALS, lethal equivalents},
	pages = {185--193}
}

@article{revillaIndividualMovementBehavior2008,
	title = {Individual movement behavior, matrix heterogeneity, and the dynamics of spatially structured populations.},
	volume = {105},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0801725105},
	abstract = {The dynamics of spatially structured populations is characterized by within- and between-patch processes. The available theory describes the latter with simple distance-dependent functions that depend on landscape properties such as interpatch distance or patch size. Despite its potential role, we lack a good mechanistic understanding of how the movement of individuals between patches affects the dynamics of these populations. We used the theoretical framework provided by movement ecology to make a direct representation of the processes determining how individuals connect local populations in a spatially structured population of Iberian lynx. Interpatch processes depended on the heterogeneity of the matrix where patches are embedded and the parameters defining individual movement behavior. They were also very sensitive to the dynamic demographic variables limiting the time moving, the within-patch dynamics of available settlement sites (both spatiotemporally heterogeneous) and the response of individuals to the perceived risk while moving. These context-dependent dynamic factors are an inherent part of the movement process, producing connectivities and dispersal kernels whose variability is affected by other demographic processes. Mechanistic representations of interpatch movements, such as the one provided by the movement-ecology framework, permit the dynamic interaction of birth-death processes and individual movement behavior, thus improving our understanding of stochastic spatially structured populations.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Revilla, Eloy and Wiegand, Thorsten},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {female, ANIMALS, Male, Models, Biological, movement, Spain, population dynamics, Lynx, Animal Migration, Homing Behavior, Lynx: physiology},
	pages = {19120--5}
}

@article{roddPossibleNonsexualOrigin2001,
	title = {A possible non-sexual origin of a mate preference: are male guppies mimicking fruit?},
	volume = {in press},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Rodd, F. H. and Hughes, K. A. and Grether, G. F. and Baril, C. T.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {guppies, guppy, mate preference, preference}
}

@article{schubertTestInbreedingAvoidance1989,
	title = {A test of inbreeding avoidance in the zebra finch},
	volume = {82},
	url = {ISI:A1989AP12400001},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Schubert, C. A. and Ratcliffe, L. M. and Boag, P. T.},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, ECOLOGY, evolution, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, zebra finch, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, social, AVOIDANCE, bird, birds, genetics, philopatry, inbreeding-avoidance, monogamy, FINCH, FINCHES, ZEBRA FINCHES, zebra},
	pages = {265--274}
}

@article{shapiroMaleDominanceFemale1986,
	title = {Male dominance, female choice and male copulatory behavior in two species of voles ( {Microtus} ochrogaster  and  {Microtus} montanus},
	volume = {18},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Shapiro, L. E. and Dewsbury, D. A.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, female preference, mating system, dominance, voles, copulatory behaviour},
	pages = {267--274}
}

@article{shawRapidClimateChange2012,
	title = {Rapid climate change and the rate of adaptation: insight from experimental quantitative genetics},
	volume = {195},
	issn = {1469-8137},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04230.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04230.x},
	abstract = {Contents Summary 752 I. Introduction 752 II. Will migration be enough? 753 III. Can adaptation proceed fast enough? 754 IV. Fitness links demographic and evolutionary processes 755 V. Experimental studies: what do they tell us and how can we improve them? 756 VI. Predicting evolutionary change based on genetic variation and natural selection 757 VII. The chronosequence approach 758 VIII. Resurrection of ancestral propagules 759 IX. The mean and variance in fitness, a link between genetics and demography 760 X. Conclusions 762 Acknowledgements 762 References 762 Summary Evolution proceeds unceasingly in all biological populations. It is clear that climate-driven evolution has molded plants in deep time and within extant populations. However, it is less certain whether adaptive evolution can proceed sufficiently rapidly to maintain the fitness and demographic stability of populations subjected to exceptionally rapid contemporary climate change. Here, we consider this question, drawing on current evidence on the rate of plant range shifts and the potential for an adaptive evolutionary response. We emphasize advances in understanding based on theoretical studies that model interacting evolutionary processes, and we provide an overview of quantitative genetic approaches that can parameterize these models to provide more meaningful predictions of the dynamic interplay between genetics, demography and evolution. We outline further research that can clarify both the adaptive potential of plant populations as climate continues to change and the role played by ongoing adaptation in their persistence.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	author = {Shaw, Ruth G. and Etterson, Julie R.},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {phenotypic plasticity, adaptive evolution, geographic range, additive genetic variation in fitness, resurrection biology},
	pages = {752--765}
}

@article{shineMechanismsConsequencesSexual2004,
	title = {Mechanisms and consequences of sexual conflict in garter snakes ({Thamnophis} sirtalis, {Colubridae})},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000222125700018},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arh058},
	abstract = {Red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) court and mate in early spring around large communal overwintering dens in central Manitoba. Emerging females are immediately covered by dozens or hundreds of vigorously-courting males, potentially imposing significant costs to the female. By manipulating numbers of courting males (both directly and by applying anticourtship pheromones), we quantified the degree to which female dispersal from the den is hindered by courtship. Courted females dispersed only about half as fast as did solitary females. Blood lactate levels were higher in mating than in courting or noncourting snakes of both sexes; the high levels of lactate in mating females support the idea that courtship is physiologically stressful to these animals, perhaps via constraints to female respiration. In arena trials, females that were exercised to exhaustion before courtship mated with smaller males than did control females. The spatial distribution of snakes around the den exhibits substantial heterogeneity, with densities often varying markedly between adjacent areas. Arena trials mimicking this heterogeneity showed that unmated females avoided parts of the enclosure containing scent cues from males. Our data support the hypothesis that courtship in T. s. parietalis confers significant costs to females, and that female behaviors have evolved to reduce those costs.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Shine, R. and Phillips, B. and Langkilde, T. and Lutterschmidt, D. I. and Waye, H. and Mason, R. T.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {courtship, mate choice, selection, size, mating, DISPERSAL, STRESS, RESPONSES, antagonistic coevolution, WATER STRIDERS, harassment, MATING-BEHAVIOR, coercion, reptile, MANITOBA, PARIETALIS},
	pages = {654--660}
}

@article{simkovaMHCVariabilityLifetraits2006,
	title = {{MHC} variability, life-traits and parasite diversity of {European} cyprinid fish},
	volume = {20},
	url = {CCC:000239165200006},
	abstract = {Potential links between fish life history traits, an immune investment as measured by variability of the MHC genes and parasitism were analysed in 14 species of cyprinid fish. The hypothesis of the diversity of MHC genes being driven by high parasite diversity, i.e. species richness, was tested and a potential relationship between the MHC diversity and fish life-history traits including adult mortality rate, fecundity, longevity and maturity was investigated. Molecular techniques (SSCP and sequencing) were applied to analyse the MHC nucleotide diversity of the exons 2 and 3 of DAB genes belonging to the MHC class IIB. The comparative analyses, using phylogenetic independent contrasts, revealed a negative relationship between parasite species richness and adult fish mortality rate. We also found a positive relationship between nucleotide diversity of the exon 2 and parasite species richness. Our results suggest that fish species, of which populations are exposed to high parasite pressure, in terms of high parasite species richness, maintain a high genetic diversity of the exon 2 of the MHC genes (presenting the peptide binding regions), allowing them to decrease their natural mortality rate},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Simkova, A. and Ottova, E. and Morand, S.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {fish, genes, HYPOTHESIS, population, TRAITS, fecundity, INVESTMENT, longevity, HISTORIES, HISTORY, life histories, life history, life history traits, LIFE-HISTORIES, life-history, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, MHC, trade-offs, molecular techniques, parasitism, DIVERSITY, genetic diversity, VARIABILITY, mortality, MHC diversity, MATURITY, species richness, INDEPENDENT CONTRASTS, ATLANTIC SALMON, IMMUNE-RESPONSE, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, CLASS-II GENE, BACTERIAL-INFECTION, CICHLID FISHES, HISTORY STRATEGIES, MHC diversity,exon 2,metazoan parasites,cyprinid fish,life history traits},
	pages = {465--477}
}

@article{smithMaleSalivaCues1991,
	title = {Male saliva cues and female social choice in mongolian gerbils},
	volume = {50},
	url = {ISI:A1991GG61600017},
	abstract = {Adult female Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are preferentially attracted to saliva from adult nonsibling males when paired with saliva from male siblings. The focus of the present study was to evaluate the potential role of saliva in the formation of reproductive units. In Experiment 1, olfactory-directed investigations and mate choices of estrous females housed with their brothers and unrelated males were examined. Females sniffed unrelated males more frequently than siblings and were more interested in sniffing the mouth area than other body areas. Importantly, they also solicited and mated exclusively with unrelated males. The purpose of Experiment 2 was to ascertain the origin of the behaviorally active components of saliva by transecting the parotid salivary duct (PDT). When either sibling saliva or water was paired with saliva from a nonsibling PDT male, females did not show the typical preference for saliva from nonsiblings. When social preferences were examined in Experiment 3, virtually all females preferred intact nonsibling males to either PDT nonsibling males or siblings. Results from this study support the hypothesis that saliva is an important oral cue used by females in the selection of sociosexual partners. Furthermore, the parotid gland appears to be a significant source of salivary chemosignals},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Physiology \& Behavior},
	author = {Smith, B. A. and Block, M. L.},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {choice, behaviour, female, FEMALES, HYPOTHESIS, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, P1, selection, PREFERENCES, preference, BEHAVIOR, inbreeding avoidance, PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS, social, kinship, COMPONENTS, RECOGNITION, KIN RECOGNITION, KIN-RECOGNITION, siblings, light, olfaction, gerbils, MERIONES-UNGUICULATUS, SALIVA, SALIVARY GLANDS},
	pages = {379--384}
}

@article{stevensQuantifyingFunctionalConnectivity2004,
	title = {Quantifying functional connectivity: experimental evidence for patch-specific resistance in the {Natterjack} toad ({Bufo} calamita)},
	volume = {19},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	author = {Stevens, V. M. and Polus, E. and Wesselingh, R. A. and Schtickzelle, N. and Baguette, M.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {829--842}
}

@article{storzGeneticConsequencesMammalian1999,
	title = {Genetic consequences of mammalian social structure},
	volume = {80},
	url = {ISI:000080639400020},
	abstract = {Populations of social mammals are characterized by several demographic features that may increase the magnitude of genetic drift relative to other evolutionary forces. In particular, polygynous mating and socially mediated constraints on gene flow have been proposed to foster random genetic differentiation among social groups, thereby accelerating rates of evolutionary change. To evaluate this hypothesized link between sociality and genetic subdivision, I examined results of published studies of mammalian populations in which genetic structuring was assessed at the level of social groups. Population genetic data from a taxonomically diverse array of social mammals revealed low to moderately high levels of genetic differentiation among social groups (F-ST = 0.006-0.227), coupled with consistently high levels of within-group heterozygosity indicated by negative F-IS-values. Relatively higher levels of genetic structuring were observed in populations in which sampling effects associated with polygynous mating were reinforced by female philopatry. The degree of genetic subdivision observed in several taxa, most notably black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus), indicated that social organization can have a profound impact on population genetic structure. However, in most cases, social barriers to gene flow are likely insufficient to promote the degree of genetic subdivision and inbreeding envisioned by models of rapid drift-induced speciation. It appears that social mammals generally are characterized by a dynamic non-equilibrium mode of population structure in which local demes are characterized simultaneously by small variance effective sizes and large inbreeding effective sizes},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {Storz, J. F.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {behaviour, evolution, female, i, population, variation, model, MODELS, CONSEQUENCES, mating, lande, Y, heterozygosity, DISPERSAL, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, PRIMATES, social, SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION, CONSERVATION, genetics, mating system, philopatry, WILD POPULATION, sociality, VARIANCE, speciation, hybrid, effective population size, PRAIRIE DOGS, differentiation, FLOW, gene flow, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, sex-biased dispersal, constraints, MAMMALIAN POPULATIONS, group selection, genetic drift, EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE, population structure, ORGANIZATION, CHROMOSOMAL EVOLUTION, RHESUS-MONKEYS, MONKEYS MACACA-MULATTA, genetic subdivision, RED HOWLER MONKEY, social-group fission},
	pages = {553--569}
}

@article{thornhillMajorHistocompatibilityComplex2003,
	title = {Major histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women},
	volume = {14},
	url = {ISI:000185596600011},
	abstract = {Previous research indicates that the scent of developmental stability (low fluctuating asymmetry, FA) is attractive to women who are fertile (at high-conception risk points in their menstrual cycles), but not to other women or men. Prior research also indicates that the scent of dissimilarity in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes may play a role in human mate choice. We studied the scent attractiveness to the opposite sex of t-shirts worn for 2 nights' sleep. Our results indicate that the two olfactory systems are independent. We repeated previous results from studies of the scent of symmetry. We repeated previous results from MHC research in part; men, but not women, showed a preference for t-shirts with the scent of MHC dissimilarity. Women's scent ratings of t-shirts were uncorrelated with the wearer's MHC dissimilarity and allele frequency, but positively correlated with the wearer's MHC heterozygosity. Fertile women did not exhibit any MHC trait preferences. Women's preference for the scent of men who were heterozygous for MHC alleles may be stronger in women who are at infertile cycle points. Men preferred the scent of common MHC alleles, which may function to avoid mates with rare alleles that exhibit gestational drive. Men also preferred the scent of women at fertile cycle points. The scent of facially attractive women, but not men, was preferred. Neither FA nor facial attractiveness in either sex correlated with MHC dissimilarity to others, MHC heterozygosity, or MHC allelic rarity},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Thornhill, R. and Gangestad, S. W. and Miller, R. and Scheyd, G. and McCollough, J. K. and Franklin, M.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, sexual selection, Attractiveness, evolution, female, genes, i, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, sex, sperm, PREFERENCES, preference, Y, parasites, symmetry, allele, heterozygosity, human, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, inbreeding, social, COMMON, MHC, risk, asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry, alleles, odors, PHEROMONES, immunogenetics, MHC POLYMORPHISM, odor, cycle, STABILITY, FA, DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS, ALLELE FREQUENCIES, Homo sapiens, MALE FACIAL ATTRACTIVENESS, MENSTRUAL-CYCLE},
	pages = {668--678}
}

@article{turnerModelSympatricSpeciation1995,
	title = {A model of sympatric speciation by sexual selection},
	volume = {260},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series B-Biological Sciences.},
	author = {Turner, G. F. and Burrows, M. T.},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {sexual selection, selection, model, speciation, sympatric speciation},
	pages = {287--292}
}

@article{vanoosterhoutInbreedingDepressionGenetic2003,
	title = {Inbreeding depression and genetic load of sexually selected traits: how the guppy lost its spots},
	volume = {16},
	url = {ISI:000180926300011},
	abstract = {To date, few studies have investigated the effects of inbreeding on sexually selected traits, although inbreeding depression on such traits can play an important role in the evolution and ecology of wild populations. Sexually selected traits such as ornamentation and courtship behaviour may not be primary fitness characters, but selection and dominance coefficients of their mutations will resemble those of traits under natural selection. Strong directional selection, for instance, through female mate-choice, purges all but the most recessive deleterious mutations, and the remaining dominance variation will result in inbreeding depression once populations undergo bottlenecks. We analysed the effects of inbreeding on sexually selected traits (colour pattern and courtship behaviour) in the male guppy, Poecilia reticulata, from Trinidad, and found a significant decline in the frequency of mating behaviour and colour spots. Such effects occurred although the genetic basis of these traits, many of which are Y-linked and hemizygous, would be expected to leave relatively little scope for inbreeding depression. Findings suggest that these sexually selected traits could reflect the genetic condition or health of males, and thus may be informative mate-cue characters for female choice as suggested by the 'good genes' model},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {van Oosterhout, C. and Trigg, R. E. and Carvalho, G. R. and Magurran, A. E. and Hauser, L. and Shaw, P. W.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, good-genes, ornamentation, courtship, behaviour, evolution, female, genes, good genes, guppies, guppy, MALES, MATE, mate choice, mate-choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, POECILIA-RETICULATA, POECILIA-RETICULATA PISCES, population, reticulata, selection, sex, TRAITS, variation, female mate choice, fitness, model, mating, colour, life-history, mate preference, natural selection, condition, inbreeding, NATURAL-SELECTION, POPULATIONS, WILD, DEPRESSION, genetics, inbreeding depression, P2, WILD POPULATION, mating behaviour, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, bottleneck, deleterious mutation, deleterious mutations, GENETIC LOAD, load, mutation, MUTATIONS, dominance, sexually selected traits, colour pattern, WILD POPULATIONS, CHROMOSOME, recessive deleterious mutations, MATING-BEHAVIOR, Y-linkage, COLOR-PATTERN, 'good genes' model, deleterious equivalents, mutation load},
	pages = {273--281}
}

@article{verckenVentralColourPolymorphism2008,
	title = {Ventral colour polymorphism correlates with alternative behavioural patterns in female common lizards ({Lacerta} vivipara)},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1195-6860},
	url = {://WOS:000259841500005},
	doi = {10.2980/15-3-3135},
	abstract = {In the common lizard, female competition for resources is likely to be a strong selective pressure that has enhanced the evolution Of Conspicuous traits. Female common lizards display a polymorphism in ventral colour correlated with differences in reproduction, dispersal, and susceptibility to resource competition. We tested the hypothesis that tills polymorphism is correlated with differences in behaviour in a social Context. We Studied the agonistic behaviour (aggression and avoidance) and social stress of females of different colours during laboratory-staged encounters with a limiting resource. We found that the behaviour of females was affected by their own colour, or the colour of their opponent, or both. Such alternative behavioural patterns might reflect differences in competitive ability. Orange females were the least aggressive and the most likely to avoid social interactions, and thus Could be a weaker competitor. Yellow females were rarely exposed to aggression and often made their opponents flee, and thus might have higher resource-holding potential. Mixed females were aggressive but were also often exposed to aggression, and displayed the highest stress level, which could be characteristic potential. The possibility that ventral colour is used in social of an intermediate or condition-dependent resource-holding interactions to signal resource-holding potential is discussed.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecoscience},
	author = {Vercken, E. and Clobert, J.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {320--326}
}

@article{verckenColourVariationAlternative2007,
	title = {Colour variation and alternative reproductive strategies in females of the common lizard {Lacerta} vivipara.},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01208.x},
	abstract = {Within-sex colour variation is a widespread phenomenon in animals that often plays a role in social selection. In males, colour variation is typically associated with the existence of alternative reproductive strategies. Despite ecological conditions theoretically favourable to the emergence of such alternative strategies in females, the social significance of colour variation in females has less commonly been addressed, relative to the attention given to male strategies. In a population of the common lizard, females display three classes of ventral colouration: pale yellow, orange and mixed. These ventral colours are stable through individual's life and maternally heritable. Females of different ventral colourations displayed different responses of clutch size, clutch hatching success and clutch sex-ratio to several individual and environmental parameters. Such reaction patterns might reflect alternative reproductive strategies in females. Spatial heterogeneity and presence of density- and frequency-dependent feedbacks in the environment could allow for the emergence of such alternative strategies in this population and the maintenance of colour variation in females.},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	author = {Vercken, E and Massot, M and Sinervo, B and Clobert, J},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {female, pigmentation, ANIMALS, LIZARDS, Selection, Genetic, reproduction, sex ratio, population density, ENVIRONMENT, Lizards: physiology, France, Reproduction: physiology, Body Weights and Measures, Lizards: anatomy \& histology, Pigmentation: physiology, Survival Analysis, Spectrophotometry},
	pages = {221--32}
}

@article{dochtermannContributionAdditiveGenetic2015,
	title = {The contribution of additive genetic variation to personality variation: heritability of personality},
	volume = {282},
	copyright = {© 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	shorttitle = {The contribution of additive genetic variation to personality variation},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1798/20142201},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.2201},
	abstract = {Individual animals frequently exhibit repeatable differences from other members of their population, differences now commonly referred to as ‘animal personality’. Personality differences can arise, for example, from differences in permanent environmental effects―including parental and epigenetic contributors―and the effect of additive genetic variation. Although several studies have evaluated the heritability of behaviour, less is known about general patterns of heritability and additive genetic variation in animal personality. As overall variation in behaviour includes both the among-individual differences that reflect different personalities and temporary environmental effects, it is possible for personality to be largely genetically influenced even when heritability of behaviour per se is quite low. The relative contribution of additive genetic variation to personality variation can be estimated whenever both repeatability and heritability are estimated for the same data. Using published estimates to address this issue, we found that approximately 52\% of animal personality variation was attributable to additive genetic variation. Thus, while the heritability of behaviour is often moderate or low, the heritability of personality is much higher. Our results therefore (i) demonstrate that genetic differences are likely to be a major contributor to variation in animal personality and (ii) support the phenotypic gambit: that evolutionary inferences drawn from repeatability estimates may often be justified.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1798},
	urldate = {2015-03-19},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Dochtermann, Ned A. and Schwab, Tori and Sih, Andrew},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25392476},
	pages = {20142201},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6598/Dochtermann et al. - 2015 - The contribution of additive genetic variation to .pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/6599/Dochtermann et al. - 2015 - The contribution of additive genetic variation to .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6602/20142201.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6603/20142201.html:text/html}
}

@article{wadeIntensitySexualSelection1980,
	title = {The intensity of sexual selection in relation to male sexual behaviour, female choice, and sperm precedence},
	volume = {28},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Wade, M. J. and Arnold, S. J.},
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {choice, female choice, sexual selection, behaviour, selection, sperm, call, sexual behaviour, intensity},
	pages = {446--461}
}

@article{wedekindManipulatingSexRatios2002,
	title = {Manipulating sex ratios for conservation: short-term risks and long-term benefits},
	volume = {5},
	url = {ISI:000174812000002},
	abstract = {Manipulating family sex ratio is often possible, either through non-invasive methods like changing sex-determining ecological or social factors, or through more invasive methods such as hormone treatment of embryos or sperm sexing prior to using assisted reproductive technologies. If the number of available eggs limits population growth, the production of relatively more daughters than sons may eventually lead to increased population growth in terms of absolute numbers. However, any deviation of the effective sex ratio from equality increases the rate of inbreeding and the loss of genetic variance in the next generation. I show here that there is a range of female biased sex ratios where increased population growth outweighs the effect of an enhanced inbreeding rate during the first generation or the first few generations after the start of a sex ratio manipulation programme. This is especially so in small and declining populations, where some sex ratio manipulations not only increase the effective population number N-e but also shift the population quickly into population numbers that are safe against the Allee effect. Consequently, an optimal sex ratio manipulation with respect to the genetic quality of a population means sending an endangered population first through a genetic bottleneck to achieve increased N-e and hence decreased rates of inbreeding, in the long run},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Wedekind, C.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {egg, Attractiveness, evolution, female, fish, Fisher, i, mate choice, population, quality, selection, sex, sperm, BENEFITS, INCREASE, size, GROWTH, lande, theory, sex ratio, genetic quality, inbreeding, MAMMALS, POPULATIONS, social, WILD, CONSERVATION, inbreeding depression, risk, FAMILY, VARIANCE, host, SCOTLAND, bottleneck, GENERATIONS, GENETIC LOAD, INCREASES, RATIO, genetic variance, endangered, differentiation, SOCIAL-FACTORS, chromosomes, Sex chromosomes, sex-chromosomes, SEX-RATIOS, CHROMOSOME, SEX-RATIO, inbreeding rate, sexing, sex ratios, ADJUSTMENT},
	pages = {13--20}
}

@article{herbert-readRoleIndividualityCollective2013,
	title = {The role of individuality in collective group movement},
	volume = {280},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574314/},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.2564},
	abstract = {How different levels of biological organization interact to shape each other's function is a central question in biology. One particularly important topic in this context is how individuals' variation in behaviour shapes group-level characteristics. We investigated how fish that express different locomotory behaviour in an asocial context move collectively when in groups. First, we established that individual fish have characteristic, repeatable locomotion behaviours (i.e. median speeds, variance in speeds and median turning speeds) when tested on their own. When tested in groups of two, four or eight fish, we found individuals partly maintained their asocial median speed and median turning speed preferences, while their variance in speed preference was lost. The strength of this individuality decreased as group size increased, with individuals conforming to the speed of the group, while also decreasing the variability in their own speed. Further, individuals adopted movement characteristics that were dependent on what group size they were in. This study therefore shows the influence of social context on individual behaviour. If the results found here can be generalized across species and contexts, then although individuality is not entirely lost in groups, social conformity and group-size-dependent effects drive how individuals will adjust their behaviour in groups.},
	number = {1752},
	urldate = {2016-04-18},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Herbert-Read, J. E. and Krause, S. and Morrell, L. J. and Schaerf, T. M. and Krause, J. and Ward, A. J. W.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23222452},
	pmcid = {PMC3574314},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/6608/Herbert-Read et al. - 2013 - The role of individuality in collective group move.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{weeseSPATIOTEMPORALVARIATIONLINEAR2010,
	title = {{SPATIOTEMPORAL} {VARIATION} {IN} {LINEAR} {NATURAL} {SELECTION} {ON} {BODY} {COLOR} {IN} {WILD} {GUPPIES} ({POECILIA} {RETICULATA})},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {://WOS:000278343200023},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00945.x},
	abstract = {We conducted 10 mark-recapture experiments in natural populations of Trinidadian guppies to test hypotheses concerning the role of viability selection in geographic patterns of male color variation. Previous work has reported that male guppies are more colorful in low-predation sites than in high-predation sites. This pattern of phenotypic variation has been theorized to reflect differences in the balance between natural (viability) selection that disfavors bright male color (owing to predation) and sexual selection that favors bright color (owing to female choice). Our results support the prediction that male color is disfavored by viability selection in both predation regimes. However, it does not support the prediction that viability selection against male color is weaker in low-predation experiments. Instead, some of the most intense bouts of selection against color occurred in low-predation experiments. Our results illustrate considerable spatiotemporal variation in selection among experiments, but such variation was not generally correlated with local patterns of color diversity. More complex selective interactions, possibly including the indirect effects of predators on variation in mating behavior, as well as other environmental factors, might be required to more fully explain patterns of secondary sexual trait variation in this system.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Weese, D. J. and Gordon, S. P. and Hendry, A. P. and Kinnison, M. T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {predation risk, selection, female mate choice, life-history evolution, TRINIDADIAN GUPPIES, quantitative genetics, population divergence, predation, multivariate selection, SEXUAL, mark-recapture, selection gradient, phenotypic selection, selection differential, CONTEMPORARY MICROEVOLUTION, adaptive divergence, linear selection},
	pages = {1802--1815}
}

@article{wellsEffectSocialInteractions1986,
	title = {The effect of social interactions on calling energetics in the gray treefrog ({Hyla} versicolor)},
	volume = {19},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Wells, K. D. and Taigen, T. L.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {behaviour, male-male competition, social, frog, display rate, social interactions, calling costs, calling energetics, calling rates, chorus density, Hyla versicolor, signal costs},
	pages = {9--18}
}

@article{whileLonglastingEffectsNot2009,
	title = {Long-lasting effects of among- but not within-litter timing of birth in a viviparous lizard},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1522-0613},
	url = {://WOS:000273289700008},
	abstract = {Background: Early developmental conditions can influence within- and among-brood variation in the timing of hatching/birth, which has been shown to affect offspring survival, growth, and reproductive success across a range of species. Problem: How does within- and among-litter variation in the timing of birth affect offspring growth and survival in Egernia whitii? Organism: Egernia whitii, a long-lived social reptile that exhibits within-litter variation in its timing of birth (i.e. birthing asynchrony). Methods: We measured offspring growth and survival in a natural population of E whitii by following three cohorts of offspring from birth to their second year of life (the year before the onset of reproduction). Conclusions: (1) Year of birth is the strongest predictor of offspring survival over the first 2 years of life. (2) The effects of year of birth on offspring survival over the second year of life are independent of its effects over the first. (3) Within-year date of birth is the strongest predictor of offspring growth over the first 2 years of life, with offspring born early in the year having greater growth over their first 2 years of life than offspring born later in the year. (4) Examining only growth over the second year of life (i.e. controlling for growth over the first year) removed the effect of date of birth on offspring growth. (5) There are no effects of within-litter timing of birth (i.e. birthing asynchrony) on offspring growth or survival.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Uller, Tobias and McEvoy, Jo and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1259--1270}
}

@article{whileFamilyConflictEvolution2009,
	title = {Family conflict and the evolution of sociality in reptiles},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {://WOS:000264387700003},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arp015},
	abstract = {Mating systems and parental care are predicted to coevolve because the former dictates the cost-benefit ratio of the latter by affecting genetic relatedness between adults and offspring. Reptiles show only rudimentary forms of sociality and parental care and, hence, could provide important insights into the early stages of the evolution and maintenance of social systems. The skink genus Egernia exhibits the most complex form of sociality and parental care in lizards, with the formation of stable social groups typically consisting of a monogamous pair and their offspring. Here we show that, within a social group, offspring sired by males other than the social father are restricted to the area of the parental home range that is occupied exclusively by the mother. Thus, males rarely tolerate offspring within their home range that they are not genetically related to. This may increase the cost of multiple mating for females and offspring via increased risk of infanticide, reduced parental tolerance, and increased mother-offspring competition. We outline a verbal model for how this could generate a feedback loop in which selection favors reduced multiple mating by females and increased paternal care, thereby setting the stage for the evolution of complex sociality and genetic monogamy.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Uller, Tobias and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {245--250}
}

@article{whileVariationSocialOrganization2010,
	title = {Variation in social organization influences the opportunity for sexual selection in a social lizard},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0962-1083},
	url = {://WOS:000286837300013},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04976.x},
	abstract = {Social monogamy has traditionally been suggested to be maintained because of weak sexual selection on male partner acquisition. However, the ubiquitous incidence of extra-pair paternity suggests that sexual selection can be strong in monogamous systems, although studies partitioning variance in male reproductive success have come to mixed conclusions. Here, we use detailed field data to examine variance in male reproductive success and its implications for the maintenance of sociality in a population of the socially monogamous lizard Egernia whitii. We show that both within-pair and, to a lesser extent, extra-pair partner acquisition contribute to the variance in male reproductive success, resulting in considerable opportunity for sexual selection. Despite this, levels of multiple mating are lower in Egernia compared to other reptiles, suggesting that male partner acquisition is constrained. We suggest that this constraint may be a result of strong territoriality combined with sexual conflict over multiple mating generated by costs of extra-pair paternity to females as a result of facultative male care. This has the potential to limit sexual selection by reducing variance in male reproductive success and therefore contribute to the maintenance of complex social organization.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {While, Geoffrey M. and Uller, Tobias and Wapstra, Erik},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {844--852}
}

@article{whiteUltravioletDermalReflection2003,
	title = {Ultraviolet dermal reflection and mate choice int he guppy,  {Poecilia} reticulata.},
	volume = {65},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {White, E. M. and Partridge, J. C. and Church, S. C.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {choice, guppies, guppy, mate choice, Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, reticulata, UV, ultraviolet colour variation},
	pages = {693--700}
}

@article{wigbyNoEvidenceThat2006,
	title = {No evidence that experimental manipulation of sexual conflict drives premating reproductive isolation in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {19},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01107.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Theoretical models predict that sexual conflict can drive reproductive isolation by decreasing the probability of matings between individuals from allopatric populations. A recent study in dung flies supported this prediction. To test the generality of this finding we used replicate lines of Drosophila melanogaster that had been selected under high, medium and low levels of sexual conflict, in which the females had evolved differences in their level of resistance to male-induced harm. We compared the proportion of virgin pairs that mated by set time points, for flies from the same replicate within each sexual conflict level vs. flies from different replicates within each sexual conflict level. The results did not support the prediction that, in D. melanogaster, sexual conflict drives population divergence via changes in female willingness to mate. The results were unlikely to be explained by differential inbreeding or by a lack of response to sexual conflict},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Wigby, S. and Chapman, T.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Drosophila, female, FEMALES, MATE, PAIR, population, response, model, MODELS, mating, flies, sexual conflict, INDIVIDUALS, inbreeding, POPULATIONS, population divergence, reproductive isolation, conflict, dung fly, Drosophila melanogaster, DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER, MELANOGASTER, PROBABILITY, RESISTANCE, divergence, SET, NO EVIDENCE, experimental manipulation},
	pages = {1033--1039}
}

@article{radersmaTimingMaternalExposure2018,
	title = {Timing of maternal exposure to toxic cyanobacteria and offspring fitness in {Daphnia} magna: {Implications} for the evolution of anticipatory maternal effects},
	volume = {0},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Authors.           Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	shorttitle = {Timing of maternal exposure to toxic cyanobacteria and offspring fitness in {Daphnia} magna},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.4700},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.4700},
	abstract = {Organisms that regularly encounter stressful environments are expected to use cues to develop an appropriate phenotype. Water fleas (Daphnia spp.) are exposed to toxic cyanobacteria during seasonal algal blooms, which reduce growth and reproductive investment. Because generation time is typically shorter than the exposure to cyanobacteria, maternal effects provide information about the local conditions subsequent generations will experience. Here, we evaluate if maternal effects in response to microcystin, a toxin produced by cyanobacteria, represent an inheritance system evolved to transmit information in Daphnia magna. We exposed mothers as juveniles and/or as adults, and tested the offspring's fitness in toxic and non-toxic environments. Maternal exposure until reproduction reduced offspring fitness, both in the presence and in the absence of toxic cyanobacteria. However, this effect was accompanied by a small positive fitness effect, relative to offspring from unexposed mothers, in the presence of toxic cyanobacteria. This effect was mainly elicited in response to maternal exposure to toxic cyanobacteria early in life and less so during reproduction. None of these effects were explained by changes in egg size. A meta-analysis using our and others’ experiments suggests that the adaptive value of maternal effects to cyanobacteria exposure is weak at best. We suggest that the beneficial maternal effect in our study is an example of phenotypic accommodation spanning generations, rather than a mechanism evolved to transmit information about cyanobacteria presence between generations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2018-12-12},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Radersma, Reinder and Hegg, Alexander and Noble, Daniel W. A. and Uller, Tobias},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {fitness, transgenerational effects, egg size, microcystin, parental effects, stress, tolerance},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6625/Radersma et al. - Timing of maternal exposure to toxic cyanobacteria.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6626/ece3.html:text/html}
}

@article{zajitschekEvolutionDietaryRestriction2018,
	title = {Evolution {Under} {Dietary} {Restriction} {Decouples} {Survival} {From} {Fecundity} in {Drosophila} melanogaster {Females}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/gerona/gly070/4969381},
	doi = {10.1093/gerona/gly070},
	abstract = {Abstract.  One of the key tenets of life-history theory is that reproduction and survival are linked and that they trade-off with each other. When dietary resou},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {The Journals of Gerontology: Series A},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Georgolopoulos, Grigorios and Vourlou, Anna and Ericsson, Maja and Zajitschek, Susanne R. K. and Friberg, Urban and Maklakov, Alexei A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6628/Zajitschek et al. - Evolution Under Dietary Restriction Decouples Surv.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/6629/Zajitschek et al. - Evolution Under Dietary Restriction Decouples Surv.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6630/4969381.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6631/4969381.html:text/html}
}

@article{zajitschekInteractiveEffectsSex2013,
	title = {Interactive effects of sex, social environment, dietary restriction, and methionine on survival and reproduction in fruit flies},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1574-4647},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-012-9445-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s11357-012-9445-3},
	abstract = {For the evolution of life histories, the trade-off between survival and reproduction is fundamental. Because sexes optimize fitness in different ways, this trade-off is expected to be resolved differently by males and females. Consequently, the sexes are predicted to respond differently to changes in resource availability. In fruit flies, research on dietary restriction has focused largely on females maintained in the absence of males, thereby neglecting sexual interactions that affect reproductive behavior of both sexes under more natural conditions. Here, we tested for the interactive effects of diet (40, 60, 100, and 300 \% of standard yeast concentrations) and social environment (separate-sex vs. mixed-sex groups) on male and female Drosophila melanogaster life histories. Additionally, we evaluated the essential amino acid methionine as an agent that can uncouple the survival–reproduction trade-off. We show sex differences in the effect of social environment on survival patterns, but not on reproductive fitness. In females, yeast had a positive effect on reproduction and a negative effect on survival. In males, yeast had a negative effect on reproduction and the effect on survival depended on the social environment. Methionine reduced survival, but had no effect on reproduction. Our findings highlight the need to include both sexes and to vary social environments in research programs aimed at lifespan extension and call for further evaluation of the fecundity-restoring effect of methionine.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {AGE},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Zajitschek, Susanne R. K. and Friberg, Urban and Maklakov, Alexei A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Cost of reproduction, Dietary restriction, Mortality, Senescence, Sex differences},
	pages = {1193--1204},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/6633/Zajitschek et al. - 2013 - Interactive effects of sex, social environment, di.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zajitschekfelixEvolutionDietaryRestriction2016,
	title = {Evolution under dietary restriction increases male reproductive performance without survival cost},
	volume = {283},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2015.2726},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2015.2726},
	abstract = {Dietary restriction (DR), a reduction in nutrient intake without malnutrition, is the most reproducible way to extend lifespan in a wide range of organisms across the tree of life, yet the evolutionary underpinnings of the DR effect on lifespan are still widely debated. The leading theory suggests that this effect is adaptive and results from reallocation of resources from reproduction to somatic maintenance, in order to survive periods of famine in nature. However, such response would cease to be adaptive when DR is chronic and animals are selected to allocate more resources to reproduction. Nevertheless, chronic DR can also increase the strength of selection resulting in the evolution of more robust genotypes. We evolved Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies on ‘DR’, ‘standard’ and ‘high’ adult diets in replicate populations with overlapping generations. After approximately 25 generations of experimental evolution, male ‘DR’ flies had higher fitness than males from ‘standard’ and ‘high’ populations. Strikingly, this increase in reproductive success did not come at a cost to survival. Our results suggest that sustained DR selects for more robust male genotypes that are overall better in converting resources into energy, which they allocate mostly to reproduction.},
	number = {1825},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {{Zajitschek Felix} and {Zajitschek Susanne R. K.} and {Canton Cindy} and {Georgolopoulos Grigorios} and {Friberg Urban} and {Maklakov Alexei A.}},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {20152726},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6635/Zajitschek Felix et al. - 2016 - Evolution under dietary restriction increases male.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6636/rspb.2015.html:text/html}
}

@article{zajitschekfelixHighproteinPaternalDiet2017,
	title = {High-protein paternal diet confers an advantage to sons in sperm competition},
	volume = {13},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0914},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2016.0914},
	abstract = {Parental environment can widely influence offspring phenotype, but paternal effects in the absence of parental care remain poorly understood. We asked if protein content in the larval diet of fathers affected paternity success and gene expression in their sons. We found that males reared on high-protein diet had sons that fared better during sperm competition, suggesting that postcopulatory sexual selection is subject to transgenerational paternal effects. Moreover, immune response genes were downregulated in sons of low-protein fathers, while genes involved in metabolic and reproductive processes were upregulated.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {{Zajitschek Felix} and {Zajitschek Susanne} and {Manier Mollie}},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {20160914},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6638/Zajitschek Felix et al. - 2017 - High-protein paternal diet confers an advantage to.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/6639/Zajitschek Felix et al. - 2017 - High-protein paternal diet confers an advantage to.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6640/rsbl.2016.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6641/rsbl.2016.html:text/html}
}

@article{zajitschekPaternalPersonalitySocial2017,
	title = {Paternal personality and social status influence offspring activity in zebrafish},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-1005-0},
	doi = {10.1186/s12862-017-1005-0},
	abstract = {Evidence for the transmission of non-genetic information from father to offspring is rapidly accumulating. While the impact of chemical and physical factors such as toxins or diet on the fitness of the parents and their offspring have been studied extensively, the importance of behavioural and social circumstances has only recently been recognised. Behavioural traits such as personality characteristics can be relatively stable, and partly comprise a genetic component but we know little about the non-genetic transmission of plastic behavioural traits from parents to offspring. We investigated the relative effect of personality and of social dominance as indicators at the opposite ends of the plasticity range on offspring behaviour in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). We assessed male boldness, a behavioural trait that has previously been shown previously to possess genetic underpinnings, and experimentally manipulated male social status to assess the association between the two types of behaviour and their correlation with offspring activity.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Susanne and Herbert-Read, James E. and Abbasi, Nasir M. and Zajitschek, Felix and Immler, Simone},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {157},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6643/Zajitschek et al. - 2017 - Paternal personality and social status influence o.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/6644/Zajitschek et al. - 2017 - Paternal personality and social status influence o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6645/s12862-017-1005-0.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6646/s12862-017-1005-0.html:text/html}
}

@article{alavioonHaploidSelectionSingle2017,
	title = {Haploid selection within a single ejaculate increases offspring fitness},
	copyright = {©  . Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/07/10/1705601114},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1705601114},
	abstract = {An inescapable consequence of sex in eukaryotes is the evolution of a biphasic life cycle with alternating diploid and haploid phases. The occurrence of selection during the haploid phase can have far-reaching consequences for fundamental evolutionary processes including the rate of adaptation, the extent of inbreeding depression, and the load of deleterious mutations, as well as for applied research into fertilization technology. Although haploid selection is well established in plants, current dogma assumes that in animals, intact fertile sperm within a single ejaculate are equivalent at siring viable offspring. Using the zebrafish Danio rerio, we show that selection on phenotypic variation among intact fertile sperm within an ejaculate affects offspring fitness. Longer-lived sperm sired embryos with increased survival and a reduced number of apoptotic cells, and adult male offspring exhibited higher fitness. The effect on embryo viability was carried over into the second generation without further selection and was equally strong in both sexes. Sperm pools selected by motile phenotypes differed genetically at numerous sites throughout the genome. Our findings clearly link within-ejaculate variation in sperm phenotype to offspring fitness and sperm genotype in a vertebrate and have major implications for adaptive evolution.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Alavioon, Ghazal and Hotzy, Cosima and Nakhro, Khriezhanuo and Rudolf, Sandra and Scofield, Douglas G. and Zajitschek, Susanne and Maklakov, Alexei A. and Immler, Simone},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28698378},
	keywords = {sperm selection, sexual reproduction, biphasic life cycle, gametic selection, sperm genotype},
	pages = {201705601},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6648/Alavioon et al. - 2017 - Haploid selection within a single ejaculate increa.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6650/1705601114.html:text/html}
}

@article{headSexualSelectionIncorporating2016,
	series = {Behavioral ecology},
	title = {Sexual selection: incorporating non-genetic inheritance},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2352-1546},
	shorttitle = {Sexual selection},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154616302236},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.10.005},
	abstract = {Non-genetic inheritance (NGI) is the transmission of parental factors, other than DNA sequences, to offspring that then affect their phenotype. Within the last decade, NGI has invoked considerable interest from evolutionary biologists. Numerous models indicate that NGI could be an important contributor to processes driven by natural selection, including speciation and local adaptation. However, less attention has been given to the role of NGI in the evolution of sexually selected traits. Here, we focus on recent theoretical models to highlight how NGI that leads to offspring acquiring either adaptive or non-adaptive traits can both influence sexual selection.},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences},
	author = {Head, Megan L and Jennions, Michael D and Zajitschek, Susanne RK},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {129--137},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6652/Head et al. - 2016 - Sexual selection incorporating non-genetic inheri.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6653/S2352154616302236.html:text/html}
}

@article{zajitschekShorttermVariationSperm2014,
	title = {Short-term variation in sperm competition causes sperm-mediated epigenetic effects on early offspring performance in the zebrafish},
	volume = {281},
	issn = {1471-2954},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.0422},
	abstract = {The inheritance of non-genetic factors is increasingly seen to play a major role in ecology and evolution. While the causes and consequences of epigenetic effects transmitted from the mother to the offspring have received ample attention, much less is known about how variation in the condition of the father affects the offspring. Here, we manipulated the intensity of sperm competition experienced by male zebrafish Danio rerio to investigate the potential for sperm-mediated epigenetic effects over a relatively short period of time. We found that the rapid responses of males to varying intensity of sperm competition not only affected sperm traits as shown previously, but also the performance of the resulting offspring. We observed that males exposed to high intensity of sperm competition produced faster swimming and more motile sperm, and sired offspring that hatched over a narrower time frame but exhibited a lower survival rate than males exposed to low intensity of sperm competition. Our results provide striking evidence for short-term paternal effects and the possible fitness consequences of such sperm-mediated non-genetic factors not only for the resulting offspring but also for the female.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1785},
	journal = {Proceedings. Biological Sciences},
	author = {Zajitschek, Susanne and Hotzy, Cosima and Zajitschek, Felix and Immler, Simone},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24789902},
	pmcid = {PMC4024299},
	keywords = {Male, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Zebrafish, Animals, offspring survival, Danio rerio, Female, paternal effects, Epigenesis, Genetic, epigenetic inheritance, Insemination, larval hatching, social environment, Spermatozoa},
	pages = {20140422},
	file = {Full Text:files/6655/Zajitschek et al. - 2014 - Short-term variation in sperm competition causes s.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kalueffComprehensiveCatalogZebrafish2013,
	title = {Towards a {Comprehensive} {Catalog} of {Zebrafish} {Behavior} 1.0 and {Beyond}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1545-8547},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/zeb.2012.0861},
	doi = {10.1089/zeb.2012.0861},
	abstract = {Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly gaining popularity in translational neuroscience and behavioral research. Physiological similarity to mammals, ease of genetic manipulations, sensitivity to pharmacological and genetic factors, robust behavior, low cost, and potential for high-throughput screening contribute to the growing utility of zebrafish models in this field. Understanding zebrafish behavioral phenotypes provides important insights into neural pathways, physiological biomarkers, and genetic underpinnings of normal and pathological brain function. Novel zebrafish paradigms continue to appear with an encouraging pace, thus necessitating a consistent terminology and improved understanding of the behavioral repertoire. What can zebrafish ‘do’, and how does their altered brain function translate into behavioral actions? To help address these questions, we have developed a detailed catalog of zebrafish behaviors (Zebrafish Behavior Catalog, ZBC) that covers both larval and adult models. Representing a beginning of creating a more comprehensive ethogram of zebrafish behavior, this effort will improve interpretation of published findings, foster cross-species behavioral modeling, and encourage new groups to apply zebrafish neurobehavioral paradigms in their research. In addition, this glossary creates a framework for developing a zebrafish neurobehavioral ontology, ultimately to become part of a unified animal neurobehavioral ontology, which collectively will contribute to better integration of biological data within and across species.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-01-10},
	journal = {Zebrafish},
	author = {Kalueff, Allan V. and Gebhardt, Michael and Stewart, Adam Michael and Cachat, Jonathan M. and Brimmer, Mallorie and Chawla, Jonathan S. and Craddock, Cassandra and Kyzar, Evan J. and Roth, Andrew and Landsman, Samuel and Gaikwad, Siddharth and Robinson, Kyle and Baatrup, Erik and Tierney, Keith and Shamchuk, Angela and Norton, William and Miller, Noam and Nicolson, Teresa and Braubach, Oliver and Gilman, Charles P. and Pittman, Julian and Rosemberg, Denis B. and Gerlai, Robert and Echevarria, David and Lamb, Elisabeth and Neuhauss, Stephan C.F. and Weng, Wei and Bally-Cuif, Laure and Schneider, Henning, {and} the Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC)},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {70--86},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6658/Kalueff et al. - 2013 - Towards a Comprehensive Catalog of Zebrafish Behav.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6659/zeb.2012.html:text/html}
}

@article{west-eberhardNutritionVisceralImmune2018,
	title = {Nutrition, the visceral immune system, and the evolutionary origins of pathogenic obesity},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/12/26/1809046116},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1809046116},
	abstract = {The global obesity epidemic is the subject of an immense, diversely specialized research effort. An evolutionary analysis reveals connections among disparate findings, starting with two well-documented facts: Obesity-associated illnesses (e.g., type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease), are especially common in: (i) adults with abdominal obesity, especially enlargement of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), a tissue with important immune functions; and (ii) individuals with poor fetal nutrition whose nutritional input increases later in life. I hypothesize that selection favored the evolution of increased lifelong investment in VAT in individuals likely to suffer lifelong malnutrition because of its importance in fighting intraabdominal infections. Then, when increased nutrition violates the adaptive fetal prediction of lifelong nutritional deficit, preferential VAT investment could contribute to abdominal obesity and chronic inflammatory disease. VAT prioritization may help explain several patterns of nutrition-related disease: the paradoxical increase of chronic disease with increased food availability in recently urbanized and migrant populations; correlations between poor fetal nutrition, improved childhood (catch-up) growth, and adult metabolic syndrome; and survival differences between children with marasmus and kwashiorkor malnutrition. Fats and sugars can aggravate chronic inflammation via effects on intestinal bacteria regulating gut permeability to visceral pathogens. The extremes in a nutrition-sensitive trade-off between visceral (immune-function) vs. subcutaneous (body shape) adiposity may have been favored by selection in highly stratified premedicine societies. Altered adipose allocation in populations with long histories of social stratification and malnutrition may be the result of genetic accommodation of developmental responses to poor maternal/fetal conditions, increasing their vulnerability to inflammatory disease.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-01-11},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {West-Eberhard, Mary Jane},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {30598443},
	keywords = {metabolic syndrome, social selection, developmental plasticity, inflammation, type-2 diabetes},
	pages = {201809046},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6661/West-Eberhard - 2018 - Nutrition, the visceral immune system, and the evo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6663/1809046116.html:text/html}
}

@article{maximinoMeasuringAnxietyZebrafish2010,
	title = {Measuring anxiety in zebrafish: {A} critical review},
	volume = {214},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	shorttitle = {Measuring anxiety in zebrafish},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432810003931},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.031},
	abstract = {Zebrafish are increasingly being used in behavioral neuroscience, neuropsychopharmacology and neurotoxicology. Recently, behavioral screens used to model anxiety in rodents were adapted to this species, and novel models which tap on zebrafish behavioral ecology have emerged. However, model building is an arduous task in experimental psychopathology, and a continuous effort to assess the validity of these measurements is being chased among some researchers. To consider a model as valid, it must possess face, predictive and/or construct validity. In this article, we first review some notions of validity, arguing that, at its limit, face and predictive validity reduce to construct validity. Then we review some procedures which have been used to study anxiety, fear or related processes in zebrafish, using the validity framework. We conclude that, although the predictive validity of some of these models is increasingly being met, there is still a long way in reaching the desired level of construct validity. The refinement of models is an ongoing activity, and behavioral validation and parametric research ought to advance that objective.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-01-11},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Maximino, Caio and de Brito, Thiago Marques and da Silva Batista, Annanda Waneza and Herculano, Anderson Manoel and Morato, Silvio and Gouveia, Amauri},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Zebrafish, Fear, Stress, Behavioral model},
	pages = {157--171},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6665/Maximino et al. - 2010 - Measuring anxiety in zebrafish A critical review.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6666/S0166432810003931.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{kistlerclaudiaImportanceEnvironmentalEnrichment2012,
	address = {Zurich},
	type = {{PhD} thesis},
	title = {The {Importance} of {Environmental} {Enrichment} for {Explorative} {Animals} in {Captivity} - {Red} {Foxes} ({Vulpes} vulpes) and {Cyprinid} {Fish} as {Case} {Studies}},
	language = {en},
	author = {{Kistler, Claudia}},
	year = {2012},
	file = {König - Zürich und Reichenburg (SZ).pdf:files/6668/König - Zürich und Reichenburg (SZ).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{EffectsDevelopmentalStress2019,
	title = {Effects of developmental stress on animal phenotype and performance: a quantitative review - {Eyck} - - {Biological} {Reviews} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12496},
	urldate = {2019-01-11},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	file = {Effects of developmental stress on animal phenotype and performance\: a quantitative review - Eyck - - Biological Reviews - Wiley Online Library:files/6670/brv.html:text/html}
}

@article{scheierDistinguishingOptimismNeuroticism1994,
	title = {Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): {A} reevaluation of the {Life} {Orientation} {Test}},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1939-1315(ELECTRONIC),0022-3514(PRINT)},
	shorttitle = {Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem)},
	doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063},
	abstract = {Research on dispositional optimism as assessed by the Life Orientation Test (M. F. Scheier and C. S. Carver, 1985) has been challenged on the grounds that effects attributed to optimism are indistinguishable from those of unmeasured third variables, most notably, neuroticism. Data from 4,309 Ss show that associations between optimism and both depression and aspects of coping remain significant even when the effects of neuroticism, as well as the effects of trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem, are statistically controlled. Thus, the Life Orientation Test does appear to possess adequate predictive and discriminant validity. Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision. Thus, we also describe a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	author = {Scheier, Michael F. and Carver, Charles S. and Bridges, Michael W.},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Optimism, Coping Behavior, Internal External Locus of Control, Major Depression, Measurement, Neuroticism, Self-Esteem, Test Reliability, Test Validity},
	pages = {1063--1078},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6672/1995-07978-001.html:text/html}
}

@article{seniorDietaryRestrictionIncreases2017,
	title = {Dietary restriction increases variability in longevity},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377042/},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2017.0057},
	abstract = {Nutritional environments, particularly those experienced during early life, are hypothesized to affect longevity. A recent cross-taxa meta-analysis found that, depending upon circumstance, average longevity may be increased or decreased by early-life dietary restriction. Unstudied are the effects of diet during development on among-individual variance in longevity. Here, we address this issue using emerging methods for meta-analysis of variance. We found that, in general, standard deviation (s.d.) in longevity is around 8\% higher under early-life dietary restriction than a standard diet. The effects became especially profound when dietary insults were experienced prenatally (s.d. increased by 29\%) and/or extended into adulthood (s.d. increased by 36.6\%). Early-life dietary restriction may generate variance in longevity as a result of increased variance in resource acquisition or allocation, but the mechanisms underlying these largely overlooked patterns clearly warrant elucidation.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-01-17},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Senior, A. M. and Nakagawa, S. and Raubenheimer, D. and Simpson, S. J. and Noble, D. W. A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	pmcid = {PMC5377042},
	pmid = {28298596},
	note = {tex.ids: seniorDietaryRestrictionIncreases2017a
place: London
publisher: Royal Soc},
	keywords = {evolution, nutrition, meta-analysis, lifespan, variance, caloric restriction, early development, life-span},
	file = {Full Text:files/7856/Senior et al. - 2017 - Dietary restriction increases variability in longe.pdf:application/pdf;PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/6674/Senior et al. - 2017 - Dietary restriction increases variability in longe.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{nakagawaMetaanalysisVariationEcological2015,
	title = {Meta-analysis of variation: ecological and evolutionary applications and beyond},
	volume = {6},
	copyright = {© 2014 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution © 2014 British Ecological Society},
	issn = {2041-210X},
	shorttitle = {Meta-analysis of variation},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.12309},
	doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12309},
	abstract = {Meta-analysis has become a standard way of summarizing empirical studies in many fields, including ecology and evolution. In ecology and evolution, meta-analyses comparing two groups (usually experimental and control groups) have almost exclusively focused on comparing the means, using standardized metrics such as Cohen's / Hedges’ d or the response ratio. However, an experimental treatment may not only affect the mean but also the variance. Investigating differences in the variance between two groups may be informative, especially when a treatment influences the variance in addition to or instead of the mean. In this paper, we propose the effect size statistic lnCVR (the natural logarithm of the ratio between the coefficients of variation, CV, from two groups), which enables us to meta-analytically compare differences between the variability of two groups. We illustrate the use of lnCVR with examples from ecology and evolution. Further, as an alternative approach to the use of lnCVR, we propose the combined use of ln s (the log standard deviation) and (the log mean) in a hierarchical (linear mixed) model. The use of ln s with overcomes potential limitations of lnCVR and it provides a more flexible, albeit more complex, way to examine variation beyond two-group comparisons. Relevantly, we also refer to the potential use of ln s and lnCV (the log CV) in the context of comparative analysis. Our approaches to compare variability could be applied to already published meta-analytic data sets that compare two-group means to uncover potentially overlooked effects on the variance. Additionally, our approaches should be applied to future meta-analyses, especially when one suspects a treatment has an effect not only on the mean, but also on the variance. Notably, the application of the proposed methods extends beyond the fields of ecology and evolution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-01-17},
	journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Nakagawa, Shinichi and Poulin, Robert and Mengersen, Kerrie and Reinhold, Klaus and Engqvist, Leif and Lagisz, Malgorzata and Senior, Alistair M.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {diversity, parasites, coefficient of variation, dispersion, effect size, meta-regression, parasite behaviour manipulation, sex chromosomes, systematic reviews, variability, manipulation, models, trait, variance},
	pages = {143--152},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6677/Nakagawa et al. - 2015 - Meta-analysis of variation ecological and evoluti.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7212/Nakagawa et al. - 2015 - Meta-analysis of variation ecological and evoluti.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6678/2041-210X.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7211/2041-210X.html:text/html}
}

@misc{EVOLUTIONMULTIPLEKINDS2019,
	title = {{EVOLUTION} {OF} {MULTIPLE} {KINDS} {OF} {FEMALE} {SPERM}‐{STORAGE} {ORGANS} {IN} {DROSOPHILA} - {Pitnick} - 1999 - {Evolution} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04564.x},
	urldate = {2019-01-31},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	file = {EVOLUTION OF MULTIPLE KINDS OF FEMALE SPERM‐STORAGE ORGANS IN DROSOPHILA - Pitnick - 1999 - Evolution - Wiley Online Library:files/6680/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04564.html:text/html}
}

@article{pitnickEvolutionMultipleKinds1999,
	title = {Evolution of multiple kinds of female sperm‐storage organs in {Drosophila}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04564.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04564.x},
	abstract = {Females of all species belonging to the family Drosophilidae have two kinds of sperm-storage organs: paired spherical spermathecae and a single elongate tubular seminal receptacle. We examined 113 species belonging to the genus Drosophila and closely allied genera and describe variation in female sperm-storage organ use and morphology. The macroevolutionary pattern of organ dysfunction and morphological divergence suggests that ancestrally both kinds of organs stored sperm. Loss of use of the spermathecae has evolved at least 13 times; evolutionary regain of spermathecal function has rarely if ever occurred. Loss of use of the seminal receptacle has likely occurred only once; in this case, all descendant species possess unusually elaborate spermathecae. Data further indicate that the seminal receptacle is the primary sperm-storage organ in Drosophila. This organ exhibits a pattern of strong correlated evolution with the length of sperm. The evolution of multiple kinds of female sperm-storage organs and the rapidly divergent and correlated evolution of sperm and female reproductive tract morphology are discussed.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-01-30},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pitnick, Scott and Marrow, Therese and Spicer, Greg S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {sexual selection, sperm, sperm competition, Cryptic female choice, Reproduction, spermatheca, vestigial},
	pages = {1804--1822}
}

@article{pitnickEjaculatefemaleCoevolutionDrosophila2003,
	title = {Ejaculate-female coevolution in {Drosophila} mojavensis},
	volume = {270},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2382},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2003.2382},
	number = {1523},
	urldate = {2019-01-30},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Pitnick, Scott and {Miller Gary T.} and {Schneider Karin} and {Markow Therese A.}},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1507--1512}
}

@misc{SurvivalCitationInfo2019,
	title = {survival citation info},
	url = {https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/survival/citation.html},
	urldate = {2019-01-31},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	file = {survival citation info:files/6686/citation.html:text/html}
}

@misc{therneauPackageSurvivalAnalysis2015,
	title = {A {Package} for {Survival} {Analysis} in {S}.},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survival.},
	author = {Therneau, T},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{hadfieldMCMCMethodsMultiResponse2010,
	title = {{MCMC} {Methods} for {Multi}-{Response} {Generalized} {Linear} {Mixed} {Models}: {The} {MCMCglmm} {R} {Package}.},
	volume = {33},
	url = {http://www.jstatsoft.org/v33/i02/},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
	author = {Hadfield, Jarod},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1--22}
}

@article{plummerCODAConvergenceDiagnosis2006,
	title = {{CODA}: {Convergence} {Diagnosis} and {Output} {Analysis} for {MCMC}},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {R news},
	author = {Plummer, Martyn and Best, Nicky and Cowles, Kate and Vines, Karen},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {7--11}
}

@article{kuznetsovaLmerTestPackageTests2017,
	title = {{lmerTest} {Package}: {Tests} in {Linear} {Mixed} {Effects} {Models}.},
	volume = {82},
	doi = {10.18637/jss.v082.i13},
	number = {13},
	journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
	author = {Kuznetsova, A and Brockhoff, PB and Christensen, RHB},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1--26}
}

@misc{singmannAfexAnalysisFactorial2016,
	title = {afex: {Analysis} of {Factorial} {Experiments}},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=afex},
	author = {Singmann, Henrik and Bolker, Ben and Westfall, Jake and Aust, Frederik},
	year = {2016}
}

@misc{rcoreteamLanguageEnvironmentStatistical2017,
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	title = {R: {A} language and environment for statistical computing.},
	url = {URL http://www.R-project.org/},
	author = {{R Core Team}},
	year = {2017}
}

@article{dinesTradeoffPrecopulatoryPostcopulatory2015,
	title = {A trade-off between precopulatory and postcopulatory trait investment in male cetaceans},
	volume = {69},
	copyright = {© 2015 The Author(s). Evolution © 2015 The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evo.12676},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.12676},
	abstract = {Mating with multiple partners is common across species, and understanding how individual males secure fertilization in the face of competition remains a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. Game theory stipulates that males have a fixed budget for reproduction that can lead to a trade-off between investment in precopulatory traits such as body size, armaments, and ornaments, and postcopulatory traits such as testis size and spermatogenic efficiency. Recent theoretical and empirical studies have shown that if males can monopolize access to multiple females, they will invest disproportionately in precopulatory traits and less in postcopulatory traits. Using phylogenetically controlled comparative methods, we demonstrate that across 58 cetacean species with the most prominent sexual dimorphism in size, shape, teeth, tusks, and singing invest significantly less in relative testes mass. In support of theoretical predictions, these species tend to show evidence of male contests, suggesting there is opportunity for winners to monopolize access to multiple females. Our approach provides a robust dataset with which to make predictions about male mating strategies for the many cetacean species for which adequate behavioral observations do not exist.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-01-31},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Dines, James P. and Mesnick, Sarah L. and Ralls, Katherine and May‐Collado, Laura and Agnarsson, Ingi and Dean, Matthew D.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {sexual selection, trade-offs, Morphological evolution, reproductive strategies},
	pages = {1560--1572},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6694/Dines et al. - 2015 - A trade-off between precopulatory and postcopulato.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6695/evo.html:text/html}
}

@article{simmonsEvolutionaryTradeOffSecondary2017,
	title = {Evolutionary {Trade}-{Off} between {Secondary} {Sexual} {Traits} and {Ejaculates}},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534717302549},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.09.011},
	abstract = {Recent theoretical models predict that the evolutionary diversification of the weapons and ornaments of pre-mating sexual selection should be influenced by trade-offs with male expenditure on ejaculates. However, the patterns of association between secondary sexual traits and ejaculate expenditure are frequently inconsistent in their support of this prediction. We show why consideration of additional life-history, ecological, and mating-system variables is crucial for the interpretation of associations between secondary sexual traits and ejaculate production. Incorporation of these ‘missing variables’ provides evidence that interactions between pre- and post-mating sexual selection can underlie broad patterns of diversification in male weapons and ornaments. We call for more experimental and genetic approaches to uncover trade-offs, as well as for studies that consider the costs of mate-searching.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2019-02-03},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Simmons, Leigh W. and Lüpold, Stefan and Fitzpatrick, John L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {life-history, sperm competition, trade-off, male contest competition, testis size},
	pages = {964--976},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6697/Simmons et al. - 2017 - Evolutionary Trade-Off between Secondary Sexual Tr.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6698/S0169534717302549.html:text/html}
}

@article{evansTotalOpportunitySexual2016,
	title = {The total opportunity for sexual selection and the integration of pre- and post-mating episodes of sexual selection in a complex world},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {© 2016 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2016 European Society For Evolutionary Biology},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.12960},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.12960},
	abstract = {It is well known that sexual selection can target reproductive traits during successive pre- and post-mating episodes of selection. A key focus of recent studies has been to understand and quantify how these episodes of sexual selection interact to determine overall variance in reproductive success. In this article, we review empirical developments in this field but also highlight the considerable variability in patterns of pre- and post-mating sexual selection, attributable to variation in patterns of resource acquisition and allocation, ecological and social factors, genotype-by-environment interaction and possible methodological factors that might obscure such patterns. Our aim is to highlight how (co)variances in pre- and post-mating sexually selected traits can be sensitive to changes in a range of ecological and environmental variables. We argue that failure to capture this variation when quantifying the opportunity for sexual selection may lead to erroneous conclusions about the strength, direction or form of sexual selection operating on pre- and post-mating traits. Overall, we advocate for approaches that combine measures of pre- and post-mating selection across contrasting environmental or ecological gradients to better understand the dynamics of sexual selection in polyandrous species. We also discuss some directions for future research in this area.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Evans, J. P. and Garcia‐Gonzalez, F.},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {sperm competition, multivariate selection, post-copulatory sexual selection, opportunity for selection, cryptic female choice, precopulatory sexual selection},
	pages = {2338--2361},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6700/Evans and Garcia‐Gonzalez - 2016 - The total opportunity for sexual selection and the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6701/jeb.html:text/html}
}

@article{foxrebeccaj.SexualSelectionPhenotypic2019,
	title = {Sexual selection, phenotypic plasticity and female reproductive output},
	volume = {374},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0184},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0184},
	abstract = {In a rapidly changing environment, does sexual selection on males elevate a population's reproductive output? If so, does phenotypic plasticity enhance or diminish any such effect? We outline two routes by which sexual selection can influence the reproductive output of a population: a genetic correlation between male sexual competitiveness and female lifetime reproductive success; and direct effects of males on females' breeding success. We then discuss how phenotypic plasticity of sexually selected male traits and/or female responses (e.g. plasticity in mate choice), as the environment changes, might influence how sexual selection affects a population's reproductive output. Two key points emerge. First, condition-dependent expression of male sexual traits makes it likely that sexual selection increases female fitness if reproductively successful males disproportionately transfer genes that are under natural selection in both sexes, such as genes for foraging efficiency. Condition-dependence is a form of phenotypic plasticity if some of the variation in net resource acquisition and assimilation is attributable to the environment rather than solely genetic in origin. Second, the optimal allocation of resources into different condition-dependent traits depends on their marginal fitness gains. As male condition improves, this can therefore increase or, though rarely highlighted, actually decrease the expression of sexually selected traits. It is therefore crucial to understand how condition determines male allocation of resources to different sexually selected traits that vary in their immediate effects on female reproductive output (e.g. ornaments versus coercive behaviour). In addition, changes in the distribution of condition among males as the environment shifts could reduce phenotypic variance in certain male traits, thereby reducing the strength of sexual selection imposed by females. Studies of adaptive evolution under rapid environmental change should consider the possibility that phenotypic plasticity of sexually selected male traits, even if it elevates male fitness, could have a negative effect on female reproductive output, thereby increasing the risk of population extinction.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change’.},
	number = {1768},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {{Fox Rebecca J.} and {Fromhage Lutz} and {Jennions Michael D.}},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180184},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6703/Fox Rebecca J. et al. - 2019 - Sexual selection, phenotypic plasticity and female.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6704/rstb.2018.html:text/html}
}

@article{henshawHowQuantifyResponse2018,
	title = {How to quantify (the response to) sexual selection on traits},
	volume = {72},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Author(s). Evolution © 2018 The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evo.13554},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.13554},
	abstract = {Natural selection operates via fitness components like mating success, fecundity, and longevity, which can be understood as intermediaries in the causal process linking traits to fitness. In particular, sexual selection occurs when traits influence mating or fertilization success, which, in turn, influences fitness. We show how to quantify both these steps in a single path analysis, leading to better estimates of the strength of sexual selection. Our model controls for confounding variables, such as body size or condition, when estimating the relationship between mating and reproductive success. Correspondingly, we define the Bateman gradient and the Jones index using partial rather than simple regressions, which better captures how they are commonly interpreted. The model can be applied both to purely phenotypic data and to quantitative genetic parameters estimated using information on relatedness. The phenotypic approach breaks down selection differentials into a sexually selected and a “remainder” component. The quantitative genetic approach decomposes the estimated evolutionary response to selection analogously. We apply our method to analyze sexual selection in male dusky pipefish, Syngnathus floridae, and in two simulated datasets. We highlight conceptual and statistical limitations of previous path-based approaches, which can lead to substantial misestimation of sexual selection.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Henshaw, Jonathan M. and Jennions, Michael D. and Kruuk, Loeske E. B.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {quantitative genetics, Animal model, selection gradient, opportunity for sexual selection, Robertson's secondary theorem of selection, structural equation modeling},
	pages = {1904--1917},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6706/Henshaw et al. - 2018 - How to quantify (the response to) sexual selection.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6707/evo.html:text/html}
}

@article{traversGeneticVariationWeak2016,
	title = {Genetic variation but weak genetic covariation between pre- and post-copulatory episodes of sexual selection in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {© 2016 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2016 European Society For Evolutionary Biology},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.12890},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.12890},
	abstract = {When females mate polyandrously, male reproductive success depends both on the male's ability to attain matings and on his ability to outcompete rival males in the fertilization of ova post-copulation. Increased investment in ejaculate components may trade off with investment in precopulatory traits due to resource allocation. Alternatively, pre- and post-copulatory traits could be positively related if individuals can afford to invest heavily in traits advantageous at both episodes of selection. There is empirical evidence for both positive and negative associations between pre- and post-copulatory episodes, but little is known about the genetic basis of these correlations. In this study, we measured morphological, chemical and behavioural precopulatory male traits and investigated their relationship with measures of male fitness (male mating success, remating inhibition and offensive sperm competitiveness) across 40 isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster. We found significant variation among isofemale lines, indicating a genetic basis for most of the traits investigated. However, we found weak evidence for genetic correlations between precopulatory traits and our indices of male fitness. Moreover, pre- and post-copulatory episodes of selection were uncorrelated, suggesting selection may act independently at the different episodes to maximize male reproductive success.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Travers, L. M. and Garcia‐Gonzalez, F. and Simmons, L. W.},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {body size, sperm competition, mating success, cuticular hydrocarbons, isofemale lines, remating inhibition, sex combs},
	pages = {1535--1552},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6709/Travers et al. - 2016 - Genetic variation but weak genetic covariation bet.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6710/jeb.html:text/html}
}

@article{lupoldFemaleMonopolizationMediates2014,
	title = {Female monopolization mediates the relationship between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {2014 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4184},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms4184},
	abstract = {Theory predicts a trade-off between investments in precopulatory (ornaments and armaments) and postcopulatory (testes and ejaculates) sexual traits due to the costs associated with their growth and maintenance within the finite energy resources available. Empirical studies, however, have revealed considerable inconsistency in the strength and direction of relationships among these sexual traits. Ambiguity may result from variance in the marginal benefits gained by increasing investments in either pre- or postcopulatory sexual traits. Here, in a broad comparative study, we test the prediction that the relationship between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits differs among taxa relative to the importance of male–male contest competition within them. We find that covariance between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits gradually shifts from strongly positive to strongly negative with increasing male–male contest competition. Thus, our findings reveal a potentially unifying explanation for the oftentimes inconsistent relationships in the strength and direction of covariance among sexual traits.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Lüpold, Stefan and Tomkins, Joseph L. and Simmons, Leigh W. and Fitzpatrick, John L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3184},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6712/Lüpold et al. - 2014 - Female monopolization mediates the relationship be.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6713/ncomms4184.html:text/html}
}

@article{parkerSpermCompetitionGames2013,
	title = {Sperm {Competition} {Games}: {A} {General} {Model} for {Precopulatory} {Male}–{Male} {Competition}},
	volume = {67},
	copyright = {© 2012 The Author(s). Evolution© 2012 The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	shorttitle = {Sperm {Competition} {Games}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01741.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01741.x},
	abstract = {Reproductive males face a trade-off between expenditure on precopulatory male–male competition—increasing the number of females that they secure as mates—and sperm competition—increasing their fertilization success with those females. Previous sperm allocation models have focused on scramble competition in which males compete by searching for mates and the number of matings rises linearly with precopulatory expenditure. However, recent studies have emphasized contest competition involving precopulatory expenditure on armaments, where winning contests may be highly dependent on marginal increases in relative armament level. Here, we develop a general model of sperm allocation that allows us to examine the effect of all forms of precopulatory competition on sperm allocation patterns. The model predicts that sperm allocation decreases if either the “mate-competition loading,”a, or the number of males competing for each mating, M, increases. Other predictions remain unchanged from previous models: (i) expenditure per ejaculate should increase and then decrease, and (ii) total postcopulatory expenditure should increase, as the level of sperm competition increases. A negative correlation between a and M is biologically plausible, and may buffer deviations from the previous models. There is some support for our predictions from comparative analyses across dung beetle species and frog populations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Parker, Geoff A. and Lessells, Catherine M. and Simmons, Leigh W.},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Contest competition, ejaculate allocation, life-history trade-off, scramble competition, weapons},
	pages = {95--109},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6715/Parker et al. - 2013 - Sperm Competition Games A General Model for Preco.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6716/j.1558-5646.2012.01741.html:text/html}
}

@article{lewisSexStarvedResourcelimited2011,
	title = {Sex starved: do resource-limited males ensure fertilization success at the expense of precopulatory mating success?},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	shorttitle = {Sex starved},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347210004914},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.12.001},
	abstract = {Theory predicts trade-offs between investment in various life history traits, and it is also now generally accepted that reproduction is costly for males. Males must therefore optimize resource allocation across several episodes of reproduction, and this includes investment in both pre- and postcopulatory fitness components. We investigated this in the sperm-polymorphic Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Resource-limited males were smaller, and had decreased precopulatory mating success, measured as lifetime number of matings. However, they transferred similar numbers of fertile sperm as males reared under high-quality larval conditions, and more nonfertile sperm. By mating less frequently, resource-limited males may allocate sufficient resources to the matings they achieve to ensure fertilization success under sperm competition.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Lewis, Zenobia and Sasaki, Hiroko and Miyatake, Takahisa},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Lepidoptera, sperm competition, trade-off, Indian meal moth, sperm polymorphism},
	pages = {579--583},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6718/Lewis et al. - 2011 - Sex starved do resource-limited males ensure fert.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6719/S0003347210004914.html:text/html}
}

@article{supriyaResourceVariationGenerates2019,
	title = {Resource variation generates positive correlations between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/ary170/5256441},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/ary170},
	abstract = {To produce offspring, males must win a mate and successfully fertilize an egg, both of which require energy. This leads to the expectation that species whose ma},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Supriya, K. and Price, Trevor D. and Rowe, Melissah},
	year = {2019},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6721/Supriya et al. - Resource variation generates positive correlations.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/6909/Supriya et al. - 2019 - Resource variation generates positive correlations.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6722/5256441.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6910/5256441.html:text/html}
}

@article{lupoldPopulationDensityStructure2017,
	title = {Population density and structure drive differential investment in pre- and postmating sexual traits in frogs},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {© 2017 The Author(s). Evolution © 2017 The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evo.13246},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.13246},
	abstract = {Sexual selection theory predicts a trade-off between premating (ornaments and armaments) and postmating (testes and ejaculates) sexual traits, assuming that growing and maintaining these traits is costly and that total reproductive investments are limited. The number of males in competition, the reproductive gains from investing in premating sexual traits, and the level of sperm competition are all predicted to influence how males allocate their finite resources to these traits. Yet, empirical examination of these predictions is currently scarce. Here, we studied relative expenditure on pre- and postmating sexual traits among frog species varying in their population density, operational sex ratio, and the number of competing males for each clutch of eggs. We found that the intensifying struggle to monopolize fertilizations as more and more males clasp the same female to fertilize her eggs shifts male reproductive investment toward sperm production and away from male weaponry. This shift, which is mediated by population density and the associated level of male–male competition, likely also explains the trade-off between pre- and postmating sexual traits in our much broader sample of anuran species. Our results highlight the power of such a multilevel approach in resolving the evolution of traits and allocation trade-offs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Lüpold, Stefan and Jin, Long and Liao, Wen Bo},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {sexual selection, polyandry, sperm competition, trade-off, Anura, multiple amplexus, resource allocation},
	pages = {1686--1699},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6724/Lüpold et al. - 2017 - Population density and structure drive differentia.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6725/evo.html:text/html}
}

@article{firmanPostmatingFemaleControl2017,
	title = {Postmating {Female} {Control}: 20 {Years} of {Cryptic} {Female} {Choice}},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	shorttitle = {Postmating {Female} {Control}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534717300460},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.010},
	abstract = {Cryptic female choice (CFC) represents postmating intersexual selection arising from female-driven mechanisms at or after mating that bias sperm use and impact male paternity share. Although biologists began to study CFC relatively late, largely spurred by Eberhard’s book published 20 years ago, the field has grown rapidly since then. Here, we review empirical progress to show that numerous female processes offer potential for CFC, from mating through to fertilization, although seldom has CFC been clearly demonstrated. We then evaluate functional implications, and argue that, under some conditions, CFC might have repercussions for female fitness, sexual conflict, and intersexual coevolution, with ramifications for related evolutionary phenomena, such as speciation. We conclude by identifying directions for future research in this rapidly growing field.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-02-04},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Firman, Renée C. and Gasparini, Clelia and Manier, Mollie K. and Pizzari, Tommaso},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {368--382},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6727/Firman et al. - 2017 - Postmating Female Control 20 Years of Cryptic Fem.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6728/S0169534717300460.html:text/html}
}

@article{kawasakiEnvironmentalEffectsExpression2008,
	title = {Environmental {Effects} on the {Expression} of {Life} {Span} and {Aging}: {An} {Extreme} {Contrast} between {Wild} and {Captive} {Cohorts} of {Telostylinus} angusticollis ({Diptera}: {Neriidae}).},
	volume = {172},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	shorttitle = {Environmental {Effects} on the {Expression} of {Life} {Span} and {Aging}},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/589519},
	doi = {10.1086/589519},
	abstract = {Most research on life span and aging has been based on captive populations of short‐lived animals; however, we know very little about the expression of these traits in wild populations of such organisms. Because life span and aging are major components of fitness, the extent to which the results of many evolutionary studies in the laboratory can be generalized to natural settings depends on the degree to which the expression of life span and aging differ in natural environments versus laboratory environments and whether such environmental effects interact with phenotypic variation. We investigated life span and aging in Telostylinus angusticollis in the wild while simultaneously estimating these parameters under a range of conditions in a laboratory stock that was recently established from the same wild population. We found that males live less than one‐fifth as long and age at least twice as rapidly in the wild as do their captive counterparts. In contrast, we found no evidence of aging in wild females. These striking sex‐specific differences between captive and wild flies support the emerging view that environment exerts a profound influence on the expression of life span and aging. These findings have important implications for evolutionary gerontology and, more generally, for the interpretation of fitness estimates in captive populations.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Kawasaki, Noriyoshi and Brassil, Chad E. and Brooks, Robert C. and Bonduriansky, Russell},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {346--357},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6730/Kawasaki et al. - 2008 - Environmental Effects on the Expression of Life Sp.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6731/589519.html:text/html}
}

@article{sherrattEmpiricalEvidenceSenescence2010,
	title = {Empirical evidence of senescence in adult damselflies ({Odonata}: {Zygoptera})},
	volume = {79},
	copyright = {© 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 British Ecological Society},
	issn = {1365-2656},
	shorttitle = {Empirical evidence of senescence in adult damselflies ({Odonata}},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01719.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01719.x},
	abstract = {1. Age-dependent increases in mortality have been documented in a variety of species of insect under laboratory conditions. However, while strong statistical evidence has been presented for senescence in vertebrate populations in the wild, we know little about the rate and shape of senescence in wild populations of insects. 2. Odonates (damselflies and dragonflies) provide excellent candidate species for evaluating demographic senescence as they are large enough to be marked individually and they are easily re-sighted without recapture. The prevailing opinion – based entirely on qualitative examination of the declines in log numbers alive with time since marking – is that odonates exhibit age-independent daily survivorship. 3. Here, we examine mark–recapture data on the Azure Damselfly Coenagrion puella over two consecutive seasons. For the first time, we evaluate and compare the fit of quantitative models that not only account for weather-dependent daily variation in daily re-sighting rates, but also age-dependent variation in daily survivorship. 4. Models with age-dependent declines in daily survivorship provide a more parsimonious explanation for the data than similar models without these age-dependent effects. In general, models in which mortality increases in an exponential (Gompertz) fashion explain the mark–recapture sequences more efficiently than a range of alternative models, including those in which mortality increases as a power function (Weibull) or reaches a plateau (logistic). These results are indicative of a general senescent decline in physiological functioning, which is particularly marked after 15 days as a mature adult. 5. Weather (temperature, sun and precipitation) and initial mite load influenced the probability of daily re-sighting. Weather and mite load also influenced daily survivorship, but their effects differed between seasons. 6. Overall, fitting models with age as an explicit covariate demonstrates that odonates do indeed senesce. This contradicts previously held assumptions that Odonata do not exhibit age-dependent survivorship in the wild.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Sherratt, T. N. and Laird, R. A. and Hassall, C. and Lowe, C. D. and Harvey, I. F. and Watts, P. C. and Cordero‐Rivera, A. and Thompson, D. J.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {ageing, field study, Akaike Information Criterion, hazard, Makeham, mark, Odonata, winmodest, Zygoptera},
	pages = {1034--1044},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6733/Sherratt et al. - 2010 - Empirical evidence of senescence in adult damselfl.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/6734/Sherratt et al. - 2010 - Empirical evidence of senescence in adult damselfl.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6735/j.1365-2656.2010.01719.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6736/j.1365-2656.2010.01719.html:text/html}
}

@article{sangDragonfliesCauseSpatial2011,
	title = {Dragonflies cause spatial and temporal heterogeneity in habitat quality for butterflies},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {© 2011 The Authors. Insect Conservation and Diversity © 2011 The Royal Entomological Society},
	issn = {1752-4598},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00134.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00134.x},
	abstract = {Abstract. 1. Mortality caused by natural enemies is an essential but largely overlooked aspect of habitat quality for herbivorous insects. Quantitative data on mortality sources and their spatiotemporal variation are especially scarce for adult insects. 2. Here we report the results of an extensive field study aimed to quantify spatial and seasonal variation in dragonfly predation on adult butterflies in their natural habitats in temperate calcareous grasslands. We rely on direct observations of actual predation events during standardised transect walks. 3. Dragonflies were found to exert high mortality in butterflies. Their impact on butterflies was dependent on predator abundance, which strongly varied among habitat patches and during the season. This suggests that dragonflies can generate substantial spatiotemporal heterogeneity in habitat quality for butterflies in terms of survival. 4. Obtaining prior knowledge of where and when predators are abundant, and avoiding such sites for butterfly conservation, could considerably improve the efficiency of butterfly conservation practices.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Insect Conservation and Diversity},
	author = {Sang, Anu and Teder, Tiit},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {mortality, population dynamics, dragonfly, Odonata, Adult predation, butterfly conservation, habitat quality, source–sink dynamics},
	pages = {257--264},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6738/Sang and Teder - 2011 - Dragonflies cause spatial and temporal heterogenei.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6739/j.1752-4598.2011.00134.html:text/html}
}

@article{adlerPhenotypesOptimizedEarlylife2016,
	title = {Phenotypes optimized for early-life reproduction exhibit faster somatic deterioration with age, revealing a latent cost of high condition},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {© 2016 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2016 European Society For Evolutionary Biology},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.12968},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.12968},
	abstract = {High condition enables individuals to express a phenotype with greater reproductive potential. However, life-history theory predicts that reproduction will trade off with somatic maintenance and viability, and several studies have reported faster age-related decline in performance in high-condition individuals, suggesting that high condition in early life is associated with accelerated somatic deterioration. This trade-off may be especially pronounced in males, which often express condition-dependent secondary sexual traits that can impose viability costs during development and through damage-inflicting adult sexual behaviours. To test this prediction, we reared larvae of the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis on diets of varying nutrient content and quantified somatic deterioration in solitary males, males housed in all-male or mixed-sex groups and immobilized males subjected to mechanical stress. We found that males reared on a nutrient-rich larval diet (high-condition males) suffered a higher rate of somatic deterioration with age, particularly when housed in groups. Perhaps as a result of accelerated somatic deterioration, high-condition males did not outlive low-condition males. In addition, high-condition males housed in all-male groups experienced a greater reduction in escape response with age than males housed in mixed-sex groups, suggesting that male–male combat promotes somatic deterioration. However, even when immobilized, high-condition males were still found to be more susceptible to somatic damage than low-condition males. Our findings suggest that a high-condition male phenotype is more prone to somatic damage, both as a result of associated behaviours such as combat, and because of the inherent fragility of the high-condition body.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Adler, M. I. and Telford, M. and Bonduriansky, R.},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {life-history, nutrition, ageing, condition, diet, development, lifespan, neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis, reproduction–soma trade-off, somatic maintenance},
	pages = {2436--2446},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6741/Adler et al. - 2016 - Phenotypes optimized for early-life reproduction e.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6742/jeb.html:text/html}
}

@article{strakaLifeSpanWild2014,
	title = {Life span in the wild: the role of activity and climate in natural populations of bees},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {02698463},
	shorttitle = {Life span in the wild},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1365-2435.12261},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.12261},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Straka, Jakub and Černá, Kateřina and Macháčková, Lenka and Zemenová, Monika and Keil, Petr},
	editor = {Ayasse, Manfred},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {behaviour, life history, foraging, temperature, critical time horizon, moisture, weather},
	pages = {1235--1244},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6744/Straka et al. - 2014 - Life span in the wild the role of activity and cl.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6745/1365-2435.html:text/html;Straka et al. - 2014 - Life span in the wild the role of activity and cl.pdf:files/6746/Straka et al. - 2014 - Life span in the wild the role of activity and cl.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cooperAgeingSilverspoonMetaanalysis2018,
	title = {Ageing with a silver-spoon: {A} meta-analysis of the effect of developmental environment on senescence},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Author(s). Evolution Letters published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE) and European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEB).},
	issn = {2056-3744},
	shorttitle = {Ageing with a silver-spoon},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/evl3.79},
	doi = {10.1002/evl3.79},
	abstract = {What determines variation between individuals in how they senesce, and are environmental conditions experienced during development relevant to late-life performance? We report a meta-analysis of studies of wild populations to determine how the quality of the environment experienced during development affects rates of survival and reproductive senescence. From studies of 14 bird or mammal species, we calculated effect sizes for the interaction between the effects of environmental quality during development and age in predicting survival (N = 18) or reproduction (N = 30) over time in late life. We found no evidence that developmental environment affected rates of survival senescence (βmean = –1.2 × 10−4 ± 0.022SE). However, a better developmental environment was associated with slower rates of reproductive senescence in late life (βmean = 0.062 ± 0.023SE), indicating a small, but significant, “silver-spoon” effect of early-life conditions that persisted through to late life. Our results illustrate how the effects of environmental conditions during development can persist throughout life, and indicate one possible cause of phenotypic plasticity in senescence.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Evolution Letters},
	author = {Cooper, Eve B. and Kruuk, Loeske E. B.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {phenotypic plasticity, meta-analysis, bird, actuarial senescence, Ageing, developmental programming, environmental conditions, mammal, reproductive senescence, silver-spoon},
	pages = {460--471},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6748/Cooper and Kruuk - 2018 - Ageing with a silver-spoon A meta-analysis of the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6749/evl3.html:text/html}
}

@article{rodriguez-munozTestingEffectEarlylife2019,
	title = {Testing the effect of early-life reproductive effort on age-related decline in a wild insect},
	volume = {73},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Author(s). Evolution published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evo.13679},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.13679},
	abstract = {The disposable soma theory of ageing predicts that when organisms invest in reproduction they do so by reducing their investment in body maintenance, inducing a trade-off between reproduction and survival. Experiments on invertebrates in the lab provide support for the theory by demonstrating the predicted responses to manipulation of reproductive effort or lifespan. However, experimental studies in birds and evidence from observational (nonmanipulative) studies in nature do not consistently reveal trade-offs. Most species studied previously in the wild are mammals and birds that reproduce over multiple discrete seasons. This contrasts with temperate invertebrates, which typically have annual generations and reproduce over a single season. We expand the taxonomic range of senescence study systems to include life histories typical of most temperate invertebrates. We monitored reproductive effort, ageing, and survival in a natural field cricket population over ten years to test the prediction that individuals investing more in early-reproduction senesce faster and die younger. We found no evidence of a trade-off between early-life reproductive effort and survival, and only weak evidence for a trade-off with phenotypic senescence. We discuss the possibility that organisms with multiple discrete breeding seasons may have greater opportunities to express trade-offs between reproduction and senescence.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rodríguez‐Muñoz, Rolando and Boonekamp, Jelle J. and Liu, Xing P. and Skicko, Ian and Fisher, David N. and Hopwood, Paul and Tregenza, Tom},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {trade-off, condition-dependence, senescence, Ageing, disposable soma, insects},
	pages = {317--328},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6751/Rodríguez‐Muñoz et al. - 2019 - Testing the effect of early-life reproductive effo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6752/evo.html:text/html}
}

@article{rodriguez-munozComparingIndividualPopulation2019,
	title = {Comparing individual and population measures of senescence across 10 years in a wild insect population},
	volume = {73},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Author(s). Evolution published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evo.13674},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.13674},
	abstract = {Declines in survival and performance with advancing age (senescence) have been widely documented in natural populations, but whether patterns of senescence across traits reflect a common underlying process of biological ageing remains unclear. Senescence is typically characterized via assessments of the rate of change in mortality with age (actuarial senescence) or the rate of change in phenotypic performance with age (phenotypic senescence). Although both phenomena are considered indicative of underlying declines in somatic integrity, whether actuarial and phenotypic senescence rates are actually correlated has yet to be established. Here we present evidence of both actuarial and phenotypic senescence from a decade-long longitudinal field study of wild insects. By tagging every individual and using continuous video monitoring with a network of up to 140 video cameras, we were able to record survival and behavioral data on an entire adult population of field crickets. This reveals that both actuarial and phenotypic senescence vary substantially across 10 annual generations. This variation allows us to identify a strong correlation between actuarial and phenotypic measures of senescence. Our study demonstrates age-related phenotypic declines reflected in population level mortality rates and reveals that observations of senescence in a single year may not be representative of a general pattern.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rodríguez‐Muñoz, Rolando and Boonekamp, Jelle J. and Liu, Xing P. and Skicko, Ian and Pedersen, Sophie Haugland and Fisher, David N. and Hopwood, Paul and Tregenza, Tom},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {longevity, BaSTA, demographic ageing, extrinsic mortality, intrinsic mortality, longitudinal study},
	pages = {293--302},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6754/Rodríguez‐Muñoz et al. - 2019 - Comparing individual and population measures of se.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6755/evo.html:text/html}
}

@article{bondurianskySenescenceRapidCostly2002,
	title = {Senescence: {Rapid} and costly ageing in wild male flies},
	volume = {420},
	copyright = {2002 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	shorttitle = {Senescence},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/420377a},
	doi = {10.1038/420377a},
	abstract = {Ageing (senescence) has never been demonstrated convincingly in any insect in the wild, where mean lifespans are probably much shorter than in the laboratory1, and most evidence for senescence in other wild animals (such as mammals) is limited to their reduced survival with age2. Here we show that ageing is detectable in wild populations of a very short-lived insect, the antler fly (Protopiophila litigata), and causes debilitating and costly effects that force a decline not only in survival probability, but also in the reproductive rate of males. Our findings argue against the possibility of a trade-off between fitness components, whereby survival may decline without senescence if investment in reproduction increases with age3, and indicate that ageing rates are subject to intense selection in the wild.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6914},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Bonduriansky, Russell and Brassil, Chad E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {377},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6757/Bonduriansky and Brassil - 2002 - Senescence Rapid and costly ageing in wild male f.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6758/420377a.html:text/html}
}

@article{bondurianskyReproductiveAgeingSexual2005,
	title = {Reproductive ageing and sexual selection on male body size in a wild population of antler flies ({Protopiophila} litigata)},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00957.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00957.x},
	abstract = {Little is known about the importance of trade-offs between ageing and other life history traits, or the effects of ageing on sexual selection, particularly in wild populations suffering high extrinsic mortality rates. Life history theory suggests that trade-offs between reproduction and somatic maintenance may constrain individuals with higher initial reproductive rates to deteriorate more rapidly, resulting in reduced sexual selection strength. However, this trade-off may be masked by increased condition dependence of reproductive effort in older individuals. We tested for this trade-off in males in a wild population of antler flies (Protopiophila litigata). High mating rate was associated with reduced longevity, as a result of increased short-term mortality risk or accelerated ageing in traits affecting viability. In contrast, large body size was associated with accelerated ageing in traits affecting mating success, resulting in reduced sexual selection for large body size. Thus, ageing can affect sexual selection and evolution in wild populations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Bonduriansky, R. and Brassil, C. E.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {sexual selection, body size, life history, field study, trade-off, senescence, Protopiophila litigata, wild population},
	pages = {1332--1340},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6760/Bonduriansky and Brassil - 2005 - Reproductive ageing and sexual selection on male b.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6761/j.1420-9101.2005.00957.html:text/html}
}

@article{wilsonEvolutionaryGeneticsAgeing2008,
	title = {Evolutionary genetics of ageing in the wild: empirical patterns and future perspectives},
	volume = {22},
	copyright = {© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 British Ecological Society},
	issn = {1365-2435},
	shorttitle = {Evolutionary genetics of ageing in the wild},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01412.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01412.x},
	abstract = {1 Classical evolutionary theory states that senescence should arise as a consequence of the declining force of selection late in life. Although the quantitative genetic predictions of hypotheses derived from this theory have been extensively tested in laboratory studies of invertebrate systems, relatively little is known about the genetics of ageing in the wild. 2 Data from long-term ecological studies is increasingly allowing quantitative genetic approaches to be used in studies of senescence in free-living populations of vertebrates. We review work to date and argue that the patterns are broadly consistent with theoretical predictions, although there is also a clear need for more empirical work. 3 We argue that further advances in this field of research might be facilitated by increased use of reaction norm models, and a decreased emphasis on attempting to discriminate between mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy models of senescence. We also suggest a framework for the better integration of environmental and genetic effects on ageing. 4 Finally, we discuss some of the difficulties in applying quantitative genetic models to studies of senescence outside the laboratory. In particular we highlight the problems that viability selection can cause for an accurate estimation of parameters used in the prediction of age-trajectory evolution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Wilson, A. J. and Charmantier, A. and Hadfield, J. D.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {quantitative genetics, ageing, senescence},
	pages = {431--442},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6763/Wilson et al. - 2008 - Evolutionary genetics of ageing in the wild empir.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6764/j.1365-2435.2008.01412.html:text/html}
}

@article{fisherDynamicsAmongindividualBehavioral2015,
	title = {Dynamics of among-individual behavioral variation over adult lifespan in a wild insect},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/26/4/975/210039},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arv048},
	abstract = {Lay Summary.  Wild crickets show consistent patterns of behavior over their adult lifetimes and as they get older they become increasingly predictable. We tagge},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Fisher, David N. and David, Morgan and Tregenza, Tom and Rodríguez-Muñoz, Rolando},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {975--985},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6766/Fisher et al. - 2015 - Dynamics of among-individual behavioral variation .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6767/210039.html:text/html}
}

@article{careyAgeStructureChanges2008,
	title = {Age structure changes and extraordinary lifespan in wild medfly populations},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2008},
	issn = {1474-9726},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00390.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00390.x},
	abstract = {The main purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that major changes in age structure occur in wild populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) and that a substantial fraction of individuals survive to middle age and beyond ({\textgreater} 3–4 weeks). We thus brought reference life tables and deconvolution models to bear on medfly mortality data gathered from a 3-year study of field-captured individuals that were monitored in the laboratory. The average time-to-death of captured females differed between sampling dates by 23.9, 22.7, and 37.0 days in the 2003, 2004, and 2005 field seasons, respectively. These shifts in average times-to-death provided evidence of changes in population age structure. Estimates indicated that middle-aged medflies ({\textgreater} 30 days) were common in the population. A surprise in the study was the extraordinary longevity observed in field-captured medflies. For example, 19 captured females but no reference females survived in the laboratory for 140 days or more, and 6 captured but no reference males survived in the laboratory for 170 days or more. This paper advances the study of aging in the wild by introducing a new method for estimating age structure in insect populations, demonstrating that major changes in age structure occur in field populations of insects, showing that middle-aged individuals are common in the wild, and revealing the extraordinary lifespans of wild-caught individuals due to their early life experience in the field.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Aging Cell},
	author = {Carey, James R. and Papadopoulos, Nikos T. and Müller, Hans-Georg and Katsoyannos, Byron I. and Kouloussis, Nikos A. and Wang, Jane-Ling and Wachter, Kenneth and Yu, Wei and Liedo, Pablo},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {age structure, captive cohort, Ceratitis capitata, deconvolution model, field demography, life tables},
	pages = {426--437},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6769/Carey et al. - 2008 - Age structure changes and extraordinary lifespan i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6770/j.1474-9726.2008.00390.html:text/html}
}

@article{linnenCulturalArtifactsComparison2001,
	title = {Cultural artifacts: a comparison of senescence in natural, laboratory-adapted and artificially selected lines of {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1522-0613},
	shorttitle = {Cultural artifacts},
	url = {http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/abstracts/v03/1275.html},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-02-18},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Linnen, Catherine and Tatar, Marc and Promislow*, Daniel},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {877--888},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6772/Linnen et al. - 2001 - Cultural artifacts a comparison of senescence in .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6773/1275.html:text/html}
}

@article{durhamGenomewideAnalysisDrosophila2014,
	title = {Genome-wide analysis in {Drosophila} reveals age-specific effects of {SNPs} on fitness traits},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {2014 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5338},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms5338},
	abstract = {Most organisms exhibit senescence; a decline in physiological function with age. In nature, rates of senescence vary extensively among individuals and this variation has a significant genetic component; however, we know little about the genes underlying senescence. Here we show the first evidence that individual alleles influence fecundity in an age-specific manner and so the genetic basis of natural variation in fecundity changes dramatically with age. We complete a genome-wide association to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting lifespan and age-specific fecundity using the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel. We identify 1,031 SNPs affecting fecundity and 52 influencing lifespan. Only one SNP is associated with both early- and late-age fecundity. The age-specific effect of candidate genes on fecundity is validated using RNA interference. In addition, there is a dramatic increase in the number of SNPs influencing fecundity with age. This result provides support for the mutation accumulation theory of aging.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-02-21},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Durham, Mary F. and Magwire, Michael M. and Stone, Eric A. and Leips, Jeff},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {4338},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6775/Durham et al. - 2014 - Genome-wide analysis in iDrosophilai reveals .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6776/ncomms5338.html:text/html}
}

@article{baddeleyWorkingMemory1992,
	title = {Working memory},
	volume = {255},
	issn = {1095-9203(ELECTRONIC),0036-8075(PRINT)},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1736359},
	abstract = {The term working memory (WM) refers to a brain system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for such complex cognitive tasks as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning. This definition has evolved from the concept of a unitary short-term memory system. There are individual differences in WM, which requires the simultaneous storage and processing of information. WM is divided into 3 subcomponents: (1) the central executive, which is assumed to be an attentional-controlling system and is particularly susceptible to the effects of Alzheimer's disease; and 2 slave systems, (2) the visuospatial sketch pad, which manipulates visual images and (3) the phonological loop, which stores and rehearses speech-based information and is necessary for the acquisition of both native and 2nd-language vocabulary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {5044},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Baddeley, Alan},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {Individual Differences, Short Term Memory},
	pages = {556--559},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6778/1992-26150-001.html:text/html}
}

@book{nationalresearchcouncilHowPeopleLearn1999,
	title = {How {People} {Learn}: {Brain}, {Mind}, {Experience}, and {School}},
	shorttitle = {How {People} {Learn}},
	url = {https://www.nap.edu/catalog/6160/how-people-learn-brain-mind-experience-and-school},
	abstract = {Learn more about "How People Learn" by the National Research Council.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-03-04},
	author = {{National Research Council}},
	month = apr,
	year = {1999},
	doi = {10.17226/6160},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6780/how-people-learn-brain-mind-experience-and-school.html:text/html}
}

@article{ericssonExpertPerformanceIts1994,
	title = {Expert performance: {Its} structure and acquisition},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1935-990X(ELECTRONIC),0003-066X(PRINT)},
	shorttitle = {Expert performance},
	doi = {10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.725},
	abstract = {Counter to the common belief that expert performance reflects innate abilities and capacities, recent research in different domains of expertise has shown that expert performance is predominantly mediated by acquired complex skills and physiological adaptations. For elite performers, supervised practice starts at very young ages and is maintained at high daily levels for more than a decade. The effects of extended deliberate practice are more far-reaching than is commonly believed. Performers can acquire skills that circumvent basic limits on working memory capacity and sequential processing. Deliberate practice can also lead to anatomical changes resulting from adaptations to intense physical activity. The study of expert performance has important implications for our understanding of the structure and limits of human adaptation and optimal learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {8},
	journal = {American Psychologist},
	author = {Ericsson, K. Anders and Charness, Neil},
	year = {1994},
	keywords = {Ability Level, Adaptation, Performance, Practice, Skill Learning},
	pages = {725--747},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6782/1994-43905-001.html:text/html}
}

@book{nationalresearchcouncilKnowingWhatStudents2001,
	address = {Washington, DC},
	title = {Knowing {What} {Students} {Know}: {The} {Science} and {Design} of {Educational} {Assessment}},
	isbn = {978-0-309-29322-8},
	url = {https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10019/knowing-what-students-know-the-science-and-design-of-educational},
	abstract = {Education is a hot topic. From the stage of presidential debates to tonight's dinner table, it is an issue that most Americans are deeply concerned about.  While there are many strategies for improving the educational process, we need a way to find out what works and what doesn't work as well.  Educational assessment seeks to determine just how well students are learning and is an integral part of our quest for improved education. 

The nation is pinning greater expectations on educational assessment than ever before.  We look to these assessment tools when documenting whether students and institutions are truly meeting education goals. But we must stop and ask a crucial question: What kind of assessment is most effective?

At a time when traditional testing is subject to increasing criticism, research suggests that new, exciting approaches to assessment may be on the horizon. Advances in the sciences of how people learn and how to measure such learning offer the hope of developing new kinds of assessments-assessments that help students succeed in school by making as clear as possible the nature of their accomplishments and the progress of their learning.

Knowing What Students Know essentially explains how expanding knowledge in the scientific fields of human learning and educational measurement can form the foundations of an improved approach to assessment. These advances suggest ways that the targets of assessment-what students know and how well they know it-as well as the methods used to make inferences about student learning can be made more valid and instructionally useful. Principles for designing and using these new kinds of assessments are presented, and examples are used to illustrate the principles. Implications for policy, practice, and research are also explored.

With the promise of a productive research-based approach to assessment of student learning, Knowing What Students Know will be important to education administrators, assessment designers, teachers and teacher educators, and education advocates.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {The National Academies Press},
	author = {{National Research Council}},
	editor = {{James W. Pellegrino} and {Naomi Chudowsky} and {Robert Glaser}},
	year = {2001},
	doi = {10.17226/10019},
	keywords = {Education}
}

@article{swellerCognitiveArchitectureInstructional1998,
	title = {Cognitive {Architecture} and {Instructional} {Design}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1573-336X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022193728205},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1022193728205},
	abstract = {Cognitive load theory has been designed to provide guidelines intended to assist in the presentation of information in a manner that encourages learner activities that optimize intellectual performance. The theory assumes a limited capacity working memory that includes partially independent subcomponents to deal with auditory/verbal material and visual/2- or 3-dimensional information as well as an effectively unlimited long-term memory, holding schemas that vary in their degree of automation. These structures and functions of human cognitive architecture have been used to design a variety of novel instructional procedures based on the assumption that working memory load should be reduced and schema construction encouraged. This paper reviews the theory and the instructional designs generated by it.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-03-04},
	journal = {Educational Psychology Review},
	author = {Sweller, John and van Merrienboer, Jeroen J. G. and Paas, Fred G. W. C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {cognition, learning, instructional design, problem solving},
	pages = {251--296},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/6785/Sweller et al. - 1998 - Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kalyugaInteractiveDistanceEducation2012,
	title = {Interactive distance education: a cognitive load perspective},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1867-1233},
	shorttitle = {Interactive distance education},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-012-9060-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s12528-012-9060-4},
	abstract = {Evidence-based approaches to the design of the next generation of interactive distance education need to take into account established multimedia learning principles. Cognitive load theory is a theory that has significantly contributed to the development of such principles. It has applied our knowledge of major features and processing limitations of human cognitive architecture to enhancing the effectiveness of instructional methods and techniques. The paper describes major assumptions and principles of cognitive load theory followed by its general recommendations for instructional methods and techniques, and then by implications for the design of interactive multimedia learning in distance education.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-03-04},
	journal = {Journal of Computing in Higher Education},
	author = {Kalyuga, Slava},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Cognitive load theory, Distance education, Human cognitive architecture, Instructional design, Interactive multimedia learning, Working memory},
	pages = {182--208},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/6787/Kalyuga - 2012 - Interactive distance education a cognitive load p.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{societyfortheteachingofpsychologyApplyingScienceLearning2014,
	title = {Applying {Science} of {Learning} in {Education}, {Infusing} {Psychological} {Science} into the {Curriculum}},
	url = {http://teachpsych.org/ebooks/asle2014/index.php},
	urldate = {2019-03-04},
	author = {Society for the Teaching of Psychology, asle},
	year = {2014},
	file = {Society for the Teaching of Psychology - asle2014:files/6789/index.html:text/html}
}

@article{benassiApplyingScienceLearning2014,
	title = {Applying science of learning in education: {Infusing} psychological science into the curriculum},
	shorttitle = {Applying science of learning in education},
	url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/psych_facpub/287},
	journal = {Psychology Scholarship},
	author = {Benassi, Victor and Overson, Catherine and Hakala, Christopher},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	file = {"Applying science of learning in education\: Infusing psychological scie" by Victor A. Benassi, Catherine Overson et al.:files/6791/287.html:text/html}
}

@article{wijniaThereRoleDirect2014,
	title = {Is there a role for direct instruction in problem-based learning? {Comparing} student-constructed versus integrated model answers},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0959-4752},
	shorttitle = {Is there a role for direct instruction in problem-based learning?},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959475214000577},
	doi = {10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.07.006},
	abstract = {Problem-based learning (PBL) requires students to formulate learning issues that need to be answered by studying multiple literature resources. Advocates of high instructional guidance argue that this is too cognitively demanding for students and ineffective for learning. Therefore, we examined the effects of studying an integrated model answer in the self-study phase in PBL. Participants (N = 62) engaged in a simulated group discussion, ending with the establishment of learning issues. Then they either studied integrated model answers to the learning issues, or undertook a standard PBL self-study phase in which students needed to construct their own answers based on multiple literature resources. Higher learning outcomes were obtained for the participants who studied integrated model answers when compared to the participants who constructed their own answers. These higher learning outcomes were obtained with lower investment of self-study and equal investment of mental effort during learning.},
	urldate = {2019-03-04},
	journal = {Learning and Instruction},
	author = {Wijnia, Lisette and Loyens, Sofie M. M. and van Gog, Tamara and Derous, Eva and Schmidt, Henk G.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Cognitive load, Direct instruction, Ill-defined problems, Problem-based learning, Self-study},
	pages = {22--31},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6793/Wijnia et al. - 2014 - Is there a role for direct instruction in problem-.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6794/S0959475214000577.html:text/html}
}

@article{schmidtProblemBasedLearningCompatible2007,
	title = {Problem-{Based} {Learning} is {Compatible} with {Human} {Cognitive} {Architecture}: {Commentary} on {Kirschner}, {Sweller}, and},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0046-1520},
	shorttitle = {Problem-{Based} {Learning} is {Compatible} with {Human} {Cognitive} {Architecture}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520701263350},
	doi = {10.1080/00461520701263350},
	abstract = {Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006) suggest that unguided or minimally guided instructional approaches are less effective and efficient for novices than guided instructional approaches because they ignore the structures that constitute human cognitive architecture. While we concur with the authors on this point, we do not agree to their equation of problem-based learning with minimally guided instruction. In this commentary, we argue that problem-based learning is an instructional approach that allows for flexible adaptation of guidance, and that, contrary to Kirschner et al.'s conclusions, its underlying principles are very well compatible with the manner in which our cognitive structures are organized.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-03-04},
	journal = {Educational Psychologist},
	author = {SCHMIDT, HENK G. and LOYENS, SOFIE M. M. and GOG, TAMARA VAN and PAAS, FRED},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {91--97},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6796/SCHMIDT et al. - 2007 - Problem-Based Learning is Compatible with Human Co.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6797/00461520701263350.html:text/html}
}

@article{swellerWhyMinimallyGuided2007,
	title = {Why {Minimally} {Guided} {Teaching} {Techniques} {Do} {Not} {Work}: {A} {Reply} to {Commentaries}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0046-1520},
	shorttitle = {Why {Minimally} {Guided} {Teaching} {Techniques} {Do} {Not} {Work}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520701263426},
	doi = {10.1080/00461520701263426},
	abstract = {In this reply to commentaries on the Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006) paper, we not only reemphasize the importance of randomized, controlled experimental tests of competing instructional procedures, but also indicate that altering one variable at a time is an essential feature of a properly controlled experiment. Furthermore, we also emphasize that variable must be relevant to the issue at hand with its effects explainable by our knowledge of human cognitive architecture. We reject the view that the presentation of relevant information should be reduced in favor of teaching learners how to find information. Lastly, we indicate that we believe a new educational psychology has been developed that has the potential to rapidly change our field.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-03-04},
	journal = {Educational Psychologist},
	author = {SWELLER, JOHN and KIRSCHNER, PAUL A. and CLARK, RICHARD E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {115--121},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6799/SWELLER et al. - 2007 - Why Minimally Guided Teaching Techniques Do Not Wo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6800/00461520701263426.html:text/html}
}

@article{atkinsonLearningExamplesInstructional2000,
	title = {Learning from {Examples}: {Instructional} {Principles} from the {Worked} {Examples} {Research}},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {0034-6543},
	shorttitle = {Learning from {Examples}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170661},
	doi = {10.2307/1170661},
	abstract = {[Worked examples are instructional devices that provide an expert's problem solution for a learner to study. Worked-examples research is a cognitive-experimental program that has relevance to classroom instruction and the broader educational research community. A framework for organizing the findings of this research is proposed, leading to instructional design principles. For instance, one instructional design principle suggests that effective examples have highly integrated components. They employ multiple modalities in presentation and emphasize conceptual structure by labeling or segmenting. At the lesson level, effective instruction employs multiple examples for each conceptual problem type, varies example formats within problem type, and employs surface features to signal deep structure. Also, examples should be presented in close proximity to matched practice problems. Moreover, learners can be encouraged through direct training or by the structure of the worked example to actively self-explain examples. Worked examples are associated with early stages of skill development, but the design principles are relevant to constructivist research and teaching.]},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-03-04},
	journal = {Review of Educational Research},
	author = {Atkinson, Robert K. and Derry, Sharon J. and Renkl, Alexander and Wortham, Donald},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {181--214}
}

@article{kuijperEvolutionEarlylifeEffects2019,
	title = {The evolution of early-life effects on social behaviour—why should social adversity carry over to the future?},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0111},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0111},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Kuijper, Bram and Johnstone, Rufus A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180111}
}

@article{kuijperDevelopingDifferencesEarlylife2019,
	title = {Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {Developing differences},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2019.0039},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0039},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Kuijper, Bram and Hanson, Mark A. and Vitikainen, Emma I. K. and Marshall, Harry H. and Ozanne, Susan E. and Cant, Michael A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20190039}
}

@article{wellsDevelopmentalPlasticityAdaptation2019,
	title = {Developmental plasticity as adaptation: adjusting to the external environment under the imprint of maternal capital},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {Developmental plasticity as adaptation},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0122},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0122},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Wells, Jonathan C. K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180122}
}

@article{frankenhuisCaseEnvironmentalStatistics2019,
	title = {A case for environmental statistics of early-life effects},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0110},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0110},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Frankenhuis, Willem E. and Nettle, Daniel and Dall, Sasha R. X.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180110}
}

@article{danchinEarlyLifeEffects2019,
	title = {Early in life effects and heredity: reconciling neo-{Darwinism} with neo-{Lamarckism} under the banner of the inclusive evolutionary synthesis},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {Early in life effects and heredity},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0113},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0113},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Danchin, Étienne and Pocheville, Arnaud and Huneman, Philippe},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180113}
}

@article{gluckmanEvolutionaryDevelopmentalMismatches2019,
	title = {Evolutionary and developmental mismatches are consequences of adaptive developmental plasticity in humans and have implications for later disease risk},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0109},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0109},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Gluckman, Peter D. and Hanson, Mark A. and Low, Felicia M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180109}
}

@article{baxterNongeneticInheritanceMale2019,
	title = {Non-genetic inheritance via the male germline in mammals},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0118},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0118},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Baxter, Faye A. and Drake, Amanda J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180118}
}

@article{vukicMakingHeadwayUnderstanding2019,
	title = {Making headway towards understanding how epigenetic mechanisms contribute to early-life effects},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0126},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0126},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Vukic, Maja and Wu, Haoyu and Daxinger, Lucia},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180126}
}

@article{groothuisRevisitingMechanismsFunctions2019,
	title = {Revisiting mechanisms and functions of prenatal hormone-mediated maternal effects using avian species as a model},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0115},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0115},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Groothuis, Ton G. G. and Hsu, Bin-Yan and Kumar, Neeraj and Tschirren, Barbara},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180115}
}

@article{levIntergenerationalConsequencesGrowing2019,
	title = {Inter-generational consequences for growing \textit{{Caenorhabditis} elegans} in liquid},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0125},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0125},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Lev, Itamar and Bril, Roberta and Liu, Yunan and Ceré, Lucila Inés and Rechavi, Oded},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180125}
}

@article{reyes-contrerasEarlylifeManipulationCortisol2019,
	title = {Early-life manipulation of cortisol and its receptor alters stress axis programming and social competence},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0119},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0119},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Reyes-Contreras, Maria and Glauser, Gaétan and Rennison, Diana J. and Taborsky, Barbara},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180119}
}

@article{dantzerDevelopmentIndividualDifferences2019,
	title = {The development of individual differences in cooperative behaviour: maternal glucocorticoid hormones alter helping behaviour of offspring in wild meerkats},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {The development of individual differences in cooperative behaviour},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0117},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0117},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Dantzer, Ben and Dubuc, Constance and Goncalves, Ines Braga and Cram, Dominic L. and Bennett, Nigel C. and Ganswindt, Andre and Heistermann, Michael and Duncan, Chris and Gaynor, David and Clutton-Brock, Tim H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180117}
}

@article{nicholasEarlyLifeProgramming2019,
	title = {Early life programming in mice by maternal overnutrition: mechanistic insights and interventional approaches},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {Early life programming in mice by maternal overnutrition},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0116},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0116},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Nicholas, Lisa M. and Ozanne, Susan E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180116}
}

@article{vitikainenLiveLongProsper2019,
	title = {Live long and prosper: durable benefits of early-life care in banded mongooses},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {Live long and prosper},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0114},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0114},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Vitikainen, Emma I. K. and Thompson, Faye J. and Marshall, Harry H. and Cant, Michael A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180114}
}

@article{hannonVariableDNAMethylation2019,
	title = {Variable {DNA} methylation in neonates mediates the association between prenatal smoking and birth weight},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0120},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0120},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Hannon, Eilis and Schendel, Diana and Ladd-Acosta, Christine and Grove, Jakob and Hansen, Christine Søholm and Hougaard, David Michael and Bresnahan, Michaeline and Mors, Ole and Hollegaard, Mads Vilhelm and Bækvad-Hansen, Marie and Hornig, Mady and Mortensen, Preben Bo and Børglum, Anders D. and Werge, Thomas and Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz and Nordentoft, Merete and {iPSYCH-Broad ASD Group} and Buxbaum, Joseph D. and Daniele Fallin, M. and Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas and Reichenberg, Abraham and Mill, Jonathan},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180120}
}

@article{searCrossculturalEvidenceDoes2019,
	title = {Cross-cultural evidence does not support universal acceleration of puberty in father-absent households},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0124},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0124},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Sear, Rebecca and Sheppard, Paula and Coall, David A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180124},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/6818/Sear et al. - 2019 - Cross-cultural evidence does not support universal.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{williamsPretermBirthEvolutionary2019,
	title = {Preterm birth in evolutionary context: a predictive adaptive response?},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {Preterm birth in evolutionary context},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0121},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0121},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Williams, Thomas C. and Drake, Amanda J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180121}
}

@article{fallMetabolicProgrammingEarly2019,
	title = {Metabolic programming in early life in humans},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0123},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0123},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Fall, Caroline H. D. and Kumaran, Kalyanaraman},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180123}
}

@article{montemayorRecurrentProcessingTheory2019,
	title = {Recurrent processing theory versus global neuronal workspace theory: a comment on ‘{The} relationship between attention and consciousness: an expanded taxonomy and implications for ‘no-report’ paradigms’ by {Pitts} \textit{et al} .},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	shorttitle = {Recurrent processing theory versus global neuronal workspace theory},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0517},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0517},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Montemayor, Carlos and Haladjian, Harry H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20180517}
}

@article{pittsReplyMontemayorHaladjian2019,
	title = {Reply to {Montemayor} and {Haladjian}},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970},
	url = {http://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2019.0003},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0003},
	language = {en},
	number = {1770},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Pitts, Michael A. and Lutsyshyna, Lydia A. and Hillyard, Steven A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20190003}
}

@article{hassedMindfulLearningWhy2016,
	title = {Mindful learning: {Why} attention matters in education},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2168-3603},
	shorttitle = {Mindful learning},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2016.1130564},
	doi = {10.1080/21683603.2016.1130564},
	abstract = {Mindfulness is a generic skill with a wide range of applications relevant to education. These include fostering mental health; improving communication, empathy, and emotional development, improving physical health; and enhancing learning and performance. This article will give a brief overview of the science, practice, and philosophy of mindfulness, enlarge on the application of mindfulness meditation and related practices, and explore how these can be applied to the education, development, and well-being of children.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {International Journal of School \& Educational Psychology},
	author = {Hassed, Craig},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {communication, learning, children, education, emotional intelligence, empathy, meditation, mindfulness, performance},
	pages = {52--60},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6824/21683603.2016.html:text/html}
}

@book{hassedMindfulLearningReduce2014,
	title = {Mindful {Learning}: {Reduce} stress and improve brain performance for effective learning.},
	isbn = {978-1-77559-131-3},
	shorttitle = {Mindful {Learning}},
	abstract = {Mindfulness is increasingly being used in
educational environments as a proven way to help students:

• learn more effectively

• develop personally

• enhance their physical and emotional health, and

• deal with study and exam-related demands.

 

Written by two leading experts with many years of
personal and clinical experience, Mindful Learning provides practical
insights and exercises on how to apply mindfulness in any educational setting.
The result is a book that clearly sets out how you can:

• manage stress

• improve performance

• enhance communication

• develop more meaningful relationships

• unlock creativity

• improve mental flexibility and problem-solving
ability, and

• use technology wisely.

 

Whatever your age, whatever your learning environment, mindfulness can make a positive difference, and Mindful Learning shows you how.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Exisle Publishing},
	author = {Hassed, Dr Craig and Chambers, Dr Richard},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: diWNAgAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Self-Help / General, Self-Help / Meditations, Self-Help / Personal Growth / General}
}

@book{gottschallStorytellingAnimalHow2012,
	title = {The {Storytelling} {Animal}: {How} {Stories} {Make} {Us} {Human}},
	isbn = {978-0-547-39140-3},
	shorttitle = {The {Storytelling} {Animal}},
	abstract = {Humans live in landscapes of make-believe. We spin fantasies. We devour novels, films, and plays. Even sporting events and criminal trials unfold as narratives. Yet the world of story has long remained an undiscovered and unmapped country. It’s easy to say that humans are “wired” for story, but why?  In this delightful and original book, Jonathan Gottschall offers the first unified theory of storytelling. He argues that stories help us navigate life’s complex social problems—just as flight simulators prepare pilots for difficult situations. Storytelling has evolved, like other behaviors, to ensure our survival.  Drawing on the latest research in neuroscience, psychology, and evolutionary biology, Gottschall tells us what it means to be a storytelling animal. Did you know that the more absorbed you are in a story, the more it changes your behavior? That all children act out the same kinds of stories, whether they grow up in a slum or a suburb? That people who read more fiction are more empathetic?  Of course, our story instinct has a darker side. It makes us vulnerable to conspiracy theories, advertisements, and narratives about ourselves that are more “truthy” than true. National myths can also be terribly dangerous: Hitler’s ambitions were partly fueled by a story.  But as Gottschall shows in this remarkable book, stories can also change the world for the better. Most successful stories are moral—they teach us how to live, whether explicitly or implicitly, and bind us together around common values. We know we are master shapers of story. The Storytelling Animal finally reveals how stories shape us.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Houghton Mifflin Harcourt},
	author = {Gottschall, Jonathan},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: Gd3lT5yP3ZQC},
	keywords = {Science / Life Sciences / Evolution, Science / Life Sciences / Neuroscience, Social Science / Popular Culture}
}

@article{knowlesSelfDirectedLearningGuide1975,
	title = {Self-{Directed} {Learning}: {A} {Guide} for {Learners} and {Teachers}},
	shorttitle = {Self-{Directed} {Learning}},
	abstract = {The self-directed learning guide consists of three parts: The Learner, The Teacher, and Learning Resources. Part 1 contains four inquiry projects which examine the importance of self-directed learning, its assumptions, required competencies, and learning plan design. The nature of the inquiry between author and teacher in Part 2 is to explore the implications for teachers of having self-directed learners as students. Knowles visualizes the teacher role as that of facilitator of learning rather than teacher, procedural guide rather than content transmitter. The reader is led through a semester graduate course in "The Nature of Adult Education," taught by the author, where the teacher performs as a facilitator and resource to self-directed learners. Part 3 consists of 15 learning  resources: a comparison of assumptions and processes, competencies of self-directed learning, a learning contract, descriptions of self-directed learners, relationship-building exercises, a consultation skill-practice exercise, a self-assessment exercise, a content-course self-assessment instrument, guidelines for stating objectives, questioning strategies/techniques, relating methods to objectives, exercises in reading a book proactively and using human resources proactively, types of evidence for different objectives, and examples of rating scales. The appendix contains guidelines for contract learning. (EA)},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-03-14},
	author = {Knowles, Malcolm S.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {Adult Education, Adult Learning, Educational Objectives, Independent Study, Learning Processes, Performance Contracts, Rating Scales, Resource Materials, Self Evaluation, Student Teacher Relationship, Teaching Guides, Teaching Methods},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6830/eric.ed.gov.html:text/html}
}

@misc{lumpkinStudentPerceptionsActive2015,
	type = {Text},
	title = {Student {Perceptions} of {Active} {Learning}},
	url = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/prin/csj/2015/00000049/00000001/art00012},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-03-14},
	author = {Lumpkin, Angela and Achen, Rebecca M. and Dodd, Regan K.},
	year = {2015},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6832/art00012.html:text/html}
}

@book{barnesActiveLearning1989,
	title = {Active {Learning}},
	isbn = {978-1-872364-00-1},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Leeds University TVEI Support Project},
	author = {Barnes, Douglas R.},
	year = {1989},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: OXw3AAAACAAJ}
}

@book{reidsemaFlippedClassroomPractice2017,
	title = {The {Flipped} {Classroom}: {Practice} and {Practices} in {Higher} {Education}},
	isbn = {978-981-10-3413-8},
	shorttitle = {The {Flipped} {Classroom}},
	abstract = {Teaching and learning within higher education continues to evolve with innovative and new practices such as flipped teaching. This book contributes to the literature by developing a much deeper understanding of the complex phenomenon of flipped classroom approaches within higher education. It also serves as a practical guide to implementing flipped classroom teaching in academic practice across different higher educational institutions and disciplines.Part 1 of this book (Practice) describes the considerations involved in flipped classroom teaching, including the challenges faced in transforming teaching and learning within higher education. Further, it reviews the educational concepts on which the flipped classroom is based, including a selected history of similar innovations in the past. The final sections of Part 1 explore the tools needed for flipping, the design steps, assessment methods and the role of reflective practice within flipped teaching environments. “p{\textgreater}Part 2 of the book (Practices) provides a range of case studies from higher educational institutions in different countries and disciplines to demonstrate the many shapes and sizes of flipped classrooms. Many of the challenges, such as engaging students in their own learning and shifting them from spectators in the learning process to active participants, prove to be universal.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Reidsema, Carl and Kavanagh, Lydia and Hadgraft, Roger and Smith, Neville},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: CqU7DgAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Education / Adult \& Continuing Education, Education / Counseling / Career Development, Education / Educational Psychology, Education / Higher, Education / Teaching Methods \& Materials / General, Education / Vocational}
}

@book{boudMakingMovePeer2001,
	title = {Making the {Move} to {Peer} {Learning}},
	author = {Boud, David},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001}
}

@article{toppingEffectivenessPeerTutoring1996,
	title = {The effectiveness of peer tutoring in further and higher education: {A} typology and review of the literature},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1573-174X},
	shorttitle = {The effectiveness of peer tutoring in further and higher education},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138870},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00138870},
	abstract = {Quality, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of methods of teaching and learning in colleges and universities are being scrutinised more closely. The increasing use of peer tutoring in this context necessitates a clear definition and typology, which are outlined. The theoretical advantages of peer tutoring are discussed and the research on peer tutoring in schools briefly considered. The substantial existing research on the effectiveness of the many different types and formats of peer tutoring within colleges and universities is then reviewed. Much is already known about the effectiveness of some types of peer tutoring and this merits wider dissemination to practitioners. Directions for future research are indicated.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-03-14},
	journal = {Higher Education},
	author = {Topping, K. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Clear Definition, High Education, Theoretical Advantage, Wide Dissemination},
	pages = {321--345},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/6839/Topping - 1996 - The effectiveness of peer tutoring in further and .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{toppingPeerAssessmentStudents1998,
	title = {Peer {Assessment} {Between} {Students} in {Colleges} and {Universities}},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0034-6543},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543068003249},
	doi = {10.3102/00346543068003249},
	abstract = {A definition and typology of peer assessment between students in higher education is proposed, and the theoretical underpinnings of the method are discussed. A review of the developing literature follows, including both process and outcome studies. This indicates that peer assessment is of adequate reliability and validity in a wide variety of applications. Peer assessment of writing and peer assessment using marks, grades, and tests have shown positive formative effects on student achievement and attitudes. These effects are as good as or better than the effects of teacher assessment. Evidence for such effects from other types of peer assessment (of presentation skills, group work or projects, and professional skills) is, as yet, more limited. Computer-assisted peer assessment is an emerging growth area. Important factors in successful implementation are summarized, and recommendations for future research and practice are made.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-03-14},
	journal = {Review of Educational Research},
	author = {Topping, Keith},
	month = sep,
	year = {1998},
	pages = {249--276},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/6841/Topping - 1998 - Peer Assessment Between Students in Colleges and U.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{boudPeerLearningHigher2001,
	title = {Peer {Learning} in {Higher} {Education}: {Learning} from \& with {Each} {Other}},
	isbn = {978-0-7494-3612-4},
	shorttitle = {Peer {Learning} in {Higher} {Education}},
	abstract = {In everyday life we are learning continually from each other. Whatever the situation, most of us draw on the knowledge, skills and experience of our friends and colleagues. Within any educational setting learners naturally engage in informal peer learning to make sense of their course, test their ideas and share their concerns. This book explores how educators can formalise the use of this powerful approach to learning and shows how to understand, encourage and make explicit reciprocal peer learning. It investigates how peer learning can be integrated into the design and delivery of courses in higher education, and looks at what role it can play in encouraging more effective learning. Based on the experiences of a leading team of educators, the book draws on the practical guidance of those working with formalised peerlearning, and explores: what is peer learning and how can it help students?; how to introduce and foster peer learning; ways of learning effectively; the benefits and limitations of peer learning; issues that need to be considered by teachers and students. Reciprocal peer learning is an approach to teaching and learning of growing interest in higher education today. This book considers the benefits andissues for those in higher education. It will guide educators, course developers and academic leaders to review the implications of their teaching and learning roles.With practical consideration of issues such as assessment, planning, student resistance and reduced resources, it will be valuable reading for many in higher, furtherand continuing education.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Psychology Press},
	author = {Boud, David and Cohen, Ruth and Sampson, Jane},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: 0djaxDeZZXsC},
	keywords = {Education / Higher, Education / General}
}

@inproceedings{boudPeerLearningAssessment1999,
	title = {Peer learning and assessment},
	abstract = {Various forms of peer, collaborative or cooperative learning, particularly small group activities, are increasingly used within university courses to assist students meet a variety of learning outcomes. These include working collaboratively with others, taking responsibility for their own learning and deepening their understanding of specific course content. The potential benefits of peer learning have long been recognised and are especially relevant today. However many existing assessment practices act to undermine the goals of peer learning and lead students to reject learning cooperatively. If assessment gives students the message that only individual achievement is valued, and that collaborative effort is akin to cheating, then the potential of peer learning will not be realised. Inappropriate assessment practices may also lead to unhelpful forms of competition within and between groups that prevent groups functioning effectively. This paper examines some of the main assessment issues in connection with peer learning and suggests ways in which the benefits of this approach can be maintained while still},
	booktitle = {Assessment and {Evaluation} in {Higher} {Education}},
	author = {Boud, David and Cohen, Ruth and Sampson, Jane},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {413--426},
	file = {Citeseer - Full Text PDF:files/6845/Boud et al. - 1999 - Peer learning and assessment.pdf:application/pdf;Citeseer - Snapshot:files/6846/summary.html:text/html}
}

@article{kayExaminingBenefitsChallenges2009,
	title = {Examining the benefits and challenges of using audience response systems: {A} review of the literature},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0360-1315},
	shorttitle = {Examining the benefits and challenges of using audience response systems},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131509001134},
	doi = {10.1016/j.compedu.2009.05.001},
	abstract = {Audience response systems (ARSs) permit students to answer electronically displayed multiple choice questions using a remote control device. All responses are instantly presented, in chart form, then reviewed and discussed by the instructor and the class. A brief history of ARSs is offered including a discussion of the 26 labels used to identify this technology. Next a detailed review of 67 peer-reviewed papers from 2000 to 2007 is offered presenting the benefits and challenges associated with the use of an ARS. Key benefits for using ARSs include improvements to the classroom environment (increases in attendance, attention levels, participation and engagement), learning (interaction, discussion, contingent teaching, quality of learning, learning performance), and assessment (feedback, formative, normative). The biggest challenges for teachers in using ARSs are time needed to learn and set up the ARS technology, creating effective ARS questions, adequate coverage of course material, and ability to respond to instantaneous student feedback. Student challenges include adjusting to a new method of learning, increased confusion when multiple perspectives are discussed, and negative reactions to being monitored. It is concluded that more systematic, detailed research is needed in a broader range of contexts.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-03-14},
	journal = {Computers \& Education},
	author = {Kay, Robin H. and LeSage, Ann},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Learning, Assessment, Attitude, Audience response systems, Electronic voting system, Personal response system, Review, Student response system},
	pages = {819--827},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6848/S0360131509001134.html:text/html}
}

@article{draperIncreasingInteractivityLectures2004,
	title = {Increasing interactivity in lectures using an electronic voting system},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1365-2729},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2004.00074.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2729.2004.00074.x},
	abstract = {An overview of the experience of the opening two years of an institution-wide project in introducing electronic voting equipment for lectures is presented. Eight different departments and a wide range of group size (up to 300) saw some use. An important aspect of this is the organizational one of addressing the whole institution, rather than a narrower disciplinary base. The mobility of the equipment, the generality of the educational analysis, and the technical support provided contributed to this. Evaluations of each use identified (formatively) the weakest spots and the most common benefits, and also (summatively) showed that learners almost always saw this as providing a net benefit to them. Various empirical indications support the theoretical view that learning benefits depend upon putting the pedagogy (not the technology) at the focus of attention in each use. Perceived benefits tended to increase as lecturers became more experienced in exploiting the approach. The most promising pedagogical approaches appear to be Interactive Engagement (launching peer discussions), and Contingent Teaching – designing sessions not as fixed scripts but to zero in on using diagnostic questions on the points that the particular audience most needs on this occasion.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-03-14},
	journal = {Journal of Computer Assisted Learning},
	author = {Draper, S. W. and Brown, M. I.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {campus, formative, interactivity, lecture, organizational change, portable, summative},
	pages = {81--94},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6850/j.1365-2729.2004.00074.html:text/html}
}

@article{rheeInfluencePersonalityAbility2013,
	title = {The influence of personality and ability on undergraduate teamwork and team performance},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2193-1801},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568485/},
	doi = {10.1186/2193-1801-2-16},
	abstract = {The ability to work effectively on a team is highly valued by employers, and collaboration among students can lead to intrinsic motivation, increased persistence, and greater transferability of skills. Moreover, innovation often arises from multidisciplinary teamwork. The influence of personality and ability on undergraduate teamwork and performance is not comprehensively understood. An investigation was undertaken to explore correlations between team outcomes, personality measures and ability in an undergraduate population. Team outcomes included various self-, peer- and instructor ratings of skills, performance, and experience. Personality measures and ability involved the Five-Factor Model personality traits and GPA. Personality, GPA, and teamwork survey data, as well as instructor evaluations were collected from upper division team project courses in engineering, business, political science, and industrial design at a large public university. Characteristics of a multidisciplinary student team project were briefly examined. Personality, in terms of extraversion scores, was positively correlated with instructors’ assessment of team performance in terms of oral and written presentation scores, which is consistent with prior research. Other correlations to instructor-, students’ self- and peer-ratings were revealed and merit further study. The findings in this study can be used to understand important influences on successful teamwork, teamwork instruction and intervention and to understand the design of effective curricula in this area moving forward.},
	urldate = {2019-03-25},
	journal = {SpringerPlus},
	author = {Rhee, Jinny and Parent, David and Basu, Anuradha},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23420685},
	pmcid = {PMC3568485},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/6852/Rhee et al. - 2013 - The influence of personality and ability on underg.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hughesDevelopingAssessingCollege2011,
	title = {Developing and assessing college student teamwork skills},
	volume = {2011},
	copyright = {2003 The British Psychological Society},
	issn = {1536-075X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ir.380},
	doi = {10.1002/ir.380},
	abstract = {This chapter describes research on team member contributions to overall team effectiveness, and various applications of this research to developing and assessing teamwork by students on team and group projects and assignments.},
	language = {en},
	number = {149},
	urldate = {2019-03-25},
	journal = {New Directions for Institutional Research},
	author = {Hughes, Richard L. and Jones, Steven K.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {53--64},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6855/Hughes and Jones - 2011 - Developing and assessing college student teamwork .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6856/ir.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ActiveLearning2019,
	title = {Active learning},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
	url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_learning&oldid=889737613},
	abstract = {Active learning is a form of learning in which teaching strives to involve students in the learning process more directly than in other methods.
Bonwell (1991) "states that in active learning, students participate in the process and students participate when they are doing something besides passively listening." (Weltman, p. 7) Active learning is "a method of learning in which students are actively or experientially involved in the learning process and where there are different levels of active learning, depending on student involvement. (Bonwell \& Eison 1991). In the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE) report the authors discuss a variety of methodologies for promoting "active learning". They cite literature that indicates that to learn, students must do more than just listen: They must read, write, discuss, or be engaged in solving problems. It relates to the three learning domains referred to as knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSA), and that this taxonomy of learning behaviours can be thought of as "the goals of the learning process". In particular, students must engage in such higher-order thinking tasks as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Active learning engages students in two aspects – doing things and thinking about the things they are doing.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-04-05},
	journal = {Wikipedia},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Page Version ID: 889737613},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6861/index.html:text/html}
}

@article{freemanActiveLearningIncreases2014,
	title = {Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics},
	volume = {111},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/111/23/8410.abstract},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1319030111},
	abstract = {The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology has called for a 33\% increase in the number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) bachelor’s degrees completed per year and recommended adoption of empirically validated teaching practices as critical to achieving that goal. The studies analyzed here document that active learning leads to increases in examination performance that would raise average grades by a half a letter, and that failure rates under traditional lecturing increase by 55\% over the rates observed under active learning. The analysis supports theory claiming that calls to increase the number of students receiving STEM degrees could be answered, at least in part, by abandoning traditional lecturing in favor of active learning.To test the hypothesis that lecturing maximizes learning and course performance, we metaanalyzed 225 studies that reported data on examination scores or failure rates when comparing student performance in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses under traditional lecturing versus active learning. The effect sizes indicate that on average, student performance on examinations and concept inventories increased by 0.47 SDs under active learning (n = 158 studies), and that the odds ratio for failing was 1.95 under traditional lecturing (n = 67 studies). These results indicate that average examination scores improved by about 6\% in active learning sections, and that students in classes with traditional lecturing were 1.5 times more likely to fail than were students in classes with active learning. Heterogeneity analyses indicated that both results hold across the STEM disciplines, that active learning increases scores on concept inventories more than on course examinations, and that active learning appears effective across all class sizes—although the greatest effects are in small (n ≤ 50) classes. Trim and fill analyses and fail-safe n calculations suggest that the results are not due to publication bias. The results also appear robust to variation in the methodological rigor of the included studies, based on the quality of controls over student quality and instructor identity. This is the largest and most comprehensive metaanalysis of undergraduate STEM education published to date. The results raise questions about the continued use of traditional lecturing as a control in research studies, and support active learning as the preferred, empirically validated teaching practice in regular classrooms.},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Freeman, Scott and Eddy, Sarah L. and McDonough, Miles and Smith, Michelle K. and Okoroafor, Nnadozie and Jordt, Hannah and Wenderoth, Mary Pat},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {8410}
}

@misc{careEducationSystemAlignment2019,
	title = {Education system alignment for 21st century skills},
	url = {https://www.brookings.edu/research/education-system-alignment-for-21st-century-skills/},
	abstract = {This report focuses on global, regional, and national examples of 21st century learning goals and on their implementation challenges.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-04-05},
	journal = {Brookings},
	author = {Care, Esther and Kim, Helyn and Vista, Alvin and Anderson, Kate},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6864/education-system-alignment-for-21st-century-skills.html:text/html}
}

@misc{partnership21stCenturySkills2013,
	title = {21st {Century} {Skills} {Definition}},
	url = {https://www.edglossary.org/21st-century-skills/},
	abstract = {The term 21st century skills refers to a broad set of knowledge, skills, work habits, and character traits that are believed—by educators, school reformers, college professors, employers, and others—to be critically important to success in today’s world, particularly in collegiate programs and contemporary careers and workplaces. Generally speaking, 21st century skills can be applied in all …},
	urldate = {2019-04-05},
	journal = {The Glossary of Education Reform},
	author = {Partnership, Great Schools},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6866/21st-century-skills.html:text/html}
}

@article{hakeInteractiveengagementTraditionalMethods1998,
	title = {Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: {A} six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses},
	volume = {66},
	shorttitle = {Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods},
	number = {1},
	journal = {American journal of Physics},
	author = {Hake, Richard R.},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {64--74},
	file = {Full Text:files/6868/Hake - 1998 - Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6869/1.html:text/html}
}

@article{renklExampleStudyProblem2002,
	title = {From example study to problem solving: {Smooth} transitions help learning},
	volume = {70},
	shorttitle = {From example study to problem solving},
	abstract = {Research has shown that it is effective to combine example study and problem solving in the initial acquisition of cognitive skills. Present methods for combining these learning modes are static, however, and do not support a transition from example study in early stages of skill acquisition to later problem solving. Against this background, the authors proposed a successive integration of problem-solving elements into example study until the learners solved problems on their own (i.e., complete example → increasingly more incomplete examples → problem to-be-solved). The authors tested the effectiveness of such a fading procedure against the traditional method of using example-problem pairs. In a field experiment and in 2 more controlled laboratory experiments, the authors found that (a) the fading procedure fosters learning, at least when near transfer performance is considered; (b) the number of problem-solving errors during learning plays a role in mediating this effect; and (c) it is more favorable to fade out worked-out solution steps in a backward manner (omitting the last solution steps first) as compared with a forward manner (omitting the first solution steps first).},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The Journal of Experimental Education},
	author = {Renkl, Alexander and Atkinson, Robert K. and Maier, Uwe H. and Staley, Richard},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {293--315},
	file = {Full Text:files/6871/Renkl et al. - 2002 - From example study to problem solving Smooth tran.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6872/00220970209599510.html:text/html}
}

@article{bonwellActiveLearningCreating1991,
	title = {Active {Learning}: {Creating} {Excitement} in the {Classroom}. {ERIC} {Digest}.},
	shorttitle = {Active {Learning}},
	author = {Bonwell, Charles C. and Eison, James A.},
	year = {1991},
	file = {Full Text:files/6874/Bonwell and Eison - 1991 - Active Learning Creating Excitement in the Classr.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6875/eric.ed.gov.html:text/html}
}

@book{beanEngagingIdeasProfessor2011,
	title = {Engaging ideas: {The} professor's guide to integrating writing, critical thinking, and active learning in the classroom},
	shorttitle = {Engaging ideas},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Bean, John C.},
	year = {2011},
	file = {Full Text:files/6877/Bean - 2011 - Engaging ideas The professor's guide to integrati.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6878/books.html:text/html}
}

@article{jonesStudentcenteredClassroom2007,
	title = {The student-centered classroom},
	author = {Jones, Leo},
	year = {2007},
	file = {Full Text:files/6880/Jones - 2007 - The student-centered classroom.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{youngTeachingNursingDeveloping2007,
	title = {Teaching nursing: {Developing} a student-centered learning environment},
	shorttitle = {Teaching nursing},
	publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
	author = {Young, Lynne E. and Paterson, Barbara L.},
	year = {2007},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6882/books.html:text/html}
}

@book{bransfordHowPeopleLearn2000,
	title = {How people learn},
	volume = {11},
	publisher = {Washington, DC: National academy press},
	author = {Bransford, John D. and Brown, Ann L. and Cocking, Rodney R.},
	year = {2000},
	file = {Full Text:files/6884/Bransford et al. - 2000 - How people learn.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{ActivePassive2019,
	title = {Active/{Passive}},
	url = {http://www.csun.edu/science/ref/pedagogy/active-passive/active-passive-learning.html#tpe},
	urldate = {2019-04-05},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	file = {Active/Passive:files/6886/active-passive-learning.html:text/html}
}

@article{tiwariComparisonEffectsProblembased2006,
	title = {A comparison of the effects of problem-based learning and lecturing on the development of students' critical thinking},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1365-2923},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02481.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02481.x},
	abstract = {Background Educational approaches are thought to have facilitative or hindering effects on students' critical thinking development. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of problem-based learning (PBL) and lecturing approaches on the development of students' critical thinking. Methods All 79 Year 1 undergraduate nursing students at a university in Hong Kong were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 parallel courses delivered by either PBL (n = 40) or lecturing (n = 39) over 1 academic year. The primary outcome measure was students' critical thinking disposition as measured by the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI). Individual interviews were also conducted to elicit the students' perceptions of their learning experience. Data were collected at 4 timepoints spanning 3 years. Results The overall CCTDI and subscale scores for the PBL group were not significantly different from those of the lecture group at the first timepoint (pretest). Compared with lecture students, PBL students showed significantly greater improvement in overall CCTDI (P = 0.0048), Truthseeking (P = 0.0008), Analyticity (P = 0.0368) and Critical Thinking Self-confidence (P = 0.0342) subscale scores from the first to the second timepoints; in overall CCTDI (P = 0.0083), Truthseeking (P = 0.0090) and Analyticity (P = 0.0354) subscale scores from the first to the third timepoints; and in Truthseeking (P = 0.0173) and Systematicity (P = 0.0440) subscale scores from the first to the fourth timepoints. Conclusions There were significant differences in the development of students' critical thinking dispositions between those who undertook the PBL and lecture courses, respectively.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-04-05},
	journal = {Medical Education},
	author = {Tiwari, Agnes and Lai, Patrick and So, Mike and Yuen, Kwan},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {California, education, *problem-based learning, *thinking, Hong Kong, humans, multicentre study publication type, nursing/*methods, nursing/*psychology, randomised controlled trial publication type, students},
	pages = {547--554},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6888/Tiwari et al. - 2006 - A comparison of the effects of problem-based learn.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6889/j.1365-2929.2006.02481.html:text/html}
}

@article{dochyUseSelfPeer1999,
	title = {The use of self-, peer and co-assessment in higher education: {A} review},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0307-5079},
	shorttitle = {The use of self-, peer and co-assessment in higher education},
	url = {https://srhe.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03075079912331379935},
	doi = {10.1080/03075079912331379935},
	abstract = {The growing demand for lifelong learners and reflective practitioners has stimulated a re-evaluation of the relationship between learning and its assessment, and has influenced to a large extent the development of new assessment forms such as self-, peer, and co-assessment. Three questions are discussed: (1) what are the main findings from research on new assessment forms such as self-, peer and co-assessment; (2) in what way can the results be brought together; and (3) what guidelines for educational practitioners can be derived from this body of knowledge? A review of literature, based on the analysis of 63 studies, suggests that the use of a combination of different new assessment forms encourages students to become more responsible and reflective. The article concludes with some guidelines for practitioners.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-04-05},
	journal = {Studies in Higher Education},
	author = {Dochy, F. and Segers, M. and Sluijsmans, D.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {331--350},
	file = {Full Text:files/6891/Dochy et al. - 1999 - The use of self-, peer and co-assessment in higher.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6892/03075079912331379935.html:text/html}
}

@article{vanmerrienboerTakingLoadLearner2003,
	title = {Taking the load off a learner's mind: {Instructional} design for complex learning},
	volume = {38},
	shorttitle = {Taking the load off a learner's mind},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Educational psychologist},
	author = {Van Merriënboer, Jeroen JG and Kirschner, Paul A. and Kester, Liesbeth},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {5--13},
	file = {Full Text:files/6894/Van Merriënboer et al. - 2003 - Taking the load off a learner's mind Instructiona.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6895/S15326985EP3801_2.html:text/html}
}

@article{vanmerrienboerBlueprintsComplexLearning2002,
	title = {Blueprints for complex learning: {The} {4C}/{ID}-model},
	volume = {50},
	shorttitle = {Blueprints for complex learning},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Educational technology research and development},
	author = {Van Merriënboer, Jeroen JG and Clark, Richard E. and De Croock, Marcel BM},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {39--61},
	file = {Full Text:files/6897/Van Merriënboer et al. - 2002 - Blueprints for complex learning The 4CID-model.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6898/BF02504993.html:text/html}
}

@article{leahyCognitiveLoadTheory2011,
	title = {Cognitive load theory, modality of presentation and the transient information effect},
	volume = {25},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2011 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-0720},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/acp.1787},
	doi = {10.1002/acp.1787},
	abstract = {The modality effect occurs when audio/visual instructions are superior to visual only instructions. The effect was explored in two experiments conducted within a cognitive load theory framework. In Experiment 1, two groups of primary school students (N = 24) were presented with either audio/visual or visual only instructions on how to read a temperature graph. The group presented with visual text and a diagram rather than audio text and a diagram was superior, reversing most previous data on the modality effect. It was hypothesized that the reason for the reversal was that the transitory auditory text component was too long to be processed easily in working memory compared to more permanent written information. Experiment 2 (N = 64) replicated the experiment with the variation of a reduced length of both auditory and visual text instructions. Results indicated a reinstatement of the modality effect with audio/visual instructions proving superior to visual only instructions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-04-08},
	journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},
	author = {Leahy, Wayne and Sweller, John},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {943--951},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6900/Leahy and Sweller - 2011 - Cognitive load theory, modality of presentation an.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6901/acp.html:text/html}
}

@article{beierAgeAbilityRole2005,
	title = {Age, {Ability}, and the {Role} of {Prior} {Knowledge} on the {Acquisition} of {New} {Domain} {Knowledge}: {Promising} {Results} in a {Real}-{World} {Learning} {Environment}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1939-1498(ELECTRONIC),0882-7974(PRINT)},
	shorttitle = {Age, {Ability}, and the {Role} of {Prior} {Knowledge} on the {Acquisition} of {New} {Domain} {Knowledge}},
	doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.341},
	abstract = {Prior knowledge, fluid intelligence (Gf), and crystallized intelligence (Gc) were investigated as predictors of learning new information about cardiovascular disease and xerography with a sample of 199 adults (19 to 68 years). The learning environment included a laboratory multimedia presentation (high-constraint-maximal effort), and a self-directed at-home study component (low-constraint-typical performance). Results indicated that prior knowledge and ability were important predictors of knowledge acquisition for learning. Gc was directly related to learning from the video for both domains. Because the trajectory of Gc stays relatively stable throughout the life span, these findings provide a more optimistic perspective on the relationship between aging and learning than that offered by theories that focus on the role of fluid abilities in learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Psychology and Aging},
	author = {Beier, Margaret E. and Ackerman, Phillip L.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Aging, Ability Level, Fluid Intelligence, Intelligence, Knowledge Level, Learning Environment},
	pages = {341--355},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6903/2005-07436-015.html:text/html}
}

@article{handelsmanScientificTeaching2004,
	title = {Scientific {Teaching}},
	volume = {304},
	copyright = {© 2004 American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/304/5670/521},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1096022},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater} For more than a decade, reports from expert panels have called for improvements in science education. There is general agreement that science courses consisting of traditional lectures and cookbook laboratory exercises need to be changed. What is required instead is "scientific teaching," teaching that mirrors science at its best-experimental, rigorous, and based on evidence. This Policy Forum explores the reasons for the slow pace of change in the way science is taught at research universities and offers recommendations for faculty, staff, and administrators at research universities, funding agencies, and professional organizations in order to accelerate the reform of science education. To help faculty initiate change in their own classrooms, this forum includes extensive resources to guide the transition to tested, effective instructional methods, which include group-learning in lectures, inquiry-based laboratories, and interactive computer modules. {\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	number = {5670},
	urldate = {2019-04-09},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Handelsman, Jo and Ebert-May, Diane and Beichner, Robert and Bruns, Peter and Chang, Amy and DeHaan, Robert and Gentile, Jim and Lauffer, Sarah and Stewart, James and Tilghman, Shirley M. and Wood, William B.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15105480},
	pages = {521--522},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6905/Handelsman et al. - 2004 - Scientific Teaching.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6907/521.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ausevoSiteAustralasianEvolution2018,
	title = {Site for the {Australasian} {Evolution} {Society}. {Contribute} to ausevo/ausevo.github.io development by creating an account on {GitHub}},
	url = {https://github.com/ausevo/ausevo.github.io},
	urldate = {2019-04-16},
	author = {{ausevo}},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	note = {original-date: 2016-04-13T00:44:04Z}
}

@article{millerMagicalNumberSeven1994,
	title = {The magical number seven, plus or minus two: {Some} limits on our capacity for processing information.},
	volume = {101},
	shorttitle = {The magical number seven, plus or minus two},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Psychological review},
	author = {Miller, George A.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {343},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6913/1994-28291-001.html:text/html}
}

@article{kalyugaCognitiveLoadTheory2011,
	title = {Cognitive {Load} {Theory}: {How} {Many} {Types} of {Load} {Does} {It} {Really} {Need}?},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1573-336X},
	shorttitle = {Cognitive {Load} {Theory}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9150-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s10648-010-9150-7},
	abstract = {Cognitive load theory has been traditionally described as involving three separate and additive types of load. Germane load is considered as a learning-relevant load complementing extraneous and intrinsic load. This article argues that, in its traditional treatment, germane load is essentially indistinguishable from intrinsic load, and therefore this concept may be redundant. Contrary to extraneous and intrinsic load, germane cognitive load was added to the cognitive load framework based on theoretical considerations rather than on specific empirical results that could not be explained without this concept. The design of corresponding learning activities always required methods and techniques external to the theory. The article suggests that the dual intrinsic/extraneous framework is sufficient and non-redundant and makes boundaries of the theory transparent. The idea of germane load might have an independent role within this framework if (as recently suggested by John Sweller) it is redefined as referring to the actual working memory resources devoted to dealing with intrinsic rather than extraneous load.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-04-24},
	journal = {Educational Psychology Review},
	author = {Kalyuga, Slava},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Cognitive load theory, Germane load, Intrinsic load, Working memory load},
	pages = {1--19},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/6915/Kalyuga - 2011 - Cognitive Load Theory How Many Types of Load Does.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{swellerCognitiveLoadTheory1994,
	title = {Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0959-4752},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0959475294900035},
	doi = {10.1016/0959-4752(94)90003-5},
	abstract = {This paper is concerned with some of the factors that determine the difficulty of material that needs to be learned. It is suggested that when considering intellectual activities, schema acquisition and automation are the primary mechanisms of learning. The consequences of cognitive load theory for the structuring of information in order to reduce difficulty by focusing cognitive activity on schema acquisition is briefly summarized. It is pointed out that cognitive load theory deals with learning and problem solving difficulty that is artificial in that it can be manipulated by instructional design. Intrinsic cognitive load in contrast, is constant for a given area because it is a basic component of the material. Intrinsic cognitive load is characterized in terms of element interactivity. The elements of most schemas must be learned simultaneously because they interact and it is the interaction that is critical. If, as in some areas, interactions between many elements must be learned, then intrinsic cognitive load will be high. In contrast, in different areas, if elements can be learned successively rather than simultaneously because they do not interact, intrinsic cognitive load will be low. It is suggested that extraneous cognitive load that interferes with learning only is a problem under conditions of high cognitive load caused by high element interactivity. Under conditions of low element interactivity, re-designing instruction to reduce extraneous cognitive load may have no appreciable consequences. In addition, the concept of element interactivity can be used to explain not only why some material is difficult to learn but also, why it can be difficult to understand. Understanding becomes relevant when high element interactivity material with a naturally high cognitive load must be learned.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-04-24},
	journal = {Learning and Instruction},
	author = {Sweller, John},
	month = jan,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {295--312},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6917/Sweller - 1994 - Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and in.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6918/0959475294900035.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{kalyugaSchemaAcquisitionSources2010,
	address = {New York, NY, US},
	title = {Schema acquisition and sources of cognitive load},
	isbn = {978-0-521-67758-5 978-0-521-86023-9},
	abstract = {The previous chapter outlined the general features of human cognitive architecture relevant to learning. According to this architecture, our schematic knowledge base in long-term memory represents the major critical factor influencing the way we learn new information. In the absence of a relevant knowledge base for a specific situation or task, we apply random search processes to select appropriate actions. Any modifications to our knowledge base for dealing with novel situations occur only under certain restrictive conditions on the amount of such change. Based on these general characteristics of learning within a cognitive load framework, it is possible to formulate general instructional principles that support processes of schema acquisition and enable understanding and learning. This chapter suggests a number of such Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)-generated principles for efficient instruction aimed at acquisition of an organized knowledge base: a direct initial instruction principle, an expertise principle, and a small stepsize of change principle. To substantiate these principles, it is necessary first to describe in more detail the concept of schematic knowledge structures and analyze sources of cognitive load that are irrelevant to learning processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	booktitle = {Cognitive load theory},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Kalyuga, Slava},
	year = {2010},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511844744.005},
	keywords = {Teaching Methods, Human Channel Capacity},
	pages = {48--64},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6920/2010-09374-003.html:text/html}
}

@article{kalyugaManagingSplitattentionRedundancy1999,
	title = {Managing split-attention and redundancy in multimedia instruction},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-0720},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-0720%28199908%2913%3A4%3C351%3A%3AAID-ACP589%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199908)13:4<351::AID-ACP589>3.0.CO;2-6},
	abstract = {Two experiments investigated alternatives to split-attention instructional designs. It was assumed that because a learner has a limited working memory capacity, any increase in cognitive resources required to process split-attention materials decreases resources available for learning. Using computer-based instructional material consisting of diagrams and text, Experiment 1 attempted to ameliorate split-attention effects by increasing effective working memory size by presenting the text in auditory form. Auditory presentation of text proved superior to visual-only presentation but not when the text was presented in both auditory and visual forms. In that case, the visual form was redundant and imposed a cognitive load that interfered with learning. Experiment 2 ameliorated split-attention effects by using colour coding to reduce cognitive load inducing search for diagrammatic referents in the text. Mental load rating scales provided evidence in both experiments that alternatives to split-attention instructional designs were effective due to reductions in cognitive load. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-04-24},
	journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},
	author = {Kalyuga, Slava and Chandler, Paul and Sweller, John},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {351--371},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6922/Kalyuga et al. - 1999 - Managing split-attention and redundancy in multime.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6923/(SICI)1099-0720(199908)134351AID-ACP5893.0.html:text/html}
}

@article{nicolFormativeAssessmentSelf2006,
	title = {Formative assessment and self‐regulated learning: a model and seven principles of good feedback practice},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0307-5079},
	shorttitle = {Formative assessment and self‐regulated learning},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070600572090},
	doi = {10.1080/03075070600572090},
	abstract = {The research on formative assessment and feedback is reinterpreted to show how these processes can help students take control of their own learning, i.e. become self‐regulated learners. This reformulation is used to identify seven principles of good feedback practice that support self‐regulation. A key argument is that students are already assessing their own work and generating their own feedback, and that higher education should build on this ability. The research underpinning each feedback principle is presented, and some examples of easy‐to‐implement feedback strategies are briefly described. This shift in focus, whereby students are seen as having a proactive rather than a reactive role in generating and using feedback, has profound implications for the way in which teachers organise assessments and support learning.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-04-24},
	journal = {Studies in Higher Education},
	author = {Nicol, David J. and Macfarlane‐Dick, Debra},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {199--218},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6925/Nicol and Macfarlane‐Dick - 2006 - Formative assessment and self‐regulated learning .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6926/03075070600572090.html:text/html}
}

@article{zukEndocrineimmuneInteractionsOrnaments1995,
	title = {Endocrine-immune interactions, ornaments and mate choice in red jungle fowl},
	volume = {260},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/50074},
	abstract = {[Consistently with previous studies, female red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) preferred to mate with males with longer, redder combs, but paid little attention to plumage characters. Individual variation in comb length was positively correlated with plasma testosterone level. Males with longer combs had fewer circulating lymphocytes, as would be expected if maintenance of secondary sexual characters is costly to the immune system.]},
	number = {1358},
	urldate = {2019-05-01},
	journal = {Proceedings: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Zuk, Marlene and Johnsen, Torgeir S. and Maclarty, Troy},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {205--210}
}

@article{manicaVigorSkillAcrobatic2016,
	title = {Vigor and skill in the acrobatic mating displays of a {Neotropical} songbird},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Manica, Lilian T. and Macedo, Regina H. and Graves, Jeff A. and Podos, Jeffrey},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {arw143},
	file = {Full Text:files/6929/2453514.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6930/2453514.html:text/html}
}

@article{mobleyFemaleOrnamentationFecundity2018,
	title = {Female ornamentation and the fecundity trade-off in a sex-role reversed pipefish},
	volume = {8},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Ecology and evolution},
	author = {Mobley, Kenyon B. and Morrongiello, John R. and Warr, Matthew and Bray, Dianne J. and Wong, Bob BM},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {9516--9525},
	file = {Full Text:files/6932/Mobley et al. - 2018 - Female ornamentation and the fecundity trade-off i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6933/ece3.html:text/html}
}

@book{fisherGeneticalTheoryNatural1958,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {[2d rev. ed.]},
	title = {The genetical theory of natural selection},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Dover Publications},
	author = {Fisher, Ronald Aylmer},
	year = {1958},
	note = {Open Library ID: OL6251355M},
	keywords = {Natural selection.}
}

@article{zahaviCostHonestyFurther1977,
	title = {The cost of honesty (further remarks on the handicap principle)},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0022-5193},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Zahavi, A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1977},
	pmid = {904334},
	keywords = {Selection, Genetic, Models, Biological, Reproduction, Communication, Phenotype},
	pages = {603--605}
}

@article{pischeddaIntralocusSexualConflict2006,
	title = {Intralocus sexual conflict diminishes the benefits of sexual selection},
	volume = {4},
	number = {11},
	journal = {PLoS biology},
	author = {Pischedda, Alison and Chippindale, Adam K.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {e356},
	file = {Full Text:files/6942/article.html:text/html}
}

@article{coxSexuallyAntagonisticSelection2009,
	title = {Sexually antagonistic selection, sexual dimorphism, and the resolution of intralocus sexual conflict},
	volume = {173},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Cox, Robert M. and Calsbeek, Ryan},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {176--187},
	file = {Full Text:files/6944/595841.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6945/595841.html:text/html}
}

@article{foersterSexuallyAntagonisticGenetic2007,
	title = {Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer},
	volume = {447},
	number = {7148},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Foerster, Katharina and Coulson, Tim and Sheldon, Ben C. and Pemberton, Josephine M. and Clutton-Brock, Tim H. and Kruuk, Loeske EB},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1107},
	file = {Full Text:files/6947/Foerster et al. - 2007 - Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitnes.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6948/nature05912.html:text/html}
}

@article{pattariniMechanismsUnderlyingSperm2006,
	title = {Mechanisms underlying the sperm quality advantage in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01844.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01844.x},
	abstract = {Contrary to early predictions of sperm competition theory, postcopulatory sexual selection favoring increased investment per sperm (e.g., sperm size, sperm quality) has been demonstrated in numerous organisms. We empirically demonstrate for Drosophila melanogaster that both sperm quality and sperm quantity independently contribute to competitive male fertilization success. In addition to these independent effects, there was a significant interaction between sperm quality and quantity that suggests an internal positive reinforcement on selection for sperm quality, with selection predicted to intensify as investment per sperm increases and the number of sperm competing declines. The mechanism underlying the sperm quality advantage is elucidated through examination of the relationship between female sperm-storage organ morphology and the differential organization of different length sperm within the organ. Our results exemplify that primary sex cells can bear secondary sexual straits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2019-05-01},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pattarini, James M. and Starmer, William T. and Bjork, Adam and Pitnick, Scott},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {sperm competition, postcopulatory sexual selection, Cryptic female choice, sperm quality, sperm size},
	pages = {2064--2080},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6950/Pattarini et al. - 2006 - Mechanisms Underlying the Sperm Quality Advantage .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6951/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01844.html:text/html}
}

@article{fisherEvolutionSexualPreference1915,
	title = {The evolution of sexual preference},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The Eugenics Review},
	author = {Fisher, Ronald A.},
	year = {1915},
	pages = {184},
	file = {Full Text:files/6953/Fisher - 1915 - The evolution of sexual preference.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6954/PMC2987134.html:text/html}
}

@article{kodric-brownAllometryOrnamentsWeapons2006,
	title = {The allometry of ornaments and weapons},
	volume = {103},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Kodric-Brown, Astrid and Sibly, Richard M. and Brown, James H.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {8733--8738},
	file = {Full Text:files/6956/Kodric-Brown et al. - 2006 - The allometry of ornaments and weapons.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6957/8733.html:text/html}
}

@article{bondurianskySexualSelectionAllometry2007,
	title = {Sexual selection and allometry: a critical reappraisal of the evidence and ideas},
	volume = {61},
	shorttitle = {Sexual selection and allometry},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution},
	author = {Bonduriansky, Russell},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {838--849},
	file = {Full Text:files/6959/j.1558-5646.2007.00081.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/6960/j.1558-5646.2007.00081.html:text/html}
}

@article{vojeScalingMorphologicalCharacters2016,
	title = {Scaling of morphological characters across trait type, sex, and environment: a meta-analysis of static allometries},
	volume = {187},
	shorttitle = {Scaling of morphological characters across trait type, sex, and environment},
	number = {1},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Voje, Kjetil Lysne},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {89--98},
	file = {Full Text:files/6962/Voje - 2016 - Scaling of morphological characters across trait t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6963/684159.html:text/html}
}

@article{ballSpermCompetitionGames1996,
	title = {Sperm competition games: {External} fertilization and “adapative” infertility},
	volume = {180},
	shorttitle = {Sperm competition games},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	author = {Ball, M. A. and Parker, G. A.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {141--150},
	file = {Snapshot:files/6965/chooseorg.html:text/html}
}

@article{lewisSexualSelectionFlour1994,
	title = {Sexual selection in flour beetles: the relationship between sperm precedence and male olfactory attractiveness},
	volume = {5},
	shorttitle = {Sexual selection in flour beetles},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Lewis, Sara M. and Austad, Steven N.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {223--224},
	file = {Full Text:files/6970/Lewis and Austad - 1994 - Sexual selection in flour beetles the relationshi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6971/212123.html:text/html}
}

@article{hoskenAttractiveMalesHave2008,
	title = {Attractive males have greater success in sperm competition},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982208005137},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.028},
	abstract = {Summary
While sexual selection is responsible for the rapid evolution of many characters 1, 2, the precise relationship between pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection is unclear [3]. In some species, the two are positively associated and reinforce each other, while in others, the two bouts of selection are antagonistic and cancel each other out. Here we assessed the relationship between female preference for males and male fertilization success during sperm competition in the fly Drosophila simulans. We find that attractive males sired more offspring and also find a positive genetic correlation between male attractiveness and siring success.},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2019-05-01},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Hosken, David J. and Taylor, Michelle L. and Hoyle, Katherine and Higgins, Sahran and Wedell, Nina},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {R553--R554},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6976/Hosken et al. - 2008 - Attractive males have greater success in sperm com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6977/S0960982208005137.html:text/html}
}

@article{polakSecondarySexualTrait2009,
	title = {Secondary sexual trait size reveals competitive fertilization success in {Drosophila} bipectinata {Duda}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/20/4/753/243181},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arp056},
	abstract = {Abstract.  The evolution of male secondary sexual traits traditionally has been ascribed to precopulatory sexual selection. In contrast, the importance of postc},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-01},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Polak, Michal and Simmons, Leigh W.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {753--760},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6979/Polak and Simmons - 2009 - Secondary sexual trait size reveals competitive fe.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6980/243181.html:text/html}
}

@article{ala-honkolaMultipleMechanismsCryptic2016,
	title = {Multiple mechanisms of cryptic female choice act on intraspecific male variation in {Drosophila} simulans},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {1432-0762},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-016-2069-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-016-2069-3},
	abstract = {Postcopulatory sexual selection can arise when females mate with multiple males and is usually mediated by an interaction between the sexes. Cryptic female choice (CFC) is one form of postcopulatory sexual selection that occurs when female morphology, physiology, or behavior generates a bias in fertilization success. However, its importance in nonrandom reproductive success is poorly resolved due to challenges distinguishing the roles of females and males in generating patterns of fertilization bias. Nevertheless, two CFC mechanisms have recently been documented and characterized in Drosophila simulans within the context of gametic isolation in competitive hybrid matings with Drosophila mauritiana: sperm ejection and nonrandom use of sperm storage organs for fertilization. Here, we explore if and how female D. simulans employ these two mechanisms of CFC in response to intraspecific male size variation. We used transgenic males expressing green (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP) in sperm heads to document postcopulatory processes, in conjunction with a probabilistic analytical model. We unexpectedly found that differential reproductive success was also a function of male population (GFP or RFP), suggesting that females use different CFC mechanisms to select for different male traits. Moreover, concordance of selection at the precopulatory (as measured by mating latency) and postcopulatory stages depends on both the male trait and the CFC mechanism examined. Larger males were more successful both before and after mating, but we unexpectedly found that females also mated more quickly with males with GFP-labeled sperm, while fertilization bias favored RFP-labeled sperm.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-01},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Ala-Honkola, Outi and Manier, Mollie K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Female ejection, Female preference, Fertilization bias, Postcopulatory sexual selection, Precopulatory sexual selection, Sperm competition},
	pages = {519--532},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/6982/Ala-Honkola and Manier - 2016 - Multiple mechanisms of cryptic female choice act o.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{filiceWinnersHaveHigher2019,
	title = {Winners have higher pre-copulatory mating success but losers have better post-copulatory outcomes},
	volume = {286},
	number = {1900},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	author = {Filice, David CS and Dukas, Reuven},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {20182838},
	file = {Full Text:files/6987/Filice and Dukas - 2019 - Winners have higher pre-copulatory mating success .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6988/rspb.2018.html:text/html}
}

@article{paulMeasuringEmotionalProcesses2005,
	title = {Measuring emotional processes in animals: the utility of a cognitive approach},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0149-7634},
	shorttitle = {Measuring emotional processes in animals},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763405000084},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.01.002},
	abstract = {Contemporary researchers regard emotional states as multifaceted, comprising physiological, behavioural, cognitive and subjective components. Subjective, conscious experience of emotion can be inferred from linguistic report in humans, but is inaccessible to direct measurement in non-human animals. However, measurement of other components of emotion is possible, and a variety of methods exist for monitoring emotional processes in animals by measuring behavioural and physiological changes. These are important tools, but they have limitations including difficulties of interpretation and the likelihood that many may be sensitive indicators of emotional arousal but not valence—pleasantness/unpleasantness. Cognitive components of emotion are a largely unexplored source of information about animal emotions, despite the fact that cognition–emotion links have been extensively researched in human cognitive science indicating that cognitive processes—appraisals of stimuli, events and situations—play an important role in the generation of emotional states, and that emotional states influence cognitive functioning by inducing attentional, memory and judgement biases. Building on this research, it is possible to design non-linguistic cognitive measures of animal emotion that may be especially informative in offering new methods for assessing emotional valence (positive as well as negative), discriminating same-valenced emotion of different types, identifying phenotypes with a cognitive predisposition to develop affective disorders, and perhaps shedding light on the issue of conscious emotional experiences in animals.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-05-01},
	journal = {Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews},
	author = {Paul, Elizabeth S. and Harding, Emma J. and Mendl, Michael},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Anxiety, Memory, Animal welfare, Attention, Emotion, Depression, Stress, Cognition, Affect, Cognitive appraisals, Consciousness, Judgement},
	pages = {469--491},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/6990/Paul et al. - 2005 - Measuring emotional processes in animals the util.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/6991/S0149763405000084.html:text/html}
}

@article{pitnickCriteriaDemonstratingFemale2000,
	title = {Criteria for demonstrating female sperm choice},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00107.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00107.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-05-16},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Pitnick, Scott and Brown, William D.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {sexual selection, sperm competition, Cryptic female choice, sperm choice},
	pages = {1052--1056},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6993/Pitnick and Brown - 2000 - Criteria for Demonstrating Female Sperm Choice.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6994/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00107.html:text/html}
}

@article{sbilordoPrePostcopulatorySexual2014,
	title = {Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection act in concert to determine male reproductive success in {Tribolium} castaneum},
	volume = {112},
	copyright = {© 2014 The Linnean Society of London},
	issn = {1095-8312},
	url = {https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bij.12262},
	doi = {10.1111/bij.12262},
	abstract = {To capture how sexual selection shapes male reproductive success across different stages of reproduction in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), we combined sequential sperm defence (P1) and sperm offence (P2) trials with additional trials where both males were added simultaneously to the female. We found a positive correlation between the relative paternity share in simultaneous male–male competition trials and the P2 trial. This suggests that males preferred by females as sires achieve superior fertilization success during sperm competition in the second male position. In simultaneous male–male competition trials, where pre-, peri- and postcopulatory sexual selection were all allowed to act, the relative paternity share of preferred males was more than 20\% higher than in P2 sperm competition trials where precopulatory female choice was disabled. Additional behavioural observations revealed that mating with more attractive males resulted significantly more frequently in offspring production than mating with less attractive males. Thus, by comparing male fertilization success in trials where precopulatory choice was turned off with more inclusive estimates of fertilization success where pre- and pericopulatory choice could occur, we show that female mate choice may effectively inhibit sperm competition. Female mate choice and sperm competition (P2) are positively correlated, which is consistent with directional sexual selection in this species. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 112, 67–75.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-05-16},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Sbilordo, Sonja H. and Martin, Oliver Y.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {polyandry, sexual conflict, sperm competition, mating behaviour, paternity, cryptic female choice, male–male competition, red flour beetle},
	pages = {67--75},
	file = {Full Text:files/6996/Sbilordo and Martin - 2014 - Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection act in co.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/6997/bij.html:text/html}
}

@article{wojcieszekEvidenceStabilizingSelection2012,
	title = {Evidence for stabilizing selection and slow divergent evolution of male genitalia in a millipede ({Antichiropus} variabilis)},
	volume = {66},
	copyright = {© 2011 The Author(s). Evolution© 2011 The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01509.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01509.x},
	abstract = {It is generally accepted that postcopulatory sexual selection drives rapid divergence of genital morphology among isolated populations. The mode of selection operating upon genitalia can be explored by comparing patterns of population divergence in genetic and genitalic traits. We collected Antichiropus variabilis millipedes from eight localities across the species range. Levels of among-population genetic divergence, at microsatellite loci, and the mitochondrial COI gene were very high. Following geometric morphometric analyses, genital morphology was also found to be highly divergent among the populations surveyed, whereas head morphology had not diverged as markedly. However, pairwise comparisons of FST and PST showed that among-population divergence in both genital and head shape was significantly lower than that experienced by neutral genetic markers. Our results suggest that the genitalia of A. variabilis are currently experiencing a period of stabilizing selection, the mode of selection expected for genitalia that function in species recognition via a “lock-and-key” mechanism. Our results demonstrate that although genital morphology can clearly diverge among genetically isolated populations, divergence is not necessarily as rapid as commonly argued, and continuous directional sexual selection may not always underpin the evolutionary divergence of male genitalia.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-16},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Wojcieszek, Janine M. and Simmons, Leigh W.},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {sexual selection, genital morphology, Diplopoda, FST, PST, stabilizing selection},
	pages = {1138--1153},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/6999/Wojcieszek and Simmons - 2012 - Evidence for Stabilizing Selection and Slow Diverg.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7000/j.1558-5646.2011.01509.html:text/html}
}

@article{manierRapidDiversificationSperm2013,
	title = {Rapid diversification of sperm precedence traits and processes among three sibling {Drosophila} species},
	volume = {67},
	copyright = {© 2013 The Author(s). Evolution © 2013 The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evo.12117},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.12117},
	abstract = {Postcopulatory sexual selection is credited with driving rapid evolutionary diversification of reproductive traits and the formation of reproductive isolating barriers between species. This judgment, however, has largely been inferred rather than demonstrated due to general lack of knowledge about processes and traits underlying variation in competitive fertilization success. Here, we resolved processes determining sperm fate in twice-mated females, using transgenic Drosophila simulans and Drosophila mauritiana populations with fluorescently labeled sperm heads. Comparisons among these two species and Drosophila melanogaster revealed a shared motif in the mechanisms of sperm precedence, with postcopulatory sexual selection potentially occurring during any of the three discrete stages: (1) insemination; (2) sperm storage; and (3) sperm use for fertilization, and involving four distinct phenomena: (1) sperm transfer; (2) sperm displacement; (3) sperm ejection; and (4) sperm selection for fertilizations. Yet, underlying the qualitative similarities were significant quantitative differences in nearly every relevant character and process. We evaluate these species differences in light of concurrent investigations of within-population variation in competitive fertilization success and postmating/prezygotic reproductive isolation in hybrid matings between species to forge an understanding of the relationship between microevolutionary processes and macroevolutionary patterns as pertains to postcopulatory sexual selection in this group.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-05-16},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Manier, Mollie K. and Belote, John M. and Berben, Kirstin S. and Lüpold, Stefan and Ala‐Honkola, Outi and Collins, William F. and Pitnick, Scott},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {sperm competition, reproductive isolation, postcopulatory sexual selection, Cryptic female choice, fertilization, sperm storage},
	pages = {2348--2362},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7002/Manier et al. - 2013 - Rapid Diversification of Sperm Precedence Traits a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7003/evo.html:text/html}
}

@article{eberhardSexualSelectionStatic2018,
	title = {Sexual selection and static allometry: the importance of function},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0033-5770},
	shorttitle = {Sexual {Selection} and {Static} {Allometry}},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699410},
	doi = {10.1086/699410},
	abstract = {Many spectacular cases of biological diversity are associated with sexual selection, and structures under sexual selection often show positive static allometry: they are disproportionately large for the size of the animal’s body in larger individuals. Other sexually selected structures, however, show negative allometry or isometry. Theory fails to account for this variation and recent summaries do not agree regarding the frequency of positive allometry in sexually selected structures. We propose explanations for why sexually selected structures with different functions (courtship, threat signals, and weapons) should differ in allometry. Positive allometry is predicted for threat structures (including most weapons) because larger individuals tend to win fights and threat signals are used to avoid unwinnable fights with larger opponents, the reproductive payoffs for contests tend to be higher for larger males, and discriminating the sizes of relatively larger traits requires greater absolute differences due to Weber’s Law of sensory physiology. Male courtship signals, in contrast, convey many types of information, much of which is not consistently related to male size, so positive allometry is expected less often. We tested these predictions empirically by comparing the allometries of male structures with relatively “pure” functions. Our predictions were confirmed, thus helping to explain differences in previous empirical surveys.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-05-16},
	journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {Eberhard, William G. and Rodríguez, Rafael Lucas and Huber, Bernhard A. and Speck, Bretta and Miller, Henry and Buzatto, Bruno A. and Machado, Glauco},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {207--250},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7005/699410.html:text/html}
}

@article{mautzPenisSizeInteracts2013,
	title = {Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/110/17/6925},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1219361110},
	abstract = {Compelling evidence from many animal taxa indicates that male genitalia are often under postcopulatory sexual selection for characteristics that increase a male’s relative fertilization success. There could, however, also be direct precopulatory female mate choice based on male genital traits. Before clothing, the nonretractable human penis would have been conspicuous to potential mates. This observation has generated suggestions that human penis size partly evolved because of female choice. Here we show, based upon female assessment of digitally projected life-size, computer-generated images, that penis size interacts with body shape and height to determine male sexual attractiveness. Positive linear selection was detected for penis size, but the marginal increase in attractiveness eventually declined with greater penis size (i.e., quadratic selection). Penis size had a stronger effect on attractiveness in taller men than in shorter men. There was a similar increase in the positive effect of penis size on attractiveness with a more masculine body shape (i.e., greater shoulder-to-hip ratio). Surprisingly, larger penis size and greater height had almost equivalent positive effects on male attractiveness. Our results support the hypothesis that female mate choice could have driven the evolution of larger penises in humans. More broadly, our results show that precopulatory sexual selection can play a role in the evolution of genital traits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2019-05-16},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Mautz, Brian S. and Wong, Bob B. M. and Peters, Richard A. and Jennions, Michael D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {23569234},
	keywords = {genital evolution, multiple cues, multivariate attractiveness},
	pages = {6925--6930},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7007/Mautz et al. - 2013 - Penis size interacts with body shape and height to.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7009/6925.html:text/html}
}

@article{gilbertEffectsJuvenileInfection2016,
	title = {Effects of juvenile infection on adult immunity and secondary sexual characters in a wolf spider},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/27/3/946/2366211},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arv241},
	abstract = {Lay Summary.  Male wolf spiders infected with a pathogen as a juvenile have lower mating success and lower-quality sexual signaling traits but have higher adult},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Gilbert, Rachel and Karp, Richard D. and Uetz, George W.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {946--954},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7011/Gilbert et al. - 2016 - Effects of juvenile infection on adult immunity an.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7012/2366211.html:text/html}
}

@article{svobodovaSpermVariationGreat2018,
	title = {Sperm variation in {Great} {Tit} males ({Parus} major) is linked to a haematological health-related trait, but not ornamentation},
	volume = {159},
	issn = {2193-7206},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1559-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s10336-018-1559-7},
	abstract = {The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis (PLFH) proposes that both sexual ornaments and sperm traits are phenotypically plastic and co-affected by environmental factors through individual condition, resulting in a positive correlation between ornament expression and functional fertility. Ornaments may then serve females in the identification of the most fertile males. Despite intense research on the relationship between sexual characters and male ejaculate quality, published results are not consistent with the PLFH. The aim of our study was to test if sperm morphology is associated with sexual ornamentation and several health/condition-dependent traits in Great Tit males (Parus major). We evaluated the association between sperm morphology and two types of ornaments, carotenoid- and melanin-based ventral feather coloration, to evaluate predictions of the PLFH. As surrogates for condition and health/stress status, we used standardized male weight and the peripheral blood heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L). Also, we used the immature erythrocyte frequency as a trait linked to the rate of haematopoiesis, and presumably metabolism and pace of life. Our results support an association of sperm traits with health-related traits: the within-male variability in total sperm length was negatively related to the H/L ratio. This either suggests that birds maintaining low sperm variability may afford to invest more into heterophil production or, in contrast to the PLFH, there could be a trade-off between individual investment in reproduction (ejaculate quality) and the avoidance of long-term physiological stress. Contrary to the predictions of the PLFH we were unable to identify any parameter of sperm morphology associated with either body condition or the expression of male sexual traits. Thus, our study contributes to evidence rejecting the hypothesis of ornamental involvement in fertility selection, while giving weak support to the sperm competition theory.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	author = {Svobodová, Jana and Bauerová, Petra and Eliáš, Jiří and Velová, Hana and Vinkler, Michal and Albrecht, Tomáš},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Carotenoid coloration, Condition-dependent sexual signalling, Haematology, Melanin coloration, Sperm flagellum, Sperm length},
	pages = {815--822},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/7014/Svobodová et al. - 2018 - Sperm variation in Great Tit males (Parus major) i.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gilbertCourtshipMaleOrnaments2016,
	title = {Courtship and male ornaments as honest indicators of immune function},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347216300331},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.04.013},
	abstract = {Having an effective immune system can be very costly, sometimes at the expense of other important life history traits, including reproduction. This trade-off can be exaggerated in males of species that have costly sexual signalling, where condition-dependent components of the signalling system reflect the health status of the bearer. It is therefore vital for a male to be able to adequately balance the costs of activating the immune system successfully while also expressing high-quality sexual signals. We examined males of the brush-legged wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata to see whether static condition-dependent components of sexual signalling in adult males are indicative of health status (immune stress response, encapsulation) and whether female preference for these traits is influenced by infection. After experimental ingestion of a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), symmetry of male foreleg tuft (a secondary sexual trait) was found to predict the intensity of the subsequent infection, such that males with more asymmetrical tufts had higher levels of bacteria in the haemolymph. Females were equally likely to mate with infected and uninfected males in mating trials, but females that mated with infected males had bacteria in their haemolymph and on their body surface. Males that engaged in courtship had significantly lower encapsulation responses than males that did not engage in courtship, but among those males that courted, larger tuft size indicated a higher encapsulation response even after energetically costly courtship. These results indicate that females may be able to use static sexual signalling traits to examine a male's overall health, but females do not appear to discriminate against males who are actively infected, even though there is a direct cost to the female via the transfer of male infection.},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Gilbert, Rachel and Uetz, George W.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {courtship, immunocompetence, sexual signalling, infection, wolf spider},
	pages = {97--103},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7016/Gilbert and Uetz - 2016 - Courtship and male ornaments as honest indicators .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7017/S0003347216300331.html:text/html}
}

@article{meadQuantitativeGeneticModels2004,
	title = {Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534704000448},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.003},
	abstract = {Modeling of R.A. Fisher's ideas about the evolution of male ornamentation using quantitative genetics began in the 1980s. Following an initial period of enthusiasm, interest in these models began to wane when theoretical studies seemed to show that the rapid evolution of ornaments would not occur if there were costs associated with female mate choice. Recent theoretical work has shown, however, that runaway evolution and other kinds of extensive diversification of ornaments and preferences can occur, even when female choice is costly. These new models highlight crucial parameters that profoundly influence evolutionary trajectories, but these parameters have been neglected in empirical studies. Here, we review quantitative genetic models of sexual selection with the aim of fostering communication and synergism between theoretical and empirical enterprises. We also point out several areas in which additional empirical work could distinguish between alternative models of evolution.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-05-17},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Mead, Louise S. and Arnold, Stevan J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {264--271},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7019/Mead and Arnold - 2004 - Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7020/S0169534704000448.html:text/html}
}

@article{chandlerRunawaySexualSelection2013,
	title = {Runaway sexual selection leads to good genes},
	volume = {67},
	copyright = {© 2012 The Author(s). Evolution© 2012 The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01750.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01750.x},
	abstract = {Mate choice and sexual displays are widespread in nature, but their evolutionary benefits remain controversial. Theory predicts these traits can be favored by runaway sexual selection, in which preference and display reinforce one another due to genetic correlation; or by good genes benefits, in which mate choice is advantageous because extreme displays indicate a well-adapted genotype. However, these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and the adaptive benefits underlying mate choice can themselves evolve. In particular, examining how and why sexual displays become indicators of good genes is challenging in natural systems. Here, we use experimental evolution in “digital organisms” to demonstrate the origins of condition-dependent indicator displays following their spread due to a runaway process. Surprisingly, handicap-like costs are not necessary for displays to become indicators of male viability. Instead, a pleiotropic genetic architecture underlies both displays and viability. Runaway sexual selection and good genes benefits should thus be viewed as interacting mechanisms that reinforce one another.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-05-19},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Chandler, Christopher H. and Ofria, Charles and Dworkin, Ian},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {good genes, Fisherian runaway, indicator traits},
	pages = {110--119},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7022/Chandler et al. - 2013 - Runaway Sexual Selection Leads to Good Genes.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7023/j.1558-5646.2012.01750.html:text/html}
}

@misc{BarnardCollegeEcology2019,
	title = {Barnard {College} - {Ecology} {Lecture} {Notes}},
	url = {http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/web-pages/pce_notes.html},
	urldate = {2019-06-03},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	file = {Barnard College - Ecology Lecture Notes:files/7025/pce_notes.html:text/html}
}

@misc{PopulationEcologyLecture2019,
	title = {Population {Ecology} {Lecture} 22},
	url = {http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/popecol/marlects/lect22.html},
	urldate = {2019-06-03},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	file = {Population Ecology Lecture 22:files/7027/lect22.html:text/html}
}

@article{churchInsectEggSize2019,
	title = {Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate},
	volume = {571},
	copyright = {2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1302-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4},
	abstract = {Analyses of insect eggs as well as genetic and life-history traits of insects show that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, developmental rate or adult body size, underlies size and shape evolution.},
	language = {En},
	number = {7763},
	urldate = {2019-07-03},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Church, Samuel H. and Donoughe, Seth and Medeiros, Bruno A. S. de and Extavour, Cassandra G.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {58},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7029/Church et al. - 2019 - Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7030/s41586-019-1302-4.html:text/html}
}

@article{amitinInfluenceDevelopmentalEnvironment2007,
	title = {Influence of developmental environment on male- and female-mediated sperm precedence in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01184.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01184.x},
	abstract = {Length of the sperm flagellum and of the female's primary sperm-storage organ, the seminal receptacle (SR), exhibit a pattern of rapid correlated evolution in Drosophila and other lineages. Experimental evolution studies with Drosophila melanogaster indicate that these traits have coevolved through sexual selection, with length of the SR representing the proximal basis of female sire discrimination, biasing paternity according to sperm length. Here, we examine the impact of experimentally varying the developmental environment, including larval density and larval and adult nutrition, on sperm length, SR length and on the pattern of sperm precedence. Expression of SR length was far more sensitive to variation among developmental environments than was sperm length. Nevertheless, there was striking co-variation in sperm and SR length. The developmental environment of both females and second males, but not first males, significantly contributed to variation in male competitive fertilization success.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-07-23},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Amitin, E. G. and Pitnick, S.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {sexual selection, body size, sperm competition, condition dependence, sperm length, seminal receptacle},
	pages = {381--391},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7033/Amitin and Pitnick - 2007 - Influence of developmental environment on male- an.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7032/j.1420-9101.2006.01184.html:text/html}
}

@article{danchinCulturalFliesConformist2018,
	title = {Cultural flies: {Conformist} social learning in fruitflies predicts long-lasting mate-choice traditions},
	volume = {362},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	shorttitle = {Cultural flies},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6418/1025},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aat1590},
	abstract = {Trendsetting flies
Though once believed to be confined to humans, culture has now been demonstrated in many different animal species, from whales to parrots. Most such animals have high levels of cognition, but the basics of transmission and copying could easily occur in less cognitively advanced species. Danchin et al. show that mating culture can be passed on in Drosophila and model the process by which this occurs (see the Perspective by Whiten). Their results suggest that culture and copying may be much more widespread across the animal kingdom than previously believed.
Science, this issue p. 1025; see also p. 998
Fruitflies establish a culture of preferred mates.
Fruitflies establish a culture of preferred mates.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6418},
	urldate = {2019-07-23},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Danchin, Etienne and Nöbel, Sabine and Pocheville, Arnaud and Dagaeff, Anne-Cecile and Demay, Léa and Alphand, Mathilde and Ranty-Roby, Sarah and Renssen, Lara van and Monier, Magdalena and Gazagne, Eva and Allain, Mélanie and Isabel, Guillaume},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {30498121},
	pages = {1025--1030},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7035/Danchin et al. - 2018 - Cultural flies Conformist social learning in frui.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7036/1025.html:text/html}
}

@article{dionRoleLearningInsect2019,
	title = {The {Role} of {Learning} on {Insect} and {Spider} {Sexual} {Behaviors}, {Sexual} {Trait} {Evolution}, and {Speciation}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2296-701X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00225/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fevo.2018.00225},
	abstract = {We review experimental and theoretical evidence that learning in insects and spiders affects the expression of mate preferences and of sexual signals, the evolution of both traits, and ultimately patterns of assortative mating and speciation. Both males and females can modify their sexual preferences and signaling based on previous social interactions or the experience of visual, olfactory, gustatory, or auditory signals. Learning takes place during an early life exposure, previous personal sexual experiences or by observing the choices of others, and it can occur sometimes via very short (a few seconds) exposures to individuals or signals. We briefly review some of the molecular mechanisms that mediate learning in insects, as well as theoretical work that assesses how learning impacts the evolution of insect sexual traits and speciation. We suggest that future research should attempt to provide evidence of the adaptive nature of learning, which remains scarce in insects as well as in vertebrates, and explore further the mechanisms of learning in order to probe into their possible transgenerational inheritance. Future studies should also model how this process might further affect the evolution of sexual traits, and provide a unifying terminology for the underlying mechanisms of learning across diverse life-history contexts.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-07-23},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Dion, Emilie and Monteiro, Antónia and Nieberding, Caroline M.},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {mate choice, preference, Adaptive value, Selectivity, Sexual selection, signal, social experience},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7039/Dion et al. - 2019 - The Role of Learning on Insect and Spider Sexual B.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{monierDopamineSerotoninAre2019,
	title = {Dopamine and {Serotonin} {Are} {Both} {Required} for {Mate}-{Copying} in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1662-5153},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00334/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00334},
	abstract = {Mate-copying is a form of social learning in which the mate-choice decision of an individual (often a female) is influenced by the mate-choice of conspecifics. Drosophila melanogaster females are known to perform such social learning, and in particular, to mate-copy after a single observation of one conspecific female mating with a male of one phenotype, while the other male phenotype is rejected. Here, we show that this form of social learning is dependent on serotonin and dopamine. Using a pharmacological approach, we reduced dopamine or serotonin synthesis in adult virgin females with 3-iodotyrosine (3-IY) and DL-para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) respectively, and then tested their mate-copying performance. We found that, while control females without drug treatment copied the choice of the demonstrator, drug-treated females with reduced dopamine or serotonin chose randomly. To ensure the specificity of the drugs, the direct precursors of the neurotransmitters, either the dopamine precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) or the serotonin precursor 5-L-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were given together with the drug (respectively 3-IY and PCPA) resulting in a full rescue of the mate-copying defects. This indicates that dopamine and serotonin are both required for mate-copying. These results give a first insight into the mechanistic pathway underlying this form of social learning in D. melanogaster.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-07-23},
	journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
	author = {Monier, Magdalena and Nöbel, Sabine and Danchin, Etienne and Isabel, Guillaume},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {mate choice, 3-iodotyrosine, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa), 5-L-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), DL-para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), l-3, Social learning, Social Memory},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7041/Monier et al. - 2019 - Dopamine and Serotonin Are Both Required for Mate-.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{nationalacademiespressusSexspecificReportingScientific2012,
	title = {Sex-specific reporting of scientific research: {A} workshop summary.},
	collaborator = {National Academies Press (US)},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{ahmadSexDifferencesRole2017,
	title = {Sex differences in the role of phospholipase {A2}-dependent arachidonic acid pathway in the perivascular adipose tissue function in pigs},
	volume = {595},
	issn = {0022-3751},
	doi = {10.1113/jp274831},
	number = {21},
	journal = {The Journal of Physiology},
	author = {Ahmad, Abdulla A. and Randall, Michael D. and Roberts, Richard E.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {6623--6634}
}

@article{beckerFemaleRatsAre2016,
	title = {Female rats are not more variable than male rats: a meta-analysis of neuroscience studies},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2042-6410},
	doi = {10.1186/s13293-016-0087-5},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Biology of Sex Differences},
	author = {Becker, Jill B. and Prendergast, Brian J. and Liang, Jing W.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {34},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/7138/Becker et al. - 2016 - Female rats are not more variable than male rats .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bondurianskySexualSelectionSexual2008,
	title = {Sexual selection, sexual conflict and the evolution of ageing and life span},
	volume = {22},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01417.x},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Bonduriansky, R. and Maklakov, Alexei A. and Zajitschek, F. and Brooks, R.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: bonduriansky2008sexual},
	pages = {443--453}
}

@article{claytonStudyingBothSexes2015,
	title = {Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0892-6638},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The FASEB Journal},
	author = {Clayton, Janine Austin},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: claytonStudyingBothSexes2015a},
	pages = {519--524},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7590/Clayton - 2015 - Studying both sexes a guiding principle for biome.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7591/fj.html:text/html}
}

@article{claytonPolicyNIHBalance2014,
	title = {Policy: {NIH} to balance sex in cell and animal studies},
	volume = {509},
	issn = {1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking)},
	number = {7500},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Clayton, J. A. and Collins, F. S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Male, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Female, *Animal Experimentation/standards, *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics, *Research Design/standards, *Sex Characteristics, *Sex Ratio, Animals, Laboratory, Biomedical Research/economics/*methods/standards, Cell Line, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology, Financing, Organized/organization \& administration, Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy/pathology, Neurons/cytology/drug effects/pathology, Peer Review, Research/standards, Substance-Related Disorders/drug therapy/physiopathology, United States},
	pages = {282--3}
}

@article{delisleCorrelatedEvolutionAllometry2013,
	title = {Correlated evolution of allometry and sexual dimorphism across higher taxa},
	volume = {182},
	issn = {1537-5323 (Electronic) 0003-0147 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1086/673282},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	author = {De Lisle, S. P. and Rowe, L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Male, Regression Analysis, Sex Characteristics, Animals, Biological Evolution, Models, Biological, Mating Preference, Animal, *Biological Evolution, Linear Models, Female, Phenotype, *Sex Characteristics, Amphibians/*anatomy \& histology/genetics, Body Size, Phylogeny, Amphibians},
	pages = {630--9}
}

@article{dickinsonHighthroughputDiscoveryNovel2016,
	title = {High-throughput discovery of novel developmental phenotypes},
	volume = {537},
	doi = {10.1038/nature19356 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19356#supplementary-information},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Dickinson, Mary E. and Flenniken, Ann M. and Ji, Xiao and Teboul, Lydia and Wong, Michael D. and White, Jacqueline K. and Meehan, Terrence F. and Weninger, Wolfgang J. and Westerberg, Henrik and Adissu, Hibret and Baker, Candice N. and Bower, Lynette and Brown, James M. and Caddle, L. Brianna and Chiani, Francesco and Clary, Dave and Cleak, James and Daly, Mark J. and Denegre, James M. and Doe, Brendan and Dolan, Mary E. and Edie, Sarah M. and Fuchs, Helmut and Gailus-Durner, Valerie and Galli, Antonella and Gambadoro, Alessia and Gallegos, Juan and Guo, Shiying and Horner, Neil R. and Hsu, Chih-Wei and Johnson, Sara J. and Kalaga, Sowmya and Keith, Lance C. and Lanoue, Louise and Lawson, Thomas N. and Lek, Monkol and Mark, Manuel and Marschall, Susan and Mason, Jeremy and McElwee, Melissa L. and Newbigging, Susan and Nutter, Lauryl M. J. and Peterson, Kevin A. and Ramirez-Solis, Ramiro and Rowland, Douglas J. and Ryder, Edward and Samocha, Kaitlin E. and Seavitt, John R. and Selloum, Mohammed and Szoke-Kovacs, Zsombor and Tamura, Masaru and Trainor, Amanda G. and Tudose, Ilinca and Wakana, Shigeharu and Warren, Jonathan and Wendling, Olivia and West, David B. and Wong, Leeyean and Yoshiki, Atsushi and The International Mouse Phenotyping, Consortium and McKay, Matthew and Urban, Barbara and Lund, Caroline and Froeter, Erin and LaCasse, Taylor and Mehalow, Adrienne and Gordon, Emily and Donahue, Leah Rae and Taft, Robert and Kutney, Peter and Dion, Stephanie and Goodwin, Leslie and Kales, Susan and Urban, Rachel and Palmer, Kristina and Pertuy, Fabien and Bitz, Deborah and Weber, Bruno and Goetz-Reiner, Patrice and Jacobs, Hughes and Le Marchand, Elise and El Amri, Amal and El Fertak, Leila and Ennah, Hamid and Ali-Hadji, Dalila and Ayadi, Abdel and Wattenhofer-Donze, Marie and Jacquot, Sylvie and André, Philippe and Birling, Marie-Christine and Pavlovic, Guillaume and Sorg, Tania and Morse, Iva and Benso, Frank and Stewart, Michelle E. and Copley, Carol and Harrison, Jackie and Joynson, Samantha and Guo, Ruolin and Qu, Dawei and Spring, Shoshana and Yu, Lisa and Ellegood, Jacob and Morikawa, Lily and Shang, Xueyuan and Feugas, Pat and Creighton, Amie and Castellanos Penton, Patricia and Danisment, Ozge and Griggs, Nicola and Tudor, Catherine L. and Green, Angela L. and Icoresi Mazzeo, Cecilia and Siragher, Emma and Lillistone, Charlotte and Tuck, Elizabeth and Gleeson, Diane and Sethi, Debarati and Bayzetinova, Tanya and Burvill, Jonathan and Habib, Bishoy and Weavers, Lauren and Maswood, Ryea and Miklejewska, Evelina and Woods, Michael and Grau, Evelyn and Newman, Stuart and Sinclair, Caroline and Brown, Ellen and Ayabe, Shinya and Iwama, Mizuho and Murakami, Ayumi and Wurst, Wolfgang and MacArthur, Daniel G. and Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco P. and Gao, Xiang and Flicek, Paul and Bradley, Allan and Skarnes, William C. and Justice, Monica J. and Parkinson, Helen E. and Moore, Mark and Wells, Sara and Braun, Robert E. and Svenson, Karen L. and de Angelis, Martin Hrabe and Herault, Yann and Mohun, Tim and Mallon, Ann-Marie and Henkelman, R. Mark and Brown, Steve D. M. and Adams, David J. and Lloyd, K. C. Kent and McKerlie, Colin and Beaudet, Arthur L. and Bućan, Maja and Murray, Stephen A.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {508}
}

@article{dorrisIntrinsicExcitabilityVaries2015,
	title = {Intrinsic excitability varies by sex in prepubertal striatal medium spiny neurons},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0022-3077},
	doi = {10.1152/jn.00687.2014},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},
	author = {Dorris, D. M. and Cao, J. Y. and Willett, J. A. and Hauser, C. A. and Meitzen, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {720--729}
}

@book{fairbairnSexSizeGender2007,
	address = {Oxford, UK},
	title = {Sex, size and gender roles: {Evolutionary} studies of sexual size dimorphism},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Fairbairn, Daphne J. and Blanckenhorn, Wolf U. and Székely, Tamás},
	year = {2007}
}

@article{fisherRobumetaRpackageRobust2015,
	title = {robumeta: {An} {R}-package for robust variance estimation in meta-analysis},
	journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.02220},
	author = {Fisher, Zachary and Tipton, Elizabeth},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{flanaganSexualDimorphismBiomedical2014,
	title = {Sexual dimorphism in biomedical research: a call to analyse by sex},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0035-9203},
	doi = {10.1093/trstmh/tru079},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.},
	author = {Flanagan, K. L.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Male, Humans, Female, *Sex Characteristics, Biomedical Research/*methods, Chromosomes, Human, X/physiology, Immunity, Immunity/*physiology, Infections, MicroRNAs, Sex Chromosomes/physiology, Sex hormones, Vaccines, X chromosome},
	pages = {385--7}
}

@article{foltinSexDifferencesAnorexigenic2018,
	title = {Sex differences in the anorexigenic effects of dexfenfluramine and amphetamine in baboons},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1936-2293(Electronic),1064-1297(Print)},
	doi = {10.1037/pha0000201},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Foltin, Richard W. and Evans, Suzette M.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Amphetamine, *Animal Feeding Behavior, *Animal Sex Differences, *Baboons, Food Intake},
	pages = {335--340}
}

@article{gilksSexDifferencesDisease2014,
	title = {Sex differences in disease genetics: evidence, evolution, and detection},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0168-9525 (Print) 0168-9525 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tig.2014.08.006},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Trends Genet.},
	author = {Gilks, W. P. and Abbott, J. K. and Morrow, E. H.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Male, Animals, Humans, Biological Evolution, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Female, Phenotype, *Genetic Variation, *Sex Factors, Alleles, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Diseases, Inborn/*genetics, Genetic Pleiotropy, Genome-Wide Association Study},
	pages = {453--63}
}

@article{ingvorsenRoleSexBody2017,
	title = {The role of sex and body weight on the metabolic effects of high-fat diet in {C57BL}/{6N} mice},
	volume = {7},
	doi = {10.1038/nutd.2017.6 https://www.nature.com/articles/nutd20176#supplementary-information},
	journal = {Nutrition \&Amp; Diabetes},
	author = {Ingvorsen, C. and Karp, N. A. and Lelliott, C. J.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {e261}
}

@article{jacksonDoesAgeMatter2017,
	title = {Does age matter? {The} impact of rodent age on study outcomes},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1758-1117 (Electronic) 0023-6772 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1177/0023677216653984},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Lab Anim},
	author = {Jackson, S. J. and Andrews, N. and Ball, D. and Bellantuono, I. and Gray, J. and Hachoumi, L. and Holmes, A. and Latcham, J. and Petrie, A. and Potter, P. and Rice, A. and Ritchie, A. and Stewart, M. and Strepka, C. and Yeoman, M. and Chapman, K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pmcid = {PMC5367550},
	keywords = {age, Animals, senescence, Age Factors, experimental design, development, *Aging, Biomedical Research/*methods/standards, Mice/*physiology, Rats/*physiology, rodent, Terminology as Topic},
	pages = {160--169}
}

@article{jamesCovariancesRelativesDue1973,
	title = {Covariances between relatives due to sex-linked genes},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0006-341X (Print) 0006-341x},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {James, J. W.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1973},
	keywords = {Genotype, Male, Animals, Genes, Gene Frequency, Biometry, Female, *Genetic Linkage, *Probability},
	pages = {584--8}
}

@article{karpPrevalenceSexualDimorphism2017,
	title = {Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2041-1723 (Electronic) 2041-1723 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms15475},
	journal = {Nature Communication},
	author = {Karp, N. A. and Mason, J. and Beaudet, A. L. and Benjamini, Y. and Bower, L. and Braun, R. E. and Brown, S. D. M. and Chesler, E. J. and Dickinson, M. E. and Flenniken, A. M. and Fuchs, H. and Angelis, M. H. and Gao, X. and Guo, S. and Greenaway, S. and Heller, R. and Herault, Y. and Justice, M. J. and Kurbatova, N. and Lelliott, C. J. and Lloyd, K. C. K. and Mallon, A. M. and Mank, J. E. and Masuya, H. and McKerlie, C. and Meehan, T. F. and Mott, R. F. and Murray, S. A. and Parkinson, H. and Ramirez-Solis, R. and Santos, L. and Seavitt, J. R. and Smedley, D. and Sorg, T. and Speak, A. O. and Steel, K. P. and Svenson, K. L. and International Mouse Phenotyping, Consortium and Wakana, S. and West, D. and Wells, S. and Westerberg, H. and Yaacoby, S. and White, J. K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pmcid = {PMC5490203},
	pages = {15475}
}

@article{kleinOpinionSexInclusion2015,
	title = {Opinion: {Sex} inclusion in basic research drives discovery},
	volume = {112},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1502843112},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Klein, Sabra L. and Schiebinger, Londa and Stefanick, Marcia L. and Cahill, Larry and Danska, Jayne and de Vries, Geert J. and Kibbe, Melina R. and McCarthy, Margaret M. and Mogil, Jeffrey S. and Woodruff, Teresa K. and Zucker, Irving},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {5257--5258}
}

@article{nihConsiderationSexBiological2015,
	title = {Consideration of sex as a biological variable in {NIH}-funded research},
	volume = {Notice NOT-OD-15-102},
	author = {NIH},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015}
}

@article{nihEnhancingReproducibilityRigor2015,
	title = {Enhancing reproducibility through rigor and transparency},
	volume = {Notice NOT-OD-15-103},
	author = {NIH},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015}
}

@article{poissantSexspecificGeneticVariance2010,
	title = {Sex-specific genetic variance and the evolution of sexual dimorphism: a systematic review of cross-sex genetic correlations},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1558-5646 (Electronic) 0014-3820 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00793.x},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Poissant, J. and Wilson, A. J. and Coltman, D. W.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Male, Humans, *Biological Evolution, Female, *Sex Characteristics},
	pages = {97--107}
}

@article{prendergastFemaleMiceLiberated2014,
	title = {Female mice liberated for inclusion in neuroscience and biomedical research},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1873-7528 (Electronic) 0149-7634 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.001},
	journal = {Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.},
	author = {Prendergast, B. J. and Onishi, K. G. and Zucker, I.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: prendergastFemaleMiceLiberated2014a},
	keywords = {Male, Animals, Female, Sex differences, *Sex Characteristics, *Biomedical Research, *Neurosciences, Females, Males, Mice, Sex bias},
	pages = {1--5},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7340/Prendergast et al. - 2014 - Female mice liberated for inclusion in neuroscienc.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7339/S0149763414000049.html:text/html}
}

@misc{rcoreteamLanguageEnvironmentStatistical2017a,
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	title = {R: {A} language and environment for statistical computing.},
	publisher = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
	author = {R Core Team},
	year = {2017}
}

@article{reinholdVariabilitySexChromosomes2013,
	title = {The variability is in the sex chromosomes},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1558-5646 (Electronic) 0014-3820 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.12224},
	abstract = {Sex differences in the mean trait expression are well documented, not only for traits that are directly associated with reproduction.
Less is known about how the variability of traits differs between males and females. In species with sex chromosomes and dosage
compensation, the heterogametic sex is expected to show larger trait variability (“sex-chromosome hypothesis”), yet this central
prediction, based on fundamental genetic principles, has never been evaluated in detail. Here we show that in species with
heterogametic males, male variability in body size is significantly larger than in females, whereas the opposite can be shown for
species with heterogametic females. These results support the prediction of the sex-chromosome hypothesis that individuals of the
heterogametic sex should be more variable. We argue that the pattern demonstrated here for sex-specific body size variability is
likely to apply to any trait and needs to be considered when testing predictions about sex-specific variability and sexual selection.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Reinhold, K. and Engqvist, L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {sexual selection, Male, Sex Factors, Sex Characteristics, Animals, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, sexual dimorphism, dosage compensation, Female, Body Size, *Genetic Variation, Birds/anatomy \& histology/*genetics, genetic sex determination, Germ Cells/cytology, Insecta/anatomy \& histology/*genetics, Mammals/anatomy \& histology/*genetics, phenotypic variability, Sex Chromosomes/*genetics, Body size},
	pages = {3662--8},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7215/Reinhold and Engqvist - 2013 - The Variability Is in the Sex Chromosomes.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7214/evo.html:text/html}
}

@article{ritchieSexDifferencesAdult2018,
	title = {Sex differences in the adult human brain: {Evidence} from 5216 {UK} {Biobank} participants},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1047-3211},
	doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhy109},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Cereb Cortex},
	author = {Ritchie, S. J. and Cox, S. R. and Shen, X. and Lombardo, M. V. and Alloza, C. and Harris, M. A. and Alderson, H. L. and Hunter, S. and Neilson, E. and Liewald, D. C. M. and Auyeung, B. and Whalley, H. C. and Lawrie, S. M. and Gale, C. R. and Bastin, M. E. and McIntosh, A. M. and Deary, I. J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pmcid = {PMC6041980},
	pages = {2959--2975}
}

@article{robinsonSexdependentIntestinalReplication2017,
	title = {Sex-dependent intestinal replication of an enteric virus},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0022-538x},
	doi = {10.1128/jvi.02101-16},
	language = {eng},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of Virology},
	author = {Robinson, C. M. and Wang, Y. and Pfeiffer, J. K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pmcid = {PMC5355612},
	keywords = {Male, Sex Characteristics, Animals, Female, *coxsackievirus B3, *intestine, *pathogenesis, *sex hormones, *Virus Replication, Enterovirus Infections/immunology/*virology, Enterovirus/*physiology, Intestines/immunology/*virology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics}
}

@article{shanskyConsideringSexBiological2016,
	title = {Considering sex as a biological variable will be valuable for neuroscience research},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1529-2401 (Electronic) 0270-6474 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1390-16.2016},
	number = {47},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Shansky, R. M. and Woolley, C. S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	pmcid = {PMC5125240},
	keywords = {Male, Animals, Humans, Female, *Sex Characteristics, United States, *Sex Factors, Biomedical Research/*standards, National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*standards, Neurosciences/*standards, Research Design/*standards, Research Support as Topic/*standards},
	pages = {11817--11822}
}

@article{smarrSexDifferencesVariability2017,
	title = {Sex differences in variability across timescales in {BALB}/c mice},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2042-6410},
	doi = {10.1186/s13293-016-0125-3},
	journal = {Biology of Sex Differences},
	author = {Smarr, B. L. and Grant, A. D. and Zucker, I. and Prendergast, B. J. and Kriegsfeld, L. J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017}
}

@article{tarkaSexDifferencesLife2018,
	title = {Sex differences in life history, behavior, and physiology along a slow-fast continuum: a meta-analysis},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {0340-5443 (Print) 0340-5443},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-018-2534-2},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Behav Ecol Sociobiol},
	author = {Tarka, M. and Guenther, A. and Niemela, P. T. and Nakagawa, S. and Noble, D. W. A.},
	year = {2018},
	pmcid = {PMC6060830},
	keywords = {Sexual selection, Life history, of interest., Pace-of-life, Pace-of-life syndrome, Phenotypic variation, Sexual dimorphism},
	pages = {132}
}

@article{viechtbauerConductingMetaanalysesMetafor2010,
	title = {Conducting meta-analyses in {R} with the metafor package},
	volume = {36},
	doi = {10.18637/jss.v036.i03},
	journal = {J Stat Softw},
	author = {Viechtbauer, W.},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{zengLongtermCorrelatedResponse1988,
	title = {Long-term correlated response, interpopulation covariation, and interspecific allometry},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {00143820, 15585646},
	doi = {10.2307/2409239},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Zeng, Zhao-Bang},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {363--374}
}

@article{beerySexBiasNeuroscience2011,
	title = {Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0149-7634},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008499/},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002},
	abstract = {Female mammals have long been neglected in biomedical research. The NIH mandated enrollment of women in human clinical trials in 1993, but no similar initiatives exist to foster research on female animals. We reviewed sex bias in research on mammals in 10 biological fields for 2009 and their historical precedents. Male bias was evident in 8 disciplines and most prominent in neuroscience, with single-sex studies of male animals outnumbering those of females 5.5 to 1. In the past half-century, male bias in non-human studies has increased while declining in human studies. Studies of both sexes frequently fail to analyze results by sex. Underrepresentation of females in animal models of disease is also commonplace, and our understanding of female biology is compromised by these deficiencies. The majority of articles in several journals are conducted on rats and mice to the exclusion of other useful animal models. The belief that non-human female mammals are intrinsically more variable than males and too troublesome for routine inclusion in research protocols is without foundation. We recommend that when only one sex is studied, this should be indicated in article titles, and that funding agencies favor proposals that investigate both sexes and analyze data by sex.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-07-29},
	journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
	author = {Beery, Annaliese K. and Zucker, Irving},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {20620164},
	pmcid = {PMC3008499},
	pages = {565--572},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/7129/Beery and Zucker - 2011 - Sex Bias in Neuroscience and Biomedical Research.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{fritzSimilarReliabilityEquivalent2017,
	title = {Similar reliability and equivalent performance of female and male mice in the open field and water‐maze place navigation task},
	volume = {175},
	issn = {1552-4868},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5638061/},
	doi = {10.1002/ajmg.c.31565},
	abstract = {Although most nervous system diseases affect women and men differentially, most behavioral studies using mouse models do not include subjects of both sexes. Many researchers worry that data of female mice may be unreliable due to the estrous cycle. Here, we retrospectively evaluated sex effects on coefficient of variation (CV) in 5,311 mice which had performed the same place navigation protocol in the water‐maze and in 4,554 mice tested in the same open field arena. Confidence intervals for Cohen's d as measure of effect size were computed and tested for equivalence with 0.2 as equivalence margin. Despite the large sample size, only few behavioral parameters showed a significant sex effect on CV. Confidence intervals of effect size indicated that CV was either equivalent or showed a small sex difference at most, accounting for less than 2\% of total group to group variation of CV. While female mice were potentially slightly more variable in water‐maze acquisition and in the open field, males tended to perform less reliably in the water‐maze probe trial. In addition to evaluating variability, we also directly compared mean performance of female and male mice and found them to be equivalent in both water‐maze place navigation and open field exploration. Our data confirm and extend other large scale studies in demonstrating that including female mice in experiments does not cause a relevant increase of data variability. Our results make a strong case for including mice of both sexes whenever open field or water‐maze are used in preclinical research.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-07-29},
	journal = {American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics},
	author = {Fritz, Ann‐Kristina and Amrein, Irmgard and Wolfer, David P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28654717},
	pmcid = {PMC5638061},
	pages = {380--391},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/7132/Fritz et al. - 2017 - Similar reliability and equivalent performance of .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{itohAreFemalesMore2015,
	title = {Are females more variable than males in gene expression? {Meta}-analysis of microarray datasets},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2042-6410},
	shorttitle = {Are females more variable than males in gene expression?},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640155/},
	doi = {10.1186/s13293-015-0036-8},
	abstract = {Background
The majority of preclinical biomedical research involves studies of males rather than females. It is thought that researchers have avoided females based on the idea that female traits are more variable than those of males because of cyclic variation in effects of ovarian hormones.

Methods
To test the assumption of inherently greater female variability, we analyzed 293 microarray datasets measuring gene expression in various tissues of mice and humans, comprising analysis of more than 5 million probes.

Results
Meta-analysis showed that on average, male gene expression is slightly more variable than that of females although the difference is small. We also tested if the X chromosome of humans shows greater variability in gene expression in males than in females, as might be expected because of hemizygous exposure of polymorphic X alleles but again found little sex difference.

Conclusion
Our analysis supports and extends previous studies reporting no overall greater phenotypic variability in females.

Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0036-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.},
	urldate = {2019-07-29},
	journal = {Biology of Sex Differences},
	author = {Itoh, Yuichiro and Arnold, Arthur P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {26557976},
	pmcid = {PMC4640155},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/7135/Itoh and Arnold - 2015 - Are females more variable than males in gene expre.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{coiroSexGenderBias2019,
	title = {Sex and gender bias in the experimental neurosciences: the case of the maternal immune activation model},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {2019 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2158-3188},
	shorttitle = {Sex and gender bias in the experimental neurosciences},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-019-0423-8},
	doi = {10.1038/s41398-019-0423-8},
	abstract = {Recent and rapidly developing movements relating to the increasing awareness and reports of gender bias, discrimination, and abuse have reached the academic environments. The consideration that negative attitudes toward women and abuse of power creates a hostile environment for female scientists, facilitating sexual harassment and driving women out of science, can be easily related to. Rationally inaccessible gender biases are not only evident at the level of the researchers, but are also paralleled by a corresponding imbalance at the level of the research subjects. Here, we focus on the maternal immune activation (MIA) animal model to illustrate exemplarily the current state of ex-/inclusion of female research subjects and the consideration of sex as biological variable in the basic neurosciences. We demonstrate a strong sex disparity with a major emphasis on male animals in studies examining behavioral and neurochemical alterations in MIA offspring. We put forward the hypothesis that this neglect of female subjects in basic research may stem from a hard-wired sex/gender bias, which may also be reflected in a similar attitude toward female scientists. We suggest exploring the possibility that by dismantling sex bias and male dominance in basic research one would get an additional handle on favorably modifying the perception and appreciation for women in science.},
	language = {En},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-07-29},
	journal = {Translational Psychiatry},
	author = {Coiro, Pierluca and Pollak, Daniela D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {90},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7140/Coiro and Pollak - 2019 - Sex and gender bias in the experimental neuroscien.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7146/Coiro and Pollak - 2019 - Sex and gender bias in the experimental neuroscien.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7141/s41398-019-0423-8.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7147/s41398-019-0423-8.html:text/html}
}

@misc{SexPowerOUTLINE,
	title = {sex\_and\_power\_OUTLINE},
	url = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FFZDZtoP1xhIhHZBgJ-AqB6D0_tdVKRr7ua6Tm8QUP4/edit?usp=drive_web&ouid=112195111553452961289&usp=embed_facebook},
	abstract = {Sex and Power: sexual dimorphism in trait variability and its evolutionary and statistical implications  Zajitschek, S.R.K.1, Zajitschek, F.1, Bonduriansky, R. 1, Brooks, R.1, Cornwell, W.1, Falster, D.1, Lagisz, M. 1, Mason, J.2, Noble, D.3, Senior, A. 4, S. Nakagawa1 1 Evolution \& Ecology Resea...},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2019-07-29},
	journal = {Google Docs},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7143/edit.html:text/html}
}

@article{feingoldSexDifferencesVariability1992,
	title = {Sex differences in variability in intellectual abilities: a new look at an old controversy},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0034-6543},
	shorttitle = {Sex {Differences} in {Variability} in {Intellectual} {Abilities}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062001061},
	doi = {10.3102/00346543062001061},
	abstract = {Contemporary research on sex differences in intellectual abilities has focused on male-female differences in average performance, implicitly assuming homogeneity of variance. To examine the validity of that assumption, this article examined sex differences in variability on the national norms of several standardized test batteries. Males were consistently more variable than females in quantitative reasoning, spatial visualization, spelling, and general knowledge. Because these sex differences in variability were coupled with corresponding sex differences in means, it was demonstrated that sex differences in variability and sex differences in central tendency have to be considered together to form correct conclusions about the magnitude of cognitive gender differences.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-07-30},
	journal = {Review of Educational Research},
	author = {Feingold, Alan},
	month = mar,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {61--84},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7150/Feingold - 1992 - Sex Differences in Variability in Intellectual Abi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ardenSexDifferencesVariance2006,
	title = {Sex differences in variance of intelligence across childhood},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0191-8869},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886906000420},
	doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.027},
	abstract = {Why are males over-represented at the upper extremes of intelligence? One possibility for which there is some empirical support is that variance is greater among adult males. There is little published evidence of the development of that variability – is it manifest in early childhood or does it develop later? We explored sex differences in phenotypic variance in scores on a general ability factor extracted from several tests of verbal and non-verbal ability at ages 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 10 (Ns from {\textgreater}10,000 to {\textgreater}2000) in a sample of British children. We found greater variance, by Levene’s test of homogeneity of variance, among boys at every age except age two despite the girls’ mean advantage from ages two to seven. Girls are significantly over-represented, as measured by chi-square tests, at the high tail and boys at the low tail at ages 2, 3 and 4. By age 10 the boys have a higher mean, greater variance and are over-represented in the high tail. Sex differences in variance emerge early – even before pre-school – suggesting that they are not determined by educational influences.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-07-30},
	journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
	author = {Arden, Rosalind and Plomin, Robert},
	month = jul,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Sex differences, Intelligence, Sexual selection, Variance},
	pages = {39--48},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7152/S0191886906000420.html:text/html}
}

@article{johnsonSexDifferencesVariability2008,
	title = {Sex differences in variability in general intelligence: a new look at the old question},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1745-6916},
	shorttitle = {Sex {Differences} in {Variability} in {General} {Intelligence}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00096.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00096.x},
	abstract = {The idea that general intelligence may be more variable in males than in females has a long history. In recent years it has been presented as a reason that there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, yet males tend to be overrepresented at both the top and bottom ends of its overall, presumably normal, distribution. Clear analysis of the actual distribution of general intelligence based on large and appropriately population-representative samples is rare, however. Using two population-wide surveys of general intelligence in 11-year-olds in Scotland, we showed that there were substantial departures from normality in the distribution, with less variability in the higher range than in the lower. Despite mean IQ-scale scores of 100, modal scores were about 105. Even above modal level, males showed more variability than females. This is consistent with a model of the population distribution of general intelligence as a mixture of two essentially normal distributions, one reflecting normal variation in general intelligence and one refecting normal variation in effects of genetic and environmental conditions involving mental retardation. Though present at the high end of the distribution, sex differences in variability did not appear to account for sex differences in high-level achievement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-07-30},
	journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
	author = {Johnson, Wendy and Carothers, Andrew and Deary, Ian J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {518--531},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7154/Johnson et al. - 2008 - Sex Differences in Variability in General Intellig.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hedgesSexDifferencesMental1995,
	title = {Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and numbers of high-scoring individuals},
	volume = {269},
	copyright = {© 1995},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/269/5220/41},
	doi = {10.1126/science.7604277},
	abstract = {Sex differences in central tendency, variability, and numbers of high scores on mental tests have been extensively studied. Research has not always seemed to yield consistent results, partly because most studies have not used representative samples of national populations. An analysis of mental test scores from six studies that used national probability samples provided evidence that although average sex differences have been generally small and stable over time, the test scores of males consistently have larger variance. Except in tests of reading comprehension, perceptual speed, and associative memory, males typically outnumber females substantially among high-scoring individuals.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5220},
	urldate = {2019-07-30},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Hedges, L. V. and Nowell, A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7604277},
	pages = {41--45},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7156/41.html:text/html}
}

@article{machinGlobalSexDifferences2008,
	title = {Global {Sex} {Differences} in {Test} {Score} {Variability}},
	volume = {322},
	copyright = {© 2008 American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/322/5906/1331},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1162573},
	abstract = {International testing results show greater variance in boys' scores than in girls' scores.
International testing results show greater variance in boys' scores than in girls' scores.
International testing results show greater variance in boys' scores than in girls' scores.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5906},
	urldate = {2019-07-30},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Machin, Stephen and Pekkarinen, Tuomas},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {19039123},
	pages = {1331--1332},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7159/1331.html:text/html}
}

@article{hydeGenderCultureMathematics2009,
	title = {Gender, culture, and mathematics performance},
	volume = {106},
	copyright = {© 2009},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/22/8801},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0901265106},
	abstract = {Using contemporary data from the U.S. and other nations, we address 3 questions: Do gender differences in mathematics performance exist in the general population? Do gender differences exist among the mathematically talented? Do females exist who possess profound mathematical talent? In regard to the first question, contemporary data indicate that girls in the U.S. have reached parity with boys in mathematics performance, a pattern that is found in some other nations as well. Focusing on the second question, studies find more males than females scoring above the 95th or 99th percentile, but this gender gap has significantly narrowed over time in the U.S. and is not found among some ethnic groups and in some nations. Furthermore, data from several studies indicate that greater male variability with respect to mathematics is not ubiquitous. Rather, its presence correlates with several measures of gender inequality. Thus, it is largely an artifact of changeable sociocultural factors, not immutable, innate biological differences between the sexes. Responding to the third question, we document the existence of females who possess profound mathematical talent. Finally, we review mounting evidence that both the magnitude of mean math gender differences and the frequency of identification of gifted and profoundly gifted females significantly correlate with sociocultural factors, including measures of gender equality across nations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2019-07-30},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Hyde, Janet S. and Mertz, Janet E.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19487665},
	keywords = {exceptional talent, gender gap index, greater male variability hypothesis, International Mathematical Olympiad, Programme for International Student Assessment},
	pages = {8801--8807},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7162/Hyde and Mertz - 2009 - Gender, culture, and mathematics performance.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7163/8801.html:text/html}
}

@article{thompsonPrenatalHypoxiaImpairs2018,
	title = {Prenatal hypoxia impairs cardiac mitochondrial and ventricular function in guinea pig offspring in a sex-related manner},
	volume = {315},
	issn = {1522-1490},
	doi = {10.1152/ajpregu.00224.2018},
	abstract = {Adverse intrauterine conditions cause fetal growth restriction and increase the risk of adult cardiovascular disease. We hypothesize that intrauterine hypoxia impairs fetal heart function, is sustained after birth, and manifests as both cardiac and mitochondrial dysfunction in offspring guinea pigs (GPs). Pregnant GPs were exposed to 10.5\% O2 (HPX) at 50 days of gestation (full term = 65 days) or normoxia (NMX) for the duration of the pregnancy. Pups were allowed to deliver vaginally and raised in a NMX environment. At 90 days of age, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in anesthetized GPs. NMX and prenatally HPX offspring underwent echocardiographic imaging for in vivo measurement of left ventricular cardiac morphology and function, and O2 consumption rates and complex IV enzyme activity were measured from isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria, respectively. Prenatal HPX increased ( P {\textless} 0.01) MAP (52.3 ± 1.3 and 58.4 ± 1.1 mmHg in NMX and HPX, respectively) and decreased ( P {\textless} 0.05) stroke volume (439.8 ± 54.5 and 289.4 ± 15.8 μl in NMX and HPX, respectively), cardiac output (94.4 ± 11.2 and 67.3 ± 3.8 ml/min in NMX and HPX, respectively), ejection fraction, and fractional shortening in male, but not female, GPs. HPX had no effect on left ventricular wall thickness or end-diastolic volume in either sex. HPX reduced mitochondrial maximal respiration and respiratory reserve capacity and complex IV activity rates in hearts of male, but not female, GPs. Prenatal HPX is a programming stimulus that increases MAP and decreases cardiac and mitochondrial function in male offspring. Sex-related differences in the contractile and mitochondrial responses suggest that female GPs are protected from cardiovascular programming of prenatal HPX.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology},
	author = {Thompson, Loren P. and Chen, Ling and Polster, Brian M. and Pinkas, Gerard and Song, Hong},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {30365351},
	pmcid = {PMC6425638},
	keywords = {heart, hypoxia, mitochondria, programming, ventricular function},
	pages = {R1232--R1241}
}

@misc{Netflix,
	title = {Netflix},
	url = {https://www.netflix.com/browse},
	urldate = {2019-07-30},
	file = {Netflix:files/7168/browse.html:text/html}
}

@article{bondurianskyIntralocusSexualConflict2009,
	title = {Intralocus sexual conflict},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.12.005},
	abstract = {Intralocus sexual conflict occurs when selection on a shared trait in one sex displaces the other sex from its phenotypic optimum. It arises because many shared traits have a common genetic basis but undergo contrasting selection in the sexes. A recent surge of interest in this evolutionary tug of war has yielded evidence of such conflicts in laboratory and natural populations. Here we highlight outstanding questions about the causes and consequences of intralocus sexual conflict at the genomic level, and its long-term implications for sexual coevolution. Whereas recent thinking has focussed on the role of intralocus sexual conflict as a brake on sexual coevolution, we urge a broader appraisal that also takes account of its potential to drive adaptive evolution and speciation.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Bonduriansky, Russell and Chenoweth, Stephen F.},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19307043},
	keywords = {Selection, Genetic, Sex Characteristics, Animals, Biological Evolution, Adaptation, Physiological, Reproduction},
	pages = {280--288}
}

@article{champagneInterplayPaternalGermline2019,
	title = {Interplay between paternal germline and maternal effects in shaping development: {The} overlooked importance of behavioural ecology},
	issn = {0269-8463, 1365-2435},
	shorttitle = {Interplay between paternal germline and maternal effects in shaping development},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.13411},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.13411},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-08-13},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Champagne, Frances A.},
	editor = {Joly, Dominque},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1365--2435.13411},
	file = {Champagne - 2019 - Interplay between paternal germline and maternal e.pdf:files/7174/Champagne - 2019 - Interplay between paternal germline and maternal e.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lehtoJointMaternalPaternal2019,
	title = {Joint maternal and paternal stress increases the cortisol in their daughters’ eggs},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1522-0613},
	url = {http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/abstracts/v20/3170.html},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-08-13},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
	author = {Lehto, Whitley R. and Tinghitella, Robin M.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {133--144},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7177/Lehto and Tinghitella - 2019 - Joint maternal and paternal stress increases the c.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7178/3170.html:text/html}
}

@article{kaneDebunkingMythsGender2012,
	title = {Debunking myths about gender and mathematics performance},
	volume = {59},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Notices of the AMS},
	author = {Kane, Jonathan M. and Mertz, Janet E.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {10--21}
}

@article{reillyInvestigatingGenderDifferences2019,
	title = {Investigating {Gender} {Differences} in {Mathematics} and {Science}: {Results} from the 2011 {Trends} in {Mathematics} and {Science} {Survey}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1573-1898},
	shorttitle = {Investigating {Gender} {Differences} in {Mathematics} and {Science}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-017-9630-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s11165-017-9630-6},
	abstract = {The underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-related fields remains a concern for educators and the scientific community. Gender differences in mathematics and science achievement play a role, in conjunction with attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs. We report results from the 2011 Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), a large international assessment of eighth grade students’ achievement, attitudes, and beliefs among 45 participating nations (N = 261,738). Small- to medium-sized gender differences were found for most individual nations (from d = −.60 to +.31 in mathematics achievement, and d = −.60 to +.26 for science achievement), although the direction varied and there were no global gender differences overall. Such a pattern cross-culturally is incompatible with the notion of immutable gender differences. Additionally, there were different patterns between OECD and non-OECD nations, with girls scoring higher than boys in mathematics and science achievement across non-OECD nations. An association was found between gender differences in science achievement and national levels of gender equality, providing support for the gender segregation hypothesis. Furthermore, the performance of boys was more variable than that of girls in most nations, consistent with the greater male variability hypothesis. Boys reported more favorable attitudes towards mathematics and science, and girls reported lower self-efficacy beliefs. While the gender gap in STEM achievement may be closing, there are still large sections of the world where differences remain.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-08-13},
	journal = {Research in Science Education},
	author = {Reilly, David and Neumann, David L. and Andrews, Glenda},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Education, Gender differences, Mathematics, Meta-analysis, Science},
	pages = {25--50},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/7181/Reilly et al. - 2019 - Investigating Gender Differences in Mathematics an.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{leslieExpectationsBrillianceUnderlie2015,
	title = {Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines},
	volume = {347},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6219/262},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1261375},
	abstract = {Women's participation and attitudes to talent
Some scientific disciplines have lower percentages of women in academia than others. Leslie et al. hypothesized that general attitudes about the discipline would reflect the representation of women in those fields (see the Perspective by Penner). Surveys revealed that some fields are believed to require attributes such as brilliance and genius, whereas other fields are believed to require more empathy or hard work. In fields where people thought that raw talent was required, academic departments had lower percentages of women.
Science, this issue p. 262; see also p. 234
The gender imbalance in STEM subjects dominates current debates about women’s underrepresentation in academia. However, women are well represented at the Ph.D. level in some sciences and poorly represented in some humanities (e.g., in 2011, 54\% of U.S. Ph.D.’s in molecular biology were women versus only 31\% in philosophy). We hypothesize that, across the academic spectrum, women are underrepresented in fields whose practitioners believe that raw, innate talent is the main requirement for success, because women are stereotyped as not possessing such talent. This hypothesis extends to African Americans’ underrepresentation as well, as this group is subject to similar stereotypes. Results from a nationwide survey of academics support our hypothesis (termed the field-specific ability beliefs hypothesis) over three competing hypotheses.
General opinions about talent versus effort hold sway over representation of women in academic departments. [Also see Perspective by Penner]
General opinions about talent versus effort hold sway over representation of women in academic departments. [Also see Perspective by Penner]},
	language = {en},
	number = {6219},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Leslie, Sarah-Jane and Cimpian, Andrei and Meyer, Meredith and Freeland, Edward},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25593183},
	pages = {262--265},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7183/Leslie et al. - 2015 - Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distrib.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7184/262.html:text/html}
}

@article{lindbergNewTrendsGender2010,
	title = {New trends in gender and mathematics performance: {A} meta-analysis},
	volume = {136},
	issn = {1939-1455(Electronic),0033-2909(Print)},
	shorttitle = {New trends in gender and mathematics performance},
	doi = {10.1037/a0021276},
	abstract = {In this article, we use meta-analysis to analyze gender differences in recent studies of mathematics performance. First, we meta-analyzed data from 242 studies published between 1990 and 2007, representing the testing of 1,286,350 people. Overall, d = 0.05, indicating no gender difference, and variance ratio = 1.08, indicating nearly equal male and female variances. Second, we analyzed data from large data sets based on probability sampling of U.S. adolescents over the past 20 years: the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the Longitudinal Study of American Youth, and the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Effect sizes for the gender difference ranged between –0.15 and +0.22. Variance ratios ranged from 0.88 to 1.34. Taken together, these findings support the view that males and females perform similarly in mathematics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
	author = {Lindberg, Sara M. and Hyde, Janet Shibley and Petersen, Jennifer L. and Linn, Marcia C.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Mathematics, Human Sex Differences, Mathematics Achievement, Trends},
	pages = {1123--1135},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/7188/Lindberg et al. - 2010 - New trends in gender and mathematics performance .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7187/2010-22162-004.html:text/html}
}

@article{bayeGenderDifferencesVariability2016,
	title = {Gender differences in variability and extreme scores in an international context},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2196-0739},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-015-0015-x},
	doi = {10.1186/s40536-015-0015-x},
	abstract = {This study examines gender differences in the variability of student performance in reading, mathematics and science. Twelve databases from IEA and PISA were used to analyze gender differences within an international perspective from 1995 to 2015. Effect sizes and variance ratios were computed. The main results are as follows. (1) Gender differences vary by content area, students' educational levels, and students’ proficiency levels. The gender differences at the extreme tails of the distribution are often more substantial than the gender differences at the mean. (2) Exploring the extreme tails of the distributions shows that the situation of the weakest males in reading is a real matter of concern. In mathematics and science, males are more frequently among the highest performing students. (3) The “greater male variability hypothesis” is confirmed.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Large-scale Assessments in Education},
	author = {Baye, Ariane and Monseur, Christian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1},
	file = {Full Text:files/7191/Baye and Monseur - 2016 - Gender differences in variability and extreme scor.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7190/s40536-015-0015-x.html:text/html}
}

@article{waiSexDifferencesRight2010,
	title = {Sex differences in the right tail of cognitive abilities: {A} 30year examination},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0160-2896},
	shorttitle = {Sex differences in the right tail of cognitive abilities},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289610000346},
	doi = {10.1016/j.intell.2010.04.006},
	abstract = {One factor in the debate surrounding the underrepresentation of women in science technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) involves male–female mathematical ability differences in the extreme right tail (top 1\% in ability). The present study provides male–female ability ratios from over 1.6million 7th grade students in the right tail (top 5\% in ability) across 30years (1981–2010) using multiple measures of math, verbal, and writing ability and science reasoning from the SAT and ACT. Male–female ratios in mathematical reasoning are substantially lower than 30years ago, but have been stable over the last 20years and still favor males. Over the last two decades males showed a stable or slightly increasing advantage in science reasoning. However, more females scored in the extreme right tail of verbal reasoning and writing ability tests. The potential role of sociocultural factors on changes in the male–female ability ratios is discussed and the introduction of science reasoning as a potential new factor in the debate is proposed. The implications of continued sex differences in math and science reasoning is discussed within the context of the many important interlocking factors surrounding the debate on the underrepresentation of women in STEM.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Intelligence},
	author = {Wai, Jonathan and Cacchio, Megan and Putallaz, Martha and Makel, Matthew C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Sex differences, Cognitive abilities, Historical examination, Sociocultural factors, STEM},
	pages = {412--423},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7194/Wai et al. - 2010 - Sex differences in the right tail of cognitive abi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7193/S0160289610000346.html:text/html}
}

@article{lakinSexDifferencesReasoning2013,
	title = {Sex differences in reasoning abilities: {Surprising} evidence that male–female ratios in the tails of the quantitative reasoning distribution have increased},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0160-2896},
	shorttitle = {Sex differences in reasoning abilities},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289613000457},
	doi = {10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.004},
	abstract = {Sex differences in cognitive abilities, particularly at the extremes of ability distributions, have important implications for the participation of men and women in highly valued and technical career fields. Although negligible mean differences have been found in many domains, differences in variability and high ratios of males to females in the tails of the ability distribution have been found in a number of studies and across domains. A few studies have also observed trends over time, with some noting the decreasing ratios of boys to girls in the highest levels of mathematics test performance. In this study, sex differences in means, variances, and ratios were evaluated in four cohorts (1984, 1992, 2000, and 2011) in verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal/figural reasoning domains as measured by the Cognitive Abilities Test. Samples included US students in grades 3–11. Overall, the results were consistent with previous research, showing small mean differences in the three domains, but considerably greater variability for males. The most surprising finding was that, contrary to related research, the ratio of males to females in the upper tail of the quantitative reasoning distribution seemed to increase over time. Explanations for this finding are explored.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Intelligence},
	author = {Lakin, Joni M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Sex differences, Cognitive abilities, STEM, Quantitative reasoning, Secular trends},
	pages = {263--274},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7197/Lakin - 2013 - Sex differences in reasoning abilities Surprising.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7196/S0160289613000457.html:text/html}
}

@article{halpernScienceSexDifferences2007,
	title = {The science of sex differences in science and mathematics},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1529-1006},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x},
	abstract = {Amid ongoing public speculation about the reasons for sex differences in careers in science and mathematics, we present a consensus statement that is based on the best available scientific evidence. Sex differences in science and math achievement and ability are smaller for the mid-range of the abilities distribution than they are for those with the highest levels of achievement and ability. Males are more variable on most measures of quantitative and visuospatial ability, which necessarily results in more males at both high- and low-ability extremes; the reasons why males are often more variable remain elusive. Successful careers in math and science require many types of cognitive abilities. Females tend to excel in verbal abilities, with large differences between females and males found when assessments include writing samples. High-level achievement in science and math requires the ability to communicate effectively and comprehend abstract ideas, so the female advantage in writing should be helpful in all academic domains. Males outperform females on most measures of visuospatial abilities, which have been implicated as contributing to sex differences on standardized exams in mathematics and science. An evolutionary account of sex differences in mathematics and science supports the conclusion that, although sex differences in math and science performance have not directly evolved, they could be indirectly related to differences in interests and specific brain and cognitive systems. We review the brain basis for sex differences in science and mathematics, describe consistent effects, and identify numerous possible correlates. Experience alters brain structures and functioning, so causal statements about brain differences and success in math and science are circular. A wide range of sociocultural forces contribute to sex differences in mathematics and science achievement and ability—including the effects of family, neighborhood, peer, and school influences; training and experience; and cultural practices. We conclude that early experience, biological factors, educational policy, and cultural context affect the number of women and men who pursue advanced study in science and math and that these effects add and interact in complex ways. There are no single or simple answers to the complex questions about sex differences in science and mathematics.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Psychological Science in the Public Interest},
	author = {Halpern, Diane F. and Benbow, Camilla P. and Geary, David C. and Gur, Ruben C. and Hyde, Janet Shibley and Gernsbacher, Morton Ann},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1--51},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7199/Halpern et al. - 2007 - The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Math.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{voyerGenderDifferencesScholastic2014,
	title = {Gender differences in scholastic achievement: {A} meta-analysis},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {1939-1455(Electronic),0033-2909(Print)},
	shorttitle = {Gender differences in scholastic achievement},
	doi = {10.1037/a0036620},
	abstract = {A female advantage in school marks is a common finding in education research, and it extends to most course subjects (e.g., language, math, science), unlike what is found on achievement tests. However, questions remain concerning the quantification of these gender differences and the identification of relevant moderator variables. The present meta-analysis answered these questions by examining studies that included an evaluation of gender differences in teacher-assigned school marks in elementary, junior/middle, or high school or at the university level (both undergraduate and graduate). The final analysis was based on 502 effect sizes drawn from 369 samples. A multilevel approach to meta-analysis was used to handle the presence of nonindependent effect sizes in the overall sample. This method was complemented with an examination of results in separate subject matters with a mixed-effects meta-analytic model. A small but significant female advantage (mean d = 0.225, 95\% CI [0.201, 0.249]) was demonstrated for the overall sample of effect sizes. Noteworthy findings were that the female advantage was largest for language courses (mean d = 0.374, 95\% CI [0.316, 0.432]) and smallest for math courses (mean d = 0.069, 95\% CI [0.014, 0.124]). Source of marks, nationality, racial composition of samples, and gender composition of samples were significant moderators of effect sizes. Finally, results showed that the magnitude of the female advantage was not affected by year of publication, thereby contradicting claims of a recent “boy crisis” in school achievement. The present meta-analysis demonstrated the presence of a stable female advantage in school marks while also identifying critical moderators. Implications for future educational and psychological research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
	author = {Voyer, Daniel and Voyer, Susan D.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Human Sex Differences, Academic Achievement, Meta Analysis},
	pages = {1174--1204},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7201/2014-15035-001.html:text/html}
}

@article{mendlIntegrativeFunctionalFramework2010,
	title = {An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood},
	volume = {277},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2010.0303},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.0303},
	abstract = {A better understanding of animal emotion is an important goal in disciplines ranging from neuroscience to animal welfare science. The conscious experience of emotion cannot be assessed directly, but neural, behavioural and physiological indicators of emotion can be measured. Researchers have used these measures to characterize how animals respond to situations assumed to induce discrete emotional states (e.g. fear). While advancing our understanding of specific emotions, this discrete emotion approach lacks an overarching framework that can incorporate and integrate the wide range of possible emotional states. Dimensional approaches that conceptualize emotions in terms of universal core affective characteristics (e.g. valence (positivity versus negativity) and arousal) can provide such a framework. Here, we bring together discrete and dimensional approaches to: (i) offer a structure for integrating different discrete emotions that provides a functional perspective on the adaptive value of emotional states, (ii) suggest how long-term mood states arise from short-term discrete emotions, how they also influence these discrete emotions through a bi-directional relationship and how they may function to guide decision-making, and (iii) generate novel hypothesis-driven measures of animal emotion and mood.},
	number = {1696},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Mendl, Michael and Burman, Oliver H. P. and Paul, Elizabeth S.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: mendlIntegrativeFunctionalFramework2010},
	pages = {2895--2904},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7203/Mendl Michael et al. - 2010 - An integrative and functional framework for the st.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7381/Mendl et al. - 2010 - An integrative and functional framework for the st.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7204/rspb.2010.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7382/rspb.2010.html:text/html}
}

@article{mendlDogsShowingSeparationrelated2010,
	title = {Dogs showing separation-related behaviour exhibit a ‘pessimistic’ cognitive bias},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982210010201},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.030},
	abstract = {Summary
Up to five million pet dogs in the UK (∼50\% of the population) may, at some stage of their lives, perform undesirable separation-related behaviour (SRB) when left home alone [1], including vocalising, destruction and toileting [2]. Some owners perceive their dog to be ‘fine’ or even ‘happy’ when performing SRB [3], a few seek professional help [1], and others relinquish the dog [4]. Given the magnitude of the issue and the varied perceptions and behaviour of owners, the underlying emotional (affective) states of dogs showing SRB, and hence their welfare, requires elucidation. Whilst most dogs are believed to be anxious when showing SRB 1, 2, it is uncertain whether their background affective state (mood) when they are not separated is also negative [1]. Here we use a new ‘cognitive bias’ measure of animal affect to show that dogs which exhibit high levels of SRB in a separation test also appear to have a more negative underlying mood.},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Mendl, Michael and Brooks, Julie and Basse, Christine and Burman, Oliver and Paul, Elizabeth and Blackwell, Emily and Casey, Rachel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {R839--R840},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7207/Mendl et al. - 2010 - Dogs showing separation-related behaviour exhibit .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7206/S0960982210010201.html:text/html}
}

@article{parkerIntersectionGenderSocial2019,
	title = {The intersection of gender, social class, and cultural context: a meta-analysis},
	issn = {1573-336X},
	shorttitle = {The {Intersection} of {Gender}, {Social} {Class}, and {Cultural} {Context}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09493-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10648-019-09493-1},
	abstract = {Expectancy value theory is often evoked by educational psychologists to explain gender differences in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) variables. Yet gender does not operate in isolation. Nor are gender effects likely to be context free. In the current meta-analysis, we explore gender differences in STEM-related expectancy for success, and the task values of intrinsic, utility, attainment, and cost. We find that gender differences were generally small in size. Invoking the concept of intersectionality, we find that heterogeneity in gender effect sizes are large and gender differences are moderated, primarily, by socioeconomic status, ethnic diversity, and somewhat by national gender equality.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	journal = {Educational Psychology Review},
	author = {Parker, Philip D. and Van Zanden, Brooke and Marsh, Herbert W. and Owen, Katherine and Duineveld, Jasper J. and Noetel, Michael},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Gender differences, Expectancy value theory, Intersectionality, STEM education},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/7209/Parker et al. - 2019 - The Intersection of Gender, Social Class, and Cult.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wymanMaleBiasDistributions2014,
	title = {Male {Bias} in {Distributions} of {Additive} {Genetic}, {Residual}, and {Phenotypic} {Variances} of {Shared} {Traits}.},
	volume = {184},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/677310},
	doi = {10.1086/677310},
	abstract = {Despite a shared genetic architecture between males and females, sexual differences are widespread. The extent of this shared genetic architecture, reflected in the intersexual genetic correlation, has previously been correlated with the extent of phenotypic sexual dimorphism in shared traits. However, the magnitude of the difference in sex-specific additive genetic variances may also fuel sexual dimorphism. To explore the correlation between additive genetic variance dimorphism and phenotypic dimorphism, we conducted a literature search. We targeted traits expressed in both sexes and excluded sex-limited traits. The mean difference between the sexes in additive genetic variance was not significantly different from 0. However, the distribution of the sexual difference in additive genetic variance had a significant male-biased skew. This pattern persists even after removing traits explicitly related to reproduction. Furthermore, male traits had more residual and phenotypic variance than homologous female traits (as measured by both the mean and the skew), and this difference was not necessarily due to the difference between sexual traits and nonsexual traits. We found no evidence that sex chromosome system could explain sex differences in additive genetic, nonadditive genetic, or phenotypic variances. Finally, we found a significant correlation between the extent of sexual dimorphism in additive genetic variances and the extent of phenotypic sexual dimorphism. Understanding why traits have sex-specific patterns of variation awaits further investigation.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-08-21},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Wyman, Minyoung J. and Rowe, Locke},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {326--337},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7218/Wyman and Rowe - 2014 - Male Bias in Distributions of Additive Genetic, Re.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7219/677310.html:text/html}
}

@article{griffinGeneticArchitectureSexual2015,
	title = {The genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism},
	url = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-258986},
	abstract = {DiVA portal is a finding tool for research publications and student theses written at the following 49 universities and research institutions.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2019-08-21},
	author = {Griffin, Robert},
	year = {2015},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7221/Griffin - 2015 - The genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7222/record.html:text/html}
}

@article{james353NoteCovariances1973,
	title = {353. {Note}: {Covariances} {Between} {Relatives} due to {Sex}-{Linked} {Genes}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0006-341X},
	shorttitle = {353. {Note}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2529178},
	doi = {10.2307/2529178},
	abstract = {A common misconception concerning the contribution of sex-linked genes to covariances between relatives of unlike sex is shown to be due to a failure to distinguish between monoploid and diploid populations, and a table for use in the case of additive sex-linked variation is presented.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-08-21},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	author = {James, J. W.},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {584--588}
}

@article{archerVariabilityMalesSexually2003,
	title = {Variability among males in sexually selected attributes},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1089-2680},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.3.219},
	doi = {10.1037/1089-2680.7.3.219},
	abstract = {Greater male than female variability is found in behavioral and morphological traits in animals. A theory that greater male variability is associated with variability in parental investment is described and contrasted with sexual strategies theory, which posits no sex differences in variability. Predictions from the theories were tested through meta-analyses of variance ratios for data sets involving sexually selected characteristics (physical aggression and 5 aspects of mate choice) and 2 unlikely to have resulted from sexual selection (anger and self-esteem). Variation was significantly greater among men than women in 5 of the 6 former data sets and was similar for men and women in the latter 2 data sets, broadly supporting the predictions. A further analysis extends the theory to intellectual abilities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-08-26},
	journal = {Review of General Psychology},
	author = {Archer, John and Mehdikhani, Mani},
	month = sep,
	year = {2003},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: archerVariabilityMalesSexually2003a},
	pages = {219--236},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7225/Archer and Mehdikhani - 2003 - Variability among Males in Sexually Selected Attri.pdf:application/pdf;SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7300/Archer and Mehdikhani - 2003 - Variability among Males in Sexually Selected Attri.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{fairbairnAllometrySexualSize2005,
	title = {Allometry for sexual size dimorphism: testing two hypotheses for {Rensch}'s rule in the water strider {Aquarius} remigis},
	volume = {166 Suppl 4},
	issn = {1537-5323},
	shorttitle = {Allometry for sexual size dimorphism},
	doi = {10.1086/444600},
	abstract = {Within any given clade, male size and female size typically covary, but male size often varies more than female size. This generates a pattern of allometry for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) known as Rensch's rule. I use allometry for SSD among populations of the water strider Aquarius remigis (Hemiptera, Gerridae) to test the hypothesis that Rensch's rule evolves in response to sexual selection on male secondary sexual traits and an alternative hypothesis that it is caused by greater phenotypic plasticity of body size in males. Comparisons of three populations reared under two temperature regimes are combined with an analysis of allometry for genital and somatic components of body size among 25 field populations. Contrary to the sexual-selection hypothesis, genital length, the target of sexual selection, shows the lowest allometric slope of all the assayed traits. Instead, the results support a novel interpretation of the differential-plasticity hypothesis: that the traits most closely associated with reproductive fitness (abdomen length in females and genital length in males) are "adaptively canalized." While this hypothesis is unlikely to explain Rensch's rule among species or higher clades, it may explain widespread patterns of intraspecific variation in SSD recently documented for many insect species.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Fairbairn, Daphne J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16224713},
	keywords = {Male, Selection, Genetic, Sex Characteristics, Animals, Models, Biological, Female, Phenotype, Body Size, Heteroptera},
	pages = {S69--84}
}

@article{wagner-schumanRaceSexRelatedDifferences2011,
	title = {Race- and {Sex}-{Related} {Differences} in {Retinal} {Thickness} and {Foveal} {Pit} {Morphology}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1552-5783},
	url = {https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2128073},
	doi = {10.1167/iovs.10-5886},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-08-30},
	journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology \& Visual Science},
	author = {Wagner-Schuman, Melissa and Dubis, Adam M. and Nordgren, Rick N. and Lei, Yuming and Odell, Daniel and Chiao, Hellen and Weh, Eric and Fischer, William and Sulai, Yusufu and Dubra, Alfredo and Carroll, Joseph},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {625--634},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7235/Wagner-Schuman et al. - 2011 - Race- and Sex-Related Differences in Retinal Thick.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7236/article.html:text/html}
}

@article{wagnerSexGenderbasedDifferences2008,
	title = {Sex- and gender-based differences in healthy and diseased eyes},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {1529-1839},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1529183908004776},
	doi = {10.1016/j.optm.2008.01.024},
	abstract = {Purpose
The aim of this study was to identify sex- and gender-based differences in ocular anatomy, physiology, and disease susceptibility or manifestation.
Methods
Review of current indexed literature was conducted.
Results
Sex and sex hormones influence the lacrimal system, eyelids and blinking, corneal anatomy and disease, aqueous humor dynamics and glaucoma, crystalline lens and cataract, uveitis and retinal disease, ocular circulation, and optic nerve anatomy and disease. Systemic conditions, particularly autoimmune disease, and conditions that are unique to women, such as pregnancy and menopause, further illustrate the effects of sex hormones on the eye. Gender-based differences in ocular conditions and disease should be considered within the context of the underlying physical and social environment.
Conclusions
Many sex- and gender-based differences exist in healthy and diseased eyes.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-08-30},
	journal = {Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association},
	author = {Wagner, Heidi and Fink, Barbara A. and Zadnik, Karla},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Gender, Eye diseases, Hormones, Ocular physiology, Sex},
	pages = {636--652},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7239/Wagner et al. - 2008 - Sex- and gender-based differences in healthy and d.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7238/S1529183908004776.html:text/html}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalezTransgenerationalEffectsSexual2015,
	title = {Transgenerational effects of sexual interactions and sexual conflict: non-sires boost the fecundity of females in the following generation},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2015.0067},
	abstract = {The consequences of sexual interactions extend beyond the simple production of offspring. These interactions typically entail direct effects on female fitness, but may also impact the life histories of later generations. Evaluating the cross-generational effects of sexual interactions provides insights into the dynamics of sexual selection and conflict. Such studies can elucidate whether offspring fitness optima diverge across sexes upon heightened levels of sexual interaction among parents. Here, we found that, in Drosophila melanogaster, components of reproductive success in females, but not males, were contingent on the nature of sexual interactions experienced by their mothers. In particular, maternal sexual interactions with non-sires enhanced female fecundity in the following generation. This highlights the importance of non-sire influences of sexual interactions on the expression of offspring life histories.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Garcia-Gonzalez, Francisco and Dowling, Damian K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	note = {WOS:000351223900010},
	keywords = {indirect genetic effects, sexual selection, indirect benefits, polyandry, sexual conflict, drosophila-melanogaster, costs, parental effects, Drosophila   melanogaster, fitness benefits, interacting phenotypes, male seminal fluid, offspring viability},
	pages = {20150067}
}

@article{dowlingMaternalSexualInteractions2014,
	title = {Maternal sexual interactions affect offspring survival and ageing},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.12276},
	abstract = {In many species, females exposed to increased sexual activity experience reductions in longevity. Here, in Drosophila melanogaster, we report an additional effect on females brought about by sexual interactions, an effect that spans generations. We subjected females to a sexual treatment consisting of different levels of sexual activity and then investigated patterns of mortality in their offspring. We found reduced probabilities of survival, increases in the rate of senescence and a pattern of reduced mean longevities, for offspring produced by mothers that experienced higher levels of sexual interaction. We contend that these effects constitute trans-generational costs of sexual conflict - the existence or implications of which have rarely been considered previously. Our results indicate that ongoing exposure by mothers to male precopulatory interactions is itself sufficient to drive trans-generational effects on offspring mortality. Thus, we show that increases in maternal sexual activity can produce trans-generational effects that permeate through to latter life stages in the offspring. This helps to elucidate the complex interplay between sex and ageing and provides new insights into the dynamics of adaptation under sexual selection.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Dowling, D. K. and Williams, B. R. and Garcia-Gonzalez, F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	note = {WOS:000329254500009},
	keywords = {good-genes, sexual selection, evolution, indirect benefits, fitness, life-history, polyandry, maternal effects, sexual conflict, drosophila-melanogaster, ageing, costs, conflict, natural-selection, trans-generational, lifespan, female   resistance, indirect costs, socially monogamous passerines},
	pages = {88--97}
}

@article{evansLifetimeNumberMates2012,
	title = {Lifetime {Number} of {Mates} {Interacts} with {Female} {Age} to {Determine} {Reproductive} {Success} in {Female} {Guppies}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0047507},
	abstract = {In many species, mating with multiple males confers benefits to females, but these benefits may be offset by the direct and indirect costs associated with elevated mating frequency. Although mating frequency (number of mating events) is often positively associated with the degree of multiple mating (actual number of males mated), most studies have experimentally separated these effects when exploring their implications for female fitness. In this paper I describe an alternative approach using the guppy Poecilia reticulata, a livebearing freshwater fish in which females benefit directly and indirectly from mating with multiple males via consensual matings but incur direct and indirect costs of mating as a consequence of male sexual harassment. In the present study, females were experimentally assigned different numbers of mates throughout their lives in order to explore how elevated mating frequency and multiple mating combine to influence lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and survival (i.e. direct components of female fitness). Under this mating design, survival and LRS were not significantly affected by mating treatment, but there was a significant interaction between brood size and reproductive cycle (a correlate of female age) because females assigned to the high mating treatment produced significantly fewer offspring later in life compared to their low-mating counterparts. This negative effect of mating treatment later in life may be important in these relatively long-lived fishes, and this effect may be further exacerbated by the known cross-generational fitness costs of sexual harassment in guppies.},
	language = {English},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Evans, Jonathan P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	note = {WOS:000309809500051},
	keywords = {evolution, population, fitness, polyandry, sperm competition, multiple paternity, mating frequency, offspring viability, benefits, sexual-harassment},
	pages = {e47507}
}

@article{tuniModerateMultipleParentage2012,
	title = {Moderate {Multiple} {Parentage} and {Low} {Genetic} {Variation} {Reduces} the {Potential} for {Genetic} {Incompatibility} {Avoidance} {Despite} {High} {Risk} of {Inbreeding}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0029636},
	abstract = {Background: Polyandry is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. In the absence of direct benefits of mating with different males, the underlying basis for polyandry is enigmatic because it can carry considerable costs such as elevated exposure to sexual diseases, physical injury or other direct fitness costs. Such costs may be balanced by indirect genetic benefits to the offspring of polyandrous females. We investigated polyandry and patterns of parentage in the spider Stegodyphus lineatus. This species experiences relatively high levels of inbreeding as a result of its spatial population structure, philopatry and limited male mating dispersal. Polyandry may provide an opportunity for post mating inbreeding avoidance that reduces the risk of genetic incompatibilities arising from incestuous matings. However, multiple mating carries direct fitness costs to females suggesting that genetic benefits must be substantial to counter direct costs. Methodology/Principal Findings: Genetic parentage analyses in two populations from Israel and a Greek island, showed mixed-brood parentage in approximately 50\% of the broods. The number of fathers ranged from 1-2 indicating low levels of multiple parentage and there was no evidence for paternity bias in mixed-broods from both populations. Microsatellite loci variation suggested limited genetic variation within populations, especially in the Greek island population. Relatedness estimates among females in the maternal generation and potentially interacting individuals were substantial indicating full-sib and half-sib relationships. Conclusions/Significance: Three lines of evidence indicate limited potential to obtain substantial genetic benefits in the form of reduced inbreeding. The relatively low frequency of multiple parentage together with low genetic variation among potential mates and the elevated risk of mating among related individuals as corroborated by our genetic data suggest that there are limited actual outbreeding opportunities for polyandrous females. Polyandry in S. lineatus is thus unlikely to be maintained through adaptive female choice.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Plos One},
	author = {Tuni, Cristina and Goodacre, Sara and Bechsgaard, Jesper and Bilde, Trine},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	note = {WOS:000301123400078},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, mate choice, reproductive success, polyandrous females, sperm selection, computer-program, molecular evidence, stegodyphus-lineatus eresidae, wild   populations},
	pages = {e29636}
}

@article{millsFITNESSTRADEOFFSMEDIATED2010,
	title = {{FITNESS} {TRADE}-{OFFS} {MEDIATED} {BY} {IMMUNOSUPPRESSION} {COSTS} {IN} {A} {SMALL} {MAMMAL}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00820.x},
	abstract = {Trade-offs are widespread between life-history traits, such as reproduction and survival. However, their underlying physiological and behavioral mechanisms are less clear. One proposed physiological factor involves the trade-off between investment in male reproductive effort and immunity. Based on this hypothesis, we investigated differences in fitness between artificially selected immune response bank vole groups, Myodes glareolus. Significant heritability of immune response was found and a correlated response in testosterone levels to selection on immune function. Male reproductive effort, reproductive success, and survival of first generation offspring were assessed and we demonstrate a relationship between laboratory measured immune parameters and fitness parameters in field enclosures. We identify a trade-off between reproductive effort and survival with immune response and parasites as mediators. However, this trade-off results in equal male fitness in natural conditions, potentially demonstrating different male signaling strategies for either reproductive effort or survival. Females gain indirect genetic benefits for either genetic disease resistance or male reproductive effort, but not both. Immune response is genetically variable, genetically linked to testosterone and may indirectly maintain genetic variation for sexually selected traits. Evidence for both a genetic and a field trade-off between reproductive effort and survival indicates an evolutionary constraint on fitness traits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Mills, Suzanne C. and Grapputo, Alessandro and Jokinen, Ilmari and Koskela, Esa and Mappes, Tapio and Poikonen, Tanja},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	note = {WOS:000273455300013},
	keywords = {reproductive effort, sexual selection, survival, life-history evolution, parasites, bank vole, reproductive costs, dependent   selection, Dominance, ecological immunology, environment interaction, evolutionary constraint, infectious-diseases, offspring number, sexual   selection, voles clethrionomys-glareolus},
	pages = {166--179}
}

@article{nguyenCrossgenerationalComparisonReproductive2017,
	title = {Cross-generational comparison of reproductive success in recently caught strains of {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	doi = {10.1186/s12862-017-0887-1},
	abstract = {Background: Males and females often have opposing strategies for increasing fitness. Males that out- compete others will acquire more mating opportunities and thus have higher lifetime reproductive success. Females that mate with a high quality male receive either direct benefits through productivity or acquisition of additional resources or indirect benefits through the increased fitness of offspring. These components may be in conflict: factors that increase offspring fitness may decrease a female's productivity, and alleles that are beneficial in one sex may be detrimental in the opposite sex. Here, we use a multigenerational study with recently caught strains of Drosophila melanogaster to examine the relationship between parental, male offspring, and female offspring fitness when fitness is measured in a basal non- competitive environment. Results: We find synergy between parental and offspring lifetime reproductive success, indicating a lack of parent- offspring conflict, and a synergy between son and daughter reproductive success, indicating a lack of intersexual conflict. Interestingly, inbreeding significantly reduced the lifetime reproductive success of daughters, but did not have a significant effect on short- term productivity measures of daughters, sons or parents. Conclusions: In wild- caught flies, there appears to be no parent- offspring conflict or intersexual conflict for loci influencing offspring production in a anon- competitive environment. Further, there may not be a biologically relevant selection pressure for avoidance of inbreeding depression in wild- type individuals of this short- lived species.},
	journal = {Bmc Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Nguyen, Trinh T. X. and Moehring, Amanda J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	note = {WOS:000397333500002},
	pages = {41}
}

@article{kawatsuBreakingParthenogenesisFertilization2015,
	title = {Breaking the parthenogenesis fertilization barrier: direct and indirect selection pressures promote male fertilization of parthenogenetic females},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0269-7653},
	doi = {10.1007/s10682-014-9749-0},
	abstract = {All else being equal, females would double their fecundity through parthenogenetic reproduction. On the other hand, males should be subject to positive selection pressures to coerce parthenogenetic females into sexual fertilization, because the twofold advantage of parthenogenesis is achieved at the expense of the male genetic contribution. Interestingly, although male coercion superficially imposes the cost of sex on parthenogenetic females, it would confer a reproductive benefit even on the parthenogens. This is because females fertilized by coercive males gain indirect reproductive success via sons inheriting coercion, who would succeed in mating with other parthenogens in the next generation (sons' effect). In this study, using two mathematical models, I show for the first time that the indirect sons' effect of male coercion plays an important role in the maintenance of sex in potentially parthenogenetic species. The first model, which compares the fitness of a female reproducing parthenogenetically with that of a female mating with a coercive male, demonstrates that the sons' effect can outweigh the cost of sex and resolve sexual conflict over reproductive modes. My second model of population genetics, which analyses the dynamics of coercion and parthenogenesis, shows that the occurrence of parthenogenetic reproduction is suppressed in the presence of the sons' effect of male coercion. These results indicate that the sons' effect of male coercion helps to maintain sexual reproduction at an evolutionary time scale, as well as offset the twofold cost of males in the invasion phase of the coercion.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Kawatsu, Kazutaka},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	note = {WOS:000347528300003},
	pages = {49--61}
}

@article{barbosaFitnessConsequencesFemale2012,
	title = {Fitness consequences of female multiple mating: {A} direct test of indirect benefits},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-12-185},
	abstract = {Background: The observation that females mate multiply when males provide nothing but sperm - which sexual selection theory suggests is unlikely to be limiting - continues to puzzle evolutionary biologists. Here we test the hypothesis that multiple mating is prevalent under such circumstances because it enhances female fitness. We do this by allowing female Trinidadian guppies to mate with either a single male or with multiple males, and then tracking the consequences of these matings across two generations. Results: Overall, multiply mated females produced 67\% more F2 grand-offspring than singly mated females. These offspring, however, did not grow or mature faster, nor were they larger at birth, than F2 grand-offspring of singly mated females. Our results, however, show that multiple mating yields benefits to females in the form of an increase in the production of F1. The higher fecundity among multiply mated mothers was driven by greater production of sons but not daughters. However, contrary to expectation, individually, the offspring of multiply mated females do not grow at different rates than offspring of singly mated females, nor do any indirect fitness benefits or costs accrue to second-generation offspring. Conclusions: The study provides strong evidence that multiple mating is advantageous to females, even when males contribute only sperm. This benefit is achieved through an increase in fecundity in the first generation, rather than through other fitness correlates such as size at birth, growth rate, time to sexual maturation and survival. Considered alongside previous work that female guppies can choose to mate with multiple partners, our results provide compelling evidence that direct fitness benefits underpin these mating decisions.},
	journal = {Bmc Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Barbosa, Miguel and Connolly, Sean R. and Hisano, Mizue and Dornelas, Maria and Magurran, Anne E.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	note = {WOS:000311117900001},
	pages = {185}
}

@article{hollisPopulationsElevatedMutation2011,
	title = {Populations with elevated mutation load do not benefit from the operation of sexual selection},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02323.x},
	abstract = {Theory predicts that if most mutations are deleterious to both overall fitness and condition-dependent traits affecting mating success, sexual selection will purge mutation load and increase nonsexual fitness. We explored this possibility with populations of mutagenized Drosophila melanogaster exhibiting elevated levels of deleterious variation and evolving in the presence or absence of male-male competition and female choice. After 60 generations of experimental evolution, monogamous populations exhibited higher total reproductive output than polygamous populations. Parental environment also affected fitness measures - flies that evolved in the presence of sexual conflict showed reduced nonsexual fitness when their parents experienced a polygamous environment, indicating trans-generational effects of male harassment and highlighting the importance of a common garden design. This cost of parental promiscuity was nearly absent in monogamous lines, providing evidence for the evolution of reduced sexual antagonism. There was no overall difference in egg-to-adult viability between selection regimes. If mutation load was reduced by the action of sexual selection in this experiment, the resultant gain in fitness was not sufficient to overcome the costs of sexual antagonism.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hollis, B. and Houle, D.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	note = {WOS:000293910500008},
	pages = {1918--1926}
}

@article{mcfarlaneHeritabilityMultipleMale2011,
	title = {The heritability of multiple male mating in a promiscuous mammal},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1744-9561},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2010.1003},
	abstract = {The tendency of females to mate with multiple males is often explained by direct and indirect benefits that could outweigh the many potential costs of multiple mating. However, behaviour can only evolve in response to costs and benefits if there is sufficient genetic variation on which selection can act. We followed 108 mating chases of 85 North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) during 4 years, to measure each female's degree of multiple male mating (MMM), and used an animal model analysis of our multi-generational pedigree to provide what we believe is the first estimate of the heritability of MMM in the wild. Female red squirrels were highly polyandrous, mating with an average of 7.0 +/- 0.2 males on their day of oestrus. Although we found evidence for moderate levels of additive genetic variation (CV(A) = 5.1), environmental variation was very high (CV(E) = 32.3), which resulted in a very low heritability estimate (h(2) {\textless} 0.01). So, while there is genetic variation in this trait, the large environmental variation suggests that any costs or benefits associated with differences among females in MMM are primarily owing to environmental and not genetic differences, which could constrain the evolutionary response to natural selection on this trait.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {McFarlane, S. Eryn and Lane, Jeffrey E. and Taylor, Ryan W. and Gorrell, Jamieson C. and Coltman, David W. and Humphries, Murray M. and Boutin, Stan and McAdam, Andrew G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	note = {WOS:000290515100016},
	pages = {368--371}
}

@article{ohtsukiEVOLUTIONARYGAMESWRIGHT2010,
	title = {{EVOLUTIONARY} {GAMES} {IN} {WRIGHT}'{S} {ISLAND} {MODEL}: {KIN} {SELECTION} {MEETS} {EVOLUTIONARY} {GAME} {THEORY}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01117.x},
	abstract = {This article studies evolutionary game dynamics in Wright's infinite island model. I study a general n x n matrix game and derive a basic equation that describes the change in frequency of strategies. A close observation of this equation reveals that three distinct effects are at work: direct benefit to a focal individual, kin-selected indirect benefit to the focal individual via its relatives, and the cost caused by increased kin competition in the focal individual's natal deme. Crucial parameters are the coefficient of relatedness between two individuals and its analogue for three individuals. I provide a number of examples and show when the traditional inclusive fitness measure is recovered and when not. Results demonstrate how evolutionary game theory fits into the framework of kin selection.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Ohtsuki, Hisashi},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	note = {WOS:000284850100002},
	pages = {3344--3353}
}

@article{sharmaFemaleMatePreferences2010,
	title = {Female mate preferences in {Drosophila} simulans: evolution and costs},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02033.x},
	abstract = {Female mate preference is central to sexual selection, and all indirect benefit models require that there is genetic variation in female preference. This has rarely been tested however, with relatively few studies documenting heritable variation in female preference and even fewer that have directly selected on mate preference to unequivocally show that it can evolve. Additionally, costs of mate preference are poorly understood even though these have implications for preference evolution. We selected on female preference for ebony-males in replicate Drosophila simulans lines, and generated a rapid evolutionary response in both replicates, with the proportion of females mating with ebony-males increasing from approximately 5\% to 30\% after five generations of selection. This increase was independent of changes in ebony-males as only females were included in our selection regime. We could detect no cost to mate preference itself other than that associated with the fitness consequences of mating with ebony males.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Sharma, M. D. and Tregenza, T. and Hosken, D. J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	note = {WOS:000279901400010},
	pages = {1672--1679}
}

@article{kokkoEvolutionFrequencydependentMate2007,
	title = {Evolution of frequency-dependent mate choice: keeping up with fashion trends},
	volume = {274},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2007.0043},
	abstract = {The diversity of sexual traits favoured by females is enormous and, curiously, includes preferences for males with rare or novel phenotypes. We modelled the evolution of a preference for rarity that yielded two surprising results. First, a Fisherian 'sexy son' effect can boost female preferences to a frequency well above that predicted by mutation-selection balance, even if there are significant mortality costs for females. Preferences do not reach fixation, however, as they are subject to frequency-dependent selection: if choosy females are too common, then rare genotypes in one generation become common, and thus unattractive, in the offspring generation. Nevertheless, even at relatively low frequency, preferences maintain polymorphism in male traits. The second unexpected result is that the preferences can evolve to much higher frequencies if choice is hindered, such that females cannot always express their preferences. Our results emphasize the need to consider feedback where preferences determine the dynamics of male genotypes and vice versa. They also highlight the similarity between the arbitrariness of behavioural norms in models of social evolution with punishment (the so-called 'folk theorem') and the diversity of sexual traits that can be preferred simply because deviating from the norm produces unattractive offspring and is, in this sense, 'punished'.},
	number = {1615},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Kokko, Hanna and Jennions, Michael D. and Houde, Anne},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	note = {WOS:000245301900011},
	pages = {1317--1324}
}

@article{rundleExperimentalTestIndirect2007,
	title = {An experimental test for indirect benefits in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-7-36},
	abstract = {Background: Despite much empirical attention, tests for indirect benefits of mate choice have rarely considered the major components of sexual and nonsexual offspring fitness relevant to a population. Here we use a novel experimental design to test for the existence of any indirect benefits in a laboratory adapted population of D. melanogaster. Our experiment compared the fitness (mating success, longevity, and productivity) of individuals possessing genomes that derived two generations previously from males that were either entirely successful (studs) or wholly unsuccessful (duds) at achieving mates in three subsequent rounds of mating trials. Results: Males from the stud treatment were 30\% more successful on average at securing mates than males from the dud treatment. In contrast, we found no difference between treatments in measures of productivity or of longevity when measured in a mixed-sex environment. In the absence of females, however, males in the stud treatment outlived males in the dud treatment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that mating with successful males in this population provides an indirect benefit to females and that, at least in this environment, the benefit arises primarily through the production of more attractive male offspring. However, it is unclear whether this represents solely a traditional sexy sons benefit or whether there is an additional good genes component (with male offspring simply allocating their surplus condition to traits that enhance their mating success). The lack of any detectable differences in female fitness between the two treatments suggests the former, although the longevity advantage of males in the stud treatment when females were absent is consistent with the latter. Determining the effect of this indirect benefit on the evolution of female mate preferences (or resistance) will require comparable data on the direct costs of mating with various males, and an understanding of how these costs and benefits integrate across generations and vary among environments.},
	journal = {Bmc Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Rundle, Howard D. and Odeen, Anders and Mooers, Arne O.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2007},
	note = {WOS:000245023400001},
	pages = {36}
}

@book{westExploringBroaderPhysical2007,
	title = {Exploring {Broader} {Physical} {System} {Impacts} of {Three} {Alternative} {Electricity} {Generation} {Technology} {Scenarios} for {Victoria}},
	isbn = {978-0-9758400-4-7},
	abstract = {A continuation of historical growth trends in the Victorian electricity generation sector, combined with the current technology mix, would soon test political constraints on sourcing cooling water, and on greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning the current system away from the existing technological mix, however, will carry other major implications for underlying physical stocks and flows. In some scenarios, quite profound flow on effects would manifest themselves in economic sectors which are currently only tangentially linked to power generation. The Victorian Regional Stocks and Flows Framework (VRSFF), a physical Stocks and Flows Frameworks (SFFs) implemented on the whatIf?(R) software platform, was used to simulate three different technological development scenarios for the Victorian electricity generation sector. The technological scenarios chosen were designed primarily to yield different GHG emissions outcomes. Secondary areas of interest included changes in direct water used in power generation, and any feedback effect that may have on ultimate electricity demand, and the degree of coupling between electricity generation and the water system generally. The study highlighted the desirability of drawing wide system boundaries when assessing the effects of technological change in any industry characterised by large physical flows of any sort. This was exemplified by the interplay between GHGs, broad area land use change, and water availability, and climate change explored in a scenario which incorporated a significant proportion of biomass fuelled electricity generation. It was in the accommodation of sectors outside of the core electricity generating sector that the largest effects on physical flows manifest themselves, most notably as major requirements for land and water in the forestry sector. Restricting the boundaries to the electricity generation sector alone would have missed the most significant effects flowing from technological shift in that sector. Indirect water demand ultimately attributable to electricity generation in scenarios with high biomass component, due to replacement of grasslands with plantation forests, was an order of magnitude larger than that used directly in generators. This indirect demand should be considered in the context of GHG mitigation strategies that potentially avoid reductions in water supply that might result from climate change. For example, flows in the Murray River may be diminished by about 8 \% at 2050 under an aggressive technological shift scenario incorporating biomass, assuming that little or no climate change occurs i.e., that a global response to mitigate climate change is active and the Victorian biomass scenario is a local contribution. By comparison, if global temperature change of about 2 degrees C occurs-as is possible if current GHG emissions continue to track worse-case IPCC scenarios-then we calculate flows in the Murray may decrease by about 50 \% at 2050. In the aggressive shift scenarios incorporating biomass based electricity, the requirement for land indicated that electricity generators could become major indirect users, competing with existing broad area land users. Furthermore, shifting electricity generation from its current spatial form, concentrated on the brown coal deposits of the Latrobe valley, to a form able to utilise dispersed biomass and wind energy resources has a number of implications. These range from a need to reconfigure the distribution grid to match electricity supply with metropolitan demand, to the possibility that road networks in remote areas may need to be extended and/or upgraded to deal with significant traffic bearing heavy loads. As well as costs, there are benefits to be considered, such as regional development directly associated with building, maintaining, and operating the new power generation infrastructure, and that accompanying any new industrial capacity sited in close proximity to the new generating capacity.},
	author = {West, J. and Turner, G. and Baynes, T.},
	editor = {Oxley, L. and Kulasiri, D.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {WOS:000290030700070}
}

@article{rundleRolesNaturalSexual2006,
	title = {The roles of natural and sexual selection during adaptation to a novel environment},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0014-3820},
	doi = {10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01859.x},
	abstract = {The net effect of sexual selection on nonsexual fitness is controversial. On one side, elaborate display traits and preferences for them can be costly, reducing the nonsexual fitness of individuals possessing them, as well as their offspring, In contrast, sexual selection may reinforce nonsexual fitness if an individual's attractiveness and quality are genetically correlated. According to recent models, such good-genes mate choice should increase both the extent and rate of adaptation. We evolved 12 replicate populations of Drosophila serrata in a powerful two-way factorial experimental design to test the separate and combined contributions of natural and sexual selection to adaptation to a novel larval food resource. Populations evolving in the presence of natural selection had significantly higher mean nonsexual fitness when measured over three generations (13-15) during the course of experimental evolution (16-23\% increase). The effect of natural selection was even more substantial when measured in a standardized, monogamous mating environment at the end of the experiment (generation 16; 52\% increase). In contrast, and despite strong sexual selection on display traits, there was no evidence from any of the four replicate fitness measures that sexual selection promoted adaptation. In addition, a comparison of fitness measures conducted under different mating environments demonstrated a significant direct cost of sexual selection to females, likely arising from some form of male-induced harm. Indirect benefits of sexual selection in promoting adaptation to this novel resource environment therefore appear to be absent in this species, despite prior evidence suggesting the operation of good-genes mate choice in their ancestral environment. How novel environments affect the operation of good-genes mate choice is a fundamental question for future sexual selection research.},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rundle, Howard D. and Chenoweth, Stephen F. and Blows, Mark W.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	note = {WOS:000243031000003},
	pages = {2218--2225}
}

@article{foxDisentanglingCostsMale2019,
	title = {Disentangling the costs of male harassment and the benefits of polyandry for females},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arz024},
	abstract = {Many studies quantify how polyandry affects female fitness by allowing females to either mate with one or several males. But even if the number of matings is standardized, such studies conflate any costs of interacting with males with the potential benefits of receiving sperm from several males, obscuring the benefits of polyandry. We conducted a 2x2 factorial experiment on the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki to quantify the independent effects of male harassment and polyandry. We artificially inseminated virgin females with sperm from either 1 or 5 males (monandry vs. polyandry). Females were then housed in the presence or absence of reproductively ablated males who could harass, but not mate with them. Our design ensured that the number of males inseminating a female was independent of the level of male harassment and the number of matings she received. Females who were not housed with males were instead housed with immature females to maintain densities constant across treatments. Unexpectedly, females that experienced sexual harassment were more likely to give birth, had shorter gestation periods and gave birth to larger broods. Furthermore, polyandrous females were more likely than monandrous females to give birth. Polyandrous females' sons also reached maturity faster than those of monandrous females. We therefore found no detectable costs to females producing their first brood of being harassed by males when the direct costs of mating were absent. We also showed that, in the absence of mating costs, there are direct and indirect fitness benefits of being inseminated by multiple males. If the costs of the act of mating are small or absent, polyandry will benefit female G. holbrooki producing their first brood. Why would a female mate with multiple males when a single male's ejaculate can fertilize her eggs? Apotential benefit is the opportunity to bias paternity and improve offspring fitness, but polyandry comes at the cost of increased sexual harassment. Few experimental studies separately quantify these 2 effects. We disentangled them in mosquitofish and found that there were no short-term costs to females of being sexually harassed, while polyandry increased birth rates and yielded sons that matured faster.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Fox, Rebecca J. and Head, Megan L. and Jennions, Michael D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	note = {WOS:000473761300037},
	pages = {872--881}
}

@article{evansEjaculatemediatedPaternalEffects2019,
	title = {Ejaculate-mediated paternal effects: evidence, mechanisms and evolutionary implications},
	volume = {157},
	issn = {1470-1626},
	doi = {10.1530/REP-18-0524},
	abstract = {Despite serving the primary objective of ensuring that at least one sperm cell reaches and fertilises an ovum, the male ejaculate (i.e. spermatozoa and seminal fluid) is a compositionally complex 'trait' that can respond phenotypically to subtle changes in conditions. In particular, recent research has shown that environmentally and genetically induced changes to ejaculates can have implications for offspring traits that are independent of the DNA sequence encoded into the sperm's haploid genome. In this review, we compile evidence from several disciplines and numerous taxonomic systems to reveal the extent of such ejaculate-mediated paternal effects (EMPEs). We consider a number of environmental and genetic factors that have been shown to impact offspring phenotypes via ejaculates, and where possible, we highlight the putative mechanistic pathways by which ejaculates can act as conduits for paternal effects. We also highlight how females themselves can influence EMPEs, and in some cases, how maternally derived sources of variance may confound attempts to test for EMPEs. Finally, we consider a range of putative evolutionary implications of EMPEs and suggest a number of potentially useful approaches for exploring these further. Overall, our review confirms that EMPEs are both widespread and varied in their effects, although studies reporting their evolutionary effects are still in their infancy.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Reproduction},
	author = {Evans, Jonathan P. and Wilson, Alastair J. and Pilastro, Andrea and Garcia-Gonzalez, Francisco},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	note = {WOS:000462018700001},
	pages = {R109--R126}
}

@article{iglesias-carrascoFitnessCostFemales2018,
	title = {The fitness cost to females of exposure to males does not depend on water availability in seed beetles},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.06.006},
	abstract = {Access to multiple males can benefit a female in terms of increased fecundity and/or offspring performance. However, the presence of more males can also impose costs on females that arise from an elevated mating rate (e.g. due to increased genital damage, loss of feeding opportunities) and/or increased harassment. Different environments might influence the relative magnitude of these costs and benefits, because they can influence how often males and females encounter each other as well as the nature of these encounters. In the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, water is a limiting resource for females that can be obtained from male ejaculates. Here we explored whether the net fitness of female seed beetles is affected by breeding in either a dry or a wet environment when housed with differing numbers of males (none, one or four). Consistent with costly male harassment, females housed with four males laid significantly fewer eggs than those housed alone or with a single male, but there was no effect of the number of males on female egg-laying rate, life span, larval development rate or egg-adult survival of offspring. Although females in the wet environment lived significantly longer, there was only tentative evidence that water availability affected the net fitness cost to females of being exposed to more males. We conclude that to understand the evolution of mating systems it is important to explore how the environment affects female fitness by balancing the costs and benefits of being exposed to males. (C) 2018 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider and Bilgin, Gizem and Jennions, Michael D. and Head, Megan L.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	note = {WOS:000441515500008},
	pages = {77--84}
}

@article{hollisSexualConflictDrives2019,
	title = {Sexual conflict drives male manipulation of female postmating responses in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1821386116},
	abstract = {In many animals, females respond to mating with changes in physiology and behavior that are triggered by molecules transferred by males during mating. In Drosophila melanogaster, proteins in the seminal fluid are responsible for important female postmating responses, including temporal changes in egg production, elevated feeding rates and activity levels, reduced sexual receptivity, and activation of the immune system. It is unclear to what extent these changes are mutually beneficial to females and males or instead represent male manipulation. Here we use an experimental evolution approach in which females are randomly paired with a single male each generation, eliminating any opportunity for competition for mates or mate choice and thereby aligning the evolutionary interests of the sexes. After {\textgreater}150 generations of evolution, males from monogamous populations elicited a weaker postmating stimulation of egg production and activity than males from control populations that evolved with a polygamous mating system. Males from monogamous populations did not differ from males from polygamous populations in their ability to induce refractoriness to remating in females, but they were inferior to polygamous males in sperm competition. Mating-responsive genes in both the female abdomen and head showed a dampened response to mating with males from monogamous populations. Males from monogamous populations also exhibited lower expression of genes encoding seminal fluid proteins, which mediate the female response to mating. Together, these results demonstrate that the female postmating response, and the male molecules involved in eliciting this response, are shaped by ongoing sexual conflict.},
	number = {17},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Hollis, Brian and Koppik, Mareike and Wensing, Kristina U. and Ruhmann, Hanna and Genzoni, Eleonore and Erkosar, Berra and Kawecki, Tadeusz J. and Fricke, Claudia and Keller, Laurent},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	note = {WOS:000465363700056},
	pages = {8437--8444}
}

@article{dasguptaIntergenerationalPaternalEffect2019,
	title = {Intergenerational paternal effect of adult density in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.4988},
	abstract = {Notwithstanding recent evidences, paternal environment is thought to be a potential but unlikely source of fitness variation that can affect trait evolution. Here we studied intergenerational effects of males' exposure to varying adult density in Drosophila melanogasterlaboratory populations. We held sires at normal (N), medium (M) and high (H) adult densities for 2 days before allowing them to mate with virgin females. This treatment did not introduce selection through differential mortality. Further, we randomly paired males and females and allowed a single round of mating between the sires and the dams. We then collected eggs from the dams and measured the egg size. Finally, we investigated the effect of the paternal treatment on juvenile and adult (male) fitness components. We found a significant treatment effect on juvenile competitive ability where the progeny sired by the H-males had higher competitive ability. Since we did not find the treatment to affect egg size, this effect is unlikely to be mediated through variation in female provisioning. Male fitness components were also found to have a significant treatment effect: M-sons had lower dry weight at eclosion, higher mating latency, and lower competitive mating success. While being the first study to show both adaptive and non-adaptive effect of the paternal density in Drosophila, our results highlight the importance of considering paternal environment as important source of fitness variation.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Dasgupta, Purbasha and Sarkar, Saubhik and Das, Akankshya A. and Verma, Tanya and Nandy, Bodhisatta},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	note = {WOS:000462384800034},
	pages = {3553--3563}
}

@article{malekSpatialEnvironmentalComplexity2019,
	title = {Spatial environmental complexity mediates sexual conflict and sexual selection in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.4932},
	abstract = {Sexual selection is an important agent of evolutionary change, but the strength and direction of selection often vary over space and time. One potential source of heterogeneity may lie in the opportunity for male-male and/or male-female interactions imposed by the spatial environment. It has been suggested that increased spatial complexity permits sexual selection to act in a complementary fashion with natural selection (hastening the loss of deleterious alleles and/or promoting the spread of beneficial alleles) via two (not mutually exclusive) pathways. In the first scenario, sexual selection potentially acts more strongly on males in complex environments, allowing males of greater genetic "quality" a greater chance of outcompeting rivals, with benefits manifested indirectly in offspring. In the second scenario, increased spatial complexity reduces opportunities for males to antagonistically harm females, allowing females (especially those of greater potential fecundities) to achieve greater reproductive success (direct fitness benefits). Here, using Drosophila melanogaster, we explore the importance of these mechanisms by measuring direct and indirect fitness of females housed in simple vial environments or in vials in which spatial complexity has been increased. We find strong evidence in favor of the female conflict-mediated pathway as individuals in complex environments remated less frequently and produced more offspring than those housed in a simpler spatial environment, but no difference in the fitness of sons or daughters. We discuss these results in the context of other recent studies and what they mean for our understanding of how sexual selection operates.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Malek, Heather L. and Long, Tristan A. F.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	note = {WOS:000460668800024},
	pages = {2651--2663}
}

@article{kochMaternalAgeEffects2018,
	title = {Maternal age effects on fecundity and offspring egg-to-adult viability are not affected by mitochondrial haplotype},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2045-7758},
	doi = {10.1002/ece3.4516},
	abstract = {While numerous studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial genetic variation can shape organismal phenotype, the level of contribution the mitochondrial genotype makes to life-history phenotype across the life course remains unknown. Furthermore, a clear technical bias has emerged in studies of mitochondrial effects on reproduction, with many studies conducted on males, but few on females. Here, we apply a classic prediction of the evolutionary theory of aging to the mitochondrial genome, predicting the declining force of natural selection with age will have facilitated the accumulation of mtDNA mutations that confer late-life effects on female reproductive performance. This should lead to increased levels of mitochondrial genetic variation on reproduction at later-life stages. We tested this hypothesis using thirteen strains of Drosophila melanogaster that each possessed a different mitochondrial haplotype in an otherwise standard nuclear genetic background. We measured fecundity and egg-to-adult viability of females over five different age classes ranging from early to late life and quantified the survival of females throughout this time period. We found no significant variation across mitochondrial haplotypes for the reproductive traits, and no mitochondrial effect on the slope of decline in these traits with increasing age. However, we observed that flies that died earlier in the experiment experienced steeper declines in the reproductive traits prior to death, and we also identified maternal and grandparental age effects on the measured traits. These results suggest the mitochondrial variation does not make a key contribution to shaping the reproductive performance of females.},
	number = {22},
	journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Koch, Rebecca E. and Phillips, James M. and Camus, M. Florencia and Dowling, Damian K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	note = {WOS:000451611000008},
	pages = {10722--10732}
}

@article{kekalainenSpermPrefertilizationThermal2018,
	title = {Sperm pre-fertilization thermal environment shapes offspring phenotype and performance},
	volume = {221},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.181412},
	abstract = {The sperm pre-fertilization environment has recently been suggested to mediate remarkable transgenerational consequences for offspring phenotype (transgenerational plasticity, TGB), but the adaptive significance of the process has remained unclear. Here, we studied the transgenerational effects of sperm pre-fertilization thermal environment in a cold-adapted salmonid, the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus). We used a full-factorial breeding design where the eggs of five females were fertilized with the milt of 10 males that had been pre-incubated at two different temperatures (3.5 degrees C and 6.5 degrees C) for 15 h prior to fertilization. Thermal manipulation did not affect sperm motility, cell size, fertilization success or embryo mortality. However, offspring that were fertilized with 6.5 degrees C-exposed milt were smaller and had poorer swimming performance than their full-siblings that had been fertilized with the 3.5 degrees C-exposed milt. Furthermore. the effect of milt treatment on embryo mortality varied among different females (treatmentxfemale interaction) and male-female combinations (treatmentxfemalexmale interaction). Together, these results indicate that sperm pre-fertilization thermal environment shapes offspring phenotype and post-hatching performance and modifies both the magnitude of female (dam) effects and the compatibility of the gametes. Generally, our results suggest that short-term changes in sperm thermal conditions may have negative impact for offspring fitness. Thus, sperm thermal environment may have an important role in determining the adaptation potential of organisms to climate change. Detailed mechanism(s) behind our findings require further attention.},
	number = {20},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	author = {Kekalainen, Jukka and Oskoei, Parastu and Janhunen, Matti and Koskinen, Heikki and Kortet, Raine and Huuskonen, Hannu},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	note = {WOS:000448628500006},
	pages = {UNSP jeb181412}
}

@article{pascoalSuperiorStimulationFemale2018,
	title = {Superior stimulation of female fecundity by subordinate males provides a mechanism for telegony},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {10.1002/evl3.45},
	abstract = {When females mate promiscuously, rival males compete to fertilise the ova. In theory, a male can increase his success at siring offspring by inducing the female to lay more eggs, as well as by producing more competitive sperm. Here we report that the evolutionary consequences of fecundity stimulation extend beyond rival males, by experimentally uncovering effects on offspring. With experiments on the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, we show that smaller subordinate males are better able to stimulate female fecundity than larger, dominant males. Furthermore dominant males also benefit from the greater fecundity induced by smaller males, and so gain from the female's earlier promiscuity - just as predicted by theory. By inducing females to produce more offspring on a limited resource, smaller males cause each larva to be smaller, even those they do not sire themselves. Fecundity stimulation thus promotes the non-genetic inheritance of offspring body size, and provides a mechanism for telegony.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution Letters},
	author = {Pascoal, Sonia and Jarrett, Benjamin J. M. and Evans, Emma and Kilner, Rebecca M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	note = {WOS:000446764700006},
	pages = {114--125}
}

@article{garcia-gonzalezIndirectGeneticEffectseverything2018,
	title = {Indirect genetic effects-everything is special, everything is important: a comment on {Bailey} et al.},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arx144},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Garcia-Gonzalez, Francisco},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	note = {WOS:000422957500005},
	pages = {12--13}
}

@article{nystrandTransgenerationalPlasticityFollowing2016,
	title = {Transgenerational plasticity following a dual pathogen and stress challenge in fruit flies},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	doi = {10.1186/s12862-016-0737-6},
	abstract = {Background: Phenotypic plasticity operates across generations, when the parental environment affects phenotypic expression in the offspring. Recent studies in invertebrates have reported transgenerational plasticity in phenotypic responses of offspring when the mothers had been previously exposed to either live or heat-killed pathogens. Understanding whether this plasticity is adaptive requires a factorial design in which both mothers and their offspring are subjected to either the pathogen challenge or a control, in experimentally matched and mismatched combinations. Most prior studies exploring the capacity for pathogen-mediated transgenerational plasticity have, however, failed to adopt such a design. Furthermore, it is currently poorly understood whether the magnitude or direction of pathogen-mediated transgenerational responses will be sensitive to environmental heterogeneity. Here, we explored the transgenerational consequences of a dual pathogen and stress challenge administered in the maternal generation in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Prospective mothers were assigned to a non-infectious pathogen treatment consisting of an injection with heat-killed bacteria or a procedural control, and a stress treatment consisting of sleep deprivation or control. Their daughters and sons were similarly assigned to the same pathogen treatment, prior to measurement of their reproductive success. Results: We observed transgenerational interactions involving pathogen treatments of mothers and their offspring, on the reproductive success of daughters but not sons. These interactions were unaffected by sleep deprivation. Conclusions: The direction of the transgenerational effects was not consistent with that predicted under a scenario of adaptive transgenerational plasticity. Instead, they were indicative of expectations based on terminal investment.},
	journal = {Bmc Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Nystrand, M. and Cassidy, E. J. and Dowling, D. K.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	note = {WOS:000383145400001},
	pages = {171}
}

@article{creanSeminalFluidMate2016,
	title = {Seminal {Fluid} and {Mate} {Choice}: {New} {Predictions}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.004},
	abstract = {Recent evidence shows that seminal fluid can affect females and offspring independently of fertilisation in species lacking conventional 'nuptial gifts'. We argue that a hypothesis from paternal investment systems - that selection can favour changing female preferences that maximise both sperm-borne and seminal fluid borne benefits - could therefore apply much more broadly.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Crean, Angela J. and Adler, Margo I. and Bonduriansky, Russell},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	note = {WOS:000374199900002},
	pages = {253--255}
}

@article{jensenMouseModelIntellectual2019,
	title = {A mouse model for intellectual disability caused by mutations in the {X}-linked 2′‑{O}‑methyltransferase {Ftsj1} gene},
	volume = {1865},
	issn = {0925-4439},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925443918304976},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.011},
	abstract = {Mutations in the X chromosomal tRNA 2′‑O‑methyltransferase FTSJ1 cause intellectual disability (ID). Although the gene is ubiquitously expressed affected individuals present no consistent clinical features beyond ID. In order to study the pathological mechanism involved in the aetiology of FTSJ1 deficiency-related cognitive impairment, we generated and characterized an Ftsj1 deficient mouse line based on the gene trapped stem cell line RRD143. Apart from an impaired learning capacity these mice presented with several statistically significantly altered features related to behaviour, pain sensing, bone and energy metabolism, the immune and the hormone system as well as gene expression. These findings show that Ftsj1 deficiency in mammals is not phenotypically restricted to the brain but affects various organ systems. Re-examination of ID patients with FTSJ1 mutations from two previously reported families showed that several features observed in the mouse model were recapitulated in some of the patients. Though the clinical spectrum related to Ftsj1 deficiency in mouse and man is variable, we suggest that an increased pain threshold may be more common in patients with FTSJ1 deficiency. Our findings demonstrate novel roles for Ftsj1 in maintaining proper cellular and tissue functions in a mammalian organism.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-09-02},
	journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease},
	author = {Jensen, Lars R. and Garrett, Lillian and Hölter, Sabine M. and Rathkolb, Birgit and Rácz, Ildikó and Adler, Thure and Prehn, Cornelia and Hans, Wolfgang and Rozman, Jan and Becker, Lore and Aguilar-Pimentel, Juan Antonio and Puk, Oliver and Moreth, Kristin and Dopatka, Monika and Walther, Diego J. and von Bohlen und Halbach, Viola and Rath, Matthias and Delatycki, Martin and Bert, Bettina and Fink, Heidrun and Blümlein, Katharina and Ralser, Markus and Van Dijck, Anke and Kooy, Frank and Stark, Zornitza and Müller, Sabine and Scherthan, Harry and Gecz, Jozef and Wurst, Wolfgang and Wolf, Eckhard and Zimmer, Andreas and Klingenspor, Martin and Graw, Jochen and Klopstock, Thomas and Busch, Dirk and Adamski, Jerzy and Fuchs, Helmut and Gailus-Durner, Valérie and de Angelis, Martin Hrabě and von Bohlen und Halbach, Oliver and Ropers, Hans-Hilger and Kuss, Andreas W.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {X-linked, Ftsj1, Intellectual disability, Mouse model, tRNA methyltransferase},
	pages = {2083--2093},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7289/Jensen et al. - 2019 - A mouse model for intellectual disability caused b.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7288/S0925443918304976.html:text/html}
}

@article{schneiderSocialStructureIndirect2017,
	title = {Social structure and indirect genetic effects: genetics of social behaviour},
	volume = {92},
	copyright = {© 2016 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.},
	issn = {1469-185X},
	shorttitle = {Social structure and indirect genetic effects},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12267},
	doi = {10.1111/brv.12267},
	abstract = {The social environment modulates gene expression, physiology, behaviour and patterns of inheritance. For more than 50 years, this concept has been investigated using approaches that include partitioning the social component out of behavioural heritability estimates, studying maternal effects on offspring, and analysing dominance hierarchies. Recent advances have formalized this ‘social environment effect’ by providing a more nuanced approach to the study of social influences on behaviour while recognizing evolutionary implications. Yet, in most of these formulations, the dynamics of social interactions are not accounted for. Also, the reciprocity between individual behaviour and group-level interactions has been largely ignored. Consistent with evolutionary theory, the principles of social interaction are conserved across a broad range of taxa. While noting parallels in diverse organisms, this review uses Drosophila melanogaster as a case study to revisit what is known about social interaction paradigms. We highlight the benefits of integrating the history and pattern of interactions among individuals for dissecting molecular mechanisms that underlie social modulation of behaviour.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-09-03},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Schneider, Jonathan and Atallah, Jade and Levine, Joel D.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {indirect genetic effects, reproduction, social behaviour, social environment, aggression, social interaction networks},
	pages = {1027--1038},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7291/brv.html:text/html}
}

@article{frazPATERNALEXPOSURECARBAMAZEPINE2019,
	title = {{PATERNAL} {EXPOSURE} {TO} {CARBAMAZEPINE} {IMPACTS} {ZEBRAFISH} {OFFSPRING} {REPRODUCTION} {OVER} {MULTIPLE} {GENERATIONS}},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03393},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.est.9b03393},
	abstract = {Chronic low concentration chemical exposures may have both direct health outcomes on adults and indirect effects on their offspring. Using zebrafish, we examined the impacts of chronic, low concentration carbamazepine (CBZ) exposure on a suite of male reproductive endpoints in the parents and four generations of offspring reared in clean water. CBZ is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceutical residues in water, is a histone deacetylase inhibitor in mammals and is reported to lower androgens in mammals and fish. Exposure of adult zebrafish to 10 μg/L CBZ for 6 weeks decreased reproductive output, courtship and aggressive behaviours, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), and sperm morphology but did not impact milt volume or sperm swimming speed. Pairwise breeding generated lineages of offspring with both parents exposed and two lineages where only one parent was exposed; the control lineage had unexposed parents. Reproductive output and male reproductive indices were assessed in F1 to F4 offspring to determine whether parental CBZ exposure had transgenerational impacts. The offspring of CBZ exposed males had lower 11KT, reproductive output, and altered courtship, aggression, and sperm morphology compared to the lineage from unexposed parents. Our results indicate that parental carbamazepine exposure history impacts the unexposed progeny up to the F4 generations and that paternal, but not maternal, exposure is most important for the reproductive health of male offspring.},
	urldate = {2019-09-03},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Fraz, Shamaila and Lee, Abigail H and POLLARD, SIMON and Srinivasan, Krishna and Vermani, Abhilasha and David, Ephraim and Wilson, Joanna Y.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:files/7294/acs.est.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:files/7293/Fraz et al. - 2019 - PATERNAL EXPOSURE TO CARBAMAZEPINE IMPACTS ZEBRAFI.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{yinTransgenerationalEffectsBenefit2019,
	title = {Transgenerational effects benefit offspring across diverse environments: a meta‐analysis in plants and animals},
	shorttitle = {Transgenerational effects benefit offspring across diverse environments},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ele.13373},
	abstract = {The adaptive value of transgenerational effects (the ancestor environmental effects on offspring) in changing environments has received much attention in recent years, but the related empirical evide...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-09-03},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Yin, Junjie and Zhou, Ming and Lin, Zeru and Li, Qingshun Q. and Zhang, Yuan-Ye},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.13373},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7296/ele.html:text/html}
}

@article{zengLongTermCorrelatedResponse1988,
	title = {Long-{Term} {Correlated} {Response}, {Interpopulation} {Covariation}, and {Interspecific} {Allometry}},
	volume = {42},
	copyright = {© 1988 The Society for the Study of Evolution},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04139.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04139.x},
	abstract = {A model of long-term correlated evolution of multiple quantitative characters is analyzed, which partitions selection into two components: one stabilizing and the other directional. The model assumes that the stabilizing component is less variable than the directional component among populations. The major result is that, within a population, the responses of characters to selection in the short term differ qualitatively from those in the long term. In the short term, the responses depend on genetic correlations between characters, but in the long term they are only determined by the fitness functions of stabilizing and directional selection, independent of genetic and phenotypic correlations. Treating the stabilizing component as a constant and assuming the directional component to vary among populations, I present formulas for the interpopulation covariation and interspecific allometry, which are functions of the intensity matrix of stabilizing selection. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between intra- and interpopulation correlations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-09-03},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Zeng, Zhao-Bang},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {363--374},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7298/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04139.html:text/html}
}

@misc{DevelopmentalDietIrreversibly,
	title = {Developmental diet irreversibly shapes male post‐copulatory traits in the neriid fly {Telostylinus} angusticollis - {Macartney} - 2018 - {Journal} of {Evolutionary} {Biology} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jeb.13384},
	urldate = {2019-09-04},
	file = {Developmental diet irreversibly shapes male post‐copulatory traits in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis - Macartney - 2018 - Journal of Evolutionary Biology - Wiley Online Library:files/7305/jeb.html:text/html}
}

@article{duxburySexSpecificResponsesLife,
	title = {Sex-{Specific} {Responses} of {Life} {Span} and {Fitness} to {Variation} in {Developmental} {Versus} {Adult} {Diets} in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/gerona/glz175/5541625},
	doi = {10.1093/gerona/glz175},
	abstract = {Abstract.  Nutritional variation across the lifetime can have significant and sex-specific impacts on fitness. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we measured these},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-09-04},
	journal = {The Journals of Gerontology: Series A},
	author = {Duxbury, Elizabeth M. L. and Chapman, Tracey},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7307/Duxbury and Chapman - Sex-Specific Responses of Life Span and Fitness to.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7308/5541625.html:text/html}
}

@article{hansenMeasuringComparingEvolvability2008,
	title = {Measuring and comparing evolvability and constraint in multivariate characters},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01573.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01573.x},
	abstract = {Abstract The Lande equation forms the basis for our understanding of the short-term evolution of quantitative traits in a multivariate context. It predicts the response to selection as the product of an additive genetic variance matrix and a selection gradient. The selection gradient approximates the force and direction of selection, and the genetic variance matrix quantifies the role of the genetic system in evolution. Attempts to understand the evolutionary significance of the genetic variance matrix are hampered by the fact that the majority of the methods used to characterize and compare variance matrices have not been derived in an explicit theoretical context. We use the Lande equation to derive new measures of the ability of a variance matrix to allow or constrain evolution in any direction in phenotype space. Evolvability captures the ability of a population to evolve in the direction of selection when stabilizing selection is absent. Conditional evolvability captures the ability of a population to respond to directional selection in the presence of stabilizing selection on other trait combinations. We then derive measures of character autonomy and integration from these evolvabilities. We study the properties of these measures and show how they can be used to interpret and compare variance matrices. As an illustration, we show that divergence of wing shape in the dipteran family Drosophilidae has proceeded in directions that have relatively high evolvabilities.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-09-04},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hansen, T. F. and Houle, D.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {evolvability, quantitative genetics, scaling, G matrix, modularity, autonomy, integration, measurement theory},
	pages = {1201--1219},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7310/j.1420-9101.2008.01573.html:text/html}
}

@book{ReadOffspringHuman,
	title = {Read "{Offspring}: {Human} {Fertility} {Behavior} in {Biodemographic} {Perspective}" at {NAP}.edu},
	shorttitle = {Read "{Offspring}},
	url = {https://www.nap.edu/read/10654/chapter/6},
	abstract = {Read chapter 5. Hormonal Mediation of Physiological and Behavioral Processes That Influence Fertility: Despite recent advances in our understanding of the...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-09-05},
	doi = {10.17226/10654},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7312/6.html:text/html}
}

@book{cameronHormonalMediationPhysiological2003,
	title = {Hormonal {Mediation} of {Physiological} and {Behavioral} {Processes} {That} {Influence} {Fertility}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK97279/},
	abstract = {This chapter reviews the complex and diverse roles that hormones play in mediating the physiological and behavioral processes that influence human fertility. Much of the focus is on hormones of the reproductive axis, which mediate the physiological processes governing fertility and provide powerful modulation of sexual behavior. Secretion of these hormones changes over the life span. Reproductive hormones are secreted in surprisingly high levels in prenatal development and at this time help set the stage for later development of normal reproductive physiology and behavior in adulthood. There is then a period of childhood quiescence, when the reproductive axis is essentially “turned off”, followed by a cascade of hormonal changes that occur with puberty. In males, reproductive hormone secretion is rather stable in the adult years, with a slow decline in levels occurring with aging. In contrast, much greater fluxes in hormone secretion occur throughout adulthood in women, with large changes in hormone secretion occurring over the course of each menstrual cycle, followed by a period of irregular hormone secretion during the transition to menopause and ultimately a marked decline in reproductive hormone levels in the postmenopausal period. Understanding the changes in reproductive hormone secretion across the life span has implications for the design of biodemographic studies with regard to how and when reproductive function and sexual behavior are assessed and understanding the factors that influence these measures.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-09-05},
	publisher = {National Academies Press (US)},
	author = {Cameron, Judy L.},
	year = {2003},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7314/NBK97279.html:text/html}
}

@article{beeryInclusionFemalesDoes2018,
	series = {Sex and {Gender}},
	title = {Inclusion of females does not increase variability in rodent research studies},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {2352-1546},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235215461730205X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.06.016},
	abstract = {Underrepresentation of female subjects in animal research has gained attention in recent years, and new NIH guidelines aim to address this problem early, at the grant proposal stage. Many researchers believe that requirements regarding use of females will hamper research because of a need for increased sample sizes, and increased costs. Empirical research across multiple rodent species and traits demonstrates that females are not more variable than males, and that for most traits, female estrous cyclicity need not be considered. Statistical simulations, presented here, illustrate how factorial designs can reduce the need for additional research subjects, and cultural issues around the inclusion of male and female subjects in research are discussed.},
	urldate = {2019-09-05},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences},
	author = {Beery, Annaliese K.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {143--149},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7317/Beery - 2018 - Inclusion of females does not increase variability.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7316/S235215461730205X.html:text/html}
}

@article{shaqiriSexrelatedDifferencesVision2018,
	title = {Sex-related differences in vision are heterogeneous},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5951855/},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-25298-8},
	abstract = {Despite well-established sex differences for cognition, audition, and somatosensation, few studies have investigated whether there are also sex differences in visual perception. We report the results of fifteen perceptual measures (such as visual acuity, visual backward masking, contrast detection threshold or motion detection) for a cohort of over 800 participants. On six of the fifteen tests, males significantly outperformed females. On no test did females significantly outperform males. Given this heterogeneity of the sex effects, it is unlikely that the sex differences are due to any single mechanism. A practical consequence of the results is that it is important to control for sex in vision research, and that findings of sex differences for cognitive measures using visually based tasks should confirm that their results cannot be explained by baseline sex differences in visual perception.},
	urldate = {2019-09-06},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Shaqiri, Albulena and Roinishvili, Maya and Grzeczkowski, Lukasz and Chkonia, Eka and Pilz, Karin and Mohr, Christine and Brand, Andreas and Kunchulia, Marina and Herzog, Michael H.},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29760400},
	pmcid = {PMC5951855},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/7320/Shaqiri et al. - 2018 - Sex-related differences in vision are heterogeneou.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{gearyMaleFemaleEvolution2010,
	address = {Washington, DC, US},
	series = {Male, female: {The} evolution of human sex differences, 2nd ed},
	title = {Male, female: {The} evolution of human sex differences, 2nd ed},
	isbn = {978-1-4338-0682-7 978-1-4338-0683-4},
	shorttitle = {Male, female},
	abstract = {Why do girls tend to earn better grades in school than boys? Why are men still far more likely than women to earn degrees in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics? And why are men on average more likely than women to be injured in accidents and fights? These and many other questions are the subject of both informal investigation in the media and formal investigation in academic and scientific circles. In his landmark book Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences (see record 2000-07043-000), author David C. Geary provided the first comprehensive evolutionary model to explain human sex differences. Now, over 10 years since the first edition, Geary has completed a massive update, expansion, and theoretical revision of his classic text. New findings in brain and genetic research inform a wealth of new material, including a new chapter on sex differences in patterns of life history development; expanded coverage of genetic research (e.g., DNA fingerprinting to determine paternity as related to male-male competition in primates); fatherhood in humans; cross-cultural patterns of sex differences in choosing and competing for mates; and genetic, hormonal, and sociocultural influences on the expression of sex differences. Finally, through his motivation to control framework, Geary presents a theoretical bridge linking parenting, mate choices, and competition with children's development and sex differences in brain and cognition. The result is a lively and nuanced application of Darwin's insight to help explain our heritage and our place in the natural world. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {American Psychological Association},
	author = {Geary, David C.},
	year = {2010},
	doi = {10.1037/12072-000},
	keywords = {Human Sex Differences, Motivation, Theory of Evolution},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7322/2009-08926-000.html:text/html}
}

@article{martinossi-allibertFemaleResourceLimitation2019,
	title = {Female resource limitation does not make the opportunity for selection more female biased},
	copyright = {© 2019, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. The copyright holder for this pre-print is the author. All rights reserved. The material may not be redistributed, re-used or adapted without the author's permission.},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748657v1},
	doi = {10.1101/748657},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Environmental and physiological conditions affect how individual variation is expressed and translated into variance in fitness, the opportunity for natural selection. Competition for limiting resources can magnify variance in fitness and therefore selection, while abundance of resources should reduce it. But even in a common environment the strength of selection can be expected to differ across the sexes, as their fitness is often limited by different resources. Indeed most taxa show a greater opportunity for selection in males than in females, a bias often ascribed to intense competition among males for access to mating partners. This sex-bias could reverberate on many aspects of evolution, from speed of adaptation to genome evolution. It is unclear however, whether the sex-bias in opportunity for selection is robust to variations in environment or physiological condition that limit sex-specific resources. Here we test this in the model species C. maculatus by comparing female and male variance in relative fitness (opportunity for selection) under mate competition (i) with and without limitation of quality oviposition sites, and (ii) under delayed age at oviposition. Decreasing the abundance of the resource key to females or increasing their reproductive age was indeed challenging as shown by a reduction in mean fitness, however variance in fitness remained male-biased across the three treatments, with even an increased male-bias when females were limited by oviposition sites. This suggests that males remain the more variable sex independent of context, and that the opportunity for selection through males is indirectly affected by female-specific resource limitation.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-09-18},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	author = {Martinossi-Allibert, Ivain and Rönn, Johanna Liljestrand and Immonen, Elina},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {748657},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7325/Martinossi-Allibert et al. - 2019 - Female resource limitation does not make the oppor.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7326/748657v1.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{sanchez-tojarIllustratingImportanceMetaanalysing2019,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Illustrating the importance of meta-analysing variances alongside means in ecology and evolution},
	url = {https://osf.io/yhfvk},
	abstract = {Meta-analyses are increasingly used in biology to both quantitatively summarize available evidence for specific questions, and generate new hypotheses. While this powerful tool has mostly been deployed to study mean effects, there is untapped potential to study effects on (trait) variance. Here, we use a recently published dataset as a case study to show how meta-analysis of variance can provide insights into ecological and evolutionary processes. This dataset included 704 effect sizes from 89 studies, covering 56 animal species, and was originally used to test developmental stress effects on a range of traits. We found that developmental stress not only negatively affects mean trait values, but also increases trait variance, mostly in reproduction, showcasing how meta-analysis of variance can reveal previously overlooked effects. Furthermore, we show how meta-analysis of variance can be used as a tool to help meta-analysts make informed methodological decisions, even when the primary focus is on mean effects. We encourage meta-analysts in all disciplines to move beyond the world of means and start unravelling secrets of the world of variance.},
	urldate = {2019-09-18},
	institution = {EcoEvoRxiv},
	author = {Sánchez-Tójar, Alfredo and Moran, Nicholas Patrick and O'Dea, Rose E and Reinhold, Klaus and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.32942/osf.io/yhfvk}
}

@article{michalczykExperimentalEvolutionExposes2011,
	title = {Experimental evolution exposes female and male responses to sexual selection and conflict in {Tribolium} castaneum},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01174.x},
	abstract = {Between-individual variance in potential reproductive rate theoretically creates a load in reproducing populations by driving sexual selection of male traits for winning competitions, and female traits for resisting the costs of multiple mating. Here, using replicated experimental evolution under divergent operational sex ratios (OSR, 9:1 or 1:6 ♀:♂) we empirically identified the parallel reproductive fitness consequences for females and males in the promiscuous flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Our results revealed clear evidence that sexual conflict resides within the T. castaneum mating system. After 20 generations of selection, females from female-biased OSRs became vulnerable to multiple mating, and showed a steep decrease in reproductive fitness with an increasing number of control males. In contrast, females from male-biased OSRs showed no change in reproductive fitness, irrespective of male numbers. The divergence in reproductive output was not explained by variation in female mortality. Parallel assays revealed that males also responded to experimental evolution: individuals from male-biased OSRs obtained 27\% greater reproductive success across 7-day competition for females with a control male rival, compared to males from the female-biased lines. Subsequent assays suggest that these differences were not due to postcopulatory sperm competitiveness, but to precopulatory/copulatory competitive male mating behavior.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution},
	author = {Michalczyk, Łukasz and Millard, Anna L. and Martin, Oliver Y. and Lumley, Alyson J. and Emerson, Brent C. and Gage, Matthew J. G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21091981},
	keywords = {Male, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Animals, Biological Evolution, Competitive Behavior, Female, Sex Ratio, Tribolium},
	pages = {713--724}
}

@article{boultonInconvenientTruthUnconsidered2018,
	title = {An {Inconvenient} {Truth}: {The} {Unconsidered} {Benefits} of {Convenience} {Polyandry}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	shorttitle = {An {Inconvenient} {Truth}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534718302477},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.10.002},
	abstract = {Polyandry, or multiple mating by females with different males, is commonplace. One explanation is that females engage in convenience polyandry, mating multiple times to reduce the costs of sexual harassment. Although the logic underlying convenience polyandry is clear, and harassment often seems to influence mating outcomes, it has not been subjected to as thorough theoretical or empirical attention as other explanations for polyandry. We re-examine here convenience polyandry in the light of new studies demonstrating previously unconsidered benefits of polyandry. We suggest that true convenience polyandry is likely to be a fleeting phenomenon, even though it can profoundly shape mating-system evolution via potential feedback loops between resistance to males and the costs and benefits of mating.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2019-09-18},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Boulton, Rebecca A. and Zuk, Marlene and Shuker, David M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {sexual conflict, mating systems, convenience polyandry, sexual harassment},
	pages = {904--915},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7334/S0169534718302477.html:text/html}
}

@article{grazerEnvironmentalQualityAlters2014,
	title = {Environmental quality alters female costs and benefits of evolving under enforced monogamy},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-2148},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-14-21},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Currently many habitats suffer from quality loss due to environmental change. As a consequence, evolutionary trajectories might shift due to environmental effects and potentially increase extinction risk of resident populations. Nevertheless, environmental variation has rarely been incorporated in studies of sexual selection and sexual conflict, although local environments and individuals' condition undoubtedly influence costs and benefits. Here, we utilise polyandrous and monogamous selection lines of flour beetles, which evolved in presence or absence of sexual selection for 39 generations. We specifically investigated effects of low vs. standard food quality (i.e. stressful vs. benign environments) on reproductive success of cross pairs between beetles from the contrasting female and male selection histories to assess gender effects driving fitness.
RESULTS: We found a clear interaction of food quality, male selection history and female selection history. Monogamous females generally performed more poorly than polyandrous counterparts, but reproductive success was shaped by selection history of their mates and environmental quality. When monogamous females were paired with polyandrous males in the standard benign environment, females seemed to incur costs, possibly due to sexual conflict. In contrast, in the novel stressful environment, monogamous females profited from mating with polyandrous males, indicating benefits of sexual selection outweigh costs.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that costs and benefits of sexually selected adaptations in both sexes can be profoundly altered by environmental quality. With regard to understanding possible impacts of environmental change, our results further show that the ecology of mating systems and associated selection pressures should be considered in greater detail.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {BMC evolutionary biology},
	author = {Grazer, Vera M. and Demont, Marco and Michalczyk, Łukasz and Gage, Matthew J. G. and Martin, Oliver Y.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24499414},
	pmcid = {PMC3922901},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Male, Animals, Humans, Biological Evolution, Mating Preference, Animal, Pair Bond, Female, Reproduction, Coleoptera, Environment},
	pages = {21},
	file = {Full Text:files/7337/Grazer et al. - 2014 - Environmental quality alters female costs and bene.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{SexDifferencesVariability,
	title = {Sex differences in variability across timescales in {BALB}/c mice {\textbar} {Biology} of {Sex} {Differences} {\textbar} {Full} {Text}},
	url = {https://bsd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13293-016-0125-3},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	file = {Sex differences in variability across timescales in BALB/c mice | Biology of Sex Differences | Full Text:files/7342/s13293-016-0125-3.html:text/html}
}

@article{mogilCaseInclusionFemale2005,
	title = {The case for the inclusion of female subjects in basic science studies of pain},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0304-3959},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304395905003209},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pain.2005.06.020},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	journal = {Pain},
	author = {Mogil, Jeffrey S. and Chanda, Mona Lisa},
	month = sep,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Sex differences, Formalin, Tail-withdrawal, Variability},
	pages = {1--5},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7345/Mogil and Chanda - 2005 - The case for the inclusion of female subjects in b.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7344/S0304395905003209.html:text/html}
}

@article{zukSexDifferencesParasite1996,
	title = {Sex differences in parasite infections: {Patterns} and processes},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0020-7519},
	shorttitle = {Sex differences in parasite infections},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751996800014},
	doi = {10.1016/S0020-7519(96)80001-4},
	abstract = {Zuk M. \& McKean K. A. 1996. Sex differences in parasite infections: patterns and processes. International Journal for Parasitology 26: 1009–1024. Sex differences in parasite infection rates, intensities, or population patterns are common in a wide range of taxa. These differences are usually attributed to 1 of 2 causes: (1) ecological (sociological in humans); and (2) physiological, usually hormonal in origin. Examples of the first cause include differential exposure to pathogens because of sex-specific behavior or morphology. The second cause may stem from the well-documented association between testosterone and the immune system; sexually mature male vertebrates are often more susceptible to infection and carry higher parasite burdens in the field. Although many researchers favor one explanation over the other, the requisite controlled experiments to rule out confounding variables are often neglected. We suggest that sex differences in disease have evolved just as sex differences in morphology and behavior, and are the result of selection acting differently on males and females. Research has often focused on proximate mechanistic explanations for the sex difference in infection rates, but it is equally important to understand the generality of the patterns in an evolutionary context. Because males potentially gain more than females by taking risks and engaging in competition, sexual selection pressure has shaped male behavior and appearance to maximize competitive ability and attractiveness. Many of the classic male attributes such as antlers on deer are testosterone-dependent, putting males in what appears to be a cruel bind: become vulnerable to disease by developing an attractive secondary sexual ornament, or risk lowered mating success by reducing it. A variety of hypotheses have been put forward to explain why males have not circumvented this dilemma. The mating system of the host species will influence the likelihood of sex differences in parasite infection, because males in monogamous species are subject to weaker sexual selection than males in polygynous species. Whether these evolutionary generalizations apply to invertebrates, which lack testosterone, remains to be seen.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	author = {Zuk, Marlene and McKean, Kurt A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Sex differences, endocrine-immune interactions, gender differences, host sex, parasite-host evolution},
	pages = {1009--1024},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7348/Zuk and McKean - 1996 - Sex differences in parasite infections Patterns a.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7347/S0020751996800014.html:text/html}
}

@article{terresQuantitativeDifferenceImmune1968,
	title = {A quantitative difference in the immune response between male and female mice},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0037-9727},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-127-32768},
	doi = {10.3181/00379727-127-32768},
	abstract = {Summary, The immune response to a protein antigen (BSA, bovine serum albumin) was compared in male and female mice. It was found that female mice developed a stronger and longer lasting immune response and that female mice were more responsive to small doses of antigen. An explanation based on the effect estrogens have on phagocytosis is discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine},
	author = {Terres, G. and Morrison, S. L. and Habicht, G. S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1968},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: terresQuantitativeDifferenceImmune1968a},
	pages = {664--667},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7350/Terres et al. - 1968 - A Quantitative Difference in the Immune Response b.pdf:application/pdf;SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7356/Terres et al. - 1968 - A Quantitative Difference in the Immune Response b.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{grossmanInteractionsGonadalSteroids1985,
	title = {Interactions between the gonadal steroids and the immune system},
	volume = {227},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1694439},
	abstract = {The immune system is regulated by the gonadal steroids estrogen, androgen, and progesterone, but the circulating levels of these steroids can also be affected by immune system function. Such interactions appear to be mediated through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-thymic axis and depend on pituitary luteinizing hormone released by thymic factors under the control of the gonadal steroids.},
	number = {4684},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Grossman, Charles J.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {257--261}
}

@article{grossmanPossibleUnderlyingMechanisms1989,
	title = {Possible underlying mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in the immune response, fact and hypothesis},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0022-4731},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022473189900885},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-4731(89)90088-5},
	abstract = {It is a confirmed fact that in females both the humoral and cell mediated immune response is more active than in males. A large amount of information supports the view that hormones of the endocrine system are intimately involved in this immunological dimorphism. Such hormones include the gonadal steroids, the adrenal glucocorticoids, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) from the pituitary, thymic hormones, and substances generated by activated lymphocytes. It is suggested that a complex medley of these hormonal interactions effect both developing lymphocytes within the microenvironment and regulate adult effector cells. The most important of these hormonal interactions leading to immunological dimorphism are the effects elicited by estrogen (E) elaborated at elevated levels from the female ovary after puberty. Elevated E leads to basal GH secretion, increased Prl, and increased thymosin release, all of which are hypothesized to effect lymphocyte development and stimulate adult T- and B-cell function in females. Interactions of hormonal regulatory axes involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, adrenals, and thymus are also thought to be involved. Factors elaborated by activated immune cells including IL-1 and IL-2 may also play a role in down regulation of these responses. Finally, genetic components are also considered pertinent especially under conditions of pathological disequilibrium leading to autoimmune disease. While the benefits provided by immunological dimorphism are still not entirely clarified, since sex hormones are intimately involved in immunological regulation it is quite possible that the increased immune response in females allows them to compensate for the increased physiological stress which accompanies reproduction. The final outcome would thus be the assurance of reproductive success of the species.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	journal = {Journal of Steroid Biochemistry},
	author = {Grossman, C.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {241--251},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7354/Grossman - 1989 - Possible underlying mechanisms of sexual dimorphis.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7353/0022473189900885.html:text/html}
}

@article{kurtzGenderDifferencesIndividual2000,
	title = {Gender differences and individual variation in the immune system of the scorpionfly {Panorpa} vulgaris ({Insecta}: {Mecoptera})},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0145-305X},
	shorttitle = {Gender differences and individual variation in the immune system of the scorpionfly {Panorpa} vulgaris ({Insecta}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X99000579},
	doi = {10.1016/S0145-305X(99)00057-9},
	abstract = {From investigations of the vertebrate immune system gender specific differences in individual immunocompetence are well known. In general, females seem to possess more powerful immune systems than males. In invertebrates, the situation is much less clear. Therefore, we investigated the immune system of an invertebrate species, the scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris. We found a high degree of individual variation in both traits studied, the lysozyme-like antibacterial activity of hemolymph and the capacity for in vitro phagocytosis of artificial particles. These two immune traits were positively correlated. As expected, hemolymph derived from females had higher lysozyme-like activity and hemocytes from females phagocytosed more particles. The difference in phagocytosis was mainly based on higher total hemocyte counts and higher proportions of phagocytically active cells in females, while the average number of ingested particles per active phagocyte was not significantly different. The observed gender differences are discussed in the context of reproductive strategies and parasite-mediated sexual selection.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	journal = {Developmental \& Comparative Immunology},
	author = {Kurtz, Joachim and Wiesner, Andreas and Götz, Peter and Sauer, Klaus Peter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Sexual selection, Gender differences, Disease resistance, Hemocytes, Immunocompetence, Invertebrate immunity, Lysozyme, Phagocytosis},
	pages = {1--12},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7359/Kurtz et al. - 2000 - Gender differences and individual variation in the.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7358/S0145305X99000579.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ButterworthImmuneGoogle,
	title = {butterworth immune - {Google} {Search}},
	url = {https://www.google.com/search?q=butterworth+immune&oq=butterworth+immune+&aqs=chrome..69i57j33.6475j1j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	file = {butterworth immune - Google Search:files/7361/search.html:text/html}
}

@article{butterworthInfluenceSexImmunoglobulin1967,
	title = {Influence of sex on immunoglobulin levels},
	volume = {214},
	copyright = {1967 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/2141224a0},
	doi = {10.1038/2141224a0},
	abstract = {WE have determined the IgG, IgA, and IgM levels of 315 normal adults and 503 children of various ages1. To find out whether differences exist between males and females, we compared the levels for the sexes within various age groups, breaking these down into “fine” and “coarse” subgroups. There were fourteen fine groups of about thirty children each and five coarse groups of about 100 children each. The subjects were laboratory personnel, blood donors, college students, school-children, babies, and inmates of a home for recently abandoned children, all apparently healthy. Immunoglobulins were determined by a single radial immunodiffusion method2 using commercial antibody-agar plates standardized against purified immunoglobulins. The standardization curves used were the least-squares linear regressions of log mg/100 c.c. versus the log ring diameter. This relationship fitted the results better than the semilogarithmic one used by others2–4. The males and females in each group were compared by Student's t test. We used log mg/100 c.c. for the t tests and to calculate the means, because the distributions of the three major immunoglobulins among adults are approximately log normal.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5094},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Butterworth, Michael and Mcclellan, Barbara and Aklansmith, Mathea},
	month = jun,
	year = {1967},
	pages = {1224--1225},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7363/Butterworth et al. - 1967 - Influence of Sex on Immunoglobulin Levels.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7364/2141224a0.html:text/html}
}

@article{forsmanRoleSexDifferences2018,
	title = {On the role of sex differences for evolution in heterogeneous and changing fitness landscapes: insights from pygmy grasshoppers},
	volume = {373},
	shorttitle = {On the role of sex differences for evolution in heterogeneous and changing fitness landscapes},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2017.0429},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2017.0429},
	abstract = {Much research has been devoted to study evolution of local adaptations by natural selection, and to explore the roles of neutral processes and developmental plasticity for patterns of diversity among individuals, populations and species. Some aspects, such as evolution of adaptive variation in phenotypic traits in stable environments, and the role of plasticity in predictable changing environments, are well understood. Other aspects, such as the role of sex differences for evolution in spatially heterogeneous and temporally changing environments and dynamic fitness landscapes, remain elusive. An increased understanding of evolution requires that sex differences in development, physiology, morphology, life-history and behaviours are more broadly considered. Studies of selection should take into consideration that the relationships linking phenotypes to fitness may vary not only according to environmental conditions but also differ between males and females. Such opposing selection, sex-by-environment interaction effects of selection and sex-specific developmental plasticity can have consequences for population differentiation, local adaptations and for the dynamics of polymorphisms. Integrating sex differences in analytical frameworks and population comparisons can therefore illuminate neglected evolutionary drivers and reconcile unexpected patterns. Here, I illustrate these issues using empirical examples from over 20 years of research on colour polymorphic Tetrix subulata and Tetrix undulata pygmy grasshoppers, and summarize findings from observational field studies, manipulation experiments, common garden breeding experiments and population genetics studies.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences’.},
	number = {1757},
	urldate = {2019-09-24},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Forsman, Anders},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {20170429},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7366/Forsman - 2018 - On the role of sex differences for evolution in he.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7367/rstb.2017.html:text/html}
}

@article{szekelyAdultSexRatio2014,
	title = {Adult sex ratio variation: implications for breeding system evolution},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {© 2014 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2014 European Society For Evolutionary Biology},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	shorttitle = {Adult sex ratio variation},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.12415},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.12415},
	abstract = {Adult sex ratio (ASR) exhibits immense variation in nature, although neither the causes nor the implications of this variation are fully understood. According to theory, the ASR is expected to influence sex roles and breeding systems, as the rarer sex in the population has more potential partners to mate with than the more common sex. Changes in mate choice, mating systems and parental care suggest that the ASR does influence breeding behaviour, although there is a need for more tests, especially experimental ones. In the context of breeding system evolution, the focus is currently on operational sex ratios (OSRs). We argue that the ASR plays a role of similar importance and urge researchers to study the ASR and the OSR side by side. Finally, we plead for a dynamic view of breeding system evolution with feedbacks between mating, parenting, OSR and ASR on both ecological and evolutionary time scales.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-09-26},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Székely, T. and Weissing, F. J. and Komdeur, J.},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {mate choice, parental care, mating system, operational sex ratio, adult sex ratio},
	pages = {1500--1512},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7370/jeb.html:text/html}
}

@article{kokkoParentalInvestmentSexual2008,
	title = {Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {© 2008 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2008 European Society For Evolutionary Biology},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01540.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01540.x},
	abstract = {Conventional sex roles imply caring females and competitive males. The evolution of sex role divergence is widely attributed to anisogamy initiating a self-reinforcing process. The initial asymmetry in pre-mating parental investment (eggs vs. sperm) is assumed to promote even greater divergence in post-mating parental investment (parental care). But do we really understand the process? Trivers [Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man 1871–1971 (1972), Aldine Press, Chicago] introduced two arguments with a female and male perspective on whether to care for offspring that try to link pre-mating and post-mating investment. Here we review their merits and subsequent theoretical developments. The first argument is that females are more committed than males to providing care because they stand to lose a greater initial investment. This, however, commits the ‘Concorde Fallacy’ as optimal decisions should depend on future pay-offs not past costs. Although the argument can be rephrased in terms of residual reproductive value when past investment affects future pay-offs, it remains weak. The factors likely to change future pay-offs seem to work against females providing more care than males. The second argument takes the reasonable premise that anisogamy produces a male-biased operational sex ratio (OSR) leading to males competing for mates. Male care is then predicted to be less likely to evolve as it consumes resources that could otherwise be used to increase competitiveness. However, given each offspring has precisely two genetic parents (the Fisher condition), a biased OSR generates frequency-dependent selection, analogous to Fisherian sex ratio selection, that favours increased parental investment by whichever sex faces more intense competition. Sex role divergence is therefore still an evolutionary conundrum. Here we review some possible solutions. Factors that promote conventional sex roles are sexual selection on males (but non-random variance in male mating success must be high to override the Fisher condition), loss of paternity because of female multiple mating or group spawning and patterns of mortality that generate female-biased adult sex ratios (ASR). We present an integrative model that shows how these factors interact to generate sex roles. We emphasize the need to distinguish between the ASR and the operational sex ratio (OSR). If mortality is higher when caring than competing this diminishes the likelihood of sex role divergence because this strongly limits the mating success of the earlier deserting sex. We illustrate this in a model where a change in relative mortality rates while caring and competing generates a shift from a mammalian type breeding system (female-only care, male-biased OSR and female-biased ASR) to an avian type system (biparental care and a male-biased OSR and ASR).},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-09-26},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Kokko, Hanna and Jennions, Michael D.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {sexual selection, parental care, sex ratio, mating success, parental investment, sex roles},
	pages = {919--948},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7372/j.1420-9101.2008.01540.html:text/html}
}

@article{singerDisciplineBasedEducationResearch2013,
	title = {Discipline-{Based} {Education} {Research}: {Understanding} and {Improving} {Learning} in {Undergraduate} {Science} and {Engineering}},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {1069-4730},
	shorttitle = {Discipline-{Based} {Education} {Research}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jee.20030},
	doi = {10.1002/jee.20030},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-09-26},
	journal = {Journal of Engineering Education},
	author = {Singer, Susan and Smith, Karl A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {468--471},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7374/jee.html:text/html}
}

@article{abbey-leeEffectsMonoamineManipulations2019,
	title = {Effects of monoamine manipulations on the personality and gene expression of three-spined sticklebacks},
	url = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160555},
	abstract = {DiVA portal is a finding tool for research publications and student theses written at the following 49 universities and research institutions.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2019-10-01},
	author = {Abbey-Lee, Robin N. and Kreshchenko, Anastasia and Fernandez Sala, Xavier and Petkova, Irina and Løvlie, Hanne},
	year = {2019},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7376/record.html:text/html}
}

@article{lymberyGustatoryCuesKinship,
	title = {Gustatory cues to kinship among males moderate the productivity of females},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/arz158/5574704},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arz158},
	abstract = {Females may benefit if males can detect familiar and related competitors. Individuals reduce their competitiveness when familiar relatives are around, and when},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-10-01},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Lymbery, Samuel J. and Simmons, Leigh W.},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7378/Lymbery and Simmons - Gustatory cues to kinship among males moderate the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7379/5574704.html:text/html}
}

@article{stoffelRptRRepeatabilityEstimation2017,
	title = {{rptR}: repeatability estimation and variance decomposition by generalized linear mixed-effects models},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {© 2017 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution © 2017 British Ecological Society},
	issn = {2041-210X},
	shorttitle = {{rptR}},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.12797},
	doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12797},
	abstract = {Intra-class correlations (ICC) and repeatabilities (R) are fundamental statistics for quantifying the reproducibility of measurements and for understanding the structure of biological variation. Linear mixed effects models offer a versatile framework for estimating ICC and R. However, while point estimation and significance testing by likelihood ratio tests is straightforward, the quantification of uncertainty is not as easily achieved. A further complication arises when the analysis is conducted on data with non-Gaussian distributions because the separation of the mean and the variance is less clear-cut for non-Gaussian than for Gaussian models. Nonetheless, there are solutions to approximate repeatability for the most widely used families of generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Here, we introduce the R package rptR for the estimation of ICC and R for Gaussian, binomial and Poisson-distributed data. Uncertainty in estimators is quantified by parametric bootstrapping and significance testing is implemented by likelihood ratio tests and through permutation of residuals. The package allows control for fixed effects and thus the estimation of adjusted repeatabilities (that remove fixed effect variance from the estimate) and enhanced agreement repeatabilities (that add fixed effect variance to the denominator). Furthermore, repeatability can be estimated from random-slope models. The package features convenient summary and plotting functions. Besides repeatabilities, the package also allows the quantification of coefficients of determination R2 as well as of raw variance components. We present an example analysis to demonstrate the core features and discuss some of the limitations of rptR.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-10-02},
	journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Stoffel, Martin A. and Nakagawa, Shinichi and Schielzeth, Holger},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {animal personality, coefficient of determination, generalized linear mixed-effects models, nonparametric bootstrapping, software application, variance component analysis},
	pages = {1639--1644},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7389/Stoffel et al. - 2017 - rptR repeatability estimation and variance decomp.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7388/2041-210X.html:text/html}
}

@article{prattGoodTeachingOne,
	title = {Good {Teaching}: {One} {Size} {Fits} {All}?},
	volume = {2002},
	issn = {1052-2891},
	shorttitle = {Good {Teaching}},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/25909737/Good_Teaching_One_Size_Fits_All},
	abstract = {Good Teaching: One Size Fits All},
	language = {en},
	number = {93},
	urldate = {2019-10-09},
	journal = {New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education},
	author = {Pratt, Daniel D.},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: prattGoodTeachingOne2002, prattGoodTeachingOne2002a},
	pages = {5--16},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7394/Pratt - 2002 - Good Teaching One Size Fits All.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7391/Good_Teaching_One_Size_Fits_All.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7393/ace.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7399/ace.html:text/html}
}

@misc{TeachingPerspectivesInventory,
	title = {Teaching {Perspectives} {Inventory}},
	url = {http://www.teachingperspectives.com/tpi/},
	urldate = {2019-10-10},
	file = {Teaching Perspectives Inventory:files/7396/tpi.html:text/html}
}

@article{parkerEmpoweringPeerReviewers2018,
	title = {Empowering peer reviewers with a checklist to improve transparency},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2397-334X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0545-z},
	doi = {10.1038/s41559-018-0545-z},
	abstract = {A checklist is presented that can be used by peer reviewers for more effective and efficient assessment of research manuscripts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-10-30},
	journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Parker, Timothy H. and Griffith, Simon C. and Bronstein, Judith L. and Fidler, Fiona and Foster, Susan and Fraser, Hannah and Forstmeier, Wolfgang and Gurevitch, Jessica and Koricheva, Julia and Seppelt, Ralf and Tingley, Morgan W. and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {929--935},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7402/Parker et al. - 2018 - Empowering peer reviewers with a checklist to impr.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7403/s41559-018-0545-z.html:text/html}
}

@article{kotterForceChangeHow1990,
	title = {A {Force} for {Change}: {How} {Leadership} {Differs} from {Management}},
	shorttitle = {A {Force} for {Change}},
	abstract = {John Kotter in his book "A Force for Change" describes in detail three subprocesses that are the foundation of leadership. The first is the developing a vision of the future. Kotter believes that this must be along with the strategies for producing the changes needed to achieve that vision. The second is aligning people. According Kotter this involves communication direction and developing coalitions committed to achievement of the vision. The third is keeping people moving in the right direction by appealing to very basic, but often untapped human needs, values and emotions. Kotter distinguish management and leadership. He supports that management produces a degree of predictability and order and has the potential of consistency producing key results expected by various stakeholders.},
	urldate = {2019-10-30},
	journal = {The Free Press},
	author = {Kotter, John P.},
	year = {1990},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7406/19156431.html:text/html}
}

@book{fullanNewMeaningEducational1991,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {2nd},
	title = {The new meaning of educational change},
	publisher = {Teachers College Press},
	author = {Fullan, M. and Stiegelbauer, S.},
	year = {1991}
}

@book{marshallRedefiningStudentLearning1992,
	title = {Redefining student learning : roots of educational change},
	isbn = {978-0-89391-854-5},
	shorttitle = {Redefining student learning},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Norwood, NJ : Ablex Pub. Corp},
	author = {Marshall, Hermine H},
	year = {1992}
}

@article{marshallManagingCultureKey1993,
	title = {Managing the {Culture}: the key to effective change},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0260-1362},
	shorttitle = {Managing the {Culture}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0260136930130305},
	doi = {10.1080/0260136930130305},
	abstract = {This article argues that the management of organisational culture is the key to successful innovation. Contemporary management of change literature alludes to the necessity to bring about a change of culture in order to foster an appropriate climate for change, but inadequately addresses the issue of operationalising such a phenomenon. Drawing on the wealth of empirical studies on the implementation of the Technical and Vocational Education Initiative (TVEI), the author argues that this innovation ‐‐ by virtue of its implicit emphasis on a context‐driven as opposed to knowledge‐driven curriculum ‐‐ necessitated a change of culture, leading to consideration of the key factors involved in this process. In identifying key factors, it is further argued that the changed power relationship implicit in the policy text of TVEI came to be mirrored at the managerial level in order to provide a culture in which the innovation would flourish. As such, the ‘new’ managerialism was bom.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-10-30},
	journal = {School Organisation},
	author = {Marshall, Stephanie},
	month = jan,
	year = {1993},
	pages = {255--268},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7411/Marshall - 1993 - Managing the Culture the key to effective change.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/sz/Zotero/storage/QPXIPRHX/0260136930130305.html:text/html}
}

@article{marshallVisionMeaningLanguage1995,
	title = {The {Vision}, {Meaning}, and {Language} of {Educational} {Transformation}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0036-6439},
	abstract = {Whereas the 19th-century educational contract was based on machine- and factory-driven production goals, the educational covenant for the 21st century will be radically different. To overcome their Newtonian mindset and discover meaningful foundations, educational leaders must reinvent their institutions and themselves. Leadership metaphors should arise not from machinery but from the ways living systems organize. (MLH)},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-10-30},
	journal = {School Administrator},
	author = {Marshall, Stephanie Pace},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Administrator Role, Chaos Theory, Educational Change, Elementary Secondary Education, Metaphors, Organizational Development, Scientific Concepts, Social Change, Transformational Leadership},
	pages = {8--15},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7414/eric.ed.gov.html:text/html}
}

@article{kotterLeadingChangeWhy1995,
	title = {Leading change: {Why} transformation efforts fail},
	shorttitle = {Leading change},
	author = {Kotter, John P.},
	year = {1995},
	file = {Full Text:files/7418/Kotter - 1995 - Leading change Why transformation efforts fail.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@incollection{fullanChangeTheoryForce2007,
	title = {Change theory as a force for school improvement},
	booktitle = {Intelligent leadership},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Fullan, Michael},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {27--39}
}

@book{fullanChangeTheoryForce2006,
	title = {Change theory: a force for school improvement},
	isbn = {978-1-920963-35-4},
	shorttitle = {Change theory},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Jolimont, Vic. : CSE Centre for Strategic Education},
	author = {Fullan, Michael and Education (Vic.), Centre for Strategic},
	year = {2006}
}

@book{bridgesManagingTransitionsMaking1991,
	title = {Managing transitions : making the most of change},
	isbn = {978-0-201-55073-3},
	shorttitle = {Managing transitions},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley},
	author = {Bridges, William},
	year = {1991}
}

@book{sengeFifthDisciplineArt1990,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The fifth discipline : the art and practice of learning organization},
	isbn = {0-385-26094-6 978-0-385-26094-7},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Doubleday/Currency},
	author = {Senge, Peter M.},
	year = {1990}
}

@book{sengeFifthDisciplineArt1990a,
	address = {New York},
	title = {The fifth discipline: the art and practice of learning organization},
	isbn = {978-0-385-26094-7},
	shorttitle = {The fifth discipline},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Doubleday/Currency},
	author = {Senge, Peter M},
	year = {1990},
	note = {OCLC: 870110202}
}

@book{bolmanReframingOrganizationsArtistry1997,
	address = {San Francisco, CA, US},
	series = {Reframing organizations: {Artistry}, choice, and leadership, 2nd ed},
	title = {Reframing organizations: {Artistry}, choice, and leadership, 2nd ed},
	isbn = {978-0-7879-0822-5 978-0-7879-0821-8},
	shorttitle = {Reframing organizations},
	abstract = {Organizations and the leadership challenges they pose have been changing rapidly in recent years. "Reframing Organizations" tries to capture the end-of-century frontiers of both knowledge and art.  The 4-frame model, with its view of organizations as factories, families, jungles, and temples is the conceptual heart of the book.  Part 1 tackles a perplexing question about management: Why is it that smart people so often do dumb things?  Part 2 describes the rapid evolution of flatter, more flexible forms of organization and analyzes the strengths and limitations of the reengineering movement.  Part 3 contains material on the changing employment relationship and best practices in human resource management.  Part 4 presents material on the organizational environment as a political ecosystem.  The symbolic frame is explored in Part 5.  Part 6 focuses on the implications of the frames for issues in managerial practice, including leadership, change, and ethics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {Jossey-Bass},
	author = {Bolman, Lee G. and Deal, Terrence E.},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Human Resource Management, Leadership, Management, Models, Organizational Behavior, Organizational Climate, Organizational Structure},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7428/1997-08504-000.html:text/html}
}

@article{smythDevelopingSustainingCritical1989,
	title = {Developing and {Sustaining} {Critical} {Reflection} in {Teacher} {Education}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0022-4871},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/002248718904000202},
	doi = {10.1177/002248718904000202},
	abstract = {Smyth provides background informa tion on the emergence of reflectivity as a conceptual thrust in teacher education. He also discusses some of the impedi ments to empowerment that teachers and teacher educators confront as they attempt to implement critical reflection in their curricula. Smyth concludes that if teachers (and teacher educators) are going to uncover the forces that inhibit and constrain them, they need to en gage in four forms of action with respect to teaching. These "forms" are charac terized by four sequential stages and are linked to a series of questions: (a) de scribing (What do I do?), (b) informing (What does this mean?), (c) confronting (How did I come to be like this?), and (d) reconstructing (How might I do things differently?).},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-10-30},
	journal = {Journal of Teacher Education},
	author = {Smyth, John},
	month = mar,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {2--9},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7430/Smyth - 1989 - Developing and Sustaining Critical Reflection in T.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{marstonEmotionsNormalPeople2008,
	title = {Emotions of {Normal} {People}},
	isbn = {978-1-4437-2072-4},
	abstract = {Emotions of Normal People By WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON. Originally published in 1928. Contents include: CHAPTER I NORMALCY AND EMOTION i You are not a Normal Person when Afraid, En raged, Deceptive Normal Emotions are Biologically Efficient Emotions-Present Emotion Names are Literary Terms, Scientifically Meaningless In what Terms can Normal Emotions be Described II MATERIALISM, VITALISM, AND PSYCHOLOGY 7 What Emotional Sets Determine Diverse Types of Psychological Concepts The Mechanistic Set Existence of Mechanistic-Type Causes and Vitalistic-Type Causes Science must Describe both Types of Causes Interaction of Mechanistic-Type and Vitalistic-Type Causes Complex Matter-Units Possess Greatest Causal Power Assignments of the Sciences Psychologys Assignment Types of Causes Emphasized by Different Schools of Emotion Investigators Psycho-Physiologists Mental-Tester-Statisticians Behaviourists Psycho-Analysts Summary Psychology of Emotion Tentatively Denned. III THE PSYCHONIC THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 26 Does Consciousness Exist Proofs of Consciousness Consciousness is not Intra-neuronic Energy Consciousness is Synaptic Energy Concept of the Psychon, and of the Psychonic Impulse. IV MOTOR CONSCIOUSNESS AS THE BASIS AS FEEL ING AND EMOTION 53 Total Absence of Constructive Theory of Emotions Physiologists Disproof of James-Lange Theory Sherringtons Results Goltz Results Work of Langley, and of Cannon Unsolved Problem Motor Consciousness Theory Proofs of the Existence of Motor Consciousness Motor Consciousness Not Previously Identified with Affection Emotional Stimuli are Central, never Environmental Analysis of Intervening Factors between Environmental Stimulus and Bodily Movement Summary. V INTEGRATIVE PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY FEEL INGS 69 Wundts Theory of Six Primary Feelings Primary Feelings are Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Originating in Motor Alliances and Conflicts--How do Motor Alliances and Conflicts Reach Consciousness Theories that Feeling is an Integral Part of Sensation Theories that Visceral Sensations are also Feelings Unsolved Problem Feeling Tone is Motor Consciousness, or Motation Integrative Principles of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Causal Attributes of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness as Primary Ele ments of Motation Possible Objections to Proposed Theory of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Constant Tonic Discharge Renders all Responses Initially Pleasant or - Unpleasant-Summary. VI INTEGRATIVE PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY EMO TIONS 87 The Tonic Mechanisms Importance of Tonic Mechanisms Concepts of Motor Self and Motor Stimuli Principles of Response of Motor Self to Motor Stimulus Motor Self and Antagonistic Motor Stimuli Inferior and Superior Motor Self and Allied Motor Stimuli Inferior and Superior Differences between Psychonic Relationships of Motor Self to Allied and to Antagonistic Stimuli The Emotion Circle of Integrative Relationships between Motor Self and Motor Stimuli Outline of Integrative principles of Primary Emotions and Feelings. VII DOMINANCE 113 Dominance in the Behaviour of Forces of Nature Contrast between Motor Stimuli and Environmental Stimuli Dominance in Human and Animal Behaviour Development of Dominance Response in Young Children Borderline between Normal and Abnormal Dominance Summary and Analysis Dominance Behaviour of Less Extreme Character Dominance of the Chase Destructive Dominance Competitive Dominance Conditioning of Adult Dominance Responses Sex Differences in Dominance Summary The Pleasantness and Unpleasantness of Dominance Distinctive Conscious Characteristics of Dominance Emotion...},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Lightning Source Incorporated},
	author = {Marston, William Moulton},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: YCKKnFCC4igC},
	keywords = {Psychology / General}
}

@book{marstonEmotionsNormalPeople1928,
	title = {Emotions of {Normal} {People}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {K. Paul, Trench, Trubner \& Company Limited},
	author = {Marston, William Moulton},
	year = {1928},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: TcIZAAAAMAAJ}
}

@misc{LeadershipSelfDeception,
	title = {Leadership and {Self}-{Deception}},
	url = {https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/5429-leadership-and-self-deception-getting-out-of-the-box},
	abstract = {The "disease" of self-deception (acting in ways contrary to what one knows is right) underlies all leadership problems in today's organiz...},
	urldate = {2019-11-03}
}

@book{arbingerinstituteGettingOutBox2002,
	address = {San Francisco},
	title = {Getting out of the box.},
	isbn = {978-1-57675-174-9},
	abstract = {Explains why self-deception is at the heart of many leadership problems, identifying destructive patterns that undermine the successes of potentially excellent professionals while revealing how to improve teamwork, communication, and motivation. Reprint.},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Berrett-Koehler},
	author = {{Arbinger Institute}},
	year = {2002},
	note = {OCLC: 851992552}
}

@misc{OperationalSexRatio,
	title = {Operational sex ratio predicts the opportunity and direction of sexual selection across animals - {Janicke} - 2018 - {Ecology} {Letters} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.12907},
	urldate = {2019-11-05},
	file = {Operational sex ratio predicts the opportunity and direction of sexual selection across animals - Janicke - 2018 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library:files/7439/ele.html:text/html}
}

@article{janickeOperationalSexRatio2018,
	title = {Operational sex ratio predicts the opportunity and direction of sexual selection across animals},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {© 2018 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd/CNRS},
	issn = {1461-0248},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ele.12907},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.12907},
	abstract = {The operational sex ratio (OSR) has long been assumed to be a key ecological factor determining the opportunity and direction of sexual selection. However, recent theoretical work has challenged this view, arguing that a biased OSR does not necessarily result in greater monopolisation of mates and therefore stronger sexual selection in the mate-limited sex. Hence, the role of the OSR for shaping animal mating systems remains a conundrum in sexual selection research. Here we took a meta-analytic approach to test whether OSR explains interspecific variation in sexual selection metrics across a broad range of animal taxa. Our results demonstrate that the OSR predicts the opportunity for sexual selection in males and the direction of sexual selection in terms of sex differences in both the opportunity for sexual selection and the Bateman gradient (i.e. the selection differential of mating success), as predicted by classic theory.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-11-05},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Janicke, Tim and Morrow, Edward H.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {meta-analysis, mating systems, male competition, operational sex ratio, opportunity for sexual selection, Bateman gradient},
	pages = {384--391},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7442/Janicke and Morrow - 2018 - Operational sex ratio predicts the opportunity and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7441/ele.html:text/html}
}

@article{gaspariniCrossgenerationalEffectsSexual2012,
	title = {Cross-generational effects of sexual harassment on female fitness in the guppy},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01455.x},
	abstract = {Sexual harassment is a common outcome of sexual conflict over mating rate. A large number of studies have identified several direct costs to females of sexual harassment including energy expenditure and reduced foraging ability. However, the fitness consequences of sexual harassment for descendants have rarely been investigated. Here, we manipulated the level of sexual harassment and mating rate in two groups of female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, a live-bearing fish in which sexual conflict over mating rate is particularly pronounced. Each female was allowed to interact with three males for one day (low sexual harassment, LSH) or for eight days (high sexual harassment, HSH) during each breeding cycle throughout their life. Female lifetime fecundity did not differ between the groups, but we found a strong effect on offspring fitness. HSH females produced (1) daughters with smaller bodies and (2) sons with shorter gonopodia, which were less attractive to females and less successful in coercive matings than their LSH counterparts. Although these results may be influenced by the indirect effects of sex ratio differences between treatments, they suggest that sexual harassment and elevated mating rate can have negative cross-generational fitness effects and more profound evolutionary consequences than currently thought.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution},
	author = {Gasparini, Clelia and Devigili, Alessandro and Pilastro, Andrea},
	month = feb,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22276546},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: gaspariniCrossGenerationalEffectsSexual2012},
	keywords = {Poecilia, Poecilia reticulata, Male, life-history, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Animal, sexual conflict, Animals, Female, Reproduction, Inclusive fitness, lifetime fecundity},
	pages = {532--543},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7447/Gasparini et al. - 2012 - Cross-Generational Effects of Sexual Harassment on.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7446/j.1558-5646.2011.01455.html:text/html}
}

@article{tannenbaumSexGenderAnalysis2019,
	title = {Sex and gender analysis improves science and engineering},
	volume = {575},
	copyright = {2019 Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1657-6},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1657-6},
	abstract = {The authors discuss the potential for sex and gender analysis to foster scientific discovery, improve experimental efficiency and enable social equality.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7781},
	urldate = {2019-11-06},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Tannenbaum, Cara and Ellis, Robert P. and Eyssel, Friederike and Zou, James and Schiebinger, Londa},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: tannenbaumSexGenderAnalysis2019a},
	pages = {137--146},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7451/Tannenbaum et al. - 2019 - Sex and gender analysis improves science and engin.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7452/s41586-019-1657-6.html:text/html}
}

@book{biggsTeachingQualityLearning2011,
	title = {Teaching {For} {Quality} {Learning} {At} {University}},
	isbn = {978-0-335-24275-7},
	abstract = {This best-selling book explains the concept of constructive alignment in education and aids implementation of this at multiple levels.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {McGraw-Hill Education (UK)},
	author = {Biggs, John and Tang, Catherine},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: XhjRBrDAESkC
Citation Key Alias: johnTeachingQualityLearning2011a},
	keywords = {Education / Professional Development}
}

@book{saljoLearningLearnerPerspective1979,
	title = {Learning in the {Learner}'s {Perspective}: {Some} {Common}-sense {Conceptions}},
	shorttitle = {Learning in the {Learner}'s {Perspective}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Institute of Education, University of Göteborg},
	author = {Säljö, Roger},
	year = {1979},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: 8mLCAQAACAAJ}
}

@article{entwistleConceptionsLearningKnowledge,
	title = {Conceptions of learning and knowledge in higher education: {Relationships} with study behaviour and influences of learning environments},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0883-0355},
	shorttitle = {Conceptions of learning and knowledge in higher education},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/3426401/Conceptions_of_learning_and_knowledge_in_higher_education_Relationships_with_study_behaviour_and_influences_of_learning_environments},
	abstract = {Research into powerful learning environments has concentrated mainly on general influences on students\&\#39; engagement and learning. This paper considers a series of inter-related concepts that have been shown to be associated with student learning},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {International Journal of Educational Research},
	author = {Entwistle, Noel J. and Peterson, Elizabeth R.},
	pages = {407--428},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7458/Conceptions_of_learning_and_knowledge_in_higher_education_Relationships_with_study_behaviour_an.html:text/html}
}

@article{martonQualitativeDifferencesLearning1976,
	title = {On {Qualitative} {Differences} in {Learning}: {I}—{Outcome} and {Process}*},
	volume = {46},
	copyright = {1976 The British Psychological Society},
	issn = {2044-8279},
	shorttitle = {On {Qualitative} {Differences} in {Learning}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02980.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02980.x},
	abstract = {Summary. This paper describes an attempt to identify different levels of processing of information among groups of Swedish university students who were asked to read substantial passages of prose. Students were asked questions about the meaning of the passages and also about how they set about reading the passages. This approach allows processes and strategies of learning to be examined, as well as the outcomes in terms of what is understood and remembered. The starting point of this research was that learning has to be described in terms of its content. From this point differences in what is learned, rather than differences in how much is learned, are described. It was found that in each study a number of categories (levels of outcome) containing basically different conceptions of the content of the learning task could be identified. The corresponding differences in level of processing are described in terms of whether the learner is engaged in surface-level or deep-level processing.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {British Journal of Educational Psychology},
	author = {Marton, F. and Säljö, R.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {4--11},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7462/Marton and Säljö - 1976 - On Qualitative Differences in Learning I—Outcome .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7460/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02980.html:text/html}
}

@article{martonQualitativeDifferencesLearning1976a,
	title = {On {Qualitative} {Differences} in {Learning}—{Ii} {Outcome} as a {Function} of the {Learner}'s {Conception} of the {Task}},
	volume = {46},
	copyright = {1976 The British Psychological Society},
	issn = {2044-8279},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02304.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02304.x},
	abstract = {Summary. Two groups of 20 first-year students were asked to read three sections of a textbook. After the first two sections the groups received different types of question. One group received questions which demanded a thorough understanding of the meaning of the passage. The other group was given detailed factual questions. After the final section of reading a common set of questions of both types was asked. Besides providing further evidence of qualitative differences in learning, the experiment showed that students did adapt their way of learning to their conception of what was required of them.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {British Journal of Educational Psychology},
	author = {Marton, F. and Säaljö, R.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {115--127},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7464/Marton and Säaljö - 1976 - On Qualitative Differences in Learning—Ii Outcome .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7463/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02304.html:text/html}
}

@article{collinsTeachingPerspectivesInventory2011,
	title = {The {Teaching} {Perspectives} {Inventory} at 10 {Years} and 100,000 {Respondents}: {Reliability} and {Validity} of a {Teacher} {Self}-{Report} {Inventory}},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0741-7136},
	shorttitle = {The {Teaching} {Perspectives} {Inventory} at 10 {Years} and 100,000 {Respondents}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713610392763},
	doi = {10.1177/0741713610392763},
	abstract = {The Teaching Perspectives Inventory (TPI) measures teachers’ profiles on five contrasting views of what it means “to teach.” The inventory can be used in aiding self-reflection, developing statements of teaching philosophy, engendering conversations about teaching, and recognizing legitimate variations on excellence in teaching. Available at www.TeachingPerspectives.com, the TPI is a free, self-report, self-scoring inventory that promotes a pluralistic understanding of teaching and equips respondents with a more explicit vocabulary for reflecting on their own teaching and that of others. Ten years of accumulated responses for more than 100,000 respondents in more than 100 countries has provided a rich data bank for analysis of the instrument’s reliability, validity, and utility in promoting conversations about teaching that are respectful of disciplinary and professional signature pedagogies as well as cultural and social variations on how teaching is understood and valued.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Adult Education Quarterly},
	author = {Collins, John B. and Pratt, Daniel D.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {358--375},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7466/Collins and Pratt - 2011 - The Teaching Perspectives Inventory at 10 Years an.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dartStudentsConceptionsLearning2000,
	title = {Students' {Conceptions} of {Learning}, the {Classroom} {Environment}, and {Approaches} to {Learning}},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0022-0671},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670009598715},
	doi = {10.1080/00220670009598715},
	abstract = {A model that hypothesized relationships between high school students' conceptions of learning, their percpetions of the classroom environment, and their approaches to learning was tested using structural equation modeling. Results suggested that important associations exist between conceptions of learning and approaches to learning. Students who reported qualitative and experiential conceptions were likely to use deep approaches to learning, whereas students who had quantitative conceptions of learning tended to use surface approaches. The implications of these findings for teachers and the way they function in the classroom environment are discussed.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {The Journal of Educational Research},
	author = {Dart, Barry C. and Burnett, Paul C. and Purdie, Nola and Boulton-Lewis, Gillian and Campbell, Jenny and Smith, David},
	month = mar,
	year = {2000},
	note = {Citation Key Alias: dartStudentsConceptionsLearning2000a},
	pages = {262--270},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7468/Dart et al. - 2000 - Students' Conceptions of Learning, the Classroom E.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7538/Dart et al. - 2000 - Students' Conceptions of Learning, the Classroom E.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/sz/Zotero/storage/TTWLBARF/00220670009598715.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/sz/Zotero/storage/ZL7KU5H4/00220670009598715.html:text/html}
}

@article{trigwellRelationsStudentsApproaches2012,
	title = {Relations between students' approaches to learning, experienced emotions and outcomes of learning},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0307-5079},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.549220},
	doi = {10.1080/03075079.2010.549220},
	abstract = {Quantitative analyses conducted on the self-reports of first year university students suggest that there is a relationship between the ways they emotionally experience their course and the approach they take to the learning of that course. Students who more strongly experience positive emotions, such as hope and pride, and more weakly experience negative emotions (such as anger, boredom, anxiety and shame), are likely to be adopting more of a deep approach to learning. In comparison, students who describe more of a surface approach to learning are more likely to report an experience of lower positive emotions and higher negative emotions. Both the experience of more positive emotions and the adoption of a deeper approach are associated with higher achievement scores. Lower achievement is associated with surface approaches to learning and negative emotional experiences. The value of these results lies in enhancing awareness of the elements that make up the learning experience for students, and of the need for consideration of the full range of emotional and approach to learning elements in designing new learning environments.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Studies in Higher Education},
	author = {Trigwell, Keith and Ellis, Robert A. and Han, Feifei},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {approach to learning, emotions in learning, outcomes of learning},
	pages = {811--824},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7471/Trigwell et al. - 2012 - Relations between students' approaches to learning.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/sz/Zotero/storage/E9Q5CSAD/03075079.2010.html:text/html}
}

@article{kemberDisciplinaryDifferencesStudent2011,
	title = {Disciplinary {Differences} in {Student} {Ratings} of {Teaching} {Quality}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1573-188X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-010-9194-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s11162-010-9194-z},
	abstract = {Comparisons of large samples of course and teaching evaluation questionnaire data show consistent disciplinary differences. The current study examined the disciplinary differences in a theoretical model positing the impact of the perceived nature of teaching and learning environment on the development of generic capabilities by testing of (1) whether a common model of good teaching operated across disciplines and (2) the extent of deployment of teaching variables and their impact on learning outcomes. The sample consisted of 3,305 first and third year Chinese undergraduates of a university in Hong Kong, divided into four broad disciplinary groupings. Multiple-group structural equation modelling analysis showed configural invariance of the hypothesised model, suggesting a common model of good teaching across disciplines; and significant differences in the magnitude of structural paths and latent mean values across the four disciplinary groups were obtained reflecting differences between disciplines in the extent to which elements within the teaching and learning environment were brought into play. Possible reasons in terms of the epistemological nature of the disciplines were given to explain for the disciplinary variations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Research in Higher Education},
	author = {Kember, David and Leung, Doris Y. P.},
	month = may,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Disciplinary difference, Epistemology, Graduate capabilities, Perceived quality of teaching, Teaching and learning environments},
	pages = {278--299},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/7474/Kember and Leung - 2011 - Disciplinary Differences in Student Ratings of Tea.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{richardsonStudentsApproachesLearning2005,
	title = {Students’ {Approaches} to {Learning} and {Teachers}’ {Approaches} to {Teaching} in {Higher} {Education}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0144-3410},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410500344720},
	doi = {10.1080/01443410500344720},
	abstract = {Research into learning and teaching in higher education over the last 25 years has provided a variety of concepts, methods, and findings that are of both theoretical interest and practical relevance. It has revealed the relationships between students’ approaches to studying, their conceptions of learning, and their perceptions of their academic context. It has revealed the relationships between teachers’ approaches to teaching, their conceptions of teaching, and their perceptions of the teaching environment. And it has provided a range of tools that can be exploited for developing our understanding of learning and teaching in particular contexts and for assessing and enhancing the student experience on specific courses and programs.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Educational Psychology},
	author = {Richardson, John T. E.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {673--680},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7476/Richardson - 2005 - Students’ Approaches to Learning and Teachers’ App.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/sz/Zotero/storage/R75RHGQQ/01443410500344720.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{siemensConnectivism2017,
	title = {Connectivism},
	url = {https://lidtfoundations.pressbooks.com/chapter/connectivism-a-learning-theory-for-the-digital-age/},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	booktitle = {Foundations of {Learning} and {Instructional} {Design} {Technology}},
	author = {Siemens, George},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7479/connectivism-a-learning-theory-for-the-digital-age.html:text/html}
}

@book{harasimLearningTheoryOnline2017,
	title = {Learning {Theory} and {Online} {Technologies}},
	isbn = {978-1-315-71683-1},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315716831},
	abstract = {Learning Theory and Online Technologies offers a powerful overview of the current state of online learning, the foundations of its historical roots and growth,},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Harasim, Linda},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.4324/9781315716831},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7481/Harasim - 2017 - Learning Theory and Online Technologies.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7482/9781315716831.html:text/html}
}

@article{mcloughlinFutureLearningLandscapes2008,
	title = {Future {Learning} {Landscapes}: {Transforming} {Pedagogy} through {Social} {Software}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1552-3233},
	shorttitle = {Future {Learning} {Landscapes}},
	url = {https://nsuworks.nova.edu/innovate/vol4/iss5/1},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Innovate: Journal of Online Education},
	author = {McLoughlin, Catherine and Lee, Mark},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	file = {"Future Learning Landscapes\: Transforming Pedagogy through Social Softw" by Catherine McLoughlin and Mark J.W. Lee:files/7484/1.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ConnectedCurriculumHigher,
	title = {A {Connected} {Curriculum} for {Higher} {Education}},
	url = {https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/86213},
	abstract = {Is it possible to bring university research and student education into a more connected, more symbiotic relationship? If so, can we develop programmes of study that enable faculty, students and ‘real world’ communities to connect in new ways? In this accessible book, Dilly Fung argues that it is not only possible but a},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {UCL Press},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7486/86213.html:text/html}
}

@book{bridgstockHigherEducationFuture2019,
	address = {Cheltenham},
	title = {Higher {Education} and the {Future} of {Graduate} {Employability}: {A} {Connectedness} {Learning} {Approach}},
	isbn = {978-1-78897-260-4},
	shorttitle = {Higher {Education} and the {Future} of {Graduate} {Employability}},
	url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/higher-education-and-the-future-of-graduate-employability},
	abstract = {This book challenges the dominant ‘employability skills’ discourse by exploring socially connected and networked perspectives to learning and teaching in higher education. Both learning and career development happen naturally and optimally in ecologies, informal communities and partnerships. In the digital age, they are also highly networked. This book presents ten empirical case studies of educational practice that investigate the development of learner capabilities, teaching approaches, and institutional strategies in higher education, to foster lifelong graduate employability through social connectedness.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar},
	author = {Bridgstock, Ruth and Tippett, Neil},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7488/125153.html:text/html}
}

@misc{WorkIntegratedLearning,
	title = {Work integrated learning: a guide to effective practice by {Lesley} {Cooper} / {Kissly}: {Affordable} {Ebooks}},
	url = {https://kissly.net/book/F90A12CB92E13744D797?utm_source=ps51&utm_medium=qyzukinoqu.tk&utm_campaign=fnom&x=542120},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	file = {Work integrated learning\: a guide to effective practice by Lesley Cooper / Kissly\: Affordable Ebooks:files/7490/F90A12CB92E13744D797.html:text/html}
}

@misc{UniversityTeachingFocus,
	title = {University {Teaching} in {Focus} {\textbar} {A} learning-centred approach},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203079690},
	abstract = {University Teaching in Focus provides a foundational springboard for early career academics preparing to teach in universities. Focusing on four critical areas},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Taylor \& Francis},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7492/9780203079690.html:text/html}
}

@book{huntUniversityTeachingFocus2012,
	title = {University teaching in focus : a learning-centred approach},
	isbn = {978-1-74286-031-2},
	shorttitle = {University teaching in focus},
	url = {https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/178126601},
	abstract = {"University teaching in focus provides a foundational springboard for early career academics preparing to teach. Focusing on four critical areas: teaching, curriculum, students, and quality and leadership, this succinct resource offers university teachers a straightfoward approach to facilitating effective student learning. It aims to empower university teachers and contribute to their career success by developing teaching skills, strategies and knowledge, and linking theory to practice." "University teaching in focus provides a foundational springboard for early career academics preparing to teach. Focusing on four critical areas - teaching, curriculum, students, and quality and leadership - this succint resource offers university teachers a straightfoward approach to facilitating effective student learning. It aims to empower university teachers and contribute to their career success by developing teaching skills, strategies and knowledge, and linking theory to practice."--Back cover.  xxii, 330 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm. College teachers -- Australia. Education, Higher -- Australia. College teachers -- Australia -- Handbooks, manuals, etc. College teachers -- Study and teaching (Higher) Classroom management -- Study and teaching (Higher) Educational leadership -- Study and teaching (Higher) College teaching -- Case studies. EDUCATION -- Higher. College teaching. College teaching -- Australia. Education, Higher. Effective teaching. College teachers. Classroom management. Educational leadership. College teaching -- Study and teaching (Higher) Effective teaching -- Study and teaching (Higher) Teaching practices Education University of Ballarat Australian},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	publisher = {Camberwell, Victoria : ACER Press},
	author = {Hunt, Lynne and Chalmers, Denis and Research, Australian Council for Educational},
	year = {2012}
}

@book{skinnerBehaviorism1976,
	title = {About {Behaviorism}},
	shorttitle = {About {Behaviorism}},
	url = {https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/168146/about-behaviorism-by-b-f-skinner/},
	abstract = {The basic book about the controversial philosophy known as behaviorism, written by its leading exponent. Bibliography, index.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	publisher = {Penguin Random House},
	author = {Skinner, B.F.},
	year = {1976},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7497/about-behaviorism-by-b-f-skinner.html:text/html}
}

@misc{FormsEthicalIntellectual,
	title = {Forms of {Ethical} and {Intellectual} {Development} in the {College} {Years}: {A} {Scheme} {\textbar} {Wiley}},
	shorttitle = {Forms of {Ethical} and {Intellectual} {Development} in the {College} {Years}},
	url = {https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Forms+of+Ethical+and+Intellectual+Development+in+the+College+Years%3A+A+Scheme-p-9780787941185},
	abstract = {Since its original publication in 1970, this landmark book byWilliam Perry has remained the cornerstone of much of the studentdevelopment research that followed. Using research conducted withHarvard undergraduates over a fifteen-year period, Perry derived anAnduring framework for characterizing student development--a schemeso accurate that it still informs and advances investigations intostudent development across gAnders and cultures. Drawing from firsthand accounts, Perry traces a path from studentsadolescence into adulthood. His nine-stage model describes thesteps that move students from a simplistic, categorical view ofknowledge to a more complex, contextual view of the world and ofthemselves. Throughout this journey of cognitive development, Perryreveals that the most significant changes occur in forms in whichpeople perceive their world rather than in the particulars of theirattitudes and concerns. He shows ultimately that the nature ofintellectual development is such that we should pay as muchattention to the processes we use as to the content. In a new introduction to this classic work, Lee Knefelkamp--a closecolleague of Perrys and a leading expert on college studentdevelopment--evaluates the books place in the literature of highereducation. Knefelkamp explains how the Perry scheme has shapedcurrent thinking about student development and discusses the mostsignificant research that has since evolved from Perrysgroundbreaking effort. Forms of Ethical and Intellectual Development in the College Yearsis a work that every current and future student servicesprofessional must have in their library.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Wiley.com},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7499/Forms+of+Ethical+and+Intellectual+Development+in+the+College+Years+A+Scheme-p-9780787941185.html:text/html}
}

@book{piagetSixPsychologicalStudies1967,
	title = {Six psychological studies},
	isbn = {978-0-394-70462-3},
	url = {https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45237862},
	abstract = {In 24 libraries. xx, 169 p. ; 22 cm. Cognition -- in infancy \& childhood [MESH] Child Development [MESH] Cognition. Child Development. Infant. Child. Cognition in children.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	publisher = {New York : Random House},
	author = {Piaget, Jean and Piaget, Jean},
	year = {1967}
}

@article{levVygotsky1978Mind,
	title = {Vygotsky, {L}. {S}. (1978). {Mind} in {Society}: {The} {Development} of {Higher} {Psychological} {Processes}. {Cambridge}, {MA}: {Harvard} {University} {Press}},
	shorttitle = {Vygotsky, {L}. {S}. (1978). {Mind} in {Society}},
	url = {http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/vygotsky78.pdf},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	author = {Lev, Vygotsky},
	file = {Talis Aspire - Snapshot:files/7503/4E30C3A0-D521-16D1-CD34-F07733F110B2.html:text/html}
}

@book{vygotskijMindSocietyDevelopment1978,
	address = {Cambridge, London},
	title = {Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes},
	isbn = {978-0-674-57628-5},
	shorttitle = {Mind in society},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	author = {Vygotskij, Lev Semenovič and Cole, Michael},
	year = {1978},
	note = {OCLC: 876483030}
}

@article{zotero-7506
}

@misc{mcleodMaslowHierarchyNeeds2018,
	type = {https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html},
	title = {Maslow's hierarchy of needs. {Retrieved} from},
	author = {McLeod, S.A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2018}
}

@incollection{zotero-7509,
	booktitle = {University teaching in focus : a learning-centred approach}
}

@misc{stewartUnderstandingLearningTheories2012,
	title = {Understanding learning: theories and critique},
	shorttitle = {{UNDERSTANDING} {LEARNING}},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/},
	abstract = {This chapter introduces the main groups of learning theories and key debates, and terms such as 'constructivism' and 'behaviourism' that are encountered in},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {University Teaching in Focus},
	author = {Stewart, Martyn},
	month = nov,
	year = {2012},
	doi = {10.4324/9780203079690-1},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7511/9780203079690-1.html:text/html}
}

@book{piagetOriginsIntelligenceChildren1952,
	address = {New York, NY, US},
	series = {The origins of intelligence in children},
	title = {The origins of intelligence in children},
	abstract = {This work, a second edition of which has very kindly been requested, was followed by La Construction du réel chez l'enfant and was to have been completed by a study of the genesis of imitation in the child. The latter piece of research, whose publication we have postponed because it is so closely connected with the analysis of play and representational symbolism, appeared in 1945, inserted in a third work, La formation du symbole chez l'enfant. Together these three works form one entity dedicated to the beginnings of intelligence, that is to say, to the various manifestations of sensorimotor intelligence and to the most elementary forms of expression. The theses developed in this volume, which concern in particular the formation of the sensorimotor schemata and the mechanism of mental assimilation, have given rise to much discussion which pleases us and prompts us to thank both our opponents and our sympathizers for their kind interest in our work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {W W Norton \& Co},
	author = {Piaget, Jean},
	editor = {Cook, Margaret},
	year = {1952},
	doi = {10.1037/11494-000},
	keywords = {Intelligence, Assimilation (Cognitive Process), Childhood Play Development, Cognitive Development, Imitation (Learning), Nonverbal Communication, Perceptual Motor Development, Symbolism},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7515/2007-10742-000.html:text/html}
}

@book{banduraSocialLearningTheory1977,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Social {Learning} {Theory}},
	publisher = {General Learning Press},
	author = {Bandura, A.},
	year = {1977}
}

@article{ridingCognitiveStylesOverview1991,
	title = {Cognitive styles: {An} overview and integration},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1469-5820(Electronic),0144-3410(Print)},
	shorttitle = {Cognitive styles},
	doi = {10.1080/0144341910110301},
	abstract = {Reviews the literature on cognitive styles (CGSs). Analysis of the way in which researchers have assessed style and its effect on behavior and performance, and studies of the relationship to other labels, suggests that there exist 2 principal CGSs: the wholist-analytic and verbalizer-imager dimensions. A computer presented method of assessing the position of an individual on these 2 dimensions is described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {3-4},
	journal = {Educational Psychology},
	author = {Riding, Richard and Cheema, Indra},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {Cognitive Style, Literature Review},
	pages = {193--215},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7518/1992-16406-001.html:text/html}
}

@book{jensenFactorScienceMental1998,
	address = {Westport, CT, US},
	series = {The g factor: {The} science of mental ability},
	title = {The g factor: {The} science of mental ability},
	isbn = {978-0-275-96103-9},
	shorttitle = {The g factor},
	abstract = {Jensen provides a comprehensive treatment of one of the major constructs of behavioral science—general mental ability—labeled the g factor by its discoverer—C. Spearman. The g factor is about individual differences in mental abilities. In factor analyses of any and every large and diverse collection of measures of mental abilities, however varied the content of knowledge and skills they call upon, g emerges as the largest, most general source of differences between individuals and between certain subpopulations.  Jensen explains the psychometric, statistical, genetic, and physiological basis of g, as well as the major theoretical challenges to the concept. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group},
	author = {Jensen, Arthur R.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Cognitive Ability, Concepts},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7520/1998-07257-000.html:text/html}
}

@article{baddeleyEpisodicBufferNew2000,
	title = {The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1364-6613},
	shorttitle = {The episodic buffer},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661300015382},
	doi = {10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2},
	abstract = {In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch proposed a three-component model of working memory. Over the years, this has been successful in giving an integrated account not only of data from normal adults, but also neuropsychological, developmental and neuroimaging data. There are, however, a number of phenomena that are not readily captured by the original model. These are outlined here and a fourth component to the model, the episodic buffer, is proposed. It comprises a limited capacity system that provides temporary storage of information held in a multimodal code, which is capable of binding information from the subsidiary systems, and from long-term memory, into a unitary episodic representation. Conscious awareness is assumed to be the principal mode of retrieval from the buffer. The revised model differs from the old principally in focussing attention on the processes of integrating information, rather than on the isolation of the subsystems. In doing so, it provides a better basis for tackling the more complex aspects of executive control in working memory.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
	author = {Baddeley, Alan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {417--423},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7523/Baddeley - 2000 - The episodic buffer a new component of working me.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7522/S1364661300015382.html:text/html}
}

@article{immordino-yangWeFeelTherefore2007,
	title = {We {Feel}, {Therefore} {We} {Learn}: {The} {Relevance} of {Affective} and {Social} {Neuroscience} to {Education}},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {2007 International Mind, Brain, and Education Society and Blackwell Publishing, Inc.},
	issn = {1751-228X},
	shorttitle = {We {Feel}, {Therefore} {We} {Learn}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-228X.2007.00004.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1751-228X.2007.00004.x},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT— Recent advances in neuroscience are highlighting connections between emotion, social functioning, and decision making that have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the role of affect in education. In particular, the neurobiological evidence suggests that the aspects of cognition that we recruit most heavily in schools, namely learning, attention, memory, decision making, and social functioning, are both profoundly affected by and subsumed within the processes of emotion; we call these aspects emotional thought. Moreover, the evidence from brain-damaged patients suggests the hypothesis that emotion-related processes are required for skills and knowledge to be transferred from the structured school environment to real-world decision making because they provide an emotional rudder to guide judgment and action. Taken together, the evidence we present sketches an account of the neurobiological underpinnings of morality, creativity, and culture, all topics of critical importance to education. Our hope is that a better understanding of the neurobiological relationships between these constructs will provide a new basis for innovation in the design of learning environments.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Mind, Brain, and Education},
	author = {Immordino‐Yang, Mary Helen and Damasio, Antonio},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {3--10},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7526/Immordino‐Yang and Damasio - 2007 - We Feel, Therefore We Learn The Relevance of Affe.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7525/j.1751-228X.2007.00004.html:text/html}
}

@article{bouchardSourcesHumanPsychological1990,
	title = {Sources of human psychological differences: the {Minnesota} {Study} of {Twins} {Reared} {Apart}},
	volume = {250},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	shorttitle = {Sources of human psychological differences},
	doi = {10.1126/science.2218526},
	abstract = {Since 1979, a continuing study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, separated in infancy and reared apart, has subjected more than 100 sets of reared-apart twins or triplets to a week of intensive psychological and physiological assessment. Like the prior, smaller studies of monozygotic twins reared apart, about 70\% of the variance in IQ was found to be associated with genetic variation. On multiple measures of personality and temperament, occupational and leisure-time interests, and social attitudes, monozygotic twins reared apart are about as similar as are monozygotic twins reared together. These findings extend and support those from numerous other twin, family, and adoption studies. It is a plausible hypothesis that genetic differences affect psychological differences largely indirectly, by influencing the effective environment of the developing child. This evidence for the strong heritability of most psychological traits, sensibly construed, does not detract from the value or importance of parenting, education, and other propaedeutic interventions.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4978},
	journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
	author = {Bouchard, T. J. and Lykken, D. T. and McGue, M. and Segal, N. L. and Tellegen, A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1990},
	pmid = {2218526},
	keywords = {Personality, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Intelligence, Phenotype, Adult, Anthropometry, Child, Child Rearing, Minnesota, Twins, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic},
	pages = {223--228}
}

@book{schonReflectivePractitionerHow2017,
	title = {The {Reflective} {Practitioner}: {How} {Professionals} {Think} in {Action}},
	isbn = {978-1-351-88315-3},
	shorttitle = {The {Reflective} {Practitioner}},
	abstract = {A leading M.I.T. social scientist and consultant examines five professions - engineering, architecture, management, psychotherapy, and town planning - to show how professionals really go about solving problems. The best professionals, Donald Schön maintains, know more than they can put into words. To meet the challenges of their work, they rely less on formulas learned in graduate school than on the kind of improvisation learned in practice. This unarticulated, largely unexamined process is the subject of Schön's provocatively original book, an effort to show precisely how 'reflection-in-action' works and how this vital creativity might be fostered in future professionals.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Schön, Donald A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: OT9BDgAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Social Science / Social Work}
}

@book{schonReflectivePractitionerHow1983,
	title = {The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action},
	isbn = {978-0-465-06874-6},
	shorttitle = {The reflective practitioner},
	abstract = {A leading M.I.T. social scientist and consultant examines five professionsengineering, architecture, management, psychotherapy, and town planningto show how professionals really go about solving problems.The best professionals, Donald Schon maintains, know more than they can put into words. To meet the challenges of their work, they rely less on formulas learned in graduate school than on the kind of improvisation learned in practice. This unarticulated, largely unexamined process is the subject of Schon's provocatively original book, an effort to show precisely how "reflection-in-action" works and how this vital creativity might be fostered in future professionals.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Basic Books},
	author = {Schön, Donald A.},
	year = {1983},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: oYNHAAAAMAAJ},
	keywords = {Education / Higher, Psychology / General, Professions, Psychology / Cognitive Psychology, Self-knowledge, Theory of, Thought and thinking}
}

@book{mezirow2009transformative,
	title = {Transformative learning in practice: {Insights} from community, workplace, and higher education},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Mezirow, Jack and Taylor, Edward W},
	year = {2009}
}

@misc{ClassicsHistoryPsychology,
	title = {Classics in the {History} of {Psychology} -- {A}. {H}. {Maslow} (1943) {A} {Theory} of {Human} {Motivation}},
	url = {https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	file = {Classics in the History of Psychology -- A. H. Maslow (1943) A Theory of Human Motivation:files/7535/motivation.html:text/html}
}

@article{maslow1943theory,
	title = {A theory of human motivation.},
	volume = {50},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Psychological review},
	author = {Maslow, Abraham Harold},
	year = {1943},
	note = {tex.publisher: American Psychological Association},
	pages = {370}
}

@article{zajitschekCostsBenefitsGiant2019,
	title = {Costs and benefits of giant sperm and sperm storage organs in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {32},
	copyright = {© 2019 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2019 European Society For Evolutionary Biology},
	issn = {1420-9101},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.13529},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.13529},
	abstract = {In Drosophila, long sperm are favoured in sperm competition based on the length of the female's primary sperm storage organ, the seminal receptacle (SR). This sperm–SR interaction, together with a genetic correlation between the traits, suggests that the coevolution of exaggerated sperm and SR lengths may be driven by Fisherian runaway selection. Here, we explore the costs and benefits of long sperm and SR genotypes, both in the sex that carries them and in the sex that does not. We measured male and female fitness in inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster derived from four populations previously selected for long sperm, short sperm, long SRs or short SRs. We specifically asked: What are the costs and benefits of long sperm in males and long SRs in females? Furthermore, do genotypes that generate long sperm in males or long SRs in females impose a fitness cost on the opposite sex? Answers to these questions will address whether long sperm are an honest indicator of male fitness, male post-copulatory success is associated with male precopulatory success, female choice benefits females or is costly, and intragenomic conflict could influence evolution of these traits. We found that both sexes have increased longevity in long sperm and long SR genotypes. Males, but not females, from long SR lines had higher fecundity. Our results suggest that sperm–SR coevolution is facilitated by both increased viability and indirect benefits of long sperm and SRs in both sexes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-11-07},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Susanne and Zajitschek, Felix and Josway, Sarah and Shabeeb, Reem Al and Weiner, Halli and Manier, Mollie K.},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {good genes, sperm, fecundity, longevity, mating success, post-copulatory sexual selection, precopulatory sexual selection, Fisherian runaway selection, intralocus sexual conflict, sperm storage organ},
	pages = {1300--1309},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7542/Zajitschek et al. - 2019 - Costs and benefits of giant sperm and sperm storag.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7541/jeb.html:text/html}
}

@article{maklakov2008sex,
	title = {Sex-specific fitness effects of nutrient intake on reproduction and lifespan},
	volume = {18},
	number = {14},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Maklakov, Alexei A and Simpson, Stephen J and Zajitschek, Felix and Hall, Matthew D and Dessmann, Josephine and Clissold, Fiona and Raubenheimer, David and Bonduriansky, Russell and Brooks, Robert C},
	year = {2008},
	note = {tex.publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {1062--1066}
}

@article{zajitschek2009effects,
	title = {Effects of juvenile and adult diet on ageing and reproductive effort of male and female black field crickets, {Teleogryllus} commodus},
	volume = {23},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Hunt, John and Jennions, Michael D and Hall, Matthew D and Brooks, Robert C},
	year = {2009},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {602--611}
}

@article{zajitschek2009sex,
	title = {Sex effects on life span and senescence in the wild when dates of birth and death are unknown},
	volume = {90},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Brassil, Chad E and Bonduriansky, Russell and Brooks, Robert C},
	year = {2009},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {1698--1707}
}

@article{archer2012sexual,
	title = {Sexual selection affects the evolution of lifespan and ageing in the decorated cricket {Gryllodes} sigillatus},
	volume = {66},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution},
	author = {Archer, C Ruth and Zajitschek, Felix and Sakaluk, Scott K and Royle, Nick J and Hunt, John},
	year = {2012},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {3088--3100}
}

@article{zajitschek2012diet,
	title = {Diet, sex, and death in field crickets},
	volume = {2},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Ecology and evolution},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Lailvaux, Simon P and Dessmann, Josephine and Brooks, Robert},
	year = {2012},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {1627--1636}
}

@article{kotrschal2015positive,
	title = {Positive genetic correlation between brain size and sexual traits in male guppies artificially selected for brain size},
	volume = {28},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	author = {Kotrschal, Alexander and Corral-Lopez, Alberto and Zajitschek, Susanne and Immler, Simone and Maklakov, Alexei A and Kolm, Niclas},
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {841--850}
}

@article{chen2013ageing,
	title = {Why ageing stops: heterogeneity explains late-life mortality deceleration in nematodes},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Chen, Hwei-yen and Zajitschek, Felix and Maklakov, Alexei A},
	year = {2013},
	note = {tex.publisher: The Royal Society},
	pages = {20130217}
}

@article{zajitschek2013aging,
	title = {Aging differently: diet-and sex-dependent late-life mortality patterns in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {69},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Jin, Tuo and Colchero, Fernando and Maklakov, Alexei A},
	year = {2013},
	note = {tex.publisher: Oxford University Press US},
	pages = {666--674}
}

@article{zajitschek2017partitioning,
	title = {Partitioning of resources: the evolutionary genetics of sexual conflict over resource acquisition and allocation},
	volume = {30},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Connallon, Tim},
	year = {2017},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {826--838}
}

@article{iglesias2018females,
	title = {Are females in good condition better able to cope with costly males?},
	volume = {29},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Behavioral ecology},
	author = {Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider and Jennions, Michael D and Zajitschek, Susanne RK and Head, Megan L},
	year = {2018},
	note = {tex.publisher: Oxford University Press UK},
	pages = {876--884}
}

@article{erkosar2018host,
	title = {Host diet mediates a negative relationship between abundance and diversity of {Drosophila} gut microbiota},
	volume = {8},
	number = {18},
	journal = {Ecology and evolution},
	author = {Erkosar, Berra and Yashiro, Erika and Zajitschek, Felix and Friberg, Urban and Maklakov, Alexei A and van der Meer, Jan R and Kawecki, Tadeusz J},
	year = {2018},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {9491--9502}
}

@article{zajitschek2018antagonistic,
	title = {Antagonistic pleiotropy in species with separate sexes, and the maintenance of genetic variation in life-history traits and fitness},
	volume = {72},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Connallon, Tim},
	year = {2018},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {1306--1316}
}

@article{colchero2019diversity,
	title = {The diversity of population responses to environmental change},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Ecology letters},
	author = {Colchero, Fernando and Jones, Owen R and Conde, Dalia A and Hodgson, David and Zajitschek, Felix and Schmidt, Benedikt R and Malo, Aurelio F and Alberts, Susan C and Becker, Peter H and Bouwhuis, Sandra and {others}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {tex.publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {342--353}
}

@article{zajitschek2017correction,
	title = {Correction to ‘{High}-protein paternal diet confers an advantage to sons in sperm competition’},
	volume = {13},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Zajitschek, Susanne and Manier, Mollie},
	year = {2017},
	note = {tex.publisher: The Royal Society},
	pages = {20170297}
}

@incollection{bonduriansky2014quantitative,
	title = {Quantitative genetics of wild populations of arthropods},
	booktitle = {Quantitative genetics in the wild},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Bonduriansky, Russell and Zajitschek, Felix},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {147--159}
}

@article{zajitschek2017paternal,
	title = {Paternal diet affects differential gene expression, but not sperm competition, in sons.},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Biology letters},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix and Zajitschek, Susanne and Manier, Mollie},
	year = {2017},
	note = {tex.publisher: The Royal Society}
}

@article{zajitschek2010core,
	title = {To the core of behavioral ecology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Zajitschek, Felix},
	year = {2010},
	note = {tex.publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {494}
}

@article{sherwinMicrobiotaSocialBrain2019,
	title = {Microbiota and the social brain},
	volume = {366},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6465/eaar2016},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aar2016},
	abstract = {Animal sociability through microbes
Accumulating evidence suggests that the microbiota living in and on animals has important functions in the social architecture of those animals. Sherwin et al. review how the microbiota might facilitate neurodevelopment, help program social behaviors, and facilitate communication in various animal species, including humans. Understanding the complex relationship between microbiota and animal sociability may also identify avenues for treating social disorders in humans.
Science, this issue p. eaar2016
Structured Abstract
BACKGROUNDIncreasingly, it is recognized that the microbes resident in the gastrointestinal tract can influence brain physiology and behavior. Research has shown that the gastrointestinal microbiota can signal to the brain via a diverse set of pathways, including immune activation, production of microbial metabolites and peptides, activation of the vagus nerve, and production of various neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the gut itself. Collectively, this bidirectional pathway is known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In the absence of a microbiota, germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice exhibit alterations to several central physiological processes such as neurotransmitter turnover, neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and neuronal morphology. Perhaps as a result of these neurological alterations, the behavior of rodents lacking a microbiota—especially social behavior—is remarkably different from that of rodents colonized with bacteria. Conversely, supplementation of animals with certain beneficial live bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) can lead to notable improvements in social behavior both in early life and in adulthood. Collectively, these results suggest that microbial signals are important for healthy neurodevelopment and programming of social behaviors in the brain. Although research on the functional and ecological implications of the gut microbiota in natural populations is growing, from an evolutionary perspective it remains unclear why and when relationships between microbes and the social brain arose. We propose that a trans-species analysis may aid in our understanding of human sociability.
ADVANCESSociability comprises a complex range of interactive behaviors that can be cooperative, neutral, or antagonistic. Across the animal kingdom, the level of sociability an animal displays is variable; some are highly social (e.g., primates, termites, and honey bees), living within cooperative communities, whereas others have a mostly solitary existence (e.g., bears). Consequently, although studies on germ-free and antibiotic-treated animals have yielded insights into how the microbiota may influence social behaviors, they are perhaps too reductionist to fully appreciate the complex relationship between symbiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and host sociability when considering a broader zoological perspective. Some social interactions have evolved to facilitate horizontal transmission of microbiota. Observations across both invertebrate and vertebrate species suggest that factors such as diet and immunity generate selection pressures that drive the relationship between microbiota and social behavior. Although microbiota may influence behaviors endogenously through regulation of the gut-brain axis, some animal species may have evolved to use symbiotic bacteria exogenously to mediate communication between members of the same species. Hyenas, for example, produce an odorous paste from their scent glands that contains fermentative bacteria that is suggested to facilitate social cohesion among conspecifics. This complex relationship between animals and microbiota raises the hypothesis that microbes may have influenced the evolution of the social brain and behavior as a means to propagate their own genetic material.
OUTLOOKUnderstanding the factors that affect the development and programming of social behaviors across the animal kingdom is important not only in terms of rethinking the evolution of brain physiology and behavior, but also in terms of providing greater insight into disorders of the social brain in humans [including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), social phobia, and schizophrenia]. Evidence for a link between the microbiota and these conditions is growing, and preclinical and emerging clinical data raise the hypothesis that targeting the microbiota through dietary or live biotherapeutic interventions can improve the associated behavioral symptoms in such neurodevelopmental disorders. Larger clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of such interventions before they are recognized as a first-line treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders. Although such connections between gut bacteria and neurodevelopmental disorders are currently an intriguing area of research, any role for the microbiota in the evolution of social behaviors in animals does not supersede other contributing factors. Rather, it adds an additional perspective on how these complex behaviors arose. {\textless}img class="fragment-image" aria-describedby="F1-caption" src="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/366/6465/eaar2016/F1.medium.gif"/{\textgreater} Download high-res image Open in new tab Download Powerpoint The relationship between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and social behavior.The bidirectional pathway between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, influences various complex aspects of social behavior across the animal kingdom. Some animals have evolved their own unique relationship with their gut microbiota that may assist them in interacting with conspecifics. The relationship between the gut microbiota and social behavior may help to explain social deficits observed in conditions such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and could potentially lead to the development of new therapies for such conditions.
Sociability can facilitate mutually beneficial outcomes such as division of labor, cooperative care, and increased immunity, but sociability can also promote negative outcomes, including aggression and coercion. Accumulating evidence suggests that symbiotic microorganisms, specifically the microbiota that reside within the gastrointestinal system, may influence neurodevelopment and programming of social behaviors across diverse animal species. This relationship between host and microbes hints that host-microbiota interactions may have influenced the evolution of social behaviors. Indeed, the gastrointestinal microbiota is used by certain species as a means to facilitate communication among conspecifics. Further understanding of how microbiota influence the brain in nature may be helpful for elucidating the causal mechanisms underlying sociability and for generating new therapeutic strategies for social disorders in humans, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).},
	language = {en},
	number = {6465},
	urldate = {2019-11-08},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Sherwin, Eoin and Bordenstein, Seth R. and Quinn, John L. and Dinan, Timothy G. and Cryan, John F.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {31672864},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7562/Sherwin et al. - 2019 - Microbiota and the social brain.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7563/eaar2016.html:text/html}
}

@article{rohrerSuccessfullyStrivingHappiness2018,
	title = {Successfully {Striving} for {Happiness}: {Socially} {Engaged} {Pursuits} {Predict} {Increases} in {Life} {Satisfaction}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0956-7976},
	shorttitle = {Successfully {Striving} for {Happiness}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618761660},
	doi = {10.1177/0956797618761660},
	abstract = {Happiness is considered a highly desirable attribute, but whether or not individuals can actively steer their lives toward greater well-being is an open empirical question. In this study, respondents from a representative German sample reported, in text format, ideas for how they could improve their life satisfaction. We investigated which of these ideas predicted changes in life satisfaction 1 year later. Active pursuits per se—as opposed to statements about external circumstances or fortune—were not associated with changes in life satisfaction (n = 1,178). However, in line with our preregistered hypothesis, among individuals who described active pursuits (n = 582), those who described social ideas (e.g., spending more time with friends and family) ended up being more satisfied, and this effect was partly mediated by increased socializing. Our results demonstrate that not all pursuits of happiness are equally successful and corroborate the great importance of social relationships for human well-being.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2019-11-13},
	journal = {Psychological Science},
	author = {Rohrer, Julia M. and Richter, David and Brümmer, Martin and Wagner, Gert G. and Schmukle, Stefan C.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1291--1298},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7566/Rohrer et al. - 2018 - Successfully Striving for Happiness Socially Enga.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{heslinHowBeingLearning2019,
	title = {How being in learning mode may enable a sustainable career across the lifespan},
	issn = {0001-8791},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001879119300880},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103324},
	abstract = {A sustainable career is one in which individuals enjoy at least a moderate degree of productivity, health, and happiness across their lifespan. To elucidate what people might need to learn to enhance their career sustainability, we depict a wide range of typical career- and home-realm challenges. Being in learning mode is proposed as a self-regulatory meta-competency that shapes self-directed learning regarding how to tackle sustainable career challenges. People are in learning mode when they hold a growth mindset as they cycle through relevant approach, action, and reflection experiential learning processes. Given the relative stability yet plasticity of mindsets, we offer a dual-process model of mindsets that highlights how people may be nudged in and out of learning mode, both momentarily and over longer time frames. We outline implications for sustainable careers and mindsets theory and research, as well as practical implications for organizations, management education, vocational counseling and peer coaching, and those striving to forge a more sustainable career.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-11-15},
	journal = {Journal of Vocational Behavior},
	author = {Heslin, Peter A. and Keating, Lauren A. and Ashford, Susan J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Dual process model of mindsets, In learning mode, Lifespan, Mindsets, Sustainable careers},
	pages = {103324},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7569/Heslin et al. - 2019 - How being in learning mode may enable a sustainabl.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7568/S0001879119300880.html:text/html}
}

@article{koeslag-kreunenWhenLeadershipPowers2018,
	title = {When {Leadership} {Powers} {Team} {Learning}: {A} {Meta}-{Analysis}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1046-4964},
	shorttitle = {When {Leadership} {Powers} {Team} {Learning}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496418764824},
	doi = {10.1177/1046496418764824},
	abstract = {Team learning behavior is found to be one of the most effective team processes, as learning behavior at the team level (e.g., sharing, discussing, and reflecting on knowledge and actions) enables teams to adapt existing or develop new knowledge. Team leadership behavior is considered a critical accelerant for creating conditions that are essential to engage in team learning behavior, such as a safe environment. Yet despite the growing amount of research in team learning, this relationship remains unclear. Meta-analytic techniques were used to examine when team leadership behaviors support team learning behavior and how the task type moderates that relationship. Forty-three empirical studies reporting 92 effect sizes were synthesized. Analyses show that team leadership behavior explains 18\% of the variance in team learning behavior. Furthermore, results indicate that person-focused leaders foster team learning for both adaptive and developmental tasks, whereas task-focused leaders influence team learning for adaptive tasks only.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-18},
	journal = {Small Group Research},
	author = {Koeslag-Kreunen, Mieke and Van den Bossche, Piet and Hoven, Michael and Van der Klink, Marcel and Gijselaers, Wim},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {475--513},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7571/Koeslag-Kreunen et al. - 2018 - When Leadership Powers Team Learning A Meta-Analy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{confortiCancerImmunotherapyEfficacy2018,
	title = {Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients' sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1470-2045, 1474-5488},
	shorttitle = {Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients' sex},
	url = {https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(18)30261-4/abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30261-4},
	abstract = {{\textless}h2{\textgreater}Summary{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Background{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Despite the acknowledged sex-related dimorphism in immune system response, little is known about the effect of patients' sex on the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors as cancer treatments. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the heterogeneity of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy between men and women.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Methods{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}We systematically searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus, from database inception to Nov 30, 2017, for randomised controlled trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors (inhibitors of PD-1, CTLA-4, or both) that had available hazard ratios (HRs) for death according to patients' sex. We also reviewed abstracts and presentations from all major conference proceedings. We excluded non-randomised trials and considered only papers published in English. The primary endpoint was to assess the difference in efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors between men and women, measured in terms of the difference in overall survival log(HR) reported in male and female study participants. We calculated the pooled overall survival HR and 95\% CI in men and women using a random-effects model, and assessed the heterogeneity between the two estimates using an interaction test.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Findings{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Of 7133 studies identified in our search, there were 20 eligible randomised controlled trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ipilimumab, tremelimumab, nivolumab, or pembrolizumab) that reported overall survival according to patients' sex. Overall, 11 351 patients with advanced or metastatic cancers (7646 [67\%] men and 3705 [33\%] women) were included in the analysis; the most common types of cancer were melanoma (3632 [32\%]) and non-small-cell lung cancer (3482 [31\%]). The pooled overall survival HR was 0·72 (95\% CI 0·65–0·79) in male patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, compared with men treated in control groups. In women treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, the pooled overall survival HR compared with control groups was 0·86 (95\% CI 0·79–0·93). The difference in efficacy between men and women treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors was significant (p=0·0019).{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Interpretation{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Immune checkpoint inhibitors can improve overall survival for patients with advanced cancers such as melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, but the magnitude of benefit is sex-dependent. Future research should guarantee greater inclusion of women in trials and focus on improving the effectiveness of immunotherapies in women, perhaps exploring different immunotherapeutic approaches in men and women.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Funding{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}None.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-11-21},
	journal = {The Lancet Oncology},
	author = {Conforti, Fabio and Pala, Laura and Bagnardi, Vincenzo and Pas, Tommaso De and Martinetti, Marco and Viale, Giuseppe and Gelber, Richard D. and Goldhirsch, Aron},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29778737},
	pages = {737--746},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7573/Conforti et al. - 2018 - Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients' sex a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7574/fulltext.html:text/html}
}

@article{millerConsideringSexBiological2016,
	title = {Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0892-6638},
	url = {https://www.fasebj.org/doi/full/10.1096/fj.201600781r},
	doi = {10.1096/fj.201600781R},
	abstract = {In June 2015, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a Guide notice (NOT-OD-15-102) that highlighted the expectation of the NIH that the possible role of sex as a biologic variable be factored into research design, analyses, and reporting of vertebrate animal and human studies. Anticipating these guidelines, the NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health, in October 2014, convened key stakeholders to discuss methods and techniques for integrating sex as a biologic variable in preclinical research. The workshop focused on practical methods, experimental design, and approaches to statistical analyses in the use of both male and female animals, cells, and tissues in preclinical research. Workshop participants also considered gender as a modifier of biology. This article builds on the workshop and is meant as a guide to preclinical investigators as they consider methods and techniques for inclusion of both sexes in preclinical research and is not intended to prescribe exhaustive/specific approaches for compliance with the new NIH policy.—Miller, L. R., Marks, C., Becker, J. B., Hurn, P. D., Chen, W.-J., Woodruff, T., McCarthy, M. M., Sohrabji, F., Schiebinger, L., Wetherington, C. L., Makris, S., Arnold, A. P., Einstein, G., Miller, V. M., Sandberg, K., Maier, S., Cornelison, T. L., Clayton, J. A. Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-11-21},
	journal = {The FASEB Journal},
	author = {Miller, Leah R. and Marks, Cheryl and Becker, Jill B. and Hurn, Patricia D. and Chen, Wei-Jung and Woodruff, Teresa and McCarthy, Margaret M. and Sohrabji, Farida and Schiebinger, Londa and Wetherington, Cora Lee and Makris, Susan and Arnold, Arthur P. and Einstein, Gillian and Miller, Virginia M. and Sandberg, Kathryn and Maier, Susan and Cornelison, Terri L. and Clayton, Janine A.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {29--34},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7577/Miller et al. - 2016 - Considering sex as a biological variable in precli.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7578/fj.html:text/html}
}

@article{nielsenMakingGenderDiversity2018,
	title = {Making gender diversity work for scientific discovery and innovation},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {2397-3374},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-018-0433-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41562-018-0433-1},
	abstract = {Increasing gender diversity can bring about substantial benefits for research and society. Nielsen et al. propose a framework for increased diversity not only in the composition of teams, but also in research methods and in the questions targeted by research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2019-11-21},
	journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
	author = {Nielsen, Mathias Wullum and Bloch, Carter Walter and Schiebinger, Londa},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {726--734},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7580/Nielsen et al. - 2018 - Making gender diversity work for scientific discov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7581/s41562-018-0433-1.html:text/html}
}

@article{mauvais-jarvisGuideDesignPreclinical2017,
	title = {A guide for the design of pre-clinical studies on sex differences in metabolism},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1550-4131},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5516948/},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.033},
	abstract = {In animal models, the physiological systems involved in metabolic homeostasis exhibit a sex difference. Investigators often use male rodents because they show metabolic disease better than females. Thus, females are not used precisely because of an acknowledged sex difference that represents an opportunity to understand novel factors reducing metabolic disease more in one sex than the other. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) mandate to consider sex as a biological variable in preclinical research places new demands on investigators and peer reviewers who often lack expertise in model systems and experimental paradigms used in the study of sex differences. This review discusses experimental design and interpretation in studies addressing the mechanisms of sex differences in metabolic homeostasis and disease, using animal models and cells. We also highlight current limitations in research tools and attitudes that threaten to delay progress in studies of sex differences in basic animal research., Mauvais-Jarvis et al. discuss experimental design and interpretation in studies addressing the mechanisms of sex differences in metabolic homeostasis and disease, using animal models and cells. They highlight current limitations in research tools and attitudes that threaten to delay progress in studies of sex differences in basic animal research.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-11-21},
	journal = {Cell metabolism},
	author = {Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck and Arnold, Arthur P. and Reue, Karen},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28591630},
	pmcid = {PMC5516948},
	pages = {1216--1230},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/7584/Mauvais-Jarvis et al. - 2017 - A guide for the design of pre-clinical studies on .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{naqviConservationAcquisitionFunctional2019,
	title = {Conservation, acquisition, and functional impact of sex-biased gene expression in mammals},
	volume = {365},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6450/eaaw7317},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaw7317},
	abstract = {The genetics of sexual dimorphism
In mammals, many species exhibit sex-specific phenotypes that differ between males and females. Although attention has been directed to the effects of the X and Y sex chromosomes, we do not understand how sex affects the rest of the genome. Naqvi et al. examined gene expression in 12 tissues in male and female humans, mice, rats, dogs, and cynomolgus macaques and identified diversity in gene expression between the sexes. Examining sex-biased gene expression in human height identified opposing male or female bias. Although conservation of differential sex-specific gene expression among species was observed, specific genes differed in the sexes among species and lineages suggesting the evolution of species- or lineage-specific sex-biased expression.
Science, this issue p. eaaw7317
Structured Abstract
INTRODUCTIONSex differences are widespread in humans and other mammals. For example, the distribution of height or body size is shifted upwards in males relative to females, and sex differences are found in the immune and cardiovascular systems as well as in metabolism. However, little is known about how gene expression differs between the sexes in a broad range of mammalian tissues and species. A catalog of such sex-biased gene expression could help us understand phenotypic sex differences. Assessing the extent to which sex-biased gene expression is conserved across the body could also have important implications for the use of nonhuman mammals as models of sex-biased human biology.
RATIONALETo identify both conserved and lineage- or species-specific sex differences in gene expression, we sequenced RNA from male and female samples in 12 tissues in each of four nonhuman mammals (cynomolgus macaque, mouse, rat, and dog) and analyzed these data jointly with publicly available data from postmortem male and female human tissues. To assess the impact of sex-biased gene expression on the sex difference in mean human height, we applied methods that integrate the effects of genetic variation on both gene expression and phenotype (height in this case). We sought to understand which transcription factors (TFs) contribute to evolutionary changes in sex bias by analyzing motifs gained or lost concurrently with lineage- or species-specific changes in sex bias.
RESULTSLinear modeling revealed {\textasciitilde}3000 genes with conserved (species-shared) sex bias in gene expression, most of which was tissue specific. The cumulative effects of conserved sex bias explain {\textasciitilde}12\% of the sex difference in mean human height, and cases such as that of LCORL, a TF with conservation of both female-biased expression and genetic association with height, suggest a contribution to sex differences in body size beyond humans. However, most sex-biased gene expression ({\textasciitilde}77\%) was specific to single species or subsets of species, implying that it arose more recently during evolution. We identified 83 instances where TFs showed sex-biased expression in the same tissue, in which their motifs were associated with gain or loss of sex bias at other genes, accounting for a significant portion ({\textasciitilde}27\%) of lineage-specific changes in sex bias.
CONCLUSIONBy conducting a 12-tissue, five-species survey of sex differences in gene expression, we found that although conserved sex bias in gene expression exists throughout the body, most sex bias has been acquired more recently during mammalian evolution. Height is likely subject to opposing selective pressures in males and females; our study thus documents how such selective forces can result in sex-biased expression which, when layered upon genetic pathways acting identically in males and females, can lead to trait distributions shifted between the sexes. Our findings also suggest that, in many cases, molecular sex differences observed in humans may not be mirrored in nonhuman mammals. {\textless}img class="fragment-image" aria-describedby="F1-caption" src="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/365/6450/eaaw7317/F1.medium.gif"/{\textgreater} Download high-res image Open in new tab Download Powerpoint RNA sequencing of male and female samples in 12 tissues and five species reveals the functional impact and mechanistic underpinnings of sex-biased gene expression.A survey of sex differences in gene expression using RNA sequencing data (left) leads to the discovery of both conserved (species-shared) and lineage- or species-specific sex biases in expression across the genome. Genes with conserved sex bias contribute to the sex difference in mean height in humans and other mammals, whereas lineage-specific changes can be partially explained by gains and losses of motifs for sex-biased TFs.
Sex differences abound in human health and disease, as they do in other mammals used as models. The extent to which sex differences are conserved at the molecular level across species and tissues is unknown. We surveyed sex differences in gene expression in human, macaque, mouse, rat, and dog, across 12 tissues. In each tissue, we identified hundreds of genes with conserved sex-biased expression—findings that, combined with genomic analyses of human height, explain {\textasciitilde}12\% of the difference in height between females and males. We surmise that conserved sex biases in expression of genes otherwise operating equivalently in females and males contribute to sex differences in traits. However, most sex-biased expression arose during the mammalian radiation, which suggests that careful attention to interspecies divergence is needed when modeling human sex differences.
Mammalian genome-wide gene expression varies between males and females.
Mammalian genome-wide gene expression varies between males and females.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6450},
	urldate = {2019-11-21},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Naqvi, Sahin and Godfrey, Alexander K. and Hughes, Jennifer F. and Goodheart, Mary L. and Mitchell, Richard N. and Page, David C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {31320509},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7586/Naqvi et al. - 2019 - Conservation, acquisition, and functional impact o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7587/eaaw7317.html:text/html}
}

@article{elrodDeathValleyChange2002,
	title = {The “death valley” of change},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {0953-4814},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810210429309},
	doi = {10.1108/09534810210429309},
	abstract = {This paper provides an overview of the current body of knowledge surrounding the human response to change and transition. Models of the change process, as perceived by diverse and seemingly unrelated disciplines, are identified, compared, and contrasted by tracing the evolution of these models from seminal works through contemporary research. Surprisingly, a majority of the models studied were found to share two important characteristics: they follow Lewin’s 1952 three‐phase model of change; and they describe a degradation of capabilities in the intermediate stages of the change process. In a practical example, the authors explain their experimental verification of the change models’ applicability to an organizational change involving the introduction of teams. The interrelationship of developmental and change models is discussed. Finally, the importance to leaders and managers of developing an understanding of the current state‐of‐the‐art in human response to change and transition is discussed.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-11-21},
	journal = {Journal of Organizational Change Management},
	author = {Elrod, P. David and Tippett, Donald D.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Organizational change, Response flexibility, Technological change},
	pages = {273--291},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7593/Elrod and Tippett - 2002 - The “death valley” of change.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{fullanTakingActionGuide2016,
	title = {The {Taking} {Action} {Guide} to {Building} {Coherence} in {Schools}, {Districts}, and {Systems}},
	isbn = {978-1-5063-5036-3},
	abstract = {Get there faster: Your road map to smart, sustainable change!   Taking Action is a hands-on guide to the groundbreaking book, Coherence: The Right Drivers in Action for Schools, Districts and Systems, providing step-by-step protocols to help foster deep coherence for maximum student learning—all within a reasonably short time frame. You’ll develop:   Deeper understanding of The Coherence Framework A 100-Day Coherence Plan  Leadership, capacity, and coalition-building skills Systems and tools to assess your organization   Includes video links, print resources, case studies, and diagnostic and planning tools. Fostering greater coherence is at your fingertips with this instant action guide!},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Corwin Press},
	author = {Fullan, Michael},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: wQ7iCwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Education / Educational Policy \& Reform / General}
}

@misc{ChangeCycleAnn,
	title = {The {Change} {Cycle} by {Ann} {Salerno}, {Lillie} {Brock}: 9781576754986 {\textbar} {PenguinRandomHouse}.com: {Books}},
	shorttitle = {The {Change} {Cycle} by {Ann} {Salerno}, {Lillie} {Brock}},
	url = {https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/576013/the-change-cycle-by-ann-salerno-and-lillie-brock/},
	abstract = {Dealing with organizational change is about getting through the emotion and commotion with minimal damage to your blood pressure, career, relationships, and confidence. In The Change Cycle, Ann Salerno...},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {PenguinRandomhouse.com},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7597/the-change-cycle-by-ann-salerno-and-lillie-brock.html:text/html}
}

@book{salernoChangeCycleHow2008,
	title = {The {Change} {Cycle}: {How} {People} {Can} {Survive} and {Thrive} in {Organizational} {Change}},
	isbn = {978-1-60994-437-7},
	shorttitle = {The {Change} {Cycle}},
	abstract = {Dealing with organizational change is about getting through the emotion and commotion with minimal damage to your blood pressure, career, relationships, and confidence. In The Change Cycle, Ann Salerno and Lillie Brock help readers cope by explaining the six predictable and sequential stages of change—loss, doubt, discomfort, discovery, understanding, and integration—and offer examples, tools, and success strategies so you can move resourcefully through each stage. Each chapter focuses on a single stage of the Change Cycle, described in a lively, informal style peppered with frequent humor. Utilizing stories and essays about the ways people, departments, and teams have successfully dealt with challenges, Salerno and Brock offer examples, tools, and success strategies so individuals at all levels will know what to expect from themselves and others and will be able to resourcefully move through each stage. Based on the authors’ fifteen years of experience in hundreds of companies and government agencies worldwide and firmly grounded in recent discoveries in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience, The Change Cycle will help readers at all levels take responsibility for how they react and respond in a changing work environment.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Berrett-Koehler Publishers},
	author = {Salerno, Ann and Brock, Lillie},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Business \& Economics / Management, Business \& Economics / Structural Adjustment}
}

@article{al2017effects,
	title = {The effects of leadership styles on team motivation},
	journal = {Academy of Strategic Management Journal},
	author = {Al Rahbi, Dana and Khalid, Khalizani and Khan, Mehmood},
	year = {2017},
	note = {tex.publisher: Allied Business Academies}
}

@article{gilleyOrganizationalChangeMotivation2009,
	title = {Organizational change: {Motivation}, communication, and leadership effectiveness},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2009 International Society for Performance Improvement},
	issn = {1937-8327},
	shorttitle = {Organizational change},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/piq.20039},
	doi = {10.1002/piq.20039},
	abstract = {Research indicates that numerous variables have an impact on a leader's effectiveness. This study explores the behaviors associated with leadership effectiveness in driving change. The findings confirm previous research that identifies change effectiveness skills, while isolating the specific leader behaviors deemed most valuable to implementing change: motivation and communication.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-11-22},
	journal = {Performance Improvement Quarterly},
	author = {Gilley, Ann and Gilley, Jerry W. and McMillan, Heather S.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {75--94},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7603/Gilley et al. - 2009 - Organizational change Motivation, communication, .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7602/piq.html:text/html}
}

@misc{EffectsDietaryProtein,
	title = {Effects of dietary protein:carbohydrate balance on life‐history traits in six laboratory strains of {Drosophila} melanogaster - {Kim} - - {Entomologia} {Experimentalis} et {Applicata} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/eea.12855},
	urldate = {2019-12-02},
	file = {Effects of dietary protein\:carbohydrate balance on life‐history traits in six laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster - Kim - - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata - Wiley Online Library:files/7606/eea.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ParentalDietaryProteintocarbohydrate,
	title = {Parental dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratio affects offspring lifespan and metabolism in drosophila - {ScienceDirect}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643319303861},
	urldate = {2019-12-02},
	file = {Parental dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratio affects offspring lifespan and metabolism in drosophila - ScienceDirect:files/7608/S1095643319303861.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{burkeSexualConflictExplains2019,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Sexual conflict explains diverse patterns of transgenerational plasticity},
	url = {http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/846287},
	abstract = {Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) occurs when the environment experienced by parents induces changes in offspring traits1. Such effects can be adaptive or non-adaptive2,3 and are increasingly recognised as key determinants of health4, cognition5, development6 and performance7–9 across a wide range of taxa, including humans. While the conditions that favour maternal TGP are well understood10,11, rapidly accumulating evidence indicates that TGP can be maternal or paternal 12–15, and offspring responses can be sex-specific12–18. However, the evolutionary mechanisms that drive this diversity are unknown. Here we use individual-based models to show that diverse patterns of TGP can evolve when the sexes experience different environments. We find that non-adaptive patterns of TGP result when alleles at loci that determine offspring responses to environmental information originating from the mother and father are subject to sexually antagonistic selection. By contrast, a variety of sex-specific responses evolve via duplication and sex-limitation of loci responsive to parental information, including non-adaptive TGP when sexual selection is strong. Sexual conflict can therefore explain why adaptive TGP evolves in some species but not others, why sons and daughters respond to parental signals in different ways, and why complex patterns of sex-specific TGP may often be non-adaptive.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-02},
	institution = {Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Burke, Nathan W and Nakagawa, Shinichi and Bonduriansky, Russell},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1101/846287},
	file = {Burke et al. - 2019 - Sexual conflict explains diverse patterns of trans.pdf:files/7609/Burke et al. - 2019 - Sexual conflict explains diverse patterns of trans.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{ResearchWeavingVisualizing,
	title = {Research {Weaving}: {Visualizing} the {Future} of {Research} {Synthesis} - {ScienceDirect}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534718302787},
	urldate = {2019-12-04},
	note = {tex.ids: ResearchWeavingVisualizinga},
	file = {Research Weaving\: Visualizing the Future of Research Synthesis - ScienceDirect:files/7613/S0169534718302787.html:text/html;Research Weaving\: Visualizing the Future of Research Synthesis - ScienceDirect:files/7615/S0169534718302787.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ResearchWeavingVisualizingb,
	title = {Research {Weaving}: {Visualizing} the {Future} of {Research} {Synthesis}. - {PubMed} - {NCBI}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30580972},
	urldate = {2019-12-04},
	file = {Research Weaving\: Visualizing the Future of Research Synthesis. - PubMed - NCBI:files/7617/30580972.html:text/html}
}

@article{NAKAGAWA2019224,
	title = {Research weaving: visualizing the future of research synthesis},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534718302787},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.007},
	abstract = {We propose a new framework for research synthesis of both evidence and influence, named research weaving. It summarizes and visualizes information content, history, and networks among a collection of documents on any given topic. Research weaving achieves this feat by combining the power of two methods: systematic mapping and bibliometrics. Systematic mapping provides a snapshot of the current state of knowledge, identifying areas needing more research attention and those ready for full synthesis. Bibliometrics enables researchers to see how pieces of evidence are connected, revealing the structure and development of a field. We explain how researchers can use some or all of these tools to gain a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the scientific literature.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Nakagawa, Shinichi and Samarasinghe, Gihan and Haddaway, Neal R. and Westgate, Martin J. and O’Dea, Rose E. and Noble, Daniel W.A. and Lagisz, Malgorzata},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {meta-analysis, big data, data visualization, evidence synthesis, meta-research, systematic review},
	pages = {224 -- 238}
}

@article{nakagawa2012methodological,
	title = {Methodological issues and advances in biological meta-analysis},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Nakagawa, Shinichi and Santos, Eduardo SA},
	year = {2012},
	note = {tex.publisher: Springer},
	pages = {1253--1274}
}

@misc{HeterogeneityEcologicalEvolutionary,
	title = {Heterogeneity in ecological and evolutionary meta‐analyses: its magnitude and implications - {Senior} - 2016 - {Ecology} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.1591},
	urldate = {2019-12-04},
	file = {Heterogeneity in ecological and evolutionary meta‐analyses\: its magnitude and implications - Senior - 2016 - Ecology - Wiley Online Library:files/7621/ecy.html:text/html}
}

@article{doi:10.1002/ecy.1591,
	title = {Heterogeneity in ecological and evolutionary meta-analyses: its magnitude and implications},
	volume = {97},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecy.1591},
	doi = {10.1002/ecy.1591},
	abstract = {Abstract Meta-analysis is the gold standard for synthesis in ecology and evolution. Together with estimating overall effect magnitudes, meta-analyses estimate differences between effect sizes via heterogeneity statistics. It is widely hypothesized that heterogeneity will be present in ecological/evolutionary meta-analyses due to the system-specific nature of biological phenomena. Despite driving recommended best practices, the generality of heterogeneity in ecological data has never been systematically reviewed. We reviewed 700 studies, finding 325 that used formal meta-analysis, of which total heterogeneity was reported in fewer than 40\%. We used second-order meta-analysis to collate heterogeneity statistics from 86 studies. Our analysis revealed that the median and mean heterogeneity, expressed as I2, are 84.67\% and 91.69\%, respectively. These estimates are well above “high” heterogeneity (i.e., 75\%), based on widely adopted benchmarks. We encourage reporting heterogeneity in the forms of I2 and the estimated variance components (e.g., τ2) as standard practice. These statistics provide vital insights in to the degree to which effect sizes vary, and provide the statistical support for the exploration of predictors of effect-size magnitude. Along with standard meta-regression techniques that fit moderator variables, multi-level models now allow partitioning of heterogeneity among correlated (e.g., phylogenetic) structures that exist within data.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Senior, Alistair M. and Grueber, Catherine E. and Kamiya, Tsukushi and Lagisz, Malgorzata and O'Dwyer, Katie and Santos, Eduardo S. A. and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	year = {2016},
	note = {tex.eprint: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecy.1591},
	keywords = {mixed model, effect size, meta-regression, systematic review, Cochran's Q, eco-evolutionary meta-analysis, homogeneity, I2, phylogenetic signal/heritability, quantitative review, sampling variance, weighted regression},
	pages = {3293--3299}
}

@article{dowlingChallengesProspectsTesting2019,
	title = {Challenges and {Prospects} for {Testing} the {Mother}’s {Curse} {Hypothesis}},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/59/4/875/5521567},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/icz110},
	abstract = {Abstract.  Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) renders selection blind to mutations whose effects are limited to males. Evolutionary theory predic},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-12-10},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {Dowling, Damian K. and Adrian, Rebecca E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {875--889},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7624/Dowling and Adrian - 2019 - Challenges and Prospects for Testing the Mother’s .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7625/5521567.html:text/html}
}

@misc{VideoTschillOut,
	title = {Video: {Tschill} {Out} - {Tatort} - {ARD} {\textbar} {Das} {Erste}},
	shorttitle = {Video},
	url = {https://www.daserste.de/unterhaltung/krimi/tatort/videos/tschill-out-video-102.html},
	abstract = {Während Nick Tschiller auf Neuwerk auf sein Disziplinarverfahren wartet, ermitteln Yalcin Gümer und die neue LKA-Kollegin in einem Fall von Drogenhandel im Darknet. Durch einen Zwischenfall ist Nick Tschiller wieder mitten im Geschehen.},
	language = {de},
	urldate = {2020-01-06},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7627/tschill-out-video-102.html:text/html}
}

@article{solviBumbleBeesDisplay2020,
	title = {Bumble bees display cross-modal object recognition between visual and tactile senses},
	volume = {367},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6480/910},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aay8064},
	abstract = {These bees have “seen” that before
Humans excel at mental imagery, and we can transfer those images across senses. For example, an object out of view, but for which we have a mental image, can still be recognized by touch. Such cross-modal recognition is highly adaptive and has been recently identified in other mammals, but whether it is widespread has been debated. Solvi et al. tested for this behavior in bumble bees, which are increasingly recognized as having some relatively advanced cognitive skills (see the Perspective by von der Emde and Burt de Perera). They found that the bees could identify objects by shape in the dark if they had seen, but not touched, them in the light, and vice versa, demonstrating a clear ability to transmit recognition across senses.
Science, this issue p. 910; see also p. 850
Many animals can associate object shapes with incentives. However, such behavior is possible without storing images of shapes in memory that are accessible to more than one sensory modality. One way to explore whether there are modality-independent internal representations of object shapes is to investigate cross-modal recognition—experiencing an object in one sensory modality and later recognizing it in another. We show that bumble bees trained to discriminate two differently shaped objects (cubes and spheres) using only touch (in darkness) or vision (in light, but barred from touching the objects) could subsequently discriminate those same objects using only the other sensory information. Our experiments demonstrate that bumble bees possess the ability to integrate sensory information in a way that requires modality-independent internal representations.
Mental imagery is discerned in bumble bees.
Mental imagery is discerned in bumble bees.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6480},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Solvi, Cwyn and Al-Khudhairy, Selene Gutierrez and Chittka, Lars},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32079771},
	pages = {910--912},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7629/Solvi et al. - 2020 - Bumble bees display cross-modal object recognition.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7630/910.html:text/html}
}

@article{emdeCrossmodalSensoryTransfer2020,
	title = {Cross-modal sensory transfer: {Bumble} bees do it},
	volume = {367},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	shorttitle = {Cross-modal sensory transfer},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6480/850},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aba8519},
	abstract = {Stored sensory input permits two sensory channels to exchange and compare information
Stored sensory input permits two sensory channels to exchange and compare information},
	language = {en},
	number = {6480},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Emde, Gerhard von der and Perera, Theresa Burt de},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32079758},
	pages = {850--851},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7633/Emde and Perera - 2020 - Cross-modal sensory transfer Bumble bees do it.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7634/850.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{lindExperimentallyReducedInsulin2018,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Experimentally reduced insulin/{IGF}-1 signalling in adulthood extends lifespan of parents and improves {Darwinian} fitness of their offspring},
	url = {http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/405019},
	abstract = {Reduced expression of the insulin/insulin-like nutrient-sensing signalling (IIS) pathway gene daf-2 in adult Caenorhabditis elegans nematode worms increases longevity without affecting fecundity, but the effect of parental lifespan extension on adult offspring is largely unknown. Here we show that reduced IIS signalling in parental generation increases offspring fitness. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence daf-2 expression in sexually mature C. elegans hermaphrodites from three different genotypes: N2 wildtype, as well as ppw-1 and rrf-1 mutants that are deficient for RNAi in germline and soma, respectively. Long-lived daf-2 RNAi parents showed normal fecundity as self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and improved late-life reproduction when mated to males. Remarkably, the offspring of daf2 RNAi parents produced more progeny and had higher Darwinian fitness across all three genotypes. Thus, reduced IIS signalling in adulthood improves offspring quality supporting the emerging view that suboptimally high levels of nutrient-sensing signalling in late-life lie at the heart of ageing.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	institution = {Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Lind, Martin I. and Ravindran, Sanjana and Sekajova, Zuzana and Carlsson, Hanne and Hinas, Andrea and Maklakov, Alexei A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.1101/405019},
	file = {Lind et al. - 2018 - Experimentally reduced insulinIGF-1 signalling in.pdf:files/7636/Lind et al. - 2018 - Experimentally reduced insulinIGF-1 signalling in.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cattelanDietaryStressIncreases2020,
	title = {Dietary stress increases the total opportunity for sexual selection and modifies selection on condition-dependent traits},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.13443},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.13443},
	abstract = {Abstract Although it is often expected that adverse environmental conditions depress the expression of condition-dependent sexually selected traits, the full consequences of environmental change for the action of sexual selection, in terms of the opportunity for total sexual selection and patterns of phenotypic selection, are unknown. Here we show that dietary stress in guppies, Poecilia reticulata, reduces the expression of several sexually selected traits and increases the opportunity for total sexual selection (standardized variance in reproductive success) in males. Furthermore, our results show that dietary stress modulates the relative importance of precopulatory (mating success) and postcopulatory (relative fertilization success) sexual selection, and that the form of multivariate sexual selection (linear vs. nonlinear) depends on dietary regime. Overall, our results are consistent with a pattern of heightened directional selection on condition-dependent sexually selected traits under environmental stress, and underscore the importance of sexual selection in shaping adaptation in a changing world.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Cattelan, Silvia and Evans, Jonathan P. and Garcia-Gonzalez, Francisco and Morbiato, Elisa and Pilastro, Andrea},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {sexually selected traits, condition-dependence, Adaptation, environmental change, opportunity of selection, total sexual selection},
	pages = {447--456},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7639/ele.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{moger-reischerLowCostsAdaptation2019,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Low costs of adaptation to dietary restriction},
	url = {http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2019.12.19.883058},
	abstract = {Dietary restriction (DR) is the most successful and widespread means of extending 8 organismal lifespan. However, the evolutionary basis of life extension under DR remains uncertain. The traditional evolutionary explanation is that when organisms experience DR, they 10 allocate endogenous resources to survival and postpone reproduction until conditions improve. However, this life-extension strategy should be maladaptive if DR continues for multiple 12 generations due to tradeoffs between longevity and reproduction. To test this prediction, we subjected the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 1,800 generations of evolution on 14 restricted (i.e., DR) vs. non-restricted diets. Adaptation to a non-restricted diet improved reproductive fitness by 57\% on that diet, but provided a much smaller (14\%) advantage on a 16 restricted diet. In contrast, adaptation to DR resulted in an approximately 35\% increase in reproductive fitness on both restricted and non-restricted diets. Importantly, the life-extending 18 effect of DR did not decrease following long-term evolution on the restricted diet. Thus, contrary to theoretical expectations, we found no evidence that the life-extending DR response became 20 maladaptive during multigenerational DR. Our results suggest the DR response may have a low cost and that this phenomenon may have evolved for reasons that extend beyond the benefits of 22 postponing reproduction.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	institution = {Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Moger-Reischer, Roy Z. and Snider, Elizabeth V. and McKenzie, Kelsey L. and Lennon, Jay T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1101/2019.12.19.883058},
	file = {Moger-Reischer et al. - 2019 - Low costs of adaptation to dietary restriction.pdf:files/7640/Moger-Reischer et al. - 2019 - Low costs of adaptation to dietary restriction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@techreport{nakagawaOrchardPlotCultivating2019,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {The {Orchard} {Plot}: {Cultivating} {Forest} {Plots} for {Use} in {Ecology}, {Evolution} and {Beyond}},
	shorttitle = {The {Orchard} {Plot}},
	url = {https://osf.io/epqa7},
	abstract = {‘Classical’ forest plots show the effect sizes from individual studies and the aggregate effect from a meta-analysis. However, in ecology and evolution meta-analyses routinely contain over 100 effect sizes, making the classical forest plot of limited use. We surveyed 102 meta-analyses in ecology and evolution, finding that only 11\% use the classical forest plot. Instead, most used a ‘forest-like plot’, showing point estimates (with 95\% confidence intervals; CIs) from a series of subgroups or categories in a meta-regression. We propose a modification and expansion of the forest-like plot, which we name the ‘orchard plot’. Orchard plots, in addition to showing overall mean effects and CIs from meta-analyses/regressions, also includes 95\% prediction intervals (PIs), and the individual effect sizes scaled by their precision. The PI allows the user and reader to see the distribution of effect sizes that may be expected in future studies. The PI therefore provides an intuitive interpretation of any heterogeneity in the data. Supplementing the PI, the inclusion of underlying effect sizes also allows the user to see any influential or outlying effect sizes. We showcase the orchard plot with example datasets from ecology and evolution, using the R package, orchaRd, which we have developed for this study. We consider the orchard plot as a variant on the classical forest plot, which is cultivated to the needs of meta-analysts in ecology and evolution. Hopefully the orchard plot will prove fruitful for visualisation of large collections of heterogeneous effect sizes regardless of field of study.},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	institution = {EcoEvoRxiv},
	author = {Nakagawa, Shinichi and Lagisz, Malgorzata and O'Dea, Rose E and Rutkowska, Joanna and Yang, Yefeng and Noble, Daniel W.A. and Senior, Alistair M},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.32942/osf.io/epqa7}
}

@article{caucegliaTransitionsPaternalSocial2020,
	title = {Transitions in paternal social status predict patterns of offspring growth and metabolic transcription},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {© 2019 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
	issn = {1365-294X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.15346},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.15346},
	abstract = {One type of parental effect occurs when changes in parental phenotype or environment trigger changes to offspring phenotype. Such nongenetic parental effects can be precisely triggered in response to an environmental cue in time-locked fashion, or in other cases, persist for multiple generations after the cue has been removed, suggesting multiple timescales of action. For parental effects to serve as reliable signals of current environmental conditions, they should be reversible, such that when cues change, offspring phenotypes change in accordance. Social hierarchy is a prevalent feature of the environment, and current parental social status could signal the environment in which offspring will be born. Here, we sought to address parental effects of social status and their timescale of action in mice. We show that territorial competition in seminatural environments affects offspring growth. Although dominant males are not heavier than nondominant or control males, they produce faster growing offspring, particularly sons. The timing, effect-size, and sex-specificity of this association are modulated by maternal social experience. We show that a change in paternal social status is sufficient to modulate offspring weight: from one breeding cycle to the next, status-ascending males produce heavier sons than before, and status-descending males produce lighter sons than before. Current paternal status is also highly predictive of liver transcription in sons, including molecular pathways controlling oxidative phosphorylation and iron metabolism. These results are consistent with a parental effect of social experience, although alternative explanations are considered. In summary, changes in paternal social status are associated with changes in offspring growth and metabolism.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Cauceglia, Joseph W. and Nelson, Adam C. and Rubinstein, Nimrod D. and Kukreja, Shweta and Sasso, Lynsey N. and Beaufort, John A. and Rando, Oliver J. and Potts, Wayne K.},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {phenotypic plasticity, animal mating/breeding systems, behavior/social evolution, development and evolution, life history evolution, mammals},
	pages = {624--638},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7644/Cauceglia et al. - 2020 - Transitions in paternal social status predict patt.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{flattLifeHistoryEvolutionGenetics,
	title = {Life-{History} {Evolution} and the {Genetics} of {Fitness} {Components} in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	abstract = {Life-history traits or “ﬁtness components”—such as age and size at maturity, fecundity and fertility, age-speciﬁc rates of survival, and life span—are the major phenotypic determinants of Darwinian ﬁtness. Analyzing the evolution and genetics of these phenotypic targets of selection is central to our understanding of adaptation. Due to its simple and rapid life cycle, cosmopolitan distribution, ease of maintenance in the laboratory, well-understood evolutionary genetics, and its versatile genetic toolbox, the “vinegar ﬂy” Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most powerful, experimentally tractable model systems for studying “life-history evolution.” Here, I review what has been learned about the evolution and genetics of life-history variation in D. melanogaster by drawing on numerous sources spanning population and quantitative genetics, genomics, experimental evolution, evolutionary ecology, and physiology. This body of work has contributed greatly to our knowledge of several fundamental problems in evolutionary biology, including the amount and maintenance of genetic variation, the evolution of body size, clines and climate adaptation, the evolution of senescence, phenotypic plasticity, the nature of life-history trade-offs, and so forth. While major progress has been made, important facets of these and other questions remain open, and the D. melanogaster system will undoubtedly continue to deliver key insights into central issues of life-history evolution and the genetics of adaptation.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Flatt, Thomas},
	pages = {46},
	file = {Flatt - Life-History Evolution and the Genetics of Fitness.pdf:files/7645/Flatt - Life-History Evolution and the Genetics of Fitness.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{rostantResourcedependentEvolutionFemale2020,
	title = {Resource-dependent evolution of female resistance responses to sexual conflict},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2056-3744},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/evl3.153},
	doi = {10.1002/evl3.153},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict can promote the evolution of dramatic reproductive adaptations as well as resistance to its potentially costly effects. Theory predicts that responses to sexual conflict will vary significantly with resource levels—when scant, responses should be constrained by trade-offs, when abundant, they should not. However, this can be difficult to test because the evolutionary interests of the sexes align upon short-term exposure to novel environments, swamping any selection due to sexual conflict. What is needed are investigations of populations that are well adapted to both differing levels of sexual conflict and resources. Here, we used this approach in a long-term experimental evolution study to track the evolution of female resistance to sexual conflict in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In resource-rich regimes, high-conflict females evolved resistance to continual exposure to males. There was no difference in baseline survival, consistent with the idea that responses evolving under nutritional abundance experienced no trade-offs with resistance. In the poor resource regimes, the ability of high-conflict females to evolve resistance to males was severely compromised and they also showed lower baseline survival than low-conflict females. This suggested high-conflict females traded off somatic maintenance against any limited resistance they had evolved in response to sexual conflict. Overall, these findings provide experimental support for the hypothesis that evolutionary responses to sexual conflict are critically dependent upon resource levels.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	journal = {Evolution Letters},
	author = {Rostant, Wayne G. and Mason, Janet S. and Coriolis, Jean-Charles de and Chapman, Tracey},
	year = {2020},
	note = {tex.ids: rostantResourcedependentEvolutionFemale2020a, rostantResourcedependentEvolutionFemale2020b, rostantResourcedependentEvolutionFemale2020c},
	keywords = {sexual conflict, trade-off, experimental evolution, lifespan, Diet manipulation, maintenance, resistance to harm},
	pages = {54--64},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7652/Rostant et al. - 2020 - Resource-dependent evolution of female resistance .pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7698/Rostant et al. - 2020 - Resource-dependent evolution of female resistance .pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7724/Rostant et al. - 2020 - Resource-dependent evolution of female resistance .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7651/evl3.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7697/evl3.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7723/evl3.html:text/html}
}

@article{royauteComparingEcologicalEvolutionary2020,
	title = {Comparing ecological and evolutionary variability within datasets},
	url = {https://ecoevorxiv.org/tn7u5/},
	doi = {10.32942/osf.io/tn7u5},
	abstract = {Variance ratios—including heritability, repeatability, and individual resource specialization—are an integral part of evolutionary ecology. Understanding evolutionary and ecological processes, and how these processes may differ among populations and environments, can require the comparison of these ratios across groups. Unfortunately, inference based on comparisons of ratios is limited because groups can differ due to differences in the numerator, denominator, or both. Moreover, we suggest that evolutionary ecologists are almost always more interested in specific variance component differences among groups rather than in differences in variance ratios per se. Unfortunately, recommendations for how to infer whether groups differ are not clear in the literature. Here we show how questions regarding variance components and how they vary among groups can be asked using Hierarchical Linear Model approaches (HLMs). Using simulations, we demonstrate that both frequentist and Bayesian frameworks have similar abilities to infer differences in variance components. Our simulations also show that scenarios where differences occur at higher levels of organization can be difficult to detect at low sample sizes. We conclude by providing guidelines for how to report and draw inferences based on comparisons of variance components and variance ratios.},
	urldate = {2020-02-21},
	author = {Royauté, Raphaël and Dochtermann, Ned A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7649/Royauté and Dochtermann - 2020 - Comparing ecological and evolutionary variability .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{careauRepeatabilityBehaviorPhysiology2020,
	title = {Repeatability of behavior and physiology: {No} impact of reproductive investment},
	volume = {290},
	issn = {0016-6480},
	shorttitle = {Repeatability of behavior and physiology},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001664801930382X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113403},
	abstract = {Animals have well-documented individual differences in their behaviour, including in their response to stressful stimuli. The physiological bases for the repeatability of these traits has been the focus of much research in recent years, in an attempt to explain the mechanistic drivers for behavioral syndromes. Whilst a range of studies have demonstrated repeatable individual differences in physiological traits, little is known about potential trade-offs between reproductive investment and the physiological responses to subsequent stressors. We therefore sought to test the behavioral and physiological responses of male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to a novel environment, quantifying a series of repeated “temporal reaction norms” before and after reproduction. Given that reproductive investment is costly both in time and energy, it is likely to affect expression of behavioral and physiological traits. We hypothesised that reproductive investment would impact the consistency of these temporal reaction norms. Specifically, we predicted that individuals which invested more in reproduction would show altered rates of habituation to a stressful stimulus. Therefore, we quantified temporal reaction norm components (i.e., intercept and slope) of two behaviours and metabolic rate (MR) within and among individuals before and after a breeding season. We found that individuals consistently differed in how their locomotor and feeding activity increased upon introduction into a novel environment and also how their MR decreased after being handled and confined within the metabolic chamber. We also found that the slope of the feeding activity reaction norm was negatively correlated with stress-induced corticosterone levels at the within-individual level. Finally, in contrast to our prediction, we found that neither the intercept nor slope of the reaction norms were influenced by the reproductive effort (the number of fledglings produced) displayed by individual males. This suggests that the substantial individual variation in the expression of physiological and behavioural traits is not plastic with respect to the immediate consequences of reproductive investment. This study is the first quantification of metabolic rate reaction norms and their relationships with fitness, which represents an important first step towards understanding the evolutionary significance of instantaneous habituation to stressful and novel situations.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-02-24},
	journal = {General and Comparative Endocrinology},
	author = {Careau, Vincent and Mariette, Mylene M. and Crino, Ondi and Buttemer, William A. and Buchanan, Katherine L.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Personality, Habituation, Basal metabolic rate, Phenotypic plasticity, Reaction norm, Respirometry, Stress-induced corticosterone secretion},
	pages = {113403},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7655/Careau et al. - 2020 - Repeatability of behavior and physiology No impac.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7654/S001664801930382X.html:text/html}
}

@article{mcnamaraMalesEvolveBe,
	title = {Males evolve to be more harmful under increased sexual conflict intensity in a seed beetle},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/arz186/5716825},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arz186},
	abstract = {Male seed beetles puncture female’s reproductive tracts during mating. We show that males evolve to be more harmful to females in populations where there is hig},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-02-24},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {McNamara, Kathryn B. and Sloan, Nadia S. and Kershaw, Sian E. and van Lieshout, Emile and Simmons, Leigh W.},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7657/5716825.html:text/html}
}

@article{baconMaleHarassmentLeads,
	title = {Male harassment leads to fitness costs for females by disrupting oviposition site preferences},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/araa005/5736068},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/araa005},
	abstract = {Male harassment in bean beetles leads to significant fitness consequences for females: when harassed, females produce fewer eggs and stop exhibiting an adaptive},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-02-24},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Bacon, Elisabeth and Barbosa, Flavia},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7659/5736068.html:text/html}
}

@article{nowogrodzkiInequalityMedicine2017,
	title = {Inequality in medicine},
	volume = {550},
	copyright = {2017 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/550S18a},
	doi = {10.1038/550S18a},
	abstract = {Regulators have been calling for equal representation of men and women in health research for nearly 25 years. So why are women still underrepresented?},
	language = {en},
	number = {7674},
	urldate = {2020-02-28},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Nowogrodzki, Anna},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {S18--S19},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7661/Nowogrodzki - 2017 - Inequality in medicine.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7662/550S18a.html:text/html}
}

@article{rowinskiEnvironmentalStressCorrelates2017,
	title = {Environmental stress correlates with increases in both genetic and residual variances: {A} meta-analysis of animal studies},
	volume = {71},
	copyright = {© 2017 The Author(s). Evolution © 2017 The Society for the Study of Evolution.},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	shorttitle = {Environmental stress correlates with increases in both genetic and residual variances},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evo.13201},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.13201},
	abstract = {Adaptive evolutionary responses are determined by the strength of selection and amount of genetic variation within traits, however, both are known to vary across environmental conditions. As selection is generally expected to be strongest under stressful conditions, understanding how the expression of genetic variation changes across stressful and benign environmental conditions is crucial for predicting the rate of adaptive change. Although theory generally predicts increased genetic variation under stress, previous syntheses of the field have found limited support for this notion. These studies have focused on heritability, which is dependent on other environmentally sensitive, but nongenetic, sources of variation. Here, we aim to complement these studies with a meta-analysis in which we examine changes in coefficient of variation (CV) in maternal, genetic, and residual variances across stressful and benign conditions. Confirming previous analyses, we did not find any clear direction in how heritability changes across stressful and benign conditions. However, when analyzing CV, we found higher genetic and residual variance under highly stressful conditions in life-history traits but not in morphological traits. Our findings are of broad significance to contemporary evolution suggesting that rapid evolutionary adaptive response may be mediated by increased evolutionary potential in stressed populations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-02-28},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Rowiński, Piotr K. and Rogell, Björn},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {heritability, life-history evolution, quantitative genetics, maternal effects, genetic variation, Adaptation},
	pages = {1339--1351},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7665/Rowiński and Rogell - 2017 - Environmental stress correlates with increases in .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7664/evo.html:text/html}
}

@article{lehreGreaterIntrasexPhenotype2009,
	title = {Greater intrasex phenotype variability in males than in females is a fundamental aspect of the gender differences in humans},
	volume = {51},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1098-2302},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dev.20358},
	doi = {10.1002/dev.20358},
	abstract = {Human studies of intrasex variability have shown that males are intellectually more variable. Here we have performed retrospective statistical analysis of human intrasex variability in several different properties and performances that are unrelated or indirectly related to intelligence: (a) birth weights of nearly 48,000 babies (Medical Birth Registry of Norway); (b) adult weight, height, body mass index and blood parameters of more than 2,700 adults aged 18–90 (NORIP); (c) physical performance in the 60 meter dash event of 575 junior high school students; and (d) psychological performance reflected by the results of more than 222,000 undergraduate university examination grades (LIST). For all characteristics, the data were analyzed using cumulative distribution functions and the resultant intrasex variability for males was compared with that for females. The principal finding is that human intrasex variability is significantly higher in males, and consequently constitutes a fundamental sex difference. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 198–206, 2009},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-02-28},
	journal = {Developmental Psychobiology},
	author = {Lehre, Anne-Catherine and Lehre, Knut P. and Laake, Petter and Danbolt, Niels C.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {birth weight, gender differences, cumulative distribution functions, intrasex variability, university grades},
	pages = {198--206}
}

@article{orgogozoDifferentialViewGenotype2015,
	title = {The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1664-8021},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2015.00179/full#B63},
	doi = {10.3389/fgene.2015.00179},
	abstract = {An integrative view of diversity and singularity in the living world requires a better understanding of the intricate link between genotypes and phenotypes. Here we re-emphasize the old standpoint that the genotype-phenotype relationship is best viewed as a connection between two differences, one at the genetic level and one at the phenotypic level. As of today, predominant thinking in biology research is that multiple genes interact with multiple environmental variables (such as abiotic factors, culture, or symbionts) to produce the phenotype. Often, the problem of linking genotypes and phenotypes is framed in terms of genotype and phenotype maps, and such graphical representations implicitly bring us away from the differential view of genotype-phenotype relationships. Here we show that the differential view of phenotype-genotype relationships is a useful explanatory framework in the context of pervasive pleiotropy, epistasis and environmental effects. In such cases, it is relevant to view genotype-phenotype relationships as differences embedded into differences. Thinking in terms of differences clarifies the comparison between environmental and genetic effects on phenotypes and helps to further understand the connection between genotypes and phenotypes.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-02-28},
	journal = {Frontiers in Genetics},
	author = {Orgogozo, Virginie and Morizot, Baptiste and Martin, Arnaud},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Genotype, phenotype, Complex trait, Genetics, GxE, GxG},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7668/Orgogozo et al. - 2015 - The differential view of genotype–phenotype relati.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{roffEvolutionGeneticCorrelations1996,
	title = {The {Evolution} of {Genetic} {Correlations}: {An} {Analysis} of {Patterns}},
	volume = {50},
	copyright = {© 1996 The Society for the Study of Evolution},
	issn = {1558-5646},
	shorttitle = {The {Evolution} of {Genetic} {Correlations}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03913.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03913.x},
	abstract = {The genetic correlation is a central parameter of quantitative genetics, providing a measure of the rate at which traits respond to indirect selection (i.e., selection that does not act upon the traits under study, but some other trait with which they have genes in common). In this paper, I review the pattern of variation among four combinations of traits: life history × life history (L × L), morphological × morphological (M × M), life history × morphological (L × M), and behavioral × behavioral (B × B). A few other combinations were investigated, but insufficient data were obtained for separate analysis. A total of 1798 correlations, distributed over 51 different animal and plant species, were analyzed. The analysis was conducted at two levels: first by dividing the data set solely by trait combination, and second by blocking the data by trait combination and species. Because selection will tend to fix alleles that show positive correlations with fitness traits faster than those that are negative and because the latter are expected to arise more frequently by mutation, correlations between life-history traits are predicted to be more often negative than those between morphological traits. This prediction was supported, with the ranking in decreasing proportion of negative correlations being: L × L {\textgreater} L × M {\textgreater} B × B {\textgreater} M × M. The mean magnitude of the genetic correlation shows little variation among morphological and life-history combinations, and the distribution of values is remarkably flat. However, the estimated standard errors and the coefficient of variation (SE/rG) are large, making it difficult to separate biological factors influencing the pattern of dispersion from experimental error. Analysis of the phenotypic and genetic correlations suggest that for the combinations M × M and L × M, but not L × L or B × B, the phenotypic correlation is an adequate estimate of the genetic correlation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-02-28},
	journal = {Evolution},
	author = {Roff, Derek A.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {selection, genetic correlations, phenotypic correlations, Evolution},
	pages = {1392--1403}
}

@article{hansenHeritabilityNotEvolvability2011,
	title = {Heritability is not {Evolvability}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1934-2845},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-011-9127-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s11692-011-9127-6},
	abstract = {Short-term evolutionary potential depends on the additive genetic variance in the population. The additive variance is often measured as heritability, the fraction of the total phenotypic variance that is additive. Heritability is thus a common measure of evolutionary potential. An alternative is to measure evolutionary potential as expected proportional change under a unit strength of selection. This yields the mean-scaled additive variance as a measure of evolvability. Houle in Genetics 130:195–204, (1992) showed that these two ways of scaling additive variance are often inconsistent and can lead to different conclusions as to what traits are more evolvable. Here, we explore this relation in more detail through a literature review, and through theoretical arguments. We show that the correlation between heritability and evolvability is essentially zero, and we argue that this is likely due to inherent positive correlations between the additive variance and other components of phenotypic variance. This means that heritabilities are unsuitable as measures of evolutionary potential in natural populations. More generally we argue that scaling always involves non-trivial assumptions, and that a lack of awareness of these assumptions constitutes a systemic error in the field of evolutionary biology.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-02-28},
	journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Hansen, Thomas F. and Pélabon, Christophe and Houle, David},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {258},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/7671/Hansen et al. - 2011 - Heritability is not Evolvability.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{allenGeneticConstraintsMicroevolutionary2018,
	title = {Genetic constraints on microevolutionary divergence of sex-biased gene expression},
	volume = {373},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2017.0427},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2017.0427},
	abstract = {The evolution of sex-specific phenotypes is an important dimension of diversification and local adaptation. The sex-dependent regulation of gene expression is considered a key genomic mechanism facilitating sex-dependent adaptation. In many species, genes with male-biased expression evolve faster in DNA sequence and expression level than genes with female-biased or sexually monomorphic expression. While positive selection may be responsible for rapid DNA sequence evolution, why expression of male-biased genes also evolves rapidly remains unclear. Beyond sex differences in selection, some aspects of the genetic architecture of gene expression could contribute to the rapid evolution of male-biased gene expression. First, male-biased genes might simply have greater standing genetic variance than female-biased genes. Second, male-biased genes could be less constrained by pleiotropy, either within or between sexes. Here, we evaluate these alternative explanations on an intraspecific scale using a series of quantitative genetic experiments conducted on natural variation in male and female gene expression in the fly Drosophila serrata. Male-biased genes had significantly higher genetic variance than female-biased genes and were generally more narrowly expressed across tissues, suggesting lower within-individual pleiotropy. However, consistent with stronger constraints due to between-sex pleiotropy, their between-sex genetic correlations, rMF, were higher than for female-biased genes and more strongly negatively associated with sex bias. Using an extensive clinal dataset, we tested whether sex differences in gene expression divergence among populations have been shaped by pleiotropy. Here too, male-biased gene divergence was more strongly associated with between-sex pleiotropy than was female-biased gene divergence. Systematic differences in genetic variance and pleiotropy may be important factors influencing sex-specific adaptation arising through changes in gene expression.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences’.},
	number = {1757},
	urldate = {2020-02-28},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Allen, Scott L. and Bonduriansky, Russell and Chenoweth, Stephen F.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {20170427},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7673/Allen et al. - 2018 - Genetic constraints on microevolutionary divergenc.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7674/rstb.2017.html:text/html}
}

@article{forsmanEffectsGenotypicPhenotypic2014,
	title = {Effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on establishment are important for conservation, invasion, and infection biology},
	volume = {111},
	copyright = {©  . Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/111/1/302},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1317745111},
	abstract = {There is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and with number of repeated introductions. Theory posits that the genotypic and phenotypic variation among individuals should also be important, but few studies have examined whether founder diversity influences establishment independent of propagule pressure, nor whether the effect is model or context dependent. I summarize the results of 18 experimental studies and report on a metaanalysis that provides strong evidence that higher levels of genotypic and phenotypic diversity in founder groups increase establishment success in plants and animals. The effect of diversity is stronger in experiments carried out under natural conditions in the wild than under seminatural or standardized laboratory conditions. The realization that genetic and phenotypic variation is key to successful establishment may improve the outcome of reintroduction and translocation programs used to vitalize or restore declining and extinct populations. Founder diversity may also improve the ability of invasive species to establish and subsequently spread in environments outside of their native community, and enhance the ability of pathogens and parasites to colonize and invade the environment constituted by their hosts. It is argued that exchange of ideas, methodological approaches, and insights of the role of diversity for establishment in different contexts may further our knowledge, vitalize future research, and improve management plans in different disciplines.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-03-02},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Forsman, Anders},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24367109},
	note = {tex.ids: forsmanEffectsGenotypicPhenotypic2014a, forsmanEffectsGenotypicPhenotypic2014b
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
section: Biological Sciences},
	keywords = {extinction, colonization, biodiversity, biological invasion},
	pages = {302--307},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7676/Forsman - 2014 - Effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on e.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7690/Forsman - 2014 - Effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on e.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7719/Forsman - 2014 - Effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on e.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7677/302.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7691/302.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7720/302.html:text/html}
}

@article{bertolacciniSynthesisScientificShreds2020,
	title = {The synthesis of scientific shreds of evidence: a critical appraisal on systematic review and meta-analysis methodology},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2077-6624},
	shorttitle = {The synthesis of scientific shreds of evidence},
	url = {http://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/37614},
	doi = {10.21037/jtd.2020.03.07},
	abstract = {The synthesis of scientific shreds of evidence: a critical appraisal on systematic review and meta-analysis methodology},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-04-16},
	journal = {Journal of Thoracic Disease},
	author = {Bertolaccini, Luca and Spaggiari, Lorenzo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 2},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7680/37614.html:text/html}
}

@misc{zotero-7681,
	url = {https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:-UQW-JwOuvwJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CgXRvlh7EJDxvVISRNQ:AAGBfm0AAAAAXqAXXNSqZGQWsBKrjG2P9Zl0gjBVO7G5&scisig=AAGBfm0AAAAAXqAXXLrS_ehs0hR8_zVYPBkqAEGu3elE&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en},
	urldate = {2020-04-22},
	file = {:files/7682/scholar.html:text/html}
}

@article{nakagawaMetaevaluationMetaanalysisTen2017,
	title = {Meta-evaluation of meta-analysis: ten appraisal questions for biologists},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1741-7007},
	shorttitle = {Meta-evaluation of meta-analysis},
	doi = {10.1186/s12915-017-0357-7},
	abstract = {Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure for analyzing the combined data from different studies, and can be a major source of concise up-to-date information. The overall conclusions of a meta-analysis, however, depend heavily on the quality of the meta-analytic process, and an appropriate evaluation of the quality of meta-analysis (meta-evaluation) can be challenging. We outline ten questions biologists can ask to critically appraise a meta-analysis. These questions could also act as simple and accessible guidelines for the authors of meta-analyses. We focus on meta-analyses using non-human species, which we term 'biological' meta-analysis. Our ten questions are aimed at enabling a biologist to evaluate whether a biological meta-analysis embodies 'mega-enlightenment', a 'mega-mistake', or something in between.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1},
	journal = {BMC biology},
	author = {Nakagawa, Shinichi and Noble, Daniel W. A. and Senior, Alistair M. and Lagisz, Malgorzata},
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28257642},
	pmcid = {PMC5336618},
	keywords = {Humans, Models, Theoretical, Biological importance, Documentation, Effect size, Knowledge, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Meta-regression, Meta-research, Non-independence, Publication bias, Publication Bias, Publications, Quantitative synthesis, Reporting bias, Statistical significance, Systematic review},
	pages = {18},
	file = {Full Text:files/7685/Nakagawa et al. - 2017 - Meta-evaluation of meta-analysis ten appraisal qu.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{moherPreferredReportingItems2009,
	title = {Preferred {Reporting} {Items} for {Systematic} {Reviews} and {Meta}-{Analyses}: {The} {PRISMA} {Statement}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1549-1676},
	shorttitle = {Preferred {Reporting} {Items} for {Systematic} {Reviews} and {Meta}-{Analyses}},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-04-22},
	journal = {PLOS Medicine},
	author = {Moher, David and Liberati, Alessandro and Tetzlaff, Jennifer and Altman, Douglas G. and Group, The PRISMA},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Meta-analysis, Clinical research design, Database searching, Medical journals, Publication ethics, Research quality assessment, Research reporting guidelines, Systematic reviews},
	pages = {e1000097},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7687/Moher et al. - 2009 - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7688/article.html:text/html}
}

@article{nevillePharmacologicalManipulationsJudgement2020,
	title = {Pharmacological manipulations of judgement bias: {A} systematic review and meta-analysis},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0149-7634},
	shorttitle = {Pharmacological manipulations of judgement bias},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763419303252},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.008},
	abstract = {Validated measures of animal affect are crucial to research spanning numerous disciplines. Judgement bias, which assesses decision-making under ambiguity, is a promising measure of animal affect. One way of validating this measure is to administer drugs with affect-altering properties in humans to non-human animals and determine whether the predicted judgement biases are observed. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using data from 20 published research articles that use this approach, from which 557 effect sizes were extracted. Pharmacological manipulations overall altered judgement bias at the probe cues as predicted. However, there were several moderating factors including the neurobiological target of the drug, whether the drug induced a relatively positive or negative affective state in humans, dosage, and the presented cue. This may partially reflect interference from adverse effects of the drug which should be considered when interpreting results. Thus, the overall pattern of change in animal judgement bias appears to reflect the affect-altering properties of drugs in humans, and hence may be a valuable measure of animal affective valence.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-04-22},
	journal = {Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews},
	author = {Neville, Vikki and Nakagawa, Shinichi and Zidar, Josefina and Paul, Elizabeth S. and Lagisz, Malgorzata and Bateson, Melissa and Løvlie, Hanne and Mendl, Michael},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {tex.ids: nevillePharmacologicalManipulationsJudgement2020a, nevillePharmacologicalManipulationsJudgement2020b},
	keywords = {Animal welfare, Affective state, Meta-analysis, Systematic review, Judgement bias, Mood disorders},
	pages = {269--286},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7695/Neville et al. - 2020 - Pharmacological manipulations of judgement bias A.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7709/Neville et al. - 2020 - Pharmacological manipulations of judgement bias A.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7872/Neville et al. - 2020 - Pharmacological manipulations of judgement bias A.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7694/S0149763419303252.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7708/S0149763419303252.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7870/S0149763419303252.html:text/html}
}

@misc{BeatlesEleanorRigby,
	title = {The {Beatles} - {Eleanor} {Rigby} ({From} "{Yellow} {Submarine}")},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuS5NuXRb5Y},
	abstract = {Celebrating the 50th anniversary of Revolver with the digital release of the video for “Eleanor Rigby” - revisit the album now: http://smarturl.it/thebeatlesrevolver 
 
Released as a double A-side with the song "Yellow Submarine in August 1966, Eleanor Rigby marked a giant leap forward in the way that The Beatles thought about their art, following their exploration of new and more complex musical ideas such as “Day Tripper” and “Paperback Writer”.  Written and performed by Paul McCartney as part of the Revolver sessions, this features a string composition from George Martin that helped to change the way that people considered “pop music”.
 
The film is a sequence originally used in the movie Yellow Submarine", released in July 1968.  With it’s surreal, ground-breaking visuals it both brought a new concept of creating a visual video to accompany a song and also ushered in a new style of animation which helped to inspire Terry Gilliam’s animations for the TV comedy series, Monty Python’s Flying Circus.

Music video by The Beatles performing Eleanor Rigby. (C) 2015 Calderstone Productions Limited (a division of Universal Music Group) / Apple Corps Ltd. / Subafilms Ltd

http://vevo.ly/K3B72b},
	urldate = {2020-04-24}
}

@article{colcheroIndividualHeterogeneityDetermines2017,
	title = {Individual heterogeneity determines sex differences in mortality in a monogamous bird with reversed sexual dimorphism},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0021-8790},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12677},
	abstract = {1. Sex differences in mortality are pervasive in vertebrates, and usually result in shorter life spans in the larger sex, although the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. On the other hand, differences in frailty among individuals (i.e. individual heterogeneity), can play a major role in shaping demographic trajectories in wild populations. The link between these two processes has seldom been explored. 2. We used Bayesian survival trajectory analysis to study age-specific mortality trajectories in the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), a monogamous raptor with reversed sexual size dimorphism. We tested the effect of individual heterogeneity on age-specific mortality, and the extent by which this heterogeneity was determined by average reproductive output and wing length as measures of an individual's frailty. 3. We found that sex differences in age-specific mortality were primarily driven by the differences in individual heterogeneity between the two sexes. Females were more heterogeneous than males in their level of frailty. Thus, a larger number of females with low frailty are able to survive to older ages than males, with life expectancy for the least frail adult females reaching up to 4.23 years, while for the least frail adult males it was of 2.68 years. 4. We found that 50\% of this heterogeneity was determined by average reproductive output and wing length in both sexes. For both, individuals with high average reproductive output had also higher chances to survive. However, the effect of wing length was different between the two sexes. While larger females had higher survival, larger males had lower chances to survive. 5. Our results contribute a novel perspective to the ongoing debate about the mechanisms that drive sex differences in vital rates in vertebrates. Although we found that variables that relate to the cost of reproduction and sexual dimorphism are at least partially involved in determining these sex differences, it is through their effect on the level of frailty that they affect age patterns of mortality. Therefore, our results raise the possibility that observed differences in age-specific demographic rates may in fact be driven by differences in individual heterogeneity.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {Colchero, Fernando and Aliaga, Alix Eva and Jones, Owen R. and Conde, Dalia A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000403146400019},
	keywords = {quality, selection, costs, sexual dimorphism, cost of reproduction, wild population, adult survival, age-specific survival, Bayesian survival trajectory analysis, body-mass, individual   heterogeneity, natural-populations, reproductive   success, sex differences in mortality, wing length},
	pages = {899--907},
	file = {Full Text:files/7704/Colchero et al. - 2017 - Individual heterogeneity determines sex difference.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cleasbyNeglectedBiologicalPatterns2011,
	title = {Neglected biological patterns in the residuals},
	volume = {65},
	issn = {1432-0762},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-011-1254-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-011-1254-7},
	abstract = {One of the fundamental assumptions underlying linear regression models is that the errors have a constant variance (i.e., homoscedastic). When this assumption is violated, standard errors from a regression can be biased and inconsistent, meaning that the associated p values and 95\% confidence intervals cannot be trusted. The assumption of homoscedasticity is made for statistical reasons rather than biological reasons; in most real datasets, some form of heteroscedasticity is likely to exist. However, a survey of the behavioural ecology literature showed that only about 5\% of articles explicitly mentioned heteroscedasticity, leaving 95\% of articles in which heteroscedasticity was apparently absent. These results strongly indicate that the prevalence of heteroscedasticity is widely under-reported within behavioural ecology. The aim of this article is to raise awareness of heteroscedasticity amongst behavioural ecologists. Using topical examples from fields in behavioural ecology such as sexual dimorphism and animal personality, we highlight the biological importance of considering heteroscedasticity. We also emphasize that researchers should pay closer attention to the variance in their data and consider what factors could cause heteroscedasticity. In addition, we introduce some simple methods of dealing with heteroscedasticity. The two methods we focus on are: (1) incorporating variance functions within a generalised least squares (GLS) framework to model the functional form of heteroscedasticity and; (2) heteroscedasticity-consistent standard error (HCSE) estimators, which can be used when the functional form of heteroscedasticity is unknown. Using case studies, we show how both methods can influence the output from linear regression models. Finally, we hope that more researchers will consider heteroscedasticity as an important source of additional information about the particular biological process being studied, rather than an impediment to statistical analysis.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-05-23},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Cleasby, Ian R. and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {2361--2372},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/7706/Cleasby and Nakagawa - 2011 - Neglected biological patterns in the residuals.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lakensCalculatingReportingEffect2013,
	title = {Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and {ANOVAs}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1664-1078},
	shorttitle = {Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863},
	abstract = {Effect sizes are the most important outcome of empirical studies. Most articles on effect sizes highlight their importance to communicate the practical significance of results. For scientists themselves, effect sizes are most useful because they facilitate cumulative science. Effect sizes can be used to determine the sample size for follow-up studies, or examining effects across studies. This article aims to provide a practical primer on how to calculate and report effect sizes for t-tests and ANOVA’s such that effect sizes can be used in a-priori power analyses and meta-analyses. Whereas many articles about effect sizes focus on between-subjects designs and address within-subjects designs only briefly, I provide a detailed overview of the similarities and differences between within- and between-subjects designs. I suggest that some research questions in experimental psychology examine inherently intra-individual effects, which makes effect sizes that incorporate the correlation between measures the best summary of the results. Finally, a supplementary spreadsheet is provided to make it as easy as possible for researchers to incorporate effect size calculations into their workflow.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-06-22},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	author = {Lakens, Daniel},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	keywords = {power analysis, Cohen's d, effect sizes, eta-squared, sample size planning},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7711/Lakens - 2013 - Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilita.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{holtmannPersonalitymatchingHabitatChoice2017,
	title = {Personality-matching habitat choice, rather than behavioural plasticity, is a likely driver of a phenotype–environment covariance},
	volume = {284},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.0943},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2017.0943},
	abstract = {An emerging hypothesis of animal personality posits that animals choose the habitat that best fits their personality, and that the match between habitat and personality can facilitate population differentiation, and eventually speciation. However, behavioural plasticity and the adjustment of behaviours to new environments have been a classical explanation for such matching patterns. Using a population of dunnocks (Prunella modularis), we empirically tested whether personality or behavioural plasticity is responsible for the non-random distribution of shy and bold individuals in a heterogeneous environment. We found evidence for bold individuals settling in areas with high human disturbance, but also that birds became bolder with increasing age. Importantly, personality primarily determines the distribution of individuals, and behavioural adjustment over time contributes very little to the observed patterns. We cannot, however, exclude a possibility of very early behavioural plasticity (a type of developmental plasticity) shaping what we refer to as ‘personality’. Nonetheless, our findings highlight the role personality plays in shaping population structure, lending support to the theory of personality-mediated speciation. Moreover, personality-matching habitat choice has important implications for population management and conservation.},
	number = {1864},
	urldate = {2020-06-24},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Holtmann, Benedikt and Santos, Eduardo S. A. and Lara, Carlos E. and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	pages = {20170943},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7713/Holtmann et al. - 2017 - Personality-matching habitat choice, rather than b.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7714/rspb.2017.html:text/html}
}

@article{hellmannSexspecificTransgenerationalPlasticity2020,
	title = {Sex-specific transgenerational plasticity {I}: {Maternal} and paternal effects on sons and daughters},
	copyright = {© 2020, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	shorttitle = {Sex-specific transgenerational plasticity {I}},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763862v4},
	doi = {10.1101/763862},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) or parental effects - when parental environments alter the phenotype of future generations - can influence how organisms cope with environmental change. An intriguing, underexplored possibility is that sex - of both the parent and the offspring - plays an important role in driving the evolution of transgenerational plasticity in both adaptive and nonadaptive ways. Here, we evaluate the potential for sex-specific parental effects in a freshwater population of threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by independently and jointly manipulating maternal and paternal experiences and separately evaluating their phenotypic effects in sons versus daughters. We tested the adaptive hypothesis that daughters are more responsive to cues from their mother, while sons are more responsive to cues from their father. We exposed mothers, fathers, or both parents to visual cues of predation risk and measured offspring antipredator traits and brain gene expression. Predator-exposed fathers produced sons that were more risk-prone, while predator-exposed mothers produced more anxious sons and daughters. Further, maternal and paternal effects on offspring survival were nonadditive: offspring with a predator-exposed father, but not two predator-exposed parents, had lower survival against live predators. There were also strong sex-specific effects on brain gene expression: exposing mothers versus fathers to predation risk activated different transcriptional profiles in their offspring, and sons and daughters strongly differed in the ways in which their brain gene expression profiles were influenced by parental experience. We found little evidence to support the hypothesis that offspring prioritize their same-sex parent9s experience. Parental effects varied with both the sex of the parent and the offspring in complicated and nonadditive ways. Failing to account for these sex-specific patterns (e.g., by pooling sons and daughters) would have underestimated the magnitude of parental effects. Altogether, these results draw attention to the potential for sex to influence patterns of TGP and raise new questions about the interface between transgenerational plasticity and sex-specific selective pressures, sexual conflict, and sexual selection.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-29},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	author = {Hellmann, Jennifer K. and Bukhari, Syed Abbas and Deno, Jack and Bell, Alison M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Section: New Results},
	pages = {763862},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7726/Hellmann et al. - 2020 - Sex-specific transgenerational plasticity I Mater.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7727/763862v4.html:text/html}
}

@article{seniorRevisitingExpandingMetaanalysis2020,
	title = {Revisiting and expanding the meta-analysis of variation: {The} log coefficient of variation ratio.},
	issn = {1759-2879, 1759-2887},
	shorttitle = {Revisiting and expanding the meta-analysis of variation},
	url = {https://lirias.kuleuven.be/3048199},
	doi = {10.1002/jrsm.1423},
	abstract = {Meta-analyses are often used to estimate the relative average values of a quantitative outcome in two groups (eg, control and experimental groups). However, they may also examine the relative variability (variance) of those groups. For such comparisons, two relatively new effect size statistics, the log-transformed},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2020-06-29},
	journal = {Res Synth Methods},
	author = {Senior, Alistair M. and Viechtbauer, Wolfgang and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32431099},
	pages = {e176},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7729/3048199.html:text/html;Submitted Version:files/7731/Senior et al. - 2020 - Revisiting and expanding the meta-analysis of vari.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{jigishaDisentanglingCostsMating2020,
	title = {Disentangling the costs of mating and harassment across different environments},
	volume = {165},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347220301329},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.05.005},
	abstract = {Why females mate multiply has been a long-standing question in evolutionary ecology. In attempts to answer this question, many studies on diverse taxa have highlighted various costs and benefits associated with reproduction. However, how the costs of mating differ from the costs of harassment and whether they vary with environmental conditions are unknown. To explore this, we compared various fitness traits of singly mated Callosobruchus maculatus females, with or without access to water, subjected to different levels of male exposure: no male (i.e. no mating or harassment), ablated male present (i.e. harassment only), intact male present (i.e. both mating and harassment), exposure to males for a short time (i.e. repeated mating but with minimal harassment). We found that, overall, females lived longer in wet than in dry environments, and that the effects of male exposure on female life span differed between environments: wet environments showed cumulative costs of harassment and mating, while differing levels of male exposure had no effect in dry environments. Further, while females laid more eggs in dry environments, females mating repeatedly were more fecund than females housed with ablated males in both environments, suggesting both benefits of repeated mating and costs of harassment, which are environmentally independent. Finally, offspring survival was dependent on a complex interaction between environment and male exposure, potentially reflecting environmental differences in resource allocation trade-offs.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-03},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {{Jigisha} and Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider and Vincent, Alan and Head, Megan L.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {sexual conflict, female fitness, cost of harassment, cost of mating, environment},
	pages = {79--88},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7733/authorization.html:text/html}
}

@article{magginiImmuneFunctionMicronutrient2018,
	title = {Immune {Function} and {Micronutrient} {Requirements} {Change} over the {Life} {Course}},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/10/1531},
	doi = {10.3390/nu10101531},
	abstract = {As humans age, the risk and severity of infections vary in line with immune competence according to how the immune system develops, matures, and declines. Several factors influence the immune system and its competence, including nutrition. A bidirectional relationship among nutrition, infection and immunity exists: changes in one component affect the others. For example, distinct immune features present during each life stage may affect the type, prevalence, and severity of infections, while poor nutrition can compromise immune function and increase infection risk. Various micronutrients are essential for immunocompetence, particularly vitamins A, C, D, E, B2, B6, and B12, folic acid, iron, selenium, and zinc. Micronutrient deficiencies are a recognized global public health issue, and poor nutritional status predisposes to certain infections. Immune function may be improved by restoring deficient micronutrients to recommended levels, thereby increasing resistance to infection and supporting faster recovery when infected. Diet alone may be insufficient and tailored micronutrient supplementation based on specific age-related needs necessary. This review looks at immune considerations specific to each life stage, the consequent risk of infection, micronutrient requirements and deficiencies exhibited over the life course, and the available evidence regarding the effects of micronutrient supplementation on immune function and infection.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2020-07-09},
	journal = {Nutrients},
	author = {Maggini, Silvia and Pierre, Adeline and Calder, Philip C.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 10
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {infection, adults, age-related immunity, deficiency, elderly, immunosenescence, infants, micronutrients, older people},
	pages = {1531},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7735/Maggini et al. - 2018 - Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Cha.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7736/1531.html:text/html}
}

@article{schulzeFoodBasedDietary2018,
	title = {Food based dietary patterns and chronic disease prevention},
	volume = {361},
	copyright = {Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.},
	issn = {0959-8138, 1756-1833},
	url = {https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2396},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.k2396},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}\textbf{Matthias B Schulze and colleagues} discuss current knowledge on the associations between dietary patterns and cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, focusing on areas of uncertainty and future research directions{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-09},
	journal = {BMJ},
	author = {Schulze, Matthias B. and Martínez-González, Miguel A. and Fung, Teresa T. and Lichtenstein, Alice H. and Forouhi, Nita G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {29898951},
	note = {Publisher: British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Section: Analysis},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7738/Schulze et al. - 2018 - Food based dietary patterns and chronic disease pr.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7739/bmj.html:text/html}
}

@article{popkinDynamicsDoubleBurden2020,
	title = {Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality},
	volume = {395},
	issn = {0140-6736, 1474-547X},
	url = {https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32497-3/abstract},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32497-3},
	abstract = {{\textless}h2{\textgreater}Summary{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}The double burden of malnutrition (DBM), defined as the simultaneous manifestation of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity, affects most low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This Series paper describes the dynamics of the DBM in LMICs and how it differs by socioeconomic level. This Series paper shows that the DBM has increased in the poorest LMICs, mainly due to overweight and obesity increases. Indonesia is the largest country with a severe DBM, but many other Asian and sub-Saharan African countries also face this problem. We also discuss that overweight increases are mainly due to very rapid changes in the food system, particularly the availability of cheap ultra-processed food and beverages in LMICs, and major reductions in physical activity at work, transportation, home, and even leisure due to introductions of activity-saving technologies. Understanding that the lowest income LMICs face severe levels of the DBM and that the major direct cause is rapid increases in overweight allows identifying selected crucial drivers and possible options for addressing the DBM at all levels.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {English},
	number = {10217},
	urldate = {2020-07-09},
	journal = {The Lancet},
	author = {Popkin, Barry M. and Corvalan, Camila and Grummer-Strawn, Laurence M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {31852602},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {65--74},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7742/fulltext.html:text/html}
}

@article{sohaPerformanceTestsCognitive2019,
	title = {Performance on tests of cognitive ability is not repeatable across years in a songbird},
	volume = {158},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347219303124},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.09.020},
	abstract = {Studies of the cognitive abilities of animals aim to help us understand how they communicate, obtain resources, avoid danger and otherwise thrive in a given environment. But to what extent is cognitive ability a fixed trait in individuals? And can we answer this question by measuring performance on tests of cognitive ability? We tested the same 18 male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, once yearly, across three consecutive years, with tests of four putative cognitive traits and a test of neophobia. We also tested 19 females twice, once in the first year and once in the third year. All birds were hand-reared and tested in the laboratory. Analyses of both data sets indicate repeatability of neophobia but not of performance on the cognitive tests. In addition, correlations among cognitive performance, neophobia and song quality that were observed in the first year were not observed in subsequent rounds of testing. These results suggest that cognitive ability is not a fixed trait in individuals, or that the tests used do not accurately measure cognitive ability, or both. Conclusions drawn from a single round of cognitive tests should therefore be interpreted with caution in this species and in any species in which repeatability has not been verified.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Soha, Jill A. and Peters, Susan and Anderson, Rindy C. and Searcy, William A. and Nowicki, Stephen},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {learning, song sparrow, avian cognition, cognition–behaviour correlation, cognitive repeatability, inhibitory control, song repertoire size},
	pages = {281--288},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7746/Soha et al. - 2019 - Performance on tests of cognitive ability is not r.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7745/S0003347219303124.html:text/html}
}

@article{cauchoixRepeatabilityCognitivePerformance2018,
	title = {The repeatability of cognitive performance: a meta-analysis},
	volume = {373},
	shorttitle = {The repeatability of cognitive performance},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2017.0281},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2017.0281},
	abstract = {Behavioural and cognitive processes play important roles in mediating an individual's interactions with its environment. Yet, while there is a vast literature on repeatable individual differences in behaviour, relatively little is known about the repeatability of cognitive performance. To further our understanding of the evolution of cognition, we gathered 44 studies on individual performance of 25 species across six animal classes and used meta-analysis to assess whether cognitive performance is repeatable. We compared repeatability (R) in performance (1) on the same task presented at different times (temporal repeatability), and (2) on different tasks that measured the same putative cognitive ability (contextual repeatability). We also addressed whether R estimates were influenced by seven extrinsic factors (moderators): type of cognitive performance measurement, type of cognitive task, delay between tests, origin of the subjects, experimental context, taxonomic class and publication status. We found support for both temporal and contextual repeatability of cognitive performance, with mean R estimates ranging between 0.15 and 0.28. Repeatability estimates were mostly influenced by the type of cognitive performance measures and publication status. Our findings highlight the widespread occurrence of consistent inter-individual variation in cognition across a range of taxa which, like behaviour, may be associated with fitness outcomes.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.},
	number = {1756},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Cauchoix, M. and Chow, P. K. Y. and van Horik, J. O. and Atance, C. M. and Barbeau, E. J. and Barragan-Jason, G. and Bize, P. and Boussard, A. and Buechel, S. D. and Cabirol, A. and Cauchard, L. and Claidière, N. and Dalesman, S. and Devaud, J. M. and Didic, M. and Doligez, B. and Fagot, J. and Fichtel, C. and Henke-von der Malsburg, J. and Hermer, E. and Huber, L. and Huebner, F. and Kappeler, P. M. and Klein, S. and Langbein, J. and Langley, E. J. G. and Lea, S. E. G. and Lihoreau, M. and Lovlie, H. and Matzel, L. D. and Nakagawa, S. and Nawroth, C. and Oesterwind, S. and Sauce, B. and Smith, E. A. and Sorato, E. and Tebbich, S. and Wallis, L. J. and Whiteside, M. A. and Wilkinson, A. and Chaine, A. S. and Morand-Ferron, J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	pages = {20170281},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7748/Cauchoix et al. - 2018 - The repeatability of cognitive performance a meta.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7749/rstb.2017.html:text/html}
}

@article{rohrerLongtermRepeatabilityStability2020,
	title = {Long-term repeatability and stability of three personality traits in meadow voles},
	volume = {126},
	copyright = {© 2020 Blackwell Verlag GmbH},
	issn = {1439-0310},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.13037},
	doi = {10.1111/eth.13037},
	abstract = {Consistency of animal personality traits is expected. Mounting evidence suggests that animal personalities will change with time and major life events. Research into this phenomenon is often limited to span only short periods of time in the animals’ life or have few measures across their life. We measured Exploration, Activity and Boldness of litters of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in a pair of novel object tests six times over a year, representing a large proportion of the lifespan of the vole. Our null hypothesis was that the personality traits would not change, and our first alternative hypothesis was that personality traits would change equally for all individuals as they aged. Neither was supported. The data support our third hypothesis that traits would change and change unequally. Activity and Boldness were consistent across time. However, Exploratory behaviour increased with the vole's age. The supported models show that personality traits change consistently for related individuals, but the litters differ in their change with age. This suggests that meadow vole life history affects how personality traits develop, but not necessarily their magnitudes. We also tested the repeatability of traits across the testing intervals. We discovered that the repeatability of these three personality traits varied across time, depending on the trait. Activity was repeatable equally across ages. Exploration became more repeatable and Boldness became less so. Thus, personality traits may be more malleable than supposed, especially over long periods of time.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	journal = {Ethology},
	author = {Rohrer, Karl N. and Ferkin, Michael H.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/eth.13037},
	keywords = {boldness, repeatability, exploration, activity, Microtus pennsylvanicus, personality},
	pages = {791--802},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7751/eth.html:text/html}
}

@article{huangDoesUseMultitrait2018,
	title = {Does the use of a multi-trait, multi-test approach to measure animal personality yield different behavioural syndrome results?},
	volume = {155},
	issn = {0005-7959, 1568-539X},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/beh/155/2-3/article-p115_2.xml},
	doi = {10.1163/1568539X-00003480},
	abstract = {{\textless}section class="abstract"{\textgreater}{\textless}h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d1260e2"{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}A multi-trait, multi-test approach to investigate the convergence or discrimination between behavioural tests putatively targeting the same or different animal personality traits has been recommended, yet whether and how the approaches affect the identification of behavioural syndrome(s), the suite of correlated personality traits, requires investigation. Here, we used behavioural measures collected from five commonly used behavioural tests targeting three personality traits, evaluated their convergence/discrimination through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and then explored whether the identification of syndrome changed based on the approach we used to quantify personality traits. Our results indicated that tests presumably targeting the same personality trait actually measured distinct behavioural aspects. Syndrome defined using correlation changed due to how we identified personality traits, but not when using structural equation models (SEMs). Overall, this study emphasizes that it is critical to clarify the approach and terms we use for ‘personality traits’ in the field of animal personality.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}/section{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	number = {2-3},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	journal = {Behaviour},
	author = {Huang, Ping and Kimball, Rebecca T. and Mary, Colette M. St},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Brill
Section: Behaviour},
	pages = {115--150},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7753/article-p115_2.html:text/html}
}

@article{drabschScientificPerspectivePersonalised2019,
	title = {A {Scientific} {Perspective} of {Personalised} {Gene}-{Based} {Dietary} {Recommendations} for {Weight} {Management}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2072-6643},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471589/},
	doi = {10.3390/nu11030617},
	abstract = {Various studies showed that a “one size fits all” dietary recommendation for weight management is questionable. For this reason, the focus increasingly falls on personalised nutrition. Although there is no precise and uniform definition of personalised nutrition, the inclusion of genetic variants for personalised dietary recommendations is more and more favoured, whereas scientific evidence for gene-based dietary recommendations is rather limited. The purpose of this article is to provide a science-based viewpoint on gene-based personalised nutrition and weight management. Most of the studies showed no clinical evidence for gene-based personalised nutrition. The Food4Me study, e.g., investigated four different groups of personalised dietary recommendations based on dietary guidelines, and physiological, clinical, or genetic parameters, and resulted in no difference in weight loss between the levels of personalisation. Furthermore, genetic direct-to-consumer (DTC) tests are widely spread by companies. Scientific organisations clearly point out that, to date, genetic DTC tests are without scientific evidence. To date, gene-based personalised nutrition is not yet applicable for the treatment of obesity. Nevertheless, personalised dietary recommendations on the genetic landscape of a person are an innovative and promising approach for the prevention and treatment of obesity. In the future, human intervention studies are necessary to prove the clinical evidence of gene-based dietary recommendations.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	journal = {Nutrients},
	author = {Drabsch, Theresa and Holzapfel, Christina},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {30875721},
	pmcid = {PMC6471589},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/7759/Drabsch and Holzapfel - 2019 - A Scientific Perspective of Personalised Gene-Base.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{berryHumanPostprandialResponses2020,
	title = {Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition},
	issn = {1078-8956},
	url = {https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/human-postprandial-responses-to-food-and-potential-for-precision-nutrition(dbe34b69-c2de-45dc-800a-8b1ffb52e61b).html},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0934-0},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	journal = {Nature Medicine},
	author = {Berry, Sarah and Valdes, Ana and Drew, David A. and Asnicar, Francesco and Mazidi, Mohsen and Wolf, Jonathan and Capdevila, Joan and Hadjigeorgiou, George and Davies, Richard and Khatib, Haya Al and Bonnett, Christopher and Ganesh, Sajaysurya and Bakker, Elco and Hart, Deborah and Mangino, Massimo and Merino, Jordi and Linenberg, Inbar and Wyatt, Patrick and Ordovas, Jose and Gardner, Christopher and Delahanty, Linda and Chan, Andrew and Segata, Nicola and Franks, Paul and Spector, Tim},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	note = {tex.ids: berryHumanPostprandialResponses2020a
number: 6
publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7761/human-postprandial-responses-to-food-and-potential-for-precision-nutrition(dbe34b69-c2de-45dc-8.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7763/s41591-020-0934-0.html:text/html}
}

@misc{reinagelPersonalizedNutritionLatest,
	title = {Personalized {Nutrition}: {The} {Latest} on {DNA}-{Based} {Diets}},
	shorttitle = {Personalized {Nutrition}},
	url = {https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/personalized-nutrition-the-latest-on-dna-based-diets/},
	abstract = {What can our genes tell us about which diet will work best for us?},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	author = {Reinagel, Nutrition Diva Monica},
	note = {Library Catalog: www.scientificamerican.com},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7765/personalized-nutrition-the-latest-on-dna-based-diets.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ThreeStepFODMAP,
	title = {Three step {FODMAP} {Diet} - {Monash} {Fodmap}},
	url = {https://www.monashfodmap.com/3_step_fodmap_diet/},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	file = {Three step FODMAP Diet - Monash Fodmap:files/7767/3_step_fodmap_diet.html:text/html}
}

@misc{3stepFODMAPDiet,
	title = {3-step\_FODMAP\_Diet.pdf},
	url = {https://drive.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://www.monashfodmap.com/documents/5/3-step_FODMAP_Diet.pdf},
	urldate = {2020-07-14},
	file = {3-step_FODMAP_Diet.pdf:files/7769/viewer.html:text/html}
}

@article{ordovasPersonalisedNutritionHealth2018,
	title = {Personalised nutrition and health},
	volume = {361},
	copyright = {Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.},
	issn = {0959-8138, 1756-1833},
	url = {https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2173},
	doi = {10.1136/bmj.k2173},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}\textbf{Jose Ordovas and colleagues} consider that nutrition interventions tailored to individual characteristics and behaviours have promise but more work is needed before they can deliver {\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-15},
	journal = {BMJ},
	author = {Ordovas, Jose M. and Ferguson, Lynnette R. and Tai, E. Shyong and Mathers, John C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Section: Analysis},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7771/Ordovas et al. - 2018 - Personalised nutrition and health.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7772/bmj.html:text/html}
}

@article{geissmannEthoscopesOpenPlatform2017,
	title = {Ethoscopes: {An} open platform for high-throughput ethomics},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1545-7885},
	shorttitle = {Ethoscopes},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2003026},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.2003026},
	abstract = {Here, we present the use of ethoscopes, which are machines for high-throughput analysis of behavior in Drosophila and other animals. Ethoscopes provide a software and hardware solution that is reproducible and easily scalable. They perform, in real-time, tracking and profiling of behavior by using a supervised machine learning algorithm, are able to deliver behaviorally triggered stimuli to flies in a feedback-loop mode, and are highly customizable and open source. Ethoscopes can be built easily by using 3D printing technology and rely on Raspberry Pi microcomputers and Arduino boards to provide affordable and flexible hardware. All software and construction specifications are available at http://lab.gilest.ro/ethoscope.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2020-07-15},
	journal = {PLOS Biology},
	author = {Geissmann, Quentin and Rodriguez, Luis Garcia and Beckwith, Esteban J. and French, Alice S. and Jamasb, Arian R. and Gilestro, Giorgio F.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Animal behavior, Drosophila melanogaster, 3D printing, Cameras, Computer networks, Light-emitting diodes, Sleep, Sleep deprivation},
	pages = {e2003026},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7774/Geissmann et al. - 2017 - Ethoscopes An open platform for high-throughput e.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7775/article.html:text/html}
}

@article{fentonBatsNavigateCognitive2020,
	title = {Bats navigate with cognitive maps},
	volume = {369},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/142},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abd1213},
	abstract = {Tagging and tracking systems reveal the way-finding strategies of fruit bats
Tagging and tracking systems reveal the way-finding strategies of fruit bats},
	language = {en},
	number = {6500},
	urldate = {2020-07-15},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Fenton, M. Brock},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32646986},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Perspective},
	pages = {142--142},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7777/Fenton - 2020 - Bats navigate with cognitive maps.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7778/142.html:text/html}
}

@article{hartenOntogenyMammalianCognitive2020,
	title = {The ontogeny of a mammalian cognitive map in the real world},
	volume = {369},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. https://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/194},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aay3354},
	abstract = {Knowing their way around
The presence of a cognitive map is essential to our ability to navigate through areas we know because it facilitates the use of spatial knowledge to derive new routes. Whether such maps exist in nonhuman animals has been debated, largely because of the difficulty of demonstrating qualifying components of the map outside of a laboratory. In two studies on Egyptian fruit bats, Harten et al. and Toledo et al. together show that this species's navigational strategies meet the requirements for the use of a cognitive map of their environment, confirming that this skill occurs outside of humans (see the Perspective by Fenton).
Science, this issue p. 194, p. 188; see also p. 142
How animals navigate over large-scale environments remains a riddle. Specifically, it is debated whether animals have cognitive maps. The hallmark of map-based navigation is the ability to perform shortcuts, i.e., to move in direct but novel routes. When tracking an animal in the wild, it is extremely difficult to determine whether a movement is truly novel because the animal’s past movement is unknown. We overcame this difficulty by continuously tracking wild fruit bat pups from their very first flight outdoors and over the first months of their lives. Bats performed truly original shortcuts, supporting the hypothesis that they can perform large-scale map-based navigation. We documented how young pups developed their visual-based map, exemplifying the importance of exploration and demonstrating interindividual differences.
Egyptian fruit bats appear to use a cognitive map.
Egyptian fruit bats appear to use a cognitive map.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6500},
	urldate = {2020-07-15},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Harten, Lee and Katz, Amitay and Goldshtein, Aya and Handel, Michal and Yovel, Yossi},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32647001},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Report},
	pages = {194--197},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7781/Harten et al. - 2020 - The ontogeny of a mammalian cognitive map in the r.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7782/194.html:text/html}
}

@article{toledoCognitiveMapBased2020,
	title = {Cognitive map–based navigation in wild bats revealed by a new high-throughput tracking system},
	volume = {369},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. https://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/188},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aax6904},
	abstract = {Knowing their way around
The presence of a cognitive map is essential to our ability to navigate through areas we know because it facilitates the use of spatial knowledge to derive new routes. Whether such maps exist in nonhuman animals has been debated, largely because of the difficulty of demonstrating qualifying components of the map outside of a laboratory. In two studies on Egyptian fruit bats, Harten et al. and Toledo et al. together show that this species's navigational strategies meet the requirements for the use of a cognitive map of their environment, confirming that this skill occurs outside of humans (see the Perspective by Fenton).
Science, this issue p. 194, p. 188; see also p. 142
Seven decades of research on the “cognitive map,” the allocentric representation of space, have yielded key neurobiological insights, yet field evidence from free-ranging wild animals is still lacking. Using a system capable of tracking dozens of animals simultaneously at high accuracy and resolution, we assembled a large dataset of 172 foraging Egyptian fruit bats comprising {\textgreater}18 million localizations collected over 3449 bat-nights across 4 years. Detailed track analysis, combined with translocation experiments and exhaustive mapping of fruit trees, revealed that wild bats seldom exhibit random search but instead repeatedly forage in goal-directed, long, and straight flights that include frequent shortcuts. Alternative, non–map-based strategies were ruled out by simulations, time-lag embedding, and other trajectory analyses. Our results are consistent with expectations from cognitive map–like navigation and support previous neurobiological evidence from captive bats.
Egyptian fruit bats appear to use a cognitive map.
Egyptian fruit bats appear to use a cognitive map.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6500},
	urldate = {2020-07-15},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Toledo, Sivan and Shohami, David and Schiffner, Ingo and Lourie, Emmanuel and Orchan, Yotam and Bartan, Yoav and Nathan, Ran},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32647000},
	note = {tex.ids: toledoCognitiveMapBased2020a
publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
section: Report},
	pages = {188--193},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7785/Toledo et al. - 2020 - Cognitive map–based navigation in wild bats reveal.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7789/Toledo et al. - 2020 - Cognitive map–based navigation in wild bats reveal.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7786/188.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7790/188.html:text/html}
}

@article{tsoarLargescaleNavigationalMap2011,
	title = {Large-scale navigational map in a mammal},
	volume = {108},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/108/37/E718.abstract},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1107365108},
	abstract = {Navigation, the ability to reach desired goal locations, is critical for animals and humans. Animal navigation has been studied extensively in birds, insects, and some marine vertebrates and invertebrates, yet we are still far from elucidating the underlying mechanisms in other taxonomic groups, especially mammals. Here we report a systematic study of the mechanisms of long-range mammalian navigation. High-resolution global positioning system tracking of bats was conducted here, which revealed high, fast, and very straight commuting flights of Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) from their cave to remote fruit trees. Bats returned to the same individual trees night after night. When displaced 44 km south, bats homed directly to one of two goal locations—familiar fruit tree or cave—ruling out beaconing, route-following, or path-integration mechanisms. Bats released 84 km south, within a deep natural crater, were initially disoriented (but eventually left the crater toward the home direction and homed successfully), whereas bats released at the crater-edge top homed directly, suggesting navigation guided primarily by distal visual landmarks. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a large-scale “cognitive map” that enables navigation of a mammal within its visually familiar area, and they also demonstrate the ability to home back when translocated outside the visually familiar area.},
	number = {37},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Tsoar, Asaf and Nathan, Ran and Bartan, Yoav and Vyssotski, Alexei and Dell'Omo, Giacomo and Ulanovsky, Nachum},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {E718}
}

@article{beckwithRegulationSleepHomeostasis2017,
	title = {Regulation of sleep homeostasis by sexual arousal},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2050-084X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27445},
	doi = {10.7554/eLife.27445},
	abstract = {In all animals, sleep pressure is under continuous tight regulation. It is universally accepted that this regulation arises from a two-process model, integrating both a circadian and a homeostatic controller. Here we explore the role of environmental social signals as a third, parallel controller of sleep homeostasis and sleep pressure. We show that, in Drosophila melanogaster males, sleep pressure after sleep deprivation can be counteracted by raising their sexual arousal, either by engaging the flies with prolonged courtship activity or merely by exposing them to female pheromones.},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {eLife},
	author = {Beckwith, Esteban J and Geissmann, Quentin and French, Alice S and Gilestro, Giorgio F},
	editor = {Griffith, Leslie C},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
	keywords = {behaviour, sex, sleep},
	pages = {e27445},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7794/Beckwith et al. - 2017 - Regulation of sleep homeostasis by sexual arousal.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lagiszOptimismPessimismJudgement2020,
	title = {Optimism, pessimism and judgement bias in animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis},
	issn = {0149-7634},
	shorttitle = {Optimism, pessimism and judgement bias in animals},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763420304735},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.012},
	abstract = {Just as happy people see the proverbial glass as half-full, ‘optimistic’ or ‘pessimistic’ responses to ambiguity might also reflect affective states in animals. Judgement bias tests, designed to measure these responses, are an increasingly popular way of assessing animal affect and there is now a substantial, but heterogeneous, literature on their use across different species, affect manipulations, and study designs. By conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 459 effect sizes from 71 studies of non-pharmacological affect manipulations on 22 non-human species, we show that animals in relatively better conditions, assumed to generate more positive affect, show more ‘optimistic’ judgements of ambiguity than those in relatively worse conditions. Overall effects are small when considering responses to all cues, but become more pronounced when non-ambiguous training cues are excluded from analyses or when focusing only on the most divergent responses between treatment groups. Task type (go/no-go; go/go active choice), training cue reinforcement (reward-punishment; reward-null; reward-reward) and sex of animals emerge as potential moderators of effect sizes in judgement bias tests.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-21},
	journal = {Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews},
	author = {Lagisz, Malgorzata and Zidar, Josefina and Nakagawa, Shinichi and Neville, Vikki and Sorato, Enrico and Paul, Elizabeth S. and Bateson, Melissa and Mendl, Michael and Løvlie, Hanne},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {affective state, animal welfare, cognitive bias, research synthesis},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7797/Lagisz et al. - 2020 - Optimism, pessimism and judgement bias in animals.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7796/S0149763420304735.html:text/html}
}

@article{glaudasIntensitySexualSelection2020,
	title = {The intensity of sexual selection, body size and reproductive success in a mating system with male–male combat: is bigger better?},
	volume = {129},
	copyright = {© 2020 Nordic Society Oikos. Published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
	issn = {1600-0706},
	shorttitle = {The intensity of sexual selection, body size and reproductive success in a mating system with male–male combat},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/oik.07223},
	doi = {10.1111/oik.07223},
	abstract = {Body size is a key selected trait in many animal systems: larger size is sexually selected for in males because it confers a reproductive advantage during contest competition for access to females, and larger females are naturally selected for fecundity. Herein, we used radio-telemetry to gather a large dataset of male–female interactions and DNA paternity analyses to characterize the intensity of sexual selection and the link between two body size metrics (body length and condition, the latter manipulated experimentally for males) and reproductive success in a population of puff adders Bitis arietans. Our multiple estimates of the intensity of sexual selection generally indicated that males experienced stronger sexual selection than females. However, the Bateman gradients did not differ by sex, despite the fact that males increased reproductive success by mating with multiple females while females did not. We also found no strong evidence that females experienced indirect fitness benefits through multiple matings. Body size was not a key predictor of male reproductive success, and for females, body condition – but not body length – was the critical fecundity trait. Altogether, a combination of factors suggests that post-copulatory mechanisms of sexual selection (e.g. sperm competition, cryptic female choice) may play critical roles in this mating system and perhaps that of other snakes. We interpret our findings in the context of sexual conflict – a ubiquitous and potent driver of mating strategy evolution – to propose a scenario for the evolution of female promiscuity that is applicable to many other animal systems where males roam widely to locate females at high costs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {Oikos},
	author = {Glaudas, Xavier and Rice, Stephen E. and Clark, Rulon W. and Alexander, Graham J.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/oik.07223},
	keywords = {sexual selection, sexual conflict, multiple paternity, polygynandry, puff adder, snakes},
	pages = {998--1011},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7799/oik.html:text/html}
}

@article{aichExperimentalTestRole2020,
	title = {An experimental test of the role of male mating history on paternal effects in the livebearer fish {Gambusia} holbrooki},
	volume = {16},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0945},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2019.0945},
	abstract = {Studies often show that paternal age affects offspring fitness. However, such effects could be due either to age, or to a male's previous mating effort (which is necessarily confounded with age). We experimentally tested whether differences in the mating history of old males affect offspring performance in the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki. Upon maturation, males were housed for a duration of the natural field-breeding season (23 weeks) either with mating access to females (lifetime-mating), or with visual but no physical access to females (no-mating). We then paired these males with a female to test whether male mating history had a significant effect on their mate's breeding success or offspring performance. The daughters, but not the sons, of ‘no-mating’ treatment males matured significantly sooner, and at a significantly smaller size, than those of ‘lifetime-mating’ treatment males. There was, however, no effect of male mating history on their daughters' initial fecundity, or on proxy measures of their sons’ reproductive success. These results, when combined with earlier studies showing effects of male mating history on sperm quality, growth and immunity, suggest that variation in paternal effects currently attributed to male age could partly arise because older males have usually mated more often than younger males.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {Aich, Upama and Jennions, Michael D. and Fox, Rebecca J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	pages = {20190945},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7801/Aich et al. - 2020 - An experimental test of the role of male mating hi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7802/rsbl.2019.html:text/html}
}

@article{vincentSexualConflictEnvironment2020,
	title = {Sexual conflict and the environment: teasing apart effects arising via males and females},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	shorttitle = {Sexual conflict and the environment},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347220300154},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.01.010},
	abstract = {When males and females differ in their reproductive interests, each sex attempts to increase its own reproductive success, sometimes to the detriment of its mate. The environment that individuals experience has been shown to be fundamental in mediating this sexual conflict, since it can alter the balance between the costs and benefits that males and females obtain from mating. In the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus water availability is an important environmental factor that can alter this balance, with consequences for female mating strategies and the strength of sexual conflict. Whether the effect of water availability arises via effects on females or males, however, has not been explored. Here we manipulated access to water independently for adult males and females and explored how this environmental variation affected male and female mating behaviour, female fitness and offspring development. We found that access to water did not alter the size of ejaculates that males transferred, but that males with water available had longer copulation durations. We also found that females with access to water, despite living longer and laying a similar number of eggs during their lifetime, had offspring with longer development times and lower eclosion success than those of females with no access to water. Our results suggest that water availability has detrimental effects on female fitness, but despite changes in male mating behaviour these effects are not related to changes in the costliness of males as mates.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Vincent, Alan and Head, Megan L. and Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {fitness, environment, copulation duration, costs of mating},
	pages = {57--66},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7804/S0003347220300154.html:text/html}
}

@article{flinthamDispersalAltersNature2020,
	title = {Dispersal alters the nature and scope of sexually antagonistic variation},
	copyright = {© 2020, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), CC BY-NC 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.080010v1},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.05.05.080010},
	abstract = {{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h3{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}Intra-locus sexual conflict, or sexual antagonism, occurs when alleles have opposing fitness effects in the two sexes. Previous theory suggests that sexual antagonism is a driver of genetic variation by generating balancing selection. However, these studies assume that populations are well-mixed, neglecting the effects of spatial subdivision. Here we use mathematical modelling to show that limited dispersal can fundamentally change evolution at sexually antagonistic autosomal and X-linked loci due to inbreeding and sex-specific kin competition. We find that if the sexes disperse at different rates, kin competition within the philopatric sex biases intralocus conflict in favour of the more dispersive sex. Furthermore, kin competition diminishes the strength of balancing selection relative to genetic drift, reducing genetic variation in small subdivided populations. Meanwhile, by decreasing heterozygosity, inbreeding reduces the scope for sexually antagonistic polymorphism due to non-additive allelic effects, and this occurs to a greater extent on the X-chromosome than autosomes. Overall, our results demonstrate that spatial structure is an important factor in predicting where to expect sexually antagonistic alleles. We suggest that observed interspecific and intragenomic variation in sexual antagonism may be explained by sex-specific dispersal ecology and demography.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	author = {Flintham, Ewan O. and Savolainen, Vincent and Mullon, Charles},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Section: New Results},
	pages = {2020.05.05.080010},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7806/Flintham et al. - 2020 - Dispersal alters the nature and scope of sexually .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7807/2020.05.05.html:text/html}
}

@article{nasonBenefitsMultipleMating2020,
	title = {Benefits of multiple mating in a sexually dimorphic polygynandrous insect},
	volume = {164},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347220300907},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.03.018},
	abstract = {Mating with multiple partners is common across animal taxa. Males mate multiply because reproductive success positively correlates with mating success. In contrast, multiple mating is expected to increase the direct (material) or indirect (genetic) benefits accrued by females but not necessarily increase their reproductive success. Cases in which female reproductive success increases with mating success could be due to females acquiring material resources that directly increase reproductive output. Because multiple mating likely increases reproductive success more in males than in females, males typically experience greater sexual selection. Consequently, males in harem polygynous species, where a few males can monopolize access to several females in a population, are expected to be under stronger sexual selection than females. We field-test these predictions by using the harem polygynous Wellington tree wētā, Hemideina crassidens. Here, we develop microsatellite markers for H. crassidens and use them to genotype females, their offspring and putative sires to estimate the opportunity for selection as well as quantify natural rates of multiple mating and its effect on male and female reproductive success (number of hatchlings). We found that both sexes mate multiply and that reproductive success increases with mating success in both sexes. Males and females have similar total opportunities for selection, and sexual selection comprises approximately 50\% of the total selection operating in males. We found that female oviposition rate increases with mating success, but we found no evidence to support the hypothesis that females derive indirect benefits from polyandry. Our study provides strong evidence that male and female H. crassidens derive significant direct fitness benefits from multiple mating under natural conditions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Nason, Sarah E. and Kelly, Clint D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {sexual selection, multiple mating, sperm competition, mating success, network analysis, Wellington tree wētā},
	pages = {65--72},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7810/Nason and Kelly - 2020 - Benefits of multiple mating in a sexually dimorphi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7809/S0003347220300907.html:text/html}
}

@article{churchillSpatiallyClusteredResources2020,
	title = {Spatially clustered resources increase aggregation and mating duration in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	copyright = {© 2020, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080853v1},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.05.06.080853},
	abstract = {{\textless}h3{\textgreater}ABSTRACT{\textless}/h3{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}In environments where females mate multiply, males should adjust their behaviour and physiology in response to the prevailing perceived level of sperm competition. This expectation is well supported by both laboratory and field studies, but we don’t yet know what mechanisms facilitate these plastic responses in natural populations. One way in which males appear to assess sperm competition risk is through encounter rates with conspecific males. Such encounter rates may be driven by the spatial distribution of resources required by male. However, explicit links between resource distribution, male encounter rate, and shifts in behaviour related to sperm competition have not been demonstrated. Here we show that a small increase in the distance of patches of food resources in the laboratory: (a) approximately halves the mean distances between pairs of males; and (b) is associated with an increase in subsequent copulation duration – previously shown to be a reliable indicator of male perception of sperm competition risk – by more than two minutes. Aggregation of resources, operating via increased encounter rate, is a mechanism that can stimulate plastic male sperm competition responses. Because spatial distribution of resources, including those exploited by \textit{Drosophila}, is variable in nature, this may explain one way in which sperm competition-related plasticity is influenced in wild-living males.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	author = {Churchill, Emily R. and Bridle, Jon R. and Thom, Michael D. F.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Section: New Results},
	pages = {2020.05.06.080853},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7812/Churchill et al. - 2020 - Spatially clustered resources increase aggregation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7813/2020.05.06.html:text/html}
}

@article{spagopoulouShiftsReproductiveInvestment2020,
	title = {Shifts in {Reproductive} {Investment} in {Response} to {Competitors} {Lower} {Male} {Reproductive} {Success}},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/709821},
	doi = {10.1086/709821},
	abstract = {In many species, males exhibit phenotypic plasticity in sexually selected traits when exposed to social cues about the intensity of sexual competition. To date, however, few studies have tested how this plasticity affects male reproductive success. We initially tested whether male mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki (Poeciliidae), change their investment in traits under pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection depending on the social environment. For a full spermatogenesis cycle, focal males were exposed to visual and chemical cues of rivals that were either present (competitive treatment) or absent (control). Males from the competitive treatment had significantly slower-swimming sperm but did not differ in sperm count from control males. When two males competed for a female, competitive treatment males also made significantly fewer copulation attempts and courtship displays than control males. Further, paternity analysis of 708 offspring from 148 potential sires, testing whether these changes in reproductive traits affected male reproductive success, showed that males previously exposed to cues about the presence of rivals sired significantly fewer offspring when competing with a control male. We discuss several possible explanations for these unusual findings.},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Spagopoulou, Foteini and Vega-Trejo, Regina and Head, Megan L. and Jennions, Michael D.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: The University of Chicago Press},
	pages = {000--000},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7815/709821.html:text/html}
}

@article{woitowich10yearFollowupStudy2020,
	title = {A 10-year follow-up study of sex inclusion in the biological sciences},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2050-084X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.56344},
	doi = {10.7554/eLife.56344},
	abstract = {In 2016, to address the historical overrepresentation of male subjects in biomedical research, the US National Institutes of Health implemented a policy requiring investigators to consider sex as a biological variable. In order to assess the impact of this policy, we conducted a bibliometric analysis across nine biological disciplines for papers published in 34 journals in 2019, and compared our results with those of a similar study carried out by Beery and Zucker in 2009. There was a significant increase in the proportion of studies that included both sexes across all nine disciplines, but in eight of the disciplines there was no change in the proportion studies that included data analyzed by sex. The majority of studies failed to provide rationale for single-sex studies or the lack of sex-based analyses, and those that did relied on misconceptions surrounding the hormonal variability of females. Together, these data demonstrate that while sex-inclusive research practices are more commonplace, there are still gaps in analyses and reporting of data by sex in many biological disciplines.},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {eLife},
	author = {Woitowich, Nicole C and Beery, Annaliese and Woodruff, Teresa},
	editor = {Sugimoto, Cassidy and Rodgers, Peter and Shansky, Rebecca and Schiebinger, Londa},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {tex.ids: woitowich10yearFollowupStudy2020a
publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
	keywords = {meta-analysis, sex differences, meta-research, sex bias, sex inclusion},
	pages = {e56344},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7817/Woitowich et al. - 2020 - A 10-year follow-up study of sex inclusion in the .pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/7833/Woitowich et al. - 2020 - A 10-year follow-up study of sex inclusion in the .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hertelGuideStudyingAmongindividual2020,
	title = {A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2051-3933},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-020-00216-8},
	doi = {10.1186/s40462-020-00216-8},
	abstract = {Animal tracking and biologging devices record large amounts of data on individual movement behaviors in natural environments. In these data, movement ecologists often view unexplained variation around the mean as “noise” when studying patterns at the population level. In the field of behavioral ecology, however, focus has shifted from population means to the biological underpinnings of variation around means. Specifically, behavioral ecologists use repeated measures of individual behavior to partition behavioral variability into intrinsic among-individual variation and reversible behavioral plasticity and to quantify: a) individual variation in behavioral types (i.e. different average behavioral expression), b) individual variation in behavioral plasticity (i.e. different responsiveness of individuals to environmental gradients), c) individual variation in behavioral predictability (i.e. different residual within-individual variability of behavior around the mean), and d) correlations among these components and correlations in suites of behaviors, called ‘behavioral syndromes’. We here suggest that partitioning behavioral variability in animal movements will further the integration of movement ecology with other fields of behavioral ecology. We provide a literature review illustrating that individual differences in movement behaviors are insightful for wildlife and conservation studies and give recommendations regarding the data required for addressing such questions. In the accompanying R tutorial we provide a guide to the statistical approaches quantifying the different aspects of among-individual variation. We use movement data from 35 African elephants and show that elephants differ in a) their average behavior for three common movement behaviors, b) the rate at which they adjusted movement over a temporal gradient, and c) their behavioral predictability (ranging from more to less predictable individuals). Finally, two of the three movement behaviors were correlated into a behavioral syndrome (d), with farther moving individuals having shorter mean residence times. Though not explicitly tested here, individual differences in movement and predictability can affect an individual’s risk to be hunted or poached and could therefore open new avenues for conservation biologists to assess population viability. We hope that this review, tutorial, and worked example will encourage movement ecologists to examine the biology of individual variation in animal movements hidden behind the population mean.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {Movement Ecology},
	author = {Hertel, Anne G. and Niemelä, Petri T. and Dingemanse, Niels J. and Mueller, Thomas},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {30},
	file = {Full Text:files/7820/Hertel et al. - 2020 - A guide for studying among-individual behavioral v.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7819/s40462-020-00216-8.html:text/html}
}

@article{hertelTutorialGuideStudying2020,
	title = {R {Tutorial}: {A} guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild},
	shorttitle = {R {Tutorial}},
	url = {https://osf.io/9cn8v/},
	doi = {10.17605/OSF.IO/9CN8V},
	abstract = {R Tutorial demonstrating variance partitioning on movement behaviors. 
    Hosted on the Open Science Framework},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	author = {Hertel, Anne G. and Niemelä, Petri T.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: OSF},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7823/9cn8v.html:text/html}
}

@article{otgaarBriefReflectionOpen2020,
	title = {A {Brief} {Reflection} on {Open} {Science}},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2020 Henry Otgaar},
	issn = {2615-8582},
	url = {http://proust.ui.ac.id/index.php/journal/article/view/85},
	doi = {10.7454/proust.v3i1.85},
	abstract = {In the past years, the psychological community witnessed an outbreak of failures to replicate well-known psychological findings. These failures have undermined the credibility of the psychological field and have shaken the trust of practicioners and the public to psychological reseach. Some have called this period the replication crisis (e.g., Maxwell, Lau, \& Howard, 2015). Others have termed this period the credibility revolution because these failures have caused psychological scientists to critically evaluate their used methodology and statistical apparatus and search for ways to improve them (e.g., Vazire, 2018). In this reflection, we give a short historical overview of important events that likely caused this credibility revolution. Furthermore, we describe a possible solution to address these failures to replicate psychological findings: Open Science. We discuss the basic idea behind Open Science and provide several recommendations for psychological scientists when designing and conducting psychological studies.},
	language = {en-US},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	journal = {Psychological Research on Urban Society},
	author = {Otgaar, Henry},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {1--5},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7828/Otgaar - 2020 - A Brief Reflection on Open Science.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7829/85.html:text/html}
}

@article{SameDataDifferent,
	title = {Same data, different analysts: variation in effect sizes due to analytical decisions in ecology and evolutionary biology},
	journal = {BMC Preparation in Principle},
	file = {RR_stage1_Intro-methods_20200208 (1).pdf:files/7831/RR_stage1_Intro-methods_20200208 (1).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@techreport{rutkowskaMappingPresentFuture2020,
	type = {preprint},
	title = {Mapping the past, present and future research landscape of paternal effects},
	url = {https://osf.io/egsmk},
	abstract = {Although in all sexually reproducing organisms, an individual has a mother and a father, non-genetic inheritance has been predominantly studied in mothers. Paternal effects have been far less frequently studied, until recently. In the last five years, research on environmentally induced paternal effects has grown rapidly in the number of publications and diversity of topics. Motivations for studies into paternal effects are also diverse. For example, from the ecological and evolutionary perspective, paternal effects are of interest as facilitators of response to environmental change and mediators of extended heredity. Medical researchers track how paternal pre-fertilization exposures to factors, such as toxins, trauma or diet, influence offspring health. In consequence, literature on paternal effects is large and disparate. Here, we systematically review and synthesize this heterogeneous field to help fostering connections between areas of knowledge that develop in parallel, but which could benefit from the lateral transfer of concepts and methods.},
	urldate = {2020-07-24},
	institution = {EcoEvoRxiv},
	author = {Rutkowska, Joanna and Lagisz, Malgorzata and Bonduriansky, Russell and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.32942/osf.io/egsmk}
}

@article{silberzahnManyAnalystsOne2018,
	title = {Many {Analysts}, {One} {Data} {Set}: {Making} {Transparent} {How} {Variations} in {Analytic} {Choices} {Affect} {Results}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2515-2459},
	shorttitle = {Many {Analysts}, {One} {Data} {Set}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917747646},
	doi = {10.1177/2515245917747646},
	abstract = {Twenty-nine teams involving 61 analysts used the same data set to address the same research question: whether soccer referees are more likely to give red cards to dark-skin-toned players than to light-skin-toned players. Analytic approaches varied widely across the teams, and the estimated effect sizes ranged from 0.89 to 2.93 (Mdn = 1.31) in odds-ratio units. Twenty teams (69\%) found a statistically significant positive effect, and 9 teams (31\%) did not observe a significant relationship. Overall, the 29 different analyses used 21 unique combinations of covariates. Neither analysts’ prior beliefs about the effect of interest nor their level of expertise readily explained the variation in the outcomes of the analyses. Peer ratings of the quality of the analyses also did not account for the variability. These findings suggest that significant variation in the results of analyses of complex data may be difficult to avoid, even by experts with honest intentions. Crowdsourcing data analysis, a strategy in which numerous research teams are recruited to simultaneously investigate the same research question, makes transparent how defensible, yet subjective, analytic choices influence research results.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-07-27},
	journal = {Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science},
	author = {Silberzahn, R. and Uhlmann, E. L. and Martin, D. P. and Anselmi, P. and Aust, F. and Awtrey, E. and Bahník, Š. and Bai, F. and Bannard, C. and Bonnier, E. and Carlsson, R. and Cheung, F. and Christensen, G. and Clay, R. and Craig, M. A. and Dalla Rosa, A. and Dam, L. and Evans, M. H. and Flores Cervantes, I. and Fong, N. and Gamez-Djokic, M. and Glenz, A. and Gordon-McKeon, S. and Heaton, T. J. and Hederos, K. and Heene, M. and Hofelich Mohr, A. J. and Högden, F. and Hui, K. and Johannesson, M. and Kalodimos, J. and Kaszubowski, E. and Kennedy, D. M. and Lei, R. and Lindsay, T. A. and Liverani, S. and Madan, C. R. and Molden, D. and Molleman, E. and Morey, R. D. and Mulder, L. B. and Nijstad, B. R. and Pope, N. G. and Pope, B. and Prenoveau, J. M. and Rink, F. and Robusto, E. and Roderique, H. and Sandberg, A. and Schlüter, E. and Schönbrodt, F. D. and Sherman, M. F. and Sommer, S. A. and Sotak, K. and Spain, S. and Spörlein, C. and Stafford, T. and Stefanutti, L. and Tauber, S. and Ullrich, J. and Vianello, M. and Wagenmakers, E.-J. and Witkowiak, M. and Yoon, S. and Nosek, B. A.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {337--356},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/7838/Silberzahn et al. - 2018 - Many Analysts, One Data Set Making Transparent Ho.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{GiantTurtlesHave,
	title = {Giant {Turtles} {Have} {Surprisingly} {Strong} {Memories}},
	url = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/animal-minds/201912/giant-turtles-have-surprisingly-strong-memories},
	abstract = {Giant tortoises might not be fast on their feet, but they are fast learners.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-07-28},
	journal = {Psychology Today},
	note = {Library Catalog: www.psychologytoday.com},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7840/giant-turtles-have-surprisingly-strong-memories.html:text/html}
}

@article{gutnickUnderestimatedGiantsOperant2020,
	title = {The underestimated giants: operant conditioning, visual discrimination and long-term memory in giant tortoises},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1435-9456},
	shorttitle = {The underestimated giants},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-019-01326-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s10071-019-01326-6},
	abstract = {Relatively little is known about cognition in turtles, and most studies have focused on aquatic animals. Almost nothing is known about the giant land tortoises. These are visual animals that travel large distances in the wild, interact with each other and with their environment, and live extremely long lives. Here, we show that Galapagos and Seychelle tortoises, housed in a zoo environment, readily underwent operant conditioning and we provide evidence that they learned faster when trained in the presence of a group rather than individually. The animals readily learned to distinguish colors in a two-choice discrimination task. However, since each animal was assigned its own individual colour for this task, the presence of the group had no obvious effect on the speed of learning. When tested 95 days after the initial training, all animals remembered the operant task. When tested in the discrimination task, most animals relearned the task up to three times faster than naïve animals. Remarkably, animals that were tested 9 years after the initial training still retained the operant conditioning. As animals remembered the operant task, but needed to relearn the discrimination task constitutes the first evidence for a differentiation between implicit and explicit memory in tortoises. Our study is a first step towards a wider appreciation of the cognitive abilities of these unique animals.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-28},
	journal = {Animal Cognition},
	author = {Gutnick, Tamar and Weissenbacher, Anton and Kuba, Michael J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {159--167},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/7842/Gutnick et al. - 2020 - The underestimated giants operant conditioning, v.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{valvoColormeshNovelMethod2020,
	title = {Colormesh: {A} novel method for quantifying variation in complex color patterns},
	copyright = {© 2020, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	shorttitle = {Colormesh},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.205369v1},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.07.17.205369},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Color variation is one of the most obvious examples of variation in nature. Objective quantification and interpretation of variation in color and complex patterns is challenging. Assessment of variation in color patterns is limited by the reduction of color into categorical measures and lack of spatial information. We present Colormesh as a novel method for analyzing complex color patterns that offers unique capabilities. Compared to other methods, Colormesh maintains the continuous measure of color at individual sampling points throughout the pattern. This is particularly useful for analyses of variation in color patterns, whether interest is in specific locations or the pattern as a whole. In our approach, the use of Delaunay triangulation to determine sampling location eliminates the need for color patterns to have clearly defined pattern elements, and users are not required to identify discrete color categories. This method is complementary to several other methods available for color pattern quantification, and can be usefully deployed to address a wide range of questions about color pattern variation.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-28},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	author = {Valvo, Jennifer J. and Rodd, F. Helen and Houle, David and Aponte, J. David and Daniel, Mitchel J. and Dwinell, Kenna and Hughes, Kimberly A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Section: New Results},
	pages = {2020.07.17.205369},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7844/Valvo et al. - 2020 - Colormesh A novel method for quantifying variatio.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7845/2020.07.17.html:text/html}
}

@article{stanicMatingSuccessWild2005,
	title = {Mating success of wild type and sepia mutants {Drosophila} melanogaster in different choice},
	volume = {98},
	issn = {0035-6050},
	abstract = {Mating behaviour of red-eyed (wt) and brown-eyed (sepia) Drosophila melanogaster was studied under light conditions. Mating success was directly observed in mating vials and techniques usually applied in the studies of sexual selection ("female choice" and "multiple choice"). The comparison of sexual activity of mutant and wild types clearly indicates that they are not equally successful in matings. Sepia eye colour mutation decreases sexual activity of Drosophila melanogaster males, influences the preference ability of females and decreases the number of progeny from homogamic mating of the se x se type, as well as from heterogamic copulations in which sepia females take part. Non-random mating of wild type males and sepia females (in "multiple-choice" situation), with genetically and phenotypically different individuals, could be another mechanism for conservation of genetic polymorphism in natural populations.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Rivista Di Biologia},
	author = {Stanić, Snezana and Pavković-Lucic, Sofija},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16440285},
	keywords = {Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Sex Factors, Choice Behavior, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Animals, Drosophila melanogaster, Female, Sex Ratio, Eye Color, Mutation, Pigmentation},
	pages = {513--524}
}

@article{katayamaSexualSelectionWing2014,
	title = {Sexual selection on wing interference patterns in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/111/42/15144},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1407595111},
	abstract = {Animals with color vision use color information in intra- and interspecific communication, which in turn may drive the evolution of conspicuous colored body traits via natural and sexual selection. A recent study found that the transparent wings of small flies and wasps in lower-reflectance light environments display vivid and stable structural color patterns, called “wing interference patterns” (WIPs). Such WIPs were hypothesized to function in sexual selection among small insects with wing displays, but this has not been experimentally verified. Here, to our knowledge we present the first experimental evidence that WIPs in males of Drosophila melanogaster are targets of mate choice from females, and that two different color traits—saturation and hue—experience directional and stabilizing sexual selection, respectively. Using isogenic lines from the D. melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel, we compare attractiveness of different male WIPs against black and white visual backgrounds. We show that males with more vivid wings are more attractive to females than are males with dull wings. Wings with a large magenta area (i.e., intermediate trait values) were also preferred over those with a large blue or yellow area. These experimental results add a visual element to the Drosophila mating array, integrating sexual selection with elements of genetics and evo-devo, potentially applicable to a wide array of small insects with hyaline wings. Our results further underscore that the mode of sexual selection on such visual signals can differ profoundly between different color components, in this case hue and saturation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {42},
	urldate = {2020-08-01},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Katayama, Natsu and Abbott, Jessica K. and Kjærandsen, Jostein and Takahashi, Yuma and Svensson, Erik I.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {25294931},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Biological Sciences},
	keywords = {sexual selection, mate choice, color, signaling, wing interference patterns},
	pages = {15144--15148},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7849/Katayama et al. - 2014 - Sexual selection on wing interference patterns in .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7850/15144.html:text/html}
}

@article{verzijdenMaleDrosophilaMelanogaster2015,
	title = {Male {Drosophila} melanogaster learn to prefer an arbitrary trait associated with female mating status},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {1674-5507},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/cz/article/61/6/1036/1800598},
	doi = {10.1093/czoolo/61.6.1036},
	abstract = {Abstract.  Although males are generally less discriminating than females when it comes to choosing a mate, they still benefit from distinguishing between mates},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-08-01},
	journal = {Current Zoology},
	author = {Verzijden, Machteld N. and Abbott, Jessica K. and Philipsborn, Anne C. von and Loeschcke, Volker},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford Academic},
	pages = {1036--1042},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7853/Verzijden et al. - 2015 - Male Drosophila melanogaster learn to prefer an ar.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7854/1800598.html:text/html}
}

@article{herrelEpigeneticsEcologyEvolution2020,
	title = {Epigenetics in ecology and evolution},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1365-2435},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.13494},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.13494},
	abstract = {The discovery of the multidimensional nature of the inherited information carried by the epigenome and the characterization of its intra- and intergenerational dynamics have profoundly changed our understanding of the functioning of biological organisms and the origins of phenotypic diversity. This has raised considerable interest in the study of epigenetics which is emerging as a ‘missing link’ between environmental and phenotypic variation. Recent discoveries have provided important insights into the mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity, inheritance and adaptation; key concepts at the crossroads of individual-centred approaches (that mostly study proximate mechanisms); and supra-individual ones (that mostly study ultimate processes). In this context, epigenetics emerges as a major source of inquiry for the study of ecological and evolutionary dynamics. This special feature provides an overview of the role of epigenetics in ecology and evolution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-08-01},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Herrel, Anthony and Joly, Dominique and Danchin, Etienne},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.13494},
	keywords = {evolution, epigenetics, ecology},
	pages = {381--384},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7859/Herrel et al. - 2020 - Epigenetics in ecology and evolution.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7858/1365-2435.html:text/html}
}

@article{wuSexualDimorphismNutritional2020,
	title = {Sexual dimorphism in the nutritional requirement for adult lifespan in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1474-9718},
	doi = {10.1111/acel.13120},
	abstract = {The nutritional requirements of Drosophila have mostly been studied for development and reproduction, but the minimal requirements for adult male and female flies for lifespan have not been established. Following development on a complete diet, we find substantial sex difference in the basic nutritional requirement of adult flies for full length of life. Relative to females, males require less of each nutrient, and for some nutrients that are essential for development, adult males have no requirement at all for lifespan. The most extreme (and surprising) sex differences were that chronic cholesterol and vitamin deficiencies had no effect on the lifespan of adult males, but they greatly decreased lifespan in females. Female oogenesis rather than chromosomal karyotype and mating status is the key cause of this gender difference in life-sustaining nutritional requirements. These data are important to the way we understand the mechanisms by which diet modifies lifespan.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Aging Cell},
	author = {Wu, Qi and Yu, Guixiang and Cheng, Xingyi and Gao, Yue and Fan, Xiaolan and Yang, Deying and Xie, Meng and Wang, Tao and Piper, Matthew D. W. and Yang, Mingyao},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000514067900001},
	keywords = {Drosophila, evolution, female, reproduction, dietary restriction, cost, sexual dimorphism, lifespan, balance, extension, nutritional requirement, protocols},
	pages = {e13120},
	file = {Full Text:files/7861/Wu et al. - 2020 - Sexual dimorphism in the nutritional requirement f.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{camusSexspecificTranscriptomicResponses2019,
	title = {Sex-specific transcriptomic responses to changes in the nutritional environment},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2050-084X},
	doi = {10.7554/eLife.47262},
	abstract = {Males and females typically pursue divergent reproductive strategies and accordingly require different dietary compositions to maximise their fitness. Here we move from identifying sex-specific optimal diets to understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie male and female responses to dietary variation in Drosophila melanogaster. We examine male and female gene expression on male-optimal (carbohydrate-rich) and female-optimal (protein-rich) diets. We find that the sexes share a large core of metabolic genes that are concordantly regulated in response to dietary composition. However, we also observe smaller sets of genes with divergent and opposing regulation, most notably in reproductive genes which are over-expressed on each sex's optimal diet. Our results suggest that nutrient sensing output emanating from a shared metabolic machinery are reversed in males and females, leading to opposing diet-dependent regulation of reproduction in males and females. Further analysis and experiments suggest that this reverse regulation occurs within the IIS/TOR network.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Elife},
	author = {Camus, M. Florencia and Piper, Matthew D. W. and Reuter, Max},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: Cambridge
Publisher: Elife Sciences Publications Ltd
WOS:000488824200001},
	keywords = {selection, fitness, reproduction, genetic correlation, life-span, axon guidance, dietary-restriction, drosophila, nutrient intake, protein},
	pages = {e47262},
	file = {Full Text:files/7863/Camus et al. - 2019 - Sex-specific transcriptomic responses to changes i.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{piperUsingArtificialDiets2017,
	title = {Using artificial diets to understand the nutritional physiology of {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {2214-5745},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.014},
	abstract = {Artificial diets have been in use for rearing insects for more than 100 years. Their composition ranges from completely chemically defined (holidic), to semi-defined (meridic) to nondefined (oligidic). Recently, meridic and holidic diets have been used to demonstrate previously unrecognised nutrientsensitive behaviours and patterns of fitness trait expression in adult Drosophila melanogaster. This article presents a summary of the basic nutritional requirements of Drosophila followed by an account of some of these nutrient-modified phenotypes and what they can reveal about fundamental mechanisms. Precisely controlled nutrition, combined with the many advantages of Drosophila present an ideal system for the development of large scale metabolic modelling.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Insect Science},
	author = {Piper, Matthew D. W.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Place: Amsterdam
Publisher: Elsevier Science Bv
WOS:000417019800017},
	keywords = {longevity, reproduction, metabolism, life-span, balance, acid, chemically-defined diet, methionine, requirements, restriction},
	pages = {104--111}
}

@article{bondurianskyWhatAreParental2018,
	title = {What are parental condition-transfer effects and how can they be detected?},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2041-210X},
	doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12848},
	abstract = {While it has been recognized for many years that parental condition can influence offspring performance, recent research on adaptive parental effects has focused primarily on anticipatory effects, whereby parents adjust the phenotype of their offspring for the anticipated environment. Here, we make the case that condition transfer is a widespread and important type of adaptive parental effect, and endeavour to clarify how such effects should be interpreted and studied. Some authors have suggested that condition-transfer effects result simply from resource limitation constraints (passive condition transfer, or transmissive effects). However, condition transfer can also reflect evolved parental investment strategies (active condition-transfer effects). In some species, such strategies can involve cryptic mechanisms such as epigenetic inheritance. As recently shown in this journal by Engqvist and Reinhold, condition-transfer effects can be obscured by anticipatory effects and interactions between the effects of parental and offspring environments. Nonetheless, we argue that these complications can be largely overcome by examining a broad range of ecologically relevant environments in both parental and offspring generations. This can be accomplished by adapting a powerful methodology from the nutritional sciencesthe geometric frameworkto research on parental effects.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Bonduriansky, Russell and Crean, Angela J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000426867600001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, quality, condition-dependence, paternal care, reproductive investment, epigenetic, nongenetic inheritance, transgenerational, adaptive, offspring phenotype, epigenetic inheritance, anticipatory, maternal   effect, maternal condition, parental effect, paternal effect, transgenerational plasticity},
	pages = {450--456},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/7866/Bonduriansky and Crean - 2018 - What are parental condition-transfer effects and h.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{reganDietaryRestrictionInsulinlike2020,
	title = {Dietary restriction and insulin-like signalling pathways as adaptive plasticity: {A} synthesis and re-evaluation},
	volume = {34},
	copyright = {© 2019 The Authors. Functional Ecology © 2019 British Ecological Society},
	issn = {1365-2435},
	shorttitle = {Dietary restriction and insulin-like signalling pathways as adaptive plasticity},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.13418},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.13418},
	abstract = {Dietary restriction (DR) under laboratory conditions generally extends life span and delays ageing across species as diverse as yeast, nematode worms, flies and mice, and is underpinned by taxonomically conserved physiological pathways, notably the insulin-like signalling pathway (IIS). Despite growing excitement about the links between DR/IIS and ageing within biogerontology, our understanding of why the DR response and associated pathways evolved under natural selection remains controversial and limited. Here, we provide a brief overview of current understanding of the relationship between DR and IIS and ageing from modern biogerontology and go on to summarize the evidence that the IIS pathway integrates a range of important environmental cues including photoperiod, temperature and humidity, as well as nutrition. We go on to discuss the main existing evolutionary explanations for DR and argue that they are not mutually exclusive and are too nutrition-focussed to fully explain the evolutionary origin of the IIS pathway. In the wild, environmental cues and pressures are dynamic and multivariate, and physiological pathways capable of integrating multiple predictive cues could be strongly favoured by natural selection. We hypothesize that the IIS and related pathways, such as mTOR, evolved to detect and integrate a wide range of environmental cues (not just diet) that are predictive of important selective pressures in the wild. Available evidence suggests the pathway is capable of triggering a range of phenotypic responses, depending on the cues provided, ranging from profound physiological remodelling (e.g. diapause, aestivation, hibernation) associated with promoting survival through challenging environments, to more subtle responses to acute, fine-scale variation in the environment which may allow individuals to better match their level of reproductive investment to their conditions. We argue that the IIS pathway underpins important adaptive phenotypic plastic responses to a wide range of environmental inputs, of which diet is just one. A multi-disciplinary approach combining perspectives and methods from biogerontology, cell biology, ecology and evolutionary biology will be essential to develop our understanding of the evolutionary origins of this pathway and the way natural selection and the environment have shaped variation in the IIS pathway's response to different environmental cues. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-08-06},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Regan, Jennifer C. and Froy, Hannah and Walling, Craig A. and Moatt, Joshua P. and Nussey, Daniel H.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.13418},
	keywords = {natural selection, phenotypic plasticity, cues, photoperiod, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), nutrient sensing, wild animals},
	pages = {107--128},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7875/Regan et al. - 2020 - Dietary restriction and insulin-like signalling pa.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7874/1365-2435.html:text/html}
}

@article{wardBidirectionalAssociationsSleep2020,
	title = {Bidirectional associations between sleep and dietary intake in 0–5 year old children: {A} systematic review with evidence mapping},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1087-0792},
	shorttitle = {Bidirectional associations between sleep and dietary intake in 0–5 year old children},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079219301996},
	doi = {10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101231},
	abstract = {We have undertaken a systematic review examining the role of diet on sleep, and sleep on diet, in children aged 0–5 y. Controlled trials and cohort or cross-sectional studies were identified with online searches of PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, and CENTRAL up to 1 June 2019, and hand searching of relevant publications. Searches, extraction, and risk of bias assessments were undertaken independently by at least two researchers. Fifty articles involving 72,491 children on a diverse range of topics were eligible. All five studies that investigated the effect of sleep on diet indicated that poorer sleep (measured by a variety of indices) was associated with greater dietary energy intake or poorer diet quality. Conversely, the findings regarding how diet might influence sleep were less consistent when considering feeding practises, energy and macronutrient intake, or micronutrient and small metabolite intake. Studies were typically of short duration and relied on subjective measures of sleep (66\%) or diet (88\%). While we identified a clear relationship between reduced sleep and poorer diets, future studies require improved methodological reporting and support from transdisciplinary collaborations to better understand the possible role of diet on sleep. Prospectively registered with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018091647).},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-07},
	journal = {Sleep Medicine Reviews},
	author = {Ward, Aimee L. and Reynolds, Andrew N. and Kuroko, Sarahmarie and Fangupo, Louise J. and Galland, Barbara C. and Taylor, Rachael W.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Sleep, Children, Dietary intake, Obesity risk},
	pages = {101231},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7878/Ward et al. - 2020 - Bidirectional associations between sleep and dieta.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7877/S1087079219301996.html:text/html}
}

@article{godosDietMentalHealth2020,
	title = {Diet and mental health: {Review} of the recent updates on molecular mechanisms},
	volume = {9},
	shorttitle = {Diet and mental health},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Antioxidants},
	author = {Godos, Justyna and Currenti, Walter and Angelino, Donato and Mena, Pedro and Castellano, Sabrina and Caraci, Filippo and Galvano, Fabio and Del Rio, Daniele and Ferri, Raffaele and Grosso, Giuseppe},
	year = {2020},
	note = {tex.ids: godosDietMentalHealth2020a
number: 4
publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {diet, brain, depression, inflammation, sleep, mental health, neuronal plasticity, neurons, oxidative stress, polyphenols},
	pages = {346},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7882/Godos et al. - 2020 - Diet and Mental Health Review of the Recent Updat.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7880/346.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7883/346.html:text/html}
}

@article{beckwithSleepDrosophilaIts2019,
	title = {Sleep in {Drosophila} and {Its} {Context}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1664-042X},
	doi = {10.3389/fphys.2019.01167},
	abstract = {A prominent idea emerging from the study of sleep is that this key behavioural state is regulated in a complex fashion by ecologically and physiologically relevant environmental factors. This concept implies that sleep, as a behaviour, is plastic and can be regulated by external agents and changes in internal state. Drosophila melanogaster constitutes a resourceful model system to study behaviour. In the year 2000, the utility of the fly to study sleep was realised, and has since extensively contributed to this exciting field. At the centre of this review, we will discuss studies showing that temperature, food availability/quality, and interactions with conspecifics can regulate sleep. Indeed the relationship can be reciprocal and sleep perturbation can also affect feeding and social interaction. In particular, different environmental temperatures as well as gradual changes in temperature regulate when, and how much flies sleep. Moreover, the satiation/starvation status of an individual dictates the balance between sleep and foraging. Nutritional composition of diet also has a direct impact on sleep amount and its fragmentation. Likewise, aggression between males, courtship, sexual arousal, mating, and interactions within large groups of animals has an acute and long-lasting effect on sleep amount and quality. Importantly, the genes and neuronal circuits that relay information about the external environment and internal state to sleep centres are starting to be elucidated in the fly and are the focus of this review. In conclusion, sleep, as with most behaviours, needs the full commitment of the individual, preventing participation in other vital activities. A vast array of behaviours that are modulated by external and internal factors compete with the need to sleep and thus have a significant role in regulating it.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Frontiers in Physiology},
	author = {Beckwith, Esteban J. and French, Alice S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: Lausanne
Publisher: Frontiers Media Sa
WOS:000485220800001},
	keywords = {courtship, Drosophila, temperature, natural variation, aggression, sleep, life-span, caffeine   response, circadian clock, feeding, feeding-behavior, food-intake, locomotor-activity, regulates sleep, social   synchronization, social interaction, starvation, starvation-induced hyperactivity},
	pages = {1167}
}

@article{reganDietaryRestrictionInsulinlike2020a,
	title = {Dietary restriction and insulin-like signalling pathways as adaptive plasticity: {A} synthesis and re-evaluation},
	volume = {34},
	copyright = {© 2019 The Authors. Functional Ecology © 2019 British Ecological Society},
	issn = {1365-2435},
	shorttitle = {Dietary restriction and insulin-like signalling pathways as adaptive plasticity},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.13418},
	doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.13418},
	abstract = {Dietary restriction (DR) under laboratory conditions generally extends life span and delays ageing across species as diverse as yeast, nematode worms, flies and mice, and is underpinned by taxonomically conserved physiological pathways, notably the insulin-like signalling pathway (IIS). Despite growing excitement about the links between DR/IIS and ageing within biogerontology, our understanding of why the DR response and associated pathways evolved under natural selection remains controversial and limited. Here, we provide a brief overview of current understanding of the relationship between DR and IIS and ageing from modern biogerontology and go on to summarize the evidence that the IIS pathway integrates a range of important environmental cues including photoperiod, temperature and humidity, as well as nutrition. We go on to discuss the main existing evolutionary explanations for DR and argue that they are not mutually exclusive and are too nutrition-focussed to fully explain the evolutionary origin of the IIS pathway. In the wild, environmental cues and pressures are dynamic and multivariate, and physiological pathways capable of integrating multiple predictive cues could be strongly favoured by natural selection. We hypothesize that the IIS and related pathways, such as mTOR, evolved to detect and integrate a wide range of environmental cues (not just diet) that are predictive of important selective pressures in the wild. Available evidence suggests the pathway is capable of triggering a range of phenotypic responses, depending on the cues provided, ranging from profound physiological remodelling (e.g. diapause, aestivation, hibernation) associated with promoting survival through challenging environments, to more subtle responses to acute, fine-scale variation in the environment which may allow individuals to better match their level of reproductive investment to their conditions. We argue that the IIS pathway underpins important adaptive phenotypic plastic responses to a wide range of environmental inputs, of which diet is just one. A multi-disciplinary approach combining perspectives and methods from biogerontology, cell biology, ecology and evolutionary biology will be essential to develop our understanding of the evolutionary origins of this pathway and the way natural selection and the environment have shaped variation in the IIS pathway's response to different environmental cues. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-08-07},
	journal = {Functional Ecology},
	author = {Regan, Jennifer C. and Froy, Hannah and Walling, Craig A. and Moatt, Joshua P. and Nussey, Daniel H.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.13418},
	keywords = {natural selection, phenotypic plasticity, cues, photoperiod, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), nutrient sensing, wild animals},
	pages = {107--128},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7888/Regan et al. - 2020 - Dietary restriction and insulin-like signalling pa.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7886/1365-2435.html:text/html}
}

@article{voelklReproducibilityAnimalResearch2020,
	title = {Reproducibility of animal research in light of biological variation},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1471-0048},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-020-0313-3},
	doi = {10.1038/s41583-020-0313-3},
	abstract = {Context-dependent biological variation presents a unique challenge to the reproducibility of results in experimental animal research, because organisms’ responses to experimental treatments can vary with both genotype and environmental conditions. In March 2019, experts in animal biology, experimental design and statistics convened in Blonay, Switzerland, to discuss strategies addressing this challenge. In contrast to the current gold standard of rigorous standardization in experimental animal research, we recommend the use of systematic heterogenization of study samples and conditions by actively incorporating biological variation into study design through diversifying study samples and conditions. Here we provide the scientific rationale for this approach in the hope that researchers, regulators, funders and editors can embrace this paradigm shift. We also present a road map towards better practices in view of improving the reproducibility of animal research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-08-07},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
	author = {Voelkl, Bernhard and Altman, Naomi S. and Forsman, Anders and Forstmeier, Wolfgang and Gurevitch, Jessica and Jaric, Ivana and Karp, Natasha A. and Kas, Martien J. and Schielzeth, Holger and Van de Casteele, Tom and Würbel, Hanno},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 7
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {384--393},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7889/s41583-020-0313-3.html:text/html}
}

@article{sugiuraActiveEscapePrey2020,
	title = {Active escape of prey from predator vent via the digestive tract},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0960-9822},
	url = {https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(20)30842-3},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.026},
	language = {English},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2020-08-07},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	author = {Sugiura, Shinji},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {R867--R868},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7891/S0960-9822(20)30842-3.html:text/html}
}

@article{ewingEnvironmentalEnrichmentFacilitates2018,
	title = {Environmental enrichment facilitates cocaine abstinence in an animal conflict model},
	volume = {166},
	issn = {0091-3057},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305717305853},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pbb.2018.01.006},
	abstract = {In this study, we sought to discover if housing in an enriched environment (EE) is an efficacious intervention for encouraging abstinence from cocaine seeking in an animal “conflict” model of abstinence. Sixteen Long-Evans rats were trained in 3-h daily sessions to self-administer a cocaine solution (1 mg/kg/infusion) until each demonstrated a stable pattern of drug-seeking. Afterward, half were placed in EE cages equipped with toys, obstacles, and a running wheel, while the other half were given clean, standard laboratory housing. All rats then completed daily 30-min sessions during which the 2/3 of flooring closest to the self-administration levers was electrified, causing discomfort should they approach the levers; current strength (mA) was increased after every day of drug seeking until the rat ceased activity on the active lever for 3 consecutive sessions (abstinence). Rats housed in EE abstained after fewer days and at lower current strengths than rats in standard housing. These results support the idea that EE administered after the development of a cocaine-taking habit may be an effective strategy to facilitate abstinence.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-07},
	journal = {Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior},
	author = {Ewing, Scott and Ranaldi, Robert},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Environmental enrichment, Cocaine abstinence, Intravenous self-administration (IVSA)},
	pages = {35--41},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7894/Ewing and Ranaldi - 2018 - Environmental enrichment facilitates cocaine absti.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7893/S0091305717305853.html:text/html}
}

@article{althobaitiEffectsEnvironmentalEnrichment2020,
	title = {Effects of environmental enrichment on reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference},
	volume = {379},
	issn = {0166-4328},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432819312161},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112372},
	abstract = {Objective
The influence of environmental enrichment (EE) on reinstatement to methamphetamine (METH) seeking in rat model was investigated.
Methods
Wistar rats were divided to receive saline (1 ml/kg) or METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 8 days during the conditioning training in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, which is one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals. Rats were then kept in either isolated (IE) or enriched environment (EE) for 30 days during the extinction training. Animals were finally examined for reinstatement provoked by i.p. injections of METH.
Results
Saline injections during the conditioning phase did not change CPP during reinstatement in animals of IE or EE control groups. METH injections reinstated place preference in the IE animal group. Interestingly, EE significantly blocked this reinstatement effects of METH.
Conclusion
These results show the important role of social interactions and positive environment conditions in preventing reinstatement to drug use.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-07},
	journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},
	author = {Althobaiti, Yusuf S. and Almalki, Atiah H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Environmental enrichment, Addiction, CPP, Methamphetamine, Reinstatement},
	pages = {112372},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7897/Althobaiti and Almalki - 2020 - Effects of environmental enrichment on reinstateme.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7896/S0166432819312161.html:text/html}
}

@article{galajTherapeuticEfficacyEnvironmental2020,
	title = {Therapeutic efficacy of environmental enrichment for substance use disorders},
	volume = {188},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075780989&doi=10.1016%2fj.pbb.2019.172829&partnerID=40&md5=2e98f7a1031d8b1cf97c8d095fc2926b},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172829},
	abstract = {Addiction to drug and alcohol is regarded as a major health problem worldwide for which available treatments show limited effectiveness. The biggest challenge remains to enhance the capacities of interventions to reduce craving, prevent relapse and promote long-term recovery. New strategies to meet these challenges are being explored. Findings from preclinical work suggest that environmental enrichment (EE) holds therapeutic potential for the treatment of substance use disorders, as demonstrated in a number of animal models of drug abuse. The EE intervention introduced after drug exposure leads to attenuation of compulsive drug taking, attenuation of the rewarding (and reinforcing) effects of drugs, reductions in control of behavior by drug cues, and, very importantly, relapse prevention. Clinical work also suggests that multidimensional EE interventions (involving physical activity, social interaction, vocational training, recreational and community involvement) might produce similar therapeutic effects, if implemented continuously and rigorously. In this review we survey preclinical and clinical studies assessing the efficacy of EE as a behavioral intervention for substance use disorders and address related challenges. We also review work providing empirical evidence for EE-induced neuroplasticity within the mesocorticolimbic system that is believed to contribute to the seemingly therapeutic effects of EE on drug and alcohol-related behaviors. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.},
	journal = {Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior},
	author = {Galaj, E. and Barrera, E.D. and Ranaldi, R.},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {environmental enrichment, human, depression, Review, social interaction, alcoholism, amygdala, anxiety, brain derived neurotrophic factor, cocaine, corpus striatum, cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein, dopamine, drug abuse, drug craving, drug dependence, drug effect, drug exposure, drug seeking behavior, drug self administration, drug withdrawal, early growth response factor 1, employment, exercise, glutamate receptor 1, glutamic acid, intravenous drug abuse, lifestyle, mental stress, methamphetamine, midomafetamine, nerve cell plasticity, nerve conduction, nicotine, nonhuman, opiate, physical activity, place preference, prefrontal cortex, protein c fos, protein expression, relapse, serotonin, signal transduction, smoking cessation, social support, synaptogenesis, transcription factor FosB, vocational education}
}

@article{campbellEnvironmentalEnrichmentReduces2019,
	title = {Environmental enrichment reduces the propensity to relapse following punishment-imposed abstinence of alcohol seeking},
	volume = {210},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070194309&doi=10.1016%2fj.physbeh.2019.112638&partnerID=40&md5=762aadc464891461be96c4dcafc9b154},
	doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112638},
	abstract = {Environmental enrichment during periods of abstinence can reduce the risk of relapse to drug-seeking behavior. We trained rats to self-administer alcohol in one environment (Context A), then punished their alcohol-reinforced lever responses in a different environment using contingent foot shock (Context B). Rats were then kept in forced abstinence in either standard housing or environmental enrichment conditions for 31 days. The following day, we examined alcohol seeking behavior. We found a significant reduction in alcohol seeking behavior in Context A after environmental enrichment. Our results suggest that environmental enrichment can reduce alcohol seeking behavior following a period of abstinence. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.},
	journal = {Physiology and Behavior},
	author = {Campbell, E.J. and Jin, S. and Lawrence, A.J.},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Environmental enrichment, environmental enrichment, rat, alcoholism, nonhuman, relapse, alcohol abstinence, alcohol consumption, Alcohol use disorder, animal experiment, animal model, Article, body weight, Context, housing, iP rats, male, priority journal, punishment, Punishment, Relapse}
}

@article{freeseEnvironmentalEnrichmentReduces2018,
	title = {Environmental enrichment reduces cocaine neurotoxicity during cocaine-conditioned place preference in male rats},
	volume = {169},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045274993&doi=10.1016%2fj.pbb.2018.04.001&partnerID=40&md5=b3689a51f4459a374de2eb939cfe2867},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pbb.2018.04.001},
	abstract = {Environmental enrichment (EE) has a neuroprotective role and prevents the development of cocaine addiction behavior in rats. Studies showing the role of EE in cocaine toxicity are nonexistent. We hypothesized that rats exposed to EE are protected from cocaine-induced changes in the redox profile and DNA damage after undergoing conditioned place preference (CPP). Ten male Wistar rats were placed in EE cages equipped with toys, a ladder and tunnels, and ten were provided clean, standard laboratory housing (non-EE). EE and non-EE rats were randomly allocated to the classical CPP cocaine vs. saline (COC/Saline) group, where cocaine (15 mg/kg; i.p.) was tested alternately with saline. Afterwards, intracellular reactive species and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated and the comet essay was performed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. As expected, EE rats spent less time in the cocaine-paired chamber, and as a new result, less cocaine-induced DNA damage was observed in the two brain structures. Altogether, our results demonstrate that EE decreases neurotoxicity in brain regions linked to cocaine addiction but does not extinguish it completely. © 2018},
	journal = {Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior},
	author = {Freese, L. and Almeida, F.B. and Heidrich, N. and Hansen, A.W. and Steffens, L. and Steinmetz, A. and Moura, D.J. and Gomez, R. and Barros, H.M.T.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Male, environmental enrichment, rat, Animals, Brain, Conditioning, Classical, metabolism, brain, Environment, environment, oxidative stress, cocaine, drug effect, nonhuman, place preference, prefrontal cortex, animal experiment, animal model, Article, male, priority journal, animal, animal housing, animal tissue, antioxidant, Antioxidant enzymes, Antioxidants, brain region, catalase, Catalase, Cocaine, cocaine dependence, comet assay, Comet Assay, conditioned place preference test, conditioned reflex, controlled study, DNA damage, DNA Damage, Drug addiction, enzymology, hippocampus, neurotoxicity, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, oxidation reduction reaction, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidative Stress, Rats, Wistar, reactive oxygen metabolite, Reactive oxygen species, Reactive Oxygen Species, reward, Reward, superoxide dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase, toxicity and intoxication, Wistar rat},
	pages = {10--15}
}

@article{west-eberhardSexualSelectionSocial1983,
	title = {Sexual {Selection}, {Social} {Competition}, and {Speciation}},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0033-5770},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/413215},
	doi = {10.1086/413215},
	abstract = {Rapid divergence and speciation can occur between populations with or without ecological differences under selection for success in intraspecific social competition-competition in which an individual must win in contests or comparisons with conspecific rivals in order to gain access to some resource, including (under sexual selection) mates. Sexual selection theory is extended to encompass social competition for resources other than mates. Characters used in social competition can undergo particularly rapid and divergent evolution owing to (1) their great importance in determining access to critical resources, (2) the absence of a limit to change (except by selection in other contexts), (3) the generation-to-generation relentlessness of selection on these traits. (4) the potential for mutually accelerating evolution of preference and attractiveness in contests involving "choice," and (5) the very large number of factors that can initiate trends, including mutation and drift leading to use of different physiological or behavioral characteristics as signals, the role of novelty per se in the evolution of combat and display, ecological or habitat differences influencing the form of combat and of signals, and (in species capable of learning) imitation of idiosyncratic characteristics of successful individuals. Many species-specific signals heretofore attributed to selection for species recognition ("isolating mechanisms") are probably instead products of social selection. This may help explain the rarity of reproductive character displacement and other phenomena predicted by the species recognition hypothesis. Examples from a wide variety of organisms illustrate patterns predicted by social selection theory, including (1) exaggeration and rapid divergence of traits (e.g., weapons, pheromones, plumage, flowers, and song) used in social competition, (2) a correlation between type of social system (intensity of social selection) and distinctiveness and exaggeration of social traits, (3) sexually monomorphic extreme development of socially selected traits when both sexes compete socially, (4) occurrence of distinctive signals in allopatric populations lacking sympatric congeners, and (5) more rapid divergence (less phylogenetic conservatism) of socially competitive compared to non-competitive signals. Rapid divergence under social selection may accelerate speciation due to effects on pre-mating interactions, as well as on critical social determinants of survival and reproductive success which would put hybrids at a disadvantage. Maintenance of parapatric boundaries (extensive contact with little or no geographic overlap) between socially selected species may sometimes be due to competitive exclusion in sympatry between populations whose primary divergence has been social rather than ecological. Patterns of variation in socially selected characters demonstrate the wisdom of Darwin's distinction between natural and sexual selection, and the applicability of sexual selection theory to social competition in general.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
	author = {West-Eberhard, Mary Jane},
	month = jun,
	year = {1983},
	note = {Publisher: The University of Chicago Press},
	pages = {155--183},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7907/413215.html:text/html;Submitted Version:files/7908/West-Eberhard - 1983 - Sexual Selection, Social Competition, and Speciati.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cuervoComponentsPhenotypicVariation2001,
	title = {Components of phenotypic variation in avian ornamental and non-ornamental feathers},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1573-8477},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011913804309},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1011913804309},
	abstract = {Phenotypic variation, measured as the coefficient of variation (CV), is usually larger in secondary sexual characters than in ordinary morphological traits. We tested if intraspecific differences in the CV between ornamental and non-ornamental feather traits in 67 evolutionary events of feather ornamentation in birds were due to differences in (1) the allometric pattern (slope of the regression line when regressing trait size on an indicator of body size), or (2) the dispersion of observations around the regression line. We found that only dispersion of observations around the regression line contributed significantly to total variation. A large dispersion of observations around the regression line for ornamental feathers is consistent with these characters showing condition-dependence, supporting indicator models of sexual selection more strongly than a pure Fisher process. Ornamental feathers in males demonstrated negative allometry when regressed on tarsus length, which is a measure of skeletal body size. This finding is consistent with ornamental feather traits being subject to directional selection due to female mate preferences, where large body size is less important than in male–male competition. This pattern of phenotypic variation for avian secondary sexual characters contrasts with patterns of variation for insect genitalia, supposedly subject to sexual selection, since the latter traits only differ from ordinary morphology traits in allometry coefficient. The prevailing regime of selection (directional or stabilizing) and the effects of environmental factors are proposed to account for these differences among traits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Cuervo, José Javier and Møller, Anders Pape},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	pages = {53--72},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/7910/Cuervo and Møller - 2001 - Components of phenotypic variation in avian orname.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cuervoPhenotypicVariationFluctuating1999,
	title = {Phenotypic variation and fluctuating asymmetry in sexually dimorphic feather ornaments in relation to sex and mating system},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0024-4066},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/68/4/505/2645362},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01186.x},
	abstract = {Abstract.  Secondary sexual characters have been hypothesized to demonstrate increased phenotypic variation between and within individuals as compared to ordina},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	author = {Cuervo, José Javier and Møller, Anders Pape},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford Academic},
	pages = {505--529},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7912/Cuervo and Møller - 1999 - Phenotypic variation and fluctuating asymmetry in .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7913/2645362.html:text/html}
}

@article{pomiankowskiResolutionLekParadox1995a,
	title = {A resolution of the lek paradox},
	volume = {260},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1995.0054},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.1995.0054},
	abstract = {Sexual traits are usually more phenotypically variable than non-sexual traits. We show that additive genetic variation is also higher in sexual traits, and often greater than in the same, non-sexually selected trait in females or other comparable traits in the same species. In contrast there is no difference in residual variation (environmental and non-additive) or heritability. The higher genetic variability of sexual traits is contrary to the expectations of the lek paradox. This hypothesis predicts that strong sexual selection, due to female choice, leads to fixation of most genetic variation in male sexual characters. High genetic variability in sexual traits can be explained if they are subject to directional selection that is greater than linear because this selects for greater phenotypic variation. It favours modifiers that increase the number of genes and the average contribution of a locus to phenotypic variance in sexual traits. These results provide a general resolution of the lek paradox.},
	number = {1357},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Pomiankowski, A. and Møller, Anders Pape},
	month = apr,
	year = {1995},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	pages = {21--29},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7915/rspb.1995.html:text/html}
}

@article{tomkinsGenicCaptureResolving2004,
	title = {Genic capture and resolving the lek paradox},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0169-5347},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534704000849},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.029},
	abstract = {The genic capture hypothesis offers a resolution to the question of how genetic variation in male sexually selected traits is maintained in the face of strong female preferences. The hypothesis is that male display traits are costly to produce and hence depend upon overall condition, which itself is dependent upon genes at many loci. Few attempts have been made to test the assumptions and predictions of the genic capture hypothesis rigorously and, in particular, little attention has been paid to determining the genetic basis of condition. Such tests are crucial to our understanding of the maintenance of genetic variation and in the evaluation of recent models that propose a role for sexual selection in the maintenance of sex. Here, we review approaches to testing the link between genetically determined condition and levels of sexual trait expression and consider the probable importance of deleterious mutations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Tomkins, Joseph L. and Radwan, Jacek and Kotiaho, Janne S. and Tregenza, Tom},
	month = jun,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {323--328},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7918/Tomkins et al. - 2004 - Genic capture and resolving the lek paradox.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7917/S0169534704000849.html:text/html}
}

@article{garcia-berthouMisuseResidualsEcology2001,
	title = {On the misuse of residuals in ecology: testing regression residuals vs. the analysis of covariance},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {1365-2656},
	shorttitle = {On the misuse of residuals in ecology},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00524.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00524.x},
	abstract = {1 An analysis of variance (anova) or other linear models of the residuals of a simple linear regression is being increasingly used in ecology to compare two or more groups. Such a procedure (hereafter, ‘residual index’) was used in 8\% and 2\% of the papers published during 1999 in the Journal of Animal Ecology and in Ecology, respectively, and has been recently recommended for studying condition. 2 Although the residual index is similar to an analysis of covariance (ancova), it is not identical and is incorrect for at least four reasons: (i) the regression coefficient used by the residual index differs from the one used in ancova and is not the least-squares estimator of the model. (ii) in contrast to the ancova, the error d.f. in the residual index are overestimated because of the estimation of the regression coefficient. (iii) the residual index also assumes the homogeneity of regression coefficients (parallelism assumption), which should be tested with a special ancova design. (iv) even if the assumptions of the linear model hold for the original variables, they will not hold for the residuals. 3 More importantly, the residual index is an ad hoc sequential procedure with no statistical justification, unlike the well-known ancova. For these reasons, I suggest that a t-test or an anova of the residuals should never be used in place of an ancova to study condition or any other variable.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
	author = {García‐Berthou, Emili},
	year = {2001},
	note = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00524.x},
	keywords = {analysis of variance, ancova, condition factor, regression analysis, statistical analysis},
	pages = {708--711},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7921/García‐Berthou - 2001 - On the misuse of residuals in ecology testing reg.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7920/j.1365-2656.2001.00524.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ZacharyFisherElizabeth,
	title = {({Zachary} {Fisher}, {Elizabeth} {Tipton} and {Hou} {Zhipeng} 2017). robumeta: {Robust} {Variance}   {Meta}-{Regression}. {R} package version 2.0. https://{CRAN}.{R}-project.org/package=robumeta}
}

@article{fisherPackageRobumeta2017,
	title = {Package ‘robumeta’},
	author = {Fisher, Zachary and Tipton, Elizabeth and Zhipeng, Hou and Fisher, Maintainer Zachary},
	year = {2017}
}

@article{lemaitreSexDifferencesAdult2020,
	title = {Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rates of mortality across wild mammals},
	volume = {117},
	copyright = {© 2020 . https://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/licenses.xhtmlPublished under the PNAS license.},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/117/15/8546},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1911999117},
	abstract = {In human populations, women consistently outlive men, which suggests profound biological foundations for sex differences in survival. Quantifying whether such sex differences are also pervasive in wild mammals is a crucial challenge in both evolutionary biology and biogerontology. Here, we compile demographic data from 134 mammal populations, encompassing 101 species, to show that the female’s median lifespan is on average 18.6\% longer than that of conspecific males, whereas in humans the female advantage is on average 7.8\%. On the contrary, we do not find any consistent sex differences in aging rates. In addition, sex differences in median adult lifespan and aging rates are both highly variable across species. Our analyses suggest that the magnitude of sex differences in mammalian mortality patterns is likely shaped by local environmental conditions in interaction with the sex-specific costs of sexual selection.},
	language = {en},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Lemaître, Jean-François and Ronget, Victor and Tidière, Morgane and Allainé, Dominique and Berger, Vérane and Cohas, Aurélie and Colchero, Fernando and Conde, Dalia A. and Garratt, Michael and Liker, András and Marais, Gabriel A. B. and Scheuerlein, Alexander and Székely, Tamás and Gaillard, Jean-Michel},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	pmid = {32205429},
	note = {ISBN: 9781911999119
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Biological Sciences},
	keywords = {sexual selection, longevity, life history, senescence, comparative analysis},
	pages = {8546--8553},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7925/8546.html:text/html}
}

@article{caswellTwoSexModelsChaos1986,
	title = {Two-{Sex} {Models}: {Chaos}, {Extinction}, and {Other} {Dynamic} {Consequences} of {Sex}},
	volume = {128},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	shorttitle = {Two-{Sex} {Models}},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/284598},
	doi = {10.1086/284598},
	abstract = {Most demographic models consider only one sex, usually the female. The widespread occurrence of sexual dimorphism in life history traits and the occurrence of skewed and fluctuating sex ratios suggest that one-sex models or those dominated by one sex may often be less appropriate than two-sex models. Reproduction in two-sex models is a frequency-dependent nonlinear function (the birth or marriage function) of the relative abundance of males and females. In this paper, we examine the population dynamics resulting from three different two-sex, discrete-time, population-projection models. For a large class of birth functions, models without inter-stage mate competition are shown to converge to a locally stable adult sex ratio. Formulas for the stable population structure, stable sex ratio, and reproductive value at equilibrium are derived. When individuals of different stages compete for mates, the equilibrium population structure may become unstable. A sequence of bifurcations then occurs, leading to periodic oscillations, quasi-periodic fluctuations, and chaos as the intensity of competition increases. Finally, when per capita fecundity is a sigmoid function of the relative abundance of the other sex, perturbations of the sex ratio may lead to extinction.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Caswell, Hal and Weeks, Daniel E.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1986},
	note = {Publisher: The University of Chicago Press},
	pages = {707--735},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7928/284598.html:text/html}
}

@article{lindstromSexualReproductionPopulation1998,
	title = {Sexual reproduction and population dynamics: the role of polygyny and demographic sex differences},
	volume = {265},
	shorttitle = {Sexual reproduction and population dynamics},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspb.1998.0320},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.1998.0320},
	abstract = {Most models of population dynamics do not take sexual reproduction into account (i.e. they do not consider the role of males). However, assumptions behind this practice—that no demographic sex differences exist and males are always abundant enough to fertilize all the females—are usually not justified in natural populations. On the contrary, demographic sex differences are common, especially in polygynous species. Previous models that consider sexual reproduction report a stabilizing effect through mixing of different genotypes, thus suggesting a decrease in the propensity for complex dynamics in sexually reproducing populations. Here we show that considering the direct role of males in reproduction and density dependence leads to the conclusion that a two–sex model is not necessarily more stable compared with the corresponding one–sex model. Although solutions exist where sexual reproduction has a stabilizing effect even when no genotypic variability is included (primarily when associated with monogamy), factors like polygyny, sex differences in survival or density dependence, and possible alterations of the primary sex ratio (the Trivers–Willard mechanism), may enlarge the parametric region of complex dynamics. Sexual reproduction therefore does not necessarily increase the stability of population dynamics and can have destabilizing effects, at least in species with complicated mating systems and sexual dimorphism.},
	number = {1395},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
	author = {Lindström, Jan and Kokko, Hanna},
	month = mar,
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	pages = {483--488},
	file = {Full Text:files/7931/Lindström and Kokko - 1998 - Sexual reproduction and population dynamics the r.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7930/rspb.1998.html:text/html}
}

@article{voelklReproducibilityAnimalResearch2020a,
	title = {Reproducibility of animal research in light of biological variation},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1471-0048},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-020-0313-3},
	doi = {10.1038/s41583-020-0313-3},
	abstract = {Context-dependent biological variation presents a unique challenge to the reproducibility of results in experimental animal research, because organisms’ responses to experimental treatments can vary with both genotype and environmental conditions. In March 2019, experts in animal biology, experimental design and statistics convened in Blonay, Switzerland, to discuss strategies addressing this challenge. In contrast to the current gold standard of rigorous standardization in experimental animal research, we recommend the use of systematic heterogenization of study samples and conditions by actively incorporating biological variation into study design through diversifying study samples and conditions. Here we provide the scientific rationale for this approach in the hope that researchers, regulators, funders and editors can embrace this paradigm shift. We also present a road map towards better practices in view of improving the reproducibility of animal research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-09-08},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
	author = {Voelkl, Bernhard and Altman, Naomi S. and Forsman, Anders and Forstmeier, Wolfgang and Gurevitch, Jessica and Jaric, Ivana and Karp, Natasha A. and Kas, Martien J. and Schielzeth, Holger and Van de Casteele, Tom and Würbel, Hanno},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 7
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {384--393},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7933/s41583-020-0313-3.html:text/html}
}

@book{higginsCochraneHandbookSystematic2019,
	title = {Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions},
	isbn = {1-119-53661-8},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Higgins, Julian PT and Thomas, James and Chandler, Jacqueline and Cumpston, Miranda and Li, Tianjing and Page, Matthew J and Welch, Vivian A},
	year = {2019}
}

@article{zuckerSexDifferencesPharmacokinetics2020,
	title = {Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2042-6410},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00308-5},
	doi = {10.1186/s13293-020-00308-5},
	abstract = {Women experience adverse drug reactions, ADRs, nearly twice as often as men, yet the role of sex as a biological factor in the generation of ADRs is poorly understood. Most drugs currently in use were approved based on clinical trials conducted on men, so women may be overmedicated. We determined whether sex differences in drug pharmacokinetics, PKs, predict sex differences in ADRs.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-09-14},
	journal = {Biology of Sex Differences},
	author = {Zucker, Irving and Prendergast, Brian J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32},
	file = {Full Text:files/7937/Zucker and Prendergast - 2020 - Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict advers.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7936/s13293-020-00308-5.html:text/html}
}

@article{aliAssayingLocomotorLearning2011,
	title = {Assaying {Locomotor}, {Learning}, and {Memory} {Deficits} in {Drosophila} {Models} of {Neurodegeneration}},
	issn = {1940-087X},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3197301/},
	doi = {10.3791/2504},
	abstract = {Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of these diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease are characterized by age-dependent deterioration in learning and memory functions and movement coordination2. Here we use behavioral assays, including the negative geotaxis assay3 and the aversive phototaxic suppression assay (APS assay)4,5, to show that some of the behavior characteristics associated with human neurodegeneration can be recapitulated in flies. In the negative geotaxis assay, the natural tendency of flies to move against gravity when agitated is utilized to study genes or conditions that may hinder locomotor capacities. In the APS assay, the learning and memory functions are tested in positively-phototactic flies trained to associate light with aversive bitter taste and hence avoid this otherwise natural tendency to move toward light. Testing these trained flies 6 hours post-training is used to assess memory functions. Using these assays, the contribution of any genetic or environmental factors toward developing neurodegeneration can be easily studied in flies.},
	number = {49},
	urldate = {2020-09-15},
	journal = {Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE},
	author = {Ali, Yousuf O. and Escala, Wilfredo and Ruan, Kai and Zhai, R. Grace},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21445036},
	pmcid = {PMC3197301},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:files/7940/Ali et al. - 2011 - Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{linfordRepatterningSleepArchitecture2012,
	title = {Re-patterning sleep architecture in {Drosophila} through gustatory perception and nutritional quality},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1553-7404},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1002668},
	abstract = {Organisms perceive changes in their dietary environment and enact a suite of behavioral and metabolic adaptations that can impact motivational behavior, disease resistance, and longevity. However, the precise nature and mechanism of these dietary responses is not known. We have uncovered a novel link between dietary factors and sleep behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Dietary sugar rapidly altered sleep behavior by modulating the number of sleep episodes during both the light and dark phase of the circadian period, independent of an intact circadian rhythm and without affecting total sleep, latency to sleep, or waking activity. The effect of sugar on sleep episode number was consistent with a change in arousal threshold for waking. Dietary protein had no significant effect on sleep or wakefulness. Gustatory perception of sugar was necessary and sufficient to increase the number of sleep episodes, and this effect was blocked by activation of bitter-sensing neurons. Further addition of sugar to the diet blocked the effects of sweet gustatory perception through a gustatory-independent mechanism. However, gustatory perception was not required for diet-induced fat accumulation, indicating that sleep and energy storage are mechanistically separable. We propose a two-component model where gustatory and metabolic cues interact to regulate sleep architecture in response to the quantity of sugar available from dietary sources. Reduced arousal threshold in response to low dietary availability may have evolved to provide increased responsiveness to cues associated with alternative nutrient-dense feeding sites. These results provide evidence that gustatory perception can alter arousal thresholds for sleep behavior in response to dietary cues and provide a mechanism by which organisms tune their behavior and physiology to environmental cues.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {PLoS genetics},
	author = {Linford, Nancy J. and Chan, Tammy P. and Pletcher, Scott D.},
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22570630},
	pmcid = {PMC3342939},
	keywords = {Animals, Behavior, Animal, Drosophila melanogaster, Energy Metabolism, Sleep, Circadian Clocks, Dietary Sucrose, Drosophila Proteins, Neurons, Olfactory Perception, Photoperiod, Taste Perception, Wakefulness},
	pages = {e1002668},
	file = {Full Text:files/7943/Linford et al. - 2012 - Re-patterning sleep architecture in Drosophila thr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{churginQuantitativeImagingSleep2019,
	title = {Quantitative imaging of sleep behavior in {Caenorhabditis} elegans and larval {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.},
	issn = {1750-2799},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-019-0146-6},
	doi = {10.1038/s41596-019-0146-6},
	abstract = {Sleep is nearly universal among animals, yet remains poorly understood. Recent work has leveraged simple model organisms, such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster larvae, to investigate the genetic and neural bases of sleep. However, manual methods of recording sleep behavior in these systems are labor intensive and low in throughput. To address these limitations, we developed methods for quantitative imaging of individual animals cultivated in custom microfabricated multiwell substrates, and used them to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying sleep. Here, we describe the steps necessary to design, produce, and image these plates, as well as analyze the resulting behavioral data. We also describe approaches for experimentally manipulating sleep. Following these procedures, after {\textasciitilde}2 h of experimental preparation, we are able to simultaneously image 24 C. elegans from the second larval stage to adult stages or 20 Drosophila larvae during the second instar life stage at a spatial resolution of 10 or 27 µm, respectively. Although this system has been optimized to measure activity and quiescence in Caenorhabditis larvae and adults and in Drosophila larvae, it can also be used to assess other behaviors over short or long periods. Moreover, with minor modifications, it can be adapted for the behavioral monitoring of a wide range of small animals.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-09-15},
	journal = {Nature Protocols},
	author = {Churgin, Matthew A. and Szuperak, Milan and Davis, Kristen C. and Raizen, David M. and Fang-Yen, Christopher and Kayser, Matthew S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 5
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {1455--1488},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7945/s41596-019-0146-6.html:text/html}
}

@misc{QuantitativeImagingSleep,
	title = {Quantitative imaging of sleep behavior in {Caenorhabditis} elegans and larval {Drosophila} melanogaster {\textbar} {Springer} {Nature} {Experiments}},
	url = {https://experiments.springernature.com/articles/10.1038/s41596-019-0146-6},
	abstract = {Sleep is nearly universal among animals, yet remains poorly understood. Recent work has leveraged simple model organisms, such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila ...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-15},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7948/s41596-019-0146-6.html:text/html}
}

@article{churginQuantitativeImagingSleep2019a,
	title = {Quantitative imaging of sleep behavior in {Caenorhabditis} elegans and larval {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.},
	issn = {1750-2799},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-019-0146-6},
	doi = {10.1038/s41596-019-0146-6},
	abstract = {Sleep is nearly universal among animals, yet remains poorly understood. Recent work has leveraged simple model organisms, such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster larvae, to investigate the genetic and neural bases of sleep. However, manual methods of recording sleep behavior in these systems are labor intensive and low in throughput. To address these limitations, we developed methods for quantitative imaging of individual animals cultivated in custom microfabricated multiwell substrates, and used them to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying sleep. Here, we describe the steps necessary to design, produce, and image these plates, as well as analyze the resulting behavioral data. We also describe approaches for experimentally manipulating sleep. Following these procedures, after {\textasciitilde}2 h of experimental preparation, we are able to simultaneously image 24 C. elegans from the second larval stage to adult stages or 20 Drosophila larvae during the second instar life stage at a spatial resolution of 10 or 27 µm, respectively. Although this system has been optimized to measure activity and quiescence in Caenorhabditis larvae and adults and in Drosophila larvae, it can also be used to assess other behaviors over short or long periods. Moreover, with minor modifications, it can be adapted for the behavioral monitoring of a wide range of small animals.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-09-15},
	journal = {Nature Protocols},
	author = {Churgin, Matthew A. and Szuperak, Milan and Davis, Kristen C. and Raizen, David M. and Fang-Yen, Christopher and Kayser, Matthew S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 5
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {1455--1488},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7949/s41596-019-0146-6.html:text/html}
}

@article{geissmannMostSleepDoes2018,
	title = {Most sleep does not serve a vital function. {Evidence} from {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	copyright = {© 2018, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/361667v1},
	doi = {10.1101/361667},
	abstract = {{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h3{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}Sleep appears to be a universally conserved phenomenon among the animal kingdom but whether this striking evolutionary conservation underlies a basic vital function is still an open question. Using novel technologies, we conducted an unprecedentedly detailed high-throughput analysis of sleep in the fruit fly \textit{Drosophila melanogaster}, coupled with a life-long chronic and specific sleep restriction. Our results show that some wild-type flies are virtually sleepless in baseline conditions and that complete, forced sleep restriction is not necessarily a lethal treatment in wild-type \textit{Drosophila melanogaster}. We also show that circadian drive, and not homeostatic regulation, is the main contributor to sleep pressure in flies. We propose a three-partite model framework of sleep function, according to which, total sleep accounts for three components: a vital component, a useful component, and an accessory component.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-15},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	author = {Geissmann, Quentin and Beckwith, Esteban J. and Gilestro, Giorgio F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Section: New Results},
	pages = {361667},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7951/Geissmann et al. - 2018 - Most sleep does not serve a vital function. Eviden.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7952/361667v1.html:text/html}
}

@article{burgerDietaryRestrictionAffects2010,
	title = {Dietary restriction affects lifespan but not cognitive aging in {Drosophila} melanogaster},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {© 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2010},
	issn = {1474-9726},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00560.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00560.x},
	abstract = {Dietary restriction extends lifespan in a wide variety of animals, including Drosophila, but its relationship to functional and cognitive aging is unclear. Here, we study the effects of dietary yeast content on fly performance in an aversive learning task (association between odor and mechanical shock). Learning performance declined at old age, but 50-day-old dietary-restricted flies learned as poorly as equal-aged flies maintained on yeast-rich diet, even though the former lived on average 9 days (14\%) longer. Furthermore, at the middle age of 21 days, flies on low-yeast diets showed poorer short-term (5 min) memory than flies on rich diet. In contrast, dietary restriction enhanced 60-min memory of young (5 days old) flies. Thus, while dietary restriction had complex effects on learning performance in young to middle-aged flies, it did not attenuate aging-related decline of aversive learning performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in Drosophila, dietary restriction reduces mortality and thus leads to lifespan extension, but does not affect the rate with which somatic damage relevant for cognitive performance accumulates with age.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-09-22},
	journal = {Aging Cell},
	author = {Burger, Joep M. S. and Buechel, Séverine D. and Kawecki, Tadeusz J.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00560.x},
	keywords = {Drosophila, learning, memory, caloric restriction, age-related memory impairment, functional aging},
	pages = {327--335},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7955/Burger et al. - 2010 - Dietary restriction affects lifespan but not cogni.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7954/j.1474-9726.2010.00560.html:text/html}
}

@article{schwitzgebelExpertiseMoralReasoning2012,
	title = {Expertise in {Moral} {Reasoning}? {Order} {Effects} on {Moral} {Judgment} in {Professional} {Philosophers} and {Non}-{Philosophers}},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	issn = {1468-0017},
	shorttitle = {Expertise in {Moral} {Reasoning}?},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2012.01438.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0017.2012.01438.x},
	abstract = {We examined the effects of order of presentation on the moral judgments of professional philosophers and two comparison groups. All groups showed similar-sized order effects on their judgments about hypothetical moral scenarios targeting the doctrine of the double effect, the action-omission distinction, and the principle of moral luck. Philosophers' endorsements of related general moral principles were also substantially influenced by the order in which the hypothetical scenarios had previously been presented. Thus, philosophical expertise does not appear to enhance the stability of moral judgments against this presumably unwanted source of bias, even given familiar types of cases and principles.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {Mind \& Language},
	author = {Schwitzgebel, Eric and Cushman, Fiery},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2012.01438.x},
	pages = {135--153},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7957/j.1468-0017.2012.01438.html:text/html}
}

@article{berbel-filhoEnvironmentalEnrichmentInduces2020,
	title = {Environmental enrichment induces intergenerational behavioural and epigenetic effects on fish},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {© 2020 The Authors. Molecular Ecology published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
	issn = {1365-294X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.15481},
	doi = {10.1111/mec.15481},
	abstract = {Parental effects influence offspring phenotypes through pre- and post-natal routes but little is known about their molecular basis, and therefore their adaptive significance. Epigenetic modifications, which control gene expression without changes in the DNA sequence and are influenced by the environment, may contribute to parental effects. We investigated the effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour, metabolic rate and brain DNA methylation patterns of parents and offspring of the highly inbreed mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus). Parental fish reared in enriched environments had lower cortisol levels, lower metabolic rates and were more active and neophobic than those reared in barren environments. They also differed in 1,854 methylated cytosines (DMCs). Offspring activity and neophobia were determined by the parental environment. Among the DMCs of the parents, 98 followed the same methylation patterns in the offspring, three of which were significantly influenced by parental environments irrespective of their own rearing environment. Our results suggest that parental environment influences the behaviour and, to some extent, the brain DNA methylation patterns of the offspring.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-09-25},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	author = {Berbel‐Filho, Waldir M. and Berry, Nikita and Rodríguez‐Barreto, Deiene and Teixeira, Sofia Rodrigues and Leaniz, Carlos Garcia de and Consuegra, Sofia},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.15481},
	keywords = {DNA methylation, mangrove killifish, parental effects, neophobia, rearing environment},
	pages = {2288--2299},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7960/Berbel‐Filho et al. - 2020 - Environmental enrichment induces intergenerational.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7959/mec.html:text/html}
}

@article{macartneyFrequentMatingReduces2020,
	title = {Frequent mating reduces male mating rate but not offspring quality or quantity in a neriid fly},
	issn = {1573-8477},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-020-10076-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10682-020-10076-8},
	abstract = {Frequent mating can deplete sperm and seminal fluid, limiting male ability to sire offspring. Frequent mating could also deplete non-genetic ejaculate components that affect offspring quality. These effects of frequent mating on male reproductive success may be mediated by male condition, or by modification of subsequent male mating behaviour. Using the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis, we conducted two experiments to examine whether a history of frequent mating affects males’ subsequent mating rate and offspring traits. The first experiment tested whether male condition (manipulated by varying larval diet quality) and mating history affects male performance in a subsequent mating with a single novel female whereby we predicted effects of previous mating may be more prevalent in low-condition males. Prior mating resulted in a reduction in mating rate with the novel female, but we did not detect an effect of mating history or male condition on offspring quality or quantity. The second experiment tested whether costs of mating become more evident when males encounter multiple novel females. Surprisingly, while prior mating once again resulted in a reduction in mating rate with the novel females, we still did not detect an effect of condition or mating history on any offspring traits. Therefore, male neriid flies appear to be able to mate many times without suffering a reduction in offspring quality or quantity. The apparent lack of an effect of frequent mating on such traits could be mediated by a reduction in mating rate, reflecting male prudence with ejaculate expenditure.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-09-30},
	journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
	author = {Macartney, Erin L. and Bonduriansky, Russell and Crean, Angela J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020}
}

@article{batesFittingLinearMixedEffects2015,
	title = {Fitting {Linear} {Mixed}-{Effects} {Models} {Using} lme4},
	volume = {67},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2015 Douglas Bates, Martin Mächler, Ben Bolker, Steve Walker},
	issn = {1548-7660},
	url = {https://www.jstatsoft.org/index.php/jss/article/view/v067i01},
	doi = {10.18637/jss.v067.i01},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-10-14},
	journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
	author = {Bates, Douglas and Mächler, Martin and Bolker, Ben and Walker, Steve},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {Cholesky decomposition, linear mixed models, penalized least squares, sparse matrix methods},
	pages = {1--48},
	file = {Full Text:files/7964/Bates et al. - 2015 - Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7963/v067i01.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/7965/v067i01.html:text/html}
}

@article{hothornSimultaneousInferenceGeneral2008,
	title = {Simultaneous {Inference} in {General} {Parametric} {Models}},
	volume = {50},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim},
	issn = {1521-4036},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bimj.200810425},
	doi = {10.1002/bimj.200810425},
	abstract = {Simultaneous inference is a common problem in many areas of application. If multiple null hypotheses are tested simultaneously, the probability of rejecting erroneously at least one of them increases beyond the pre-specified significance level. Simultaneous inference procedures have to be used which adjust for multiplicity and thus control the overall type I error rate. In this paper we describe simultaneous inference procedures in general parametric models, where the experimental questions are specified through a linear combination of elemental model parameters. The framework described here is quite general and extends the canonical theory of multiple comparison procedures in ANOVA models to linear regression problems, generalized linear models, linear mixed effects models, the Cox model, robust linear models, etc. Several examples using a variety of different statistical models illustrate the breadth of the results. For the analyses we use the R add-on package multcomp, which provides a convenient interface to the general approach adopted here. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim)},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-10-14},
	journal = {Biometrical Journal},
	author = {Hothorn, Torsten and Bretz, Frank and Westfall, Peter},
	year = {2008},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bimj.200810425},
	keywords = {Adjusted p -values, Multiple comparisons, Multiple tests, Multivariate normal distribution, Robust statistics, Simultaneous confidence intervals},
	pages = {346--363},
	file = {Full Text:files/7967/Hothorn et al. - 2008 - Simultaneous Inference in General Parametric Model.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7968/bimj.html:text/html}
}

@article{altmejdPredictingReplicabilitySocial2019,
	title = {Predicting the replicability of social science lab experiments},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0225826},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0225826},
	abstract = {We measure how accurately replication of experimental results can be predicted by black-box statistical models. With data from four large-scale replication projects in experimental psychology and economics, and techniques from machine learning, we train predictive models and study which variables drive predictable replication. The models predicts binary replication with a cross-validated accuracy rate of 70\% (AUC of 0.77) and estimates of relative effect sizes with a Spearman ρ of 0.38. The accuracy level is similar to market-aggregated beliefs of peer scientists [1, 2]. The predictive power is validated in a pre-registered out of sample test of the outcome of [3], where 71\% (AUC of 0.73) of replications are predicted correctly and effect size correlations amount to ρ = 0.25. Basic features such as the sample and effect sizes in original papers, and whether reported effects are single-variable main effects or two-variable interactions, are predictive of successful replication. The models presented in this paper are simple tools to produce cheap, prognostic replicability metrics. These models could be useful in institutionalizing the process of evaluation of new findings and guiding resources to those direct replications that are likely to be most informative.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-10-15},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Altmejd, Adam and Dreber, Anna and Forsell, Eskil and Huber, Juergen and Imai, Taisuke and Johannesson, Magnus and Kirchler, Michael and Nave, Gideon and Camerer, Colin},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Experimental economics, Experimental psychology, Forecasting, Machine learning, Machine learning algorithms, Replication studies, Scientists, Trees},
	pages = {e0225826},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/7970/Altmejd et al. - 2019 - Predicting the replicability of social science lab.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{altmejdPredictingReplicabilitySocial2019a,
	title = {Predicting the replicability of social science lab experiments},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225826},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0225826},
	abstract = {We measure how accurately replication of experimental results can be predicted by blackbox statistical models. With data from four large-scale replication projects in experimental psychology and economics, and techniques from machine learning, we train predictive models and study which variables drive predictable replication. The models predicts binary replication with a cross-validated accuracy rate of 70\% (AUC of 0.77) and estimates of relative effect sizes with a Spearman ρ of 0.38. The accuracy level is similar to market-aggregated beliefs of peer scientists [1, 2]. The predictive power is validated in a pre-registered out of sample test of the outcome of [3], where 71\% (AUC of 0.73) of replications are predicted correctly and effect size correlations amount to ρ = 0.25. Basic features such as the sample and effect sizes in original papers, and whether reported effects are single-variable main effects or two-variable interactions, are predictive of successful replication. The models presented in this paper are simple tools to produce cheap, prognostic replicability metrics. These models could be useful in institutionalizing the process of evaluation of new findings and guiding resources to those direct replications that are likely to be most informative.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-10-15},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Altmejd, Adam and Dreber, Anna and Forsell, Eskil and Huber, Juergen and Imai, Taisuke and Johannesson, Magnus and Kirchler, Michael and Nave, Gideon and Camerer, Colin},
	editor = {Wicherts, Jelte M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {e0225826},
	file = {Altmejd et al. - 2019 - Predicting the replicability of social science lab.pdf:files/7971/Altmejd et al. - 2019 - Predicting the replicability of social science lab.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{zotero-7973,
	url = {https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:i7uAvHIzT48J:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CgXRvlh7EOP90nM7bPQ:AAGBfm0AAAAAX4g-dPQQMVd9UgFcHMvvjTCQ4U7iyKKe&scisig=AAGBfm0AAAAAX4g-dO65pva2Wa0XAWIAr8TN1XfjALo1&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en},
	urldate = {2020-10-15},
	file = {https\://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info\:i7uAvHIzT48J\:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CgXRvlh7EOP90nM7bPQ\:AAGBfm0AAAAAX4g-dPQQMVd9UgFcHMvvjTCQ4U7iyKKe&scisig=AAGBfm0AAAAAX4g-dO65pva2Wa0XAWIAr8TN1XfjALo1&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en:files/7974/scholar.html:text/html}
}

@article{altmejd2019predicting,
	title = {Predicting the replicability of social science lab experiments},
	volume = {14},
	number = {12},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Altmejd, Adam and Dreber, Anna and Forsell, Eskil and Huber, Juergen and Imai, Taisuke and Johannesson, Magnus and Kirchler, Michael and Nave, Gideon and Camerer, Colin},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
	pages = {e0225826}
}

@article{ISI:000567216600001,
	title = {Effects of olfactory and auditory enrichment on heart rate variability in shelter dogs},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2076-2615},
	doi = {10.3390/ani10081385},
	abstract = {Simple Summary Many pet dogs end up in shelters, and the unpredictable and overstimulating environment can lead to high arousal and stress levels. This may manifest in behavioural problems, and decreased welfare and adoption chances. Heart rate variability is a non-invasive method to measure autonomic nervous system activity, which plays an important role in the stress response. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for increasing the dog's arousal in response to stress and the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for counteracting the arousal and calming the dog. Environmental enrichment can help dogs to be more relaxed, which is likely to be reflected by increased parasympathetic activity. Dogs' heart rate variability responses to three enrichment methods capable of reducing stress-music, lavender and a calming pheromone produced by dogs, dog appeasing pheromone and a control condition (no stimuli applied) were compared. Exposure to music appeared to activate both branches of the autonomic nervous system, as dogs in that group had higher heart rate variability parameters reflecting both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity compared to the lavender and control groups. We conclude that music may be a useful type of enrichment to relieve both the stress and boredom in shelter environments. Animal shelters can be stressful environments and time in care may affect individual dogs in negative ways, so it is important to try to reduce stress and arousal levels to improve welfare and chance of adoption. A key element of the stress response is the activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and a non-invasive tool to measure this activity is heart rate variability (HRV). Physiologically, stress and arousal result in the production of corticosteroids, increased heart rate and decreased HRV. Environmental enrichment can help to reduce arousal related behaviours in dogs and this study focused on sensory environmental enrichment using olfactory and auditory stimuli with shelter dogs. The aim was to determine if these stimuli have a physiological effect on dogs and if this could be detected through HRV. Sixty dogs were allocated to one of three stimuli groups: lavender, dog appeasing pheromone and music or a control group, and usable heart rate variability data were obtained from 34 dogs. Stimuli were applied for 3 h a day on five consecutive days, with HRV recorded for 4 h (treatment period + 1 h post-treatment) on the 5th and last day of exposure to the stimuli by a Polar(R)heart rate monitor attached to the dog's chest. HRV results suggest that music activates both branches of the ANS, which may be useful to relieve both the stress and boredom in shelter environments.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {ANIMALS},
	author = {Amaya, Veronica and Paterson, Mandy B. A. and Descovich, Kris and Phillips, Clive J. C.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Type: Article
tex.article-number: 1385
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Sztajzel J, 2004, SWISS MED WKLY, V134, P514. Tarvainen M.P., 2018, US GUID. Taylor K, 2007, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V105, P358, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.11.003. Tod E, 2005, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V93, P295, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007. Torres BD, 2008, BRIT J SPORT MED, V42, P715, DOI 10.1136/bjsm.2007.043646. Tuber DS, 1999, PSYCHOL SCI, V10, P379, DOI 10.1111/1467-9280.00173. Tulppo MP, 1996, AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C, V271, pH244. von Borell E, 2007, PHYSIOL BEHAV, V92, P293, DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.01.007. Wells D, 1992, ANIM WELFARE, V1, P171. Wells DL, 2008, ANIM WELFARE, V17, P335. Wells DL, 2006, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V100, P327, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.12.003. Wells DL, 2006, JAVMA-J AM VET MED A, V229, P964, DOI 10.2460/javma.229.6.964. Wells DL, 2000, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V68, P151, DOI 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00100-3. Wells DL, 2002, ANIM WELFARE, V11, P385.
tex.journal-iso: Animals
tex.keywords-plus: POWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; RATE MONITOR; APPEASING PHEROMONE; ENVIRONMENTAL-STRESS; HOUSING CONDITIONS; CLASSICAL-MUSIC; CORTISOL-LEVELS; MENTAL STRESS; POINCARE PLOT; LAVENDER OIL
tex.number-of-cited-references: 109
tex.orcid-numbers: Paterson, Mandy/0000-0003-4564-9877 Descovich, Kris/0000-0001-5149-001X Amaya, Veronica/0000-0003-3402-5663 Phillips, Clive/0000-0002-1926-6357
tex.times-cited: 0
tex.unique-id: ISI:000567216600001},
	keywords = {dog; heart rate variability; shelter; stress; arousal; lavender; dog appeasing pheromone (DAP); music}
}

@article{ISI:000524491300005,
	title = {The scent of enrichment: {Exploring} the effect of odour and biological salience on behaviour during enrichment of kennelled dogs},
	volume = {223},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104917},
	abstract = {Worldwide, millions of dogs are held in kennels for extended periods of time and may experience compromised welfare. Enrichment, often using toys, is considered important to minimize the negative impacts of kennelling. However, the value of this enrichment may be based on various sensory facets of such toys and untangling the relative contributions is a residual challenge. Therefore, improving the utility of toys as enrichment is contingent on an improved understanding of the relationship between the properties of a toy and a dog's interaction with it. The present study aimed to evaluate the addition of two different scents to toys, both presumed to have a different level of biological salience. The behaviour and level of toy engagement of 44 singly housed dogs in a rehoming centre was compared amongst no-toy (NT), unscented-toy (T) and scented-toy (T+) treatments. For T+ two scents were used: rabbit (T+R) and lavender (T+L). Toys were colour and type-matched for each treatment. Many of the datasets were zero-inflated therefore a Hurdle analysis was used to explore the relationships amongst the treatments. Non-zero inflated behavioural data were analysed using a Linear Mixed Model to discern treatment effect. Dogs were significantly more likely to interact, and interacted for longer, with scented toys. This was both in comparison to periods when only unscented toys were present and when both scented and unscented toys were simultaneously presented. However, there was no difference in response to the rabbit or lavender scented toys. Provision of scent also significantly reduced stress related behaviours and increased exploration. However, alterations in behaviour were not directly related to likelihood or amount of toy use, suggesting the scents were altering behaviour through means other than increasing physical enrichment use. These findings suggest that augmentation of toys using scents may improve engagement of dogs with them, and positively affect behavioural welfare indicators in the kennelled environment. The use of novel scents may therefore promote better welfare in kennels irrespective of their presumed biological salience, but differing scents should be further trialled.},
	journal = {APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE},
	author = {Murtagh, Katie and Farnworth, Mark J. and Brilot, Ben O.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Type: Article
tex.article-number: 104917
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tex.eissn: 1872-9045
tex.journal-iso: Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
tex.keywords-plus: QUALITY-OF-LIFE; ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; OLFACTORY STIMULATION; HOUSING CONDITIONS; CANIS-FAMILIARIS; HUMAN CONTACT; STRESS; INHALATION; RESPONSES; CORTISOL
tex.number-of-cited-references: 68
tex.orcid-numbers: Brilot, Ben/0000-0002-2124-080X
tex.researcherid-numbers: Brilot, Ben/C-6435-2008
tex.times-cited: 1
tex.unique-id: ISI:000524491300005},
	keywords = {Dog; Enrichment; Olfaction; Shelter; Toy; Welfare}
}

@article{ISI:000432234000011,
	title = {The behavioural effects of olfactory stimulation on dogs at a rescue shelter},
	volume = {202},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2018.01.009},
	abstract = {Many domestic dogs are kept in rescue and rehoming shelters which are frequently stressful and under-stimulating environments. Dog welfare is often compromised within these environments and there is a need to determine new practical and effective methods of improving the welfare of these kennelled dogs. Olfactory stimulation has been demonstrated to have positive behavioural effects in a range of contexts, however this field remains relatively understudied in the domestic dog. This study aimed to investigate the effects of olfactory stimulation via vanilla, coconut, ginger and valerian upon the behaviour of 15 dogs at a rescue shelter. The dogs were simultaneously exposed to six olfactory conditions using scented cloths following a fixed order (cloth control, coconut, vanilla, valerian, ginger and odour control) for 2 h a day for 3 days with an intervening period of 2 days between conditions. The dogs' behaviour was recorded every 10 min throughout the 2h olfactory conditions using instantaneous scan-sampling. Exposure to ginger, coconut, vanilla and valerian resulted in significantly lower levels of vocalisations and movement compared to the control conditions, while coconut and ginger additionally increased levels of sleeping behaviour. These odours may have application in rescue shelters due to the reduction of behaviours such as barking and activity which may be indicative of stress as well as being traits perceived as undesirable by adopters. This research provides support for the use of olfactory stimulation within the kennel environment.},
	journal = {APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE},
	author = {Binks, Johnathan and Taylor, Sienna and Wills, Alison and Montrose, V. Tamara},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: Article
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tex.eissn: 1872-9045
tex.journal-iso: Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
tex.keywords-plus: ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; AUDITORY-STIMULATION; KENNELED DOGS; STRESS; ODORS; CATS; BARKING; WELFARE; SUGGESTIONS; PERSPECTIVE
tex.number-of-cited-references: 49
tex.orcid-numbers: Taylor, Sienna/0000-0002-6905-7350 Binks, Johnathan/0000-0002-3149-7916
tex.times-cited: 3
tex.unique-id: ISI:000432234000011},
	keywords = {Environmental enrichment; Olfactory stimulation; Dog welfare; Dog behaviour},
	pages = {69--76}
}

@inproceedings{ISI:000448449600036,
	title = {Olfactory enrichment in dogs: {Possible} new applications},
	isbn = {978-1-78639-462-0},
	booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS} {OF} {THE} {11TH} {INTERNATIONAL} {VETERINARY} {BEHAVIOUR} {MEETING}},
	author = {Uccheddu, Stefania and Schoelynk, Stijn and Sannen, Adinda and Vervaecke, Hilde and Arnouts, Heidi and Rufo, Jara Gutierrez and Mariti, Chiara and Gazzano, Angelo and Haverbeke, Anouck},
	editor = {{Denenberg, S}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Type: Proceedings paper
tex.cited-references: Ellis S, 2009, J FELINE MED SURG, V11, P901, DOI 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.011. Ellis SLH, 2010, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V123, P56, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.12.011. Ferguson CE, 2013, J EQUINE VET SCI, V33, P67, DOI 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.04.014. Graham L, 2005, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V91, P143, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.024. Wells DL, 2009, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V118, P1, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.01.002. Wells DL, 2004, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V85, P307, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.005.
tex.keywords-plus: ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; STIMULATION
tex.number-of-cited-references: 6
tex.orcid-numbers: mariti, chiara/0000-0001-7127-4680
tex.researcherid-numbers: mariti, chiara/E-4786-2010
tex.times-cited: 0
tex.unique-id: ISI:000448449600036},
	keywords = {behaviour; essential oils; olfactory enrichment; shelter dogs; welfare},
	pages = {104--105}
}

@incollection{ISI:000467683100013,
	title = {The role of olfaction in animal housing and as enrichment},
	isbn = {978-1-78639-159-9 978-1-78639-160-5},
	booktitle = {{OLFACTION} {IN} {ANIMAL} {BEHAVIOUR} {AND} {WELFARE}},
	author = {Wells, Deborah L. and Hepper, Peter G.},
	editor = {{Nielsen, BL}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Type: Article; book chapter
tex.cited-references: ARNOULD C, 1993, REV ECOL-TERRE VIE, V48, P121. ARNOULD C, 1993, J CHEM ECOL, V19, P225, DOI 10.1007/BF00993691. Baker W., 1997, SHAPE ENRICHMENT, V6, P1. Beck A, 2013, J FELINE MED SURG, V15, P829, DOI 10.1177/1098612X13500882. Boon Michelle, 2003, P212. Bradshaw RH, 1998, J ALTERN COMPLEM MED, V4, P271, DOI 10.1089/acm.1998.4.3-271. BUCHANANSMITH HM, 1993, ANIM WELFARE, V2, P17. Calderisi D., 1997, P 3 INT C ENV ENR SE, P155. Christensen JW, 2008, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V112, P136, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.08.003. Clark F, 2008, CHEM SIGNAL, V11, P391, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-73945-8\_37. Diego MA, 1998, INT J NEUROSCI, V96, P217, DOI 10.3109/00207459808986469. Doty R., 2015, HDB OLFACTION GUSTAT. Drea CM, 2008, CHEM SIGNAL, V11, P91, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-73945-8\_8. Driessen B, 2008, ANIM WELFARE, V17, P155. Ellis SLH, 2010, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V123, P56, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.12.011. Engel C., 2002, WILD HLTH ANIMALS KE. Falewee C, 2006, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V101, P144, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.01.008. Fay C., 2015, ANIM BEHAV COGNIT, V2, P285, DOI DOI 10.12966/ABC.08.07.2015. Foss TS, 2002, VET TECH, V23, P686. Estelles MG, 2006, VET REC, V159, P143. Gaultier E, 2005, Current Issues and Research in Veterinary Behavioral Medicine, P1. Graham L, 2005, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V91, P143, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.024. Grigg E. K., 2015, VET RECORD OPEN, V2. Kagawa D, 2003, PLANTA MED, V69, P637, DOI 10.1055/s-2003-41114. Komiya M, 2006, BEHAV BRAIN RES, V172, P240, DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.05.006. Komori T, 2006, CHEM SENSES, V31, P731, DOI 10.1093/chemse/bjl015. KOVAR KA, 1987, PLANTA MED, P315, DOI 10.1055/s-2006-962725. Lutz CK, 2005, ILAR J, V46, P178, DOI 10.1093/ilar.46.2.178. Martinez-Macipe M, 2015, ANIM WELFARE, V24, P455, DOI 10.7120/09627286.24.4.455. McGlone JJ, 2002, J ANIM SCI, V80, P3179. MCGLONE JJ, 1987, BEHAV NEURAL BIOL, V47, P27, DOI 10.1016/S0163-1047(87)90134-8. Mills DS, 2000, VET REC, V147, P746. MORROWTESCH J, 1990, PHYSIOL BEHAV, V47, P1, DOI 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90034-2. MORROWTESCH J, 1990, J ANIM SCI, V68, P3563. Moss M, 2003, INT J NEUROSCI, V113, P15, DOI 10.1080/00207450390161903. NEWBERRY RC, 1995, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V44, P229, DOI 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00616-Z. Ostrower S., 2000, LAB PRIMATE NEWSL, V26, P8. Pageat P., 1998, P 15 INT PIG VET SOC. Pearson J., 2002, SHAPE ENRICHMENT, V11, P7. PETHERICK JC, 1987, AUST J EXP AGR, V27, P605, DOI 10.1071/EA9870605. PFISTER JA, 1990, J CHEM ECOL, V16, P573, DOI 10.1007/BF01021787. POWELL DM, 1995, ANIM WELFARE, V4, P361. Resende LD, 2011, J APPL ANIM WELF SCI, V14, P247, DOI 10.1080/10888705.2011.576981. Richardson JA, 1999, VET MED-US, V94, P1010. ROBERTS A, 1992, BRIT J MED PSYCHOL, V65, P197, DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01699.x. Schuett EB, 2001, SHAPE ENRICHMENT, V10, P1. SCHWARTZ GE, 1986, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, V23, P460. Shaw D, 2007, PHYTOMEDICINE, V14, P613, DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.03.007. Shepherdson D.J., 1998, 2 NATURE ENV ENRICHM. Sheppard G, 2003, VET REC, V152, P432, DOI 10.1136/vr.152.14.432. Siracusa C, 2010, JAVMA-J AM VET MED A, V237, P673, DOI 10.2460/javma.237.6.673. Skibiel AL, 2007, ZOO BIOL, V26, P371, DOI 10.1002/zoo.20147. Spielman J. S., 2000, THESIS U EDINBURGH U. STRUTHERS EJ, 1996, 16 C INT PRIM SOC 19. Terlouw EMC, 1998, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V57, P9, DOI 10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00122-6. Tod E, 2005, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V93, P295, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007. Umezu T, 2001, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V69, P383, DOI 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00543-3. WARM J S, 1990, Perfumer and Flavorist, V15, P17. Wells DL, 2007, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V106, P155, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.07.010. Wells DL, 2006, JAVMA-J AM VET MED A, V229, P964, DOI 10.2460/javma.229.6.964. Wells DL, 2009, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V118, P1, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.01.002. Wells DL, 2004, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V85, P307, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.005. Wells DL, 2004, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V85, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.08.013. Wyatt TD, 2010, J COMP PHYSIOL A, V196, P685, DOI 10.1007/s00359-010-0564-y. Yamada K, 1996, BIOL PHARM BULL, V19, P1244, DOI 10.1248/bpb.19.1244. Young R.J., 2003, ENV ENRICHMENT CAPTI. Zhang JX, 2008, J ETHOL, V26, P279, DOI 10.1007/s10164-007-0060-1.
tex.keywords-plus: DOG-APPEASING PHEROMONE; ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; MATERNAL PHEROMONE; OIL VAPOR; BEHAVIOR; STIMULATION; ODOR; INHALATION; STRESS; CATS
tex.number-of-cited-references: 67
tex.times-cited: 1
tex.unique-id: ISI:000467683100013},
	pages = {151--160}
}

@article{ISI:000336394000004,
	title = {Effect of odor preexposure on acquisition of an odor discrimination in dogs},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1543-4494},
	doi = {10.3758/s13420-013-0133-7},
	abstract = {In two experiments, we investigated the impact of odor preexposure treatments on the acquisition of an olfactory discrimination in dogs. In the first experiment, four groups of dogs were each given five days' odor-exposure treatment prior to discrimination training. Dogs in the exposure group were exposed to anise extract (S+) for 30 min daily. Dogs in the Pavlovian-relevant pairing group received six daily delayed-conditioning trials to the same S+. The Pavlovian-irrelevant pairing group received conditioning trials to almond extract (S'). Dogs in the control group received no pretreatment. All of the dogs were then trained to detect S+ from a background pine odor (an AX-vs.-X discrimination). The Pavlovian-relevant pairing group acquired the odor discrimination significantly faster than all of the other exposure and control groups, and the remaining groups acquired the discrimination at the same rate as the no-exposure control group. In a second experiment, we extended these results to a within-subjects design using an AX-versus-BX discrimination. Six dogs were simultaneously trained on two different odor discriminations, one discrimination in which the S+ was previously Pavlovian conditioned, and one discrimination in which the S+ was novel. All of the dogs learned the odor discrimination with the previously conditioned S+ faster than they learned the novel odor discrimination, replicating the results of Experiment 1, and demonstrating that familiarity in the form of Pavlovian conditioning enhances odor-discrimination training. The potential mechanisms of the facilitated transfer of a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus to discrimination training are discussed.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {LEARNING \& BEHAVIOR},
	author = {Hall, Nathaniel J. and Smith, David W. and Wynne, Clive D. L.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: Article
tex.cited-references: BOWER G, 1964, J EXP ANAL BEHAV, V7, P401, DOI 10.1901/jeab.1964.7-401. Cablk ME, 2008, SENSORS-BASEL, V8, P2208, DOI 10.3390/s8042208. Cornu JN, 2011, EUR UROL, V59, P197, DOI 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.10.006. CUNZEMAN PJ, 1984, CHEM SENSES, V9, P229, DOI 10.1093/chemse/9.3.229. Dean E. E., 1972, TRAINING DOGS NARCOT. Escanilla O, 2008, PHYSIOL BEHAV, V94, P621, DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.03.008. Goldblatt A, 2009, CANINE ERGONOMICS SC, P135. Hall NJ, 2013, LEARN MOTIV, V44, P218, DOI 10.1016/j.lmot.2013.02.004. HONEY RC, 1989, LEARN MOTIV, V20, P262, DOI 10.1016/0023-9690(89)90008-8. IMAN RL, 1984, J AM STAT ASSOC, V79, P674, DOI 10.2307/2288416. LAING DG, 1980, PHYSIOL BEHAV, V25, P555, DOI 10.1016/0031-9384(80)90121-3. MACKINTOSH NJ, 1991, Q J EXP PSYCHOL-B, V43, P297. Mandairon N, 2006, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V120, P173, DOI 10.1037/0735-7044.120.1.173. Mandairon N, 2006, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V103, P13543, DOI 10.1073/pnas.0602750103. MELLGREN RL, 1969, J COMP PHYSIOL PSYCH, V67, P390, DOI 10.1037/h0026783. Mitchell C, 2014, PSYCHOL BULL, V140, P283, DOI 10.1037/a0032765. Willis CM, 2004, BMJ-BRIT MED J, V329, P712, DOI 10.1136/bmj.329.7468.712.
tex.eissn: 1543-4508
tex.journal-iso: Learn Behav.
tex.keywords-plus: OPERANT DISCRIMINATION; OLFACTORY DETECTION; ENRICHMENT; PERCEPTION; CANCER; RATS
tex.number-of-cited-references: 17
tex.orcid-numbers: Hall, Nathaniel/0000-0001-7465-5470 Wynne, Clive/0000-0001-8408-1466
tex.times-cited: 9
tex.unique-id: ISI:000336394000004},
	keywords = {Dogs; Canine; Pavlovian conditioning; Classical conditioning; Odor discrimination; Odor detection},
	pages = {144--152}
}

@article{ISI:000240531800037,
	title = {Aromatherapy for travel-induced excitement in dogs},
	volume = {229},
	issn = {0003-1488},
	doi = {10.2460/javma.229.6.964},
	abstract = {Objective-To evaluate the efficacy of the ambient odor of lavender as a treatment for travel-induced excitement in dogs. Design-Clinical trial. Animals-32 dogs with a history of travel-induced excitement in owners' cars. Procedures-Each dog was studied during travel in the owner's car to a familiar walking site during 2 conditions of olfactory stimulation. The first condition was a control condition, during which dogs were exposed to no odor other than that arising naturally from the environment. The second condition was an experimental condition during which dogs were exposed to the ambient odor of lavender. Dogs' behavior was recorded during the car journey for 3 consecutive days under the control condition and for 3 consecutive days under the experimental condition. The percentage of time spent moving, standing, sitting, resting, and vocalizing in each condition of olfactory stimulation was quantified for each dog. Results-Dogs spent significantly more time resting and sitting and less time moving and vocalizing during the experimental condition. There was no significant relationship between dogs' behavior and sex, castration status, day, or the order of exposure to each olfactory condition. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Traditional treatments for travel-induced excitement in dogs may be time-consuming, expensive, or associated with adverse effects. Aromatherapy in the form of diffused lavender odor may offer a practical alternative treatment for travel-induced excitement in this species.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION},
	author = {Wells, Deborah L.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Type: Article
tex.cited-references: BARON RA, 1990, J APPL SOC PSYCHOL, V20, P368, DOI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00417.x. BARON RA, 1994, ENVIRON BEHAV, V26, P766, DOI 10.1177/0013916594266003. BRACE N, 2003, SPSS PSYCHOL, P238. Bradshaw RH, 1998, J ALTERN COMPLEM MED, V4, P271, DOI 10.1089/acm.1998.4.3-271. BUCHBAUER G, 1991, Z NATURFORSCH C, V46, P1067. BUCHBAUER G, 1993, J PHARM SCI-US, V82, P660, DOI 10.1002/jps.2600820623. Diego MA, 1998, INT J NEUROSCI, V96, P217, DOI 10.3109/00207459808986469. Graham L, 2005, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V91, P143, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.024. KOVAR KA, 1987, PLANTA MED, P315, DOI 10.1055/s-2006-962725. LAWLESS HT, 1991, B PSYCHONOMIC SOC, V29, P317. Lehrner J, 2005, PHYSIOL BEHAV, V86, P92, DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.031. Lis-Balchin M, 1997, J ROY SOC HEALTH, V117, P324, DOI 10.1177/146642409711700511. LUDVIGSON HW, 1989, CHEM SENSES, V14, P525, DOI 10.1093/chemse/14.4.525. Moss M, 2003, INT J NEUROSCI, V113, P15, DOI 10.1080/00207450390161903. Motomura N, 2001, PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL, V93, P713, DOI 10.2466/PMS.93.7.713-718. Ostrower S., 2000, LAB PRIMATE NEWSL, V26, P8. OVERALL KL, 1997, CLIN BEHAV MED SMALL, P267. Pearson J., 2002, SHAPE ENRICHMENT, V11, P7. POWELL DM, 1995, ANIM WELFARE, V4, P361. Raudenbush B, 2001, J SPORT EXERCISE PSY, V23, P156, DOI 10.1123/jsep.23.2.156. ROBERTS A, 1992, BRIT J MED PSYCHOL, V65, P197, DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01699.x. Sakamoto R, 2005, CHEM SENSES, V30, P683, DOI 10.1093/chemse/bji061. SCHULTZ MJ, 2001, RRD IMMUNOL 1, V3, P1. SCHWARTZ GE, 1986, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, V23, P460. Umezu T, 2000, JPN J PHARMACOL, V83, P150, DOI 10.1254/jjp.83.150. Umezu T, 2001, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V69, P383, DOI 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00543-3. WARM J S, 1990, Perfumer and Flavorist, V15, P17. Wells DL, 2004, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V85, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.08.013. Wells DL, 2001, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V73, P299, DOI 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00146-0.
tex.eissn: 1943-569X
tex.journal-iso: JAVMA-J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
tex.keywords-plus: ESSENTIAL OILS; OLFACTORY STIMULATION; TASK-PERFORMANCE; POSITIVE AFFECT; AMBIENT ODORS; LAVENDER; MOOD; ENRICHMENT; INHALATION; COGNITION
tex.number-of-cited-references: 29
tex.times-cited: 20
tex.unique-id: ISI:000240531800037},
	pages = {964--967}
}

@article{ISI:000228508100009,
	title = {The influence of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.024},
	abstract = {This study explored the influence of five types of olfactory stimulation (control, lavender, chamomile, rosemary and peppermint) on the behaviour of 55 dogs housed in a rescue shelter. The dogs were exposed to each type of olfactory stimulation, through the diffusion of essential oils, for 4 h a day for 5 days, with an intervening period of 2 days between conditions. The dogs' behaviour was recorded on days 1, 3 and 5, during each condition of olfactory stimulation. Certain aspects of the dogs' behaviour were influenced by the odours. Dogs spent more time resting and less time moving upon exposure to lavender and chamomile than any of the other olfactory stimuli. These odourants also encouraged less vocalisation than other types of aroma. The diffusion of rosemary and peppermint into the dogs' environment encouraged significantly more standing, moving and vocalising than other types of odour. It is suggested that the welfare of sheltered dogs may be enhanced through exposure to appropriate forms of olfactory stimulation. Lavender and chamomile appear particularly beneficial, resulting in activities suggestive of relaxation and behaviours that are considered desirable by potential adopters. These types of olfactory stimulation may also appeal to visitors, resulting in enhanced perceptions of the rescue shelter and an increased desire to adopt a dog from such an environment. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE},
	author = {Graham, L and Wells, DL and Hepper, PG},
	month = may,
	year = {2005},
	note = {Type: Article
tex.cited-references: BARON RA, 1990, J APPL SOC PSYCHOL, V20, P368, DOI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00417.x. BARON RA, 1994, ENVIRON BEHAV, V26, P766, DOI 10.1177/0013916594266003. Bradshaw RH, 1998, J ALTERN COMPLEM MED, V4, P271, DOI 10.1089/acm.1998.4.3-271. BUCHBAUER G, 1991, Z NATURFORSCH C, V46, P1067. BUCHBAUER G, 1993, J PHARM SCI-US, V82, P660, DOI 10.1002/jps.2600820623. Diego MA, 1998, INT J NEUROSCI, V96, P217, DOI 10.3109/00207459808986469. Hennessy MB, 1997, PHYSIOL BEHAV, V62, P485, DOI 10.1016/S0031-9384(97)80328-9. HOWELL DC, 1992, STAT METHODS PSYCHOL. Itai T, 2000, PSYCHIAT CLIN NEUROS, V54, P393, DOI 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00727.x. Kagawa D, 2003, PLANTA MED, V69, P637, DOI 10.1055/s-2003-41114. KOVAR KA, 1987, PLANTA MED, P315, DOI 10.1055/s-2006-962725. LAWLESS HT, 1991, B PSYCHONOMIC SOC, V29, P317. LORIG TS, 1988, PSYCHOBIOLOGY, V16, P285. LUDVIGSON HW, 1989, CHEM SENSES, V14, P525, DOI 10.1093/chemse/14.4.525. Martin P, 1986, MEASURING BEHAV. Millot JL, 2002, NEUROSCI LETT, V322, P79, DOI 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00092-7. Moss M, 2003, INT J NEUROSCI, V113, P15, DOI 10.1080/00207450390161903. Motomura N, 2001, PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL, V93, P713, DOI 10.2466/PMS.93.7.713-718. Pearson J., 2002, SHAPE ENRICHMENT, V11, P7. POWELL DM, 1995, ANIM WELFARE, V4, P361. Raudenbush B, 2001, J SPORT EXERCISE PSY, V23, P156, DOI 10.1123/jsep.23.2.156. ROBERTS A, 1992, BRIT J MED PSYCHOL, V65, P197, DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01699.x. Schoon G. A. A., 1997, THESIS U LEIDEN NETH. Schuett EB, 2001, SHAPE ENRICHMENT, V10, P1. SCHWARTZ GE, 1986, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, V23, P460. Tuber DS, 1999, PSYCHOL SCI, V10, P379, DOI 10.1111/1467-9280.00173. Umezu T, 2000, JPN J PHARMACOL, V83, P150, DOI 10.1254/jjp.83.150. Umezu T, 2001, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V69, P383, DOI 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00543-3. WARM J S, 1990, Perfumer and Flavorist, V15, P17. WARM JS, 1991, J SOC COSMET CHEM, V42, P199. Wells D, 1992, ANIM WELFARE, V1, P171. Wells DL, 1998, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V60, P83, DOI 10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00146-4. Wells DL, 2000, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V68, P151, DOI 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00100-3. Wells DL, 2004, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V85, P307, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.005. Wells DL, 2004, APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI, V85, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.08.013. Wells DL, 2002, ANIM WELFARE, V11, P317. Wells DL, 2002, ANIM WELFARE, V11, P385. Wells DL, 2001, ANTHROZOOS, V14, P12, DOI 10.2752/089279301786999661. WELLS DL, 1996, THESIS QUEENS U BELF. Yamada K, 1996, BIOL PHARM BULL, V19, P1244, DOI 10.1248/bpb.19.1244.
tex.eissn: 1872-9045
tex.journal-iso: Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
tex.keywords-plus: ESSENTIAL OILS; ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; TASK-PERFORMANCE; POSITIVE AFFECT; AMBIENT ODORS; KENNELED DOGS; LAVENDER; INHALATION; STRESS; MOOD
tex.number-of-cited-references: 40
tex.times-cited: 55
tex.unique-id: ISI:000228508100009},
	keywords = {captivity; dogs; enrichment; odours; rescue shelters; welfare},
	pages = {143--153}
}

@article{websterHowSTRANGEAre2020,
	title = {How {STRANGE} are your study animals?},
	volume = {582},
	copyright = {2020 Nature},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01751-5},
	doi = {10.1038/d41586-020-01751-5},
	abstract = {A new framework for animal-behaviour research will help to avoid sampling bias — ten years on from the call to widen the pool of human participants in psychology studies beyond the WEIRD.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7812},
	urldate = {2020-10-21},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Webster, Michael M. and Rutz, Christian},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 7812
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {337--340},
	file = {Full Text:files/7992/Webster and Rutz - 2020 - How STRANGE are your study animals.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/7993/d41586-020-01751-5.html:text/html}
}

@article{curtisLambethConventionsII2013,
	title = {The {Lambeth} {Conventions} ({II}): {Guidelines} for the study of animal and human ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias},
	volume = {139},
	issn = {0163-7258},
	shorttitle = {The {Lambeth} {Conventions} ({II})},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725813000879},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.008},
	abstract = {The ‘Lambeth Conventions’ is a guidance document, written in 1987 (Walker et al., 1988), intended to be of practical value in the investigation of experimental arrhythmias induced by ischaemia, infarction, and reperfusion. This is an update, expanded to include guidance on the study of supraventricular arrhythmias, drug-induced arrhythmias, heritable arrhythmias, and advances in our knowledge in core areas since 1987. We have updated the guidance on the design and execution of experiments and the definition, classification, quantification, and analysis of all types of arrhythmias. Investigators are encouraged to adopt the conventions and test their validity in the hope that this will improve uniformity and interlaboratory comparisons, aid clinical research, facilitate antiarrhythmic drug discovery and safety assessment, and improve antiarrhythmic drug deployment for different cardiac conditions. We note that there is a gap between some definitions proposed here and their conventional clinical counterparts, and encourage the research necessary to bridge that translational gap. A web link offers the chance to vote and comment on the new conventions (https://bscr.wufoo.com/forms/z7x0x5/).},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-10-30},
	journal = {Pharmacology \& Therapeutics},
	author = {Curtis, Michael J. and Hancox, Jules C. and Farkas, András and Wainwright, Cherry L. and Stables, Catherine L. and Saint, David A. and Clements-Jewery, Hugh and Lambiase, Pier D. and Billman, George E. and Janse, Michiel J. and Pugsley, Michael K. and Ng, G. André and Roden, Dan M. and Camm, A. John and Walker, Michael J. A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Methods, Antiarrhythmic, Lambeth Conventions, Supraventricular arrhythmia, Torsades de pointes, Ventricular arrhythmia},
	pages = {213--248}
}

@article{bellRepeatabilityBehaviourMetaanalysis2009,
	title = {The repeatability of behaviour: a meta-analysis},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	shorttitle = {The repeatability of behaviour},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347209000189},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.12.022},
	abstract = {There is increasing interest in individual differences in animal behaviour. Recent research now suggests that an individual's behaviour, once considered to be plastic, may be more predictable than previously thought. Here, we take advantage of the large number of studies that have estimated the repeatability of various behaviours to evaluate whether there is good evidence for consistent individual differences in behaviour and to answer some outstanding questions about possible factors that can influence repeatability. Specifically, we use meta-analysis to ask whether different types of behaviours were more repeatable than others, and if repeatability estimates depended on taxa, sex, age, field versus laboratory, the number of measures and the interval between measures. Some of the overall patterns that were revealed by this analysis were that repeatability estimates were higher in the field compared to the laboratory and repeatability was higher when the interval between observations was short. Mate preference behaviour was one of the best studied but least repeatable behaviours. Our findings prompt new insights into the relative flexibility of different types of behaviour and offer suggestions for the design and analysis of future research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-11-09},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Bell, Alison M. and Hankison, Shala J. and Laskowski, Kate L.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {courtship, mate preference, behavioural syndrome, temperament, personality, coping style, individual difference},
	pages = {771--783},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/7996/Bell et al. - 2009 - The repeatability of behaviour a meta-analysis.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/7997/S0003347209000189.html:text/html}
}

@article{malikUntoldStoryBiology2018,
	title = {An untold story in biology: the historical continuity of evolutionary ideas of {Muslim} scholars from the 8th century to {Darwin}’s time},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0021-9266},
	shorttitle = {An untold story in biology},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2016.1268190},
	doi = {10.1080/00219266.2016.1268190},
	abstract = {Textbooks on the history of biology and evolutionary thought do not mention the evolutionary ideas of Muslim scholars before Darwin’s time. This is part of a trend in the West to minimise the contributions of non-Western scientists to biology, human anatomy and evolutionary biology. Therefore, this paper focuses on the contributions of pre-Darwinian Muslim scholars to the history of evolutionary thought. Our review of texts from a wide range of historical times, and written in various languages, reveals that there were in fact several Muslim scholars who postulated evolutionary ideas, some with remarkable similarities to Darwin’s theory. These ideas included the adaptation and survival of the fittest, a specific origin of humans from apes/monkeys, the notion of evolutionary constraints, the occurrence of extinctions within taxa and hereditary variability. Moreover, while both the scientific community and the broader public generally base their knowledge on Western textbooks, several parts of the Muslim world have indicated an overall rejection of biological–including human–evolution. Therefore, to improve historical accuracy and create a better understanding of scientific history, the world’s diverse civilisations and their philosophies, this untold story should be widely disseminated to the scientific community and the general public.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-02-24},
	journal = {Journal of Biological Education},
	author = {Malik, Aamina H. and Ziermann, Janine M. and Diogo, Rui},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2016.1268190},
	keywords = {Arabic texts, Evolutionary thought, history of science, Islamic Golden Age, Persian texts, scientific biases},
	pages = {3--17},
	file = {Snapshot:files/7999/00219266.2016.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ThousandYearsDarwin,
	title = {A {Thousand} {Years} {Before} {Darwin}, {Islamic} {Scholars} {Were} {Writing} {About} {Natural} {Selection}},
	url = {https://www.vice.com/en/article/ep4ykn/a-thousand-years-before-darwin-islamic-scholars-were-writing-about-natural-selection},
	abstract = {Professors are starting to orient Charles Darwin within a rich history of people from all cultures who have grappled with the mechanisms of life.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-24},
	file = {Snapshot:files/8001/a-thousand-years-before-darwin-islamic-scholars-were-writing-about-natural-selection.html:text/html}
}

@misc{huangMetaResearchEvaluatingImpact2020,
	title = {Meta-{Research}: {Evaluating} the impact of open access policies on research institutions},
	copyright = {© 2020 Huang et al.. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.},
	shorttitle = {Meta-{Research}},
	url = {https://elifesciences.org/articles/57067},
	abstract = {A longitudinal study of open access levels at 1,207 research institutions worldwide reveals high performing institutions in Latin America, Africa and Asia.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-02-24},
	journal = {eLife},
	author = {Huang, Chun-Kai (Karl) and Neylon, Cameron and Hosking, Richard and Montgomery, Lucy and Wilson, Katie S. and Ozaygen, Alkim and Brookes-Kenworthy, Chloe},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.7554/eLife.57067},
	note = {Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications Limited},
	file = {Full Text:files/8003/Huang et al. - 2020 - Meta-Research Evaluating the impact of open acces.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/8004/executable.html:text/html}
}

@article{mcelligottKangaroosDisplayGazing2020,
	title = {Kangaroos display gazing and gaze alternations during an unsolvable problem task},
	volume = {16},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0607},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2020.0607},
	abstract = {Domestication is generally assumed to have resulted in enhanced communication abilities between non-primate mammals and humans, although the number of species studied is very limited (e.g. cats, Felis catus; dogs, Canis familiaris; wolves, Canis lupus; goats, Capra hircus; horses, Equus caballus). In species without hands for pointing, gazing at humans when dealing with inaccessible food during an unsolvable task, and in particular gaze alternations between a human and the unsolvable task (considered forms of showing), are often interpreted as attempts at referential intentional communication. We report that kangaroos, marsupial mammals that have never been domesticated, actively gazed at an experimenter during an unsolvable problem task (10/11 kangaroos tested), thus challenging the notion that this behaviour results from domestication. Nine of the 10 kangaroos additionally showed gaze alternations between the unsolvable task and experimenter. We propose that the potential occurrence of these behaviours displayed towards humans has been underestimated, owing to a narrow focus on domestic animals, as well as a more general eutherian research bias.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-03-05},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {McElligott, Alan G. and O'Keeffe, Kristine H. and Green, Alexandra C.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	pages = {20200607},
	file = {Snapshot:files/8006/rsbl.2020.html:text/html}
}

@article{mcelligottKangaroosDisplayGazing2020a,
	title = {Kangaroos display gazing and gaze alternations during an unsolvable problem task},
	volume = {16},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0607},
	doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2020.0607},
	abstract = {Domestication is generally assumed to have resulted in enhanced communication abilities between non-primate mammals and humans, although the number of species studied is very limited (e.g. cats, Felis catus; dogs, Canis familiaris; wolves, Canis lupus; goats, Capra hircus; horses, Equus caballus). In species without hands for pointing, gazing at humans when dealing with inaccessible food during an unsolvable task, and in particular gaze alternations between a human and the unsolvable task (considered forms of showing), are often interpreted as attempts at referential intentional communication. We report that kangaroos, marsupial mammals that have never been domesticated, actively gazed at an experimenter during an unsolvable problem task (10/11 kangaroos tested), thus challenging the notion that this behaviour results from domestication. Nine of the 10 kangaroos additionally showed gaze alternations between the unsolvable task and experimenter. We propose that the potential occurrence of these behaviours displayed towards humans has been underestimated, owing to a narrow focus on domestic animals, as well as a more general eutherian research bias.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-03-05},
	journal = {Biology Letters},
	author = {McElligott, Alan G. and O'Keeffe, Kristine H. and Green, Alexandra C.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	pages = {20200607},
	file = {Snapshot:files/8008/rsbl.2020.html:text/html}
}

@article{krakauerNeuroscienceNeedsBehavior2017,
	title = {Neuroscience {Needs} {Behavior}: {Correcting} a {Reductionist} {Bias}},
	volume = {93},
	issn = {0896-6273},
	shorttitle = {Neuroscience {Needs} {Behavior}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627316310406},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.041},
	abstract = {There are ever more compelling tools available for neuroscience research, ranging from selective genetic targeting to optogenetic circuit control to mapping whole connectomes. These approaches are coupled with a deep-seated, often tacit, belief in the reductionist program for understanding the link between the brain and behavior. The aim of this program is causal explanation through neural manipulations that allow testing of necessity and sufficiency claims. We argue, however, that another equally important approach seeks an alternative form of understanding through careful theoretical and experimental decomposition of behavior. Specifically, the detailed analysis of tasks and of the behavior they elicit is best suited for discovering component processes and their underlying algorithms. In most cases, we argue that study of the neural implementation of behavior is best investigated after such behavioral work. Thus, we advocate a more pluralistic notion of neuroscience when it comes to the brain-behavior relationship: behavioral work provides understanding, whereas neural interventions test causality.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-11},
	journal = {Neuron},
	author = {Krakauer, John W. and Ghazanfar, Asif A. and Gomez-Marin, Alex and MacIver, Malcolm A. and Poeppel, David},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {480--490},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/8010/Krakauer et al. - 2017 - Neuroscience Needs Behavior Correcting a Reductio.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/8011/S0896627316310406.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{anwerEfficientNewAssay2020,
	title = {An efficient new assay for measuring zebrafish anxiety: tall tanks that better characterize between-individual differences},
	shorttitle = {An efficient new assay for measuring zebrafish anxiety},
	url = {https://ecoevorxiv.org/7bvxy/},
	abstract = {Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are increasingly being used to model anxiety. A common behavioral assay employed for assessing anxiety-like behaviors in zebrafish is the “novel tank test”. We hypothesized that using deeper tanks in this test would result in greater between-individual variation in behavioral responses and a more ‘repeatable’ assay. After mapping the literature and identifying common behavioral parameters used in analysis, we performed novel tank anxiety tests in both custom-designed ‘tall’ tanks with increased depth and ‘short’ trapezoidal tanks. We compared the repeatability of the behavioral parameters between tall and short tanks and also investigated sex differences. Overall, regardless of tank depth, almost all behavioral parameters associated with anxiety in zebrafish were significantly repeatable (R = 0.24 to 0.60). Importantly, our tall tanks better captured between-individual differences, resulting in higher repeatability estimates (average repeatability tall tanks: R = 0.46; average repeatability short tanks: R = 0.36) and clearer sex differences. Our assay using tall tanks has advantages over tests based on short tanks which underestimate repeatability. We argue that use of deeper tanks will improve the reliability of behavioral data across studies using novel tank tests for zebrafish. Our results also call for increased attention in designing the most appropriate assay in biomedical and behavioral sciences as current methods may lack the sensitivity to detect subtle, yet important, information, such as between-individual variation, an important component in assessing the reliability of behavioral data.},
	urldate = {2021-03-13},
	institution = {EcoEvoRxiv},
	author = {Anwer, Hamza and Mason, Dominic and Zajitschek, Susanne and Noble, Daniel and Hesselson, Daniel and Morris, Margaret and Lagisz, Malgorzata and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.32942/osf.io/7bvxy},
	note = {type: article},
	keywords = {Animal Experimentation and Research, Life Sciences, Research Methods in Life Sciences},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/8013/Anwer et al. - 2020 - An efficient new assay for measuring zebrafish anx.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{masonLowRepeatabilityAversive2020,
	title = {Low {Repeatability} of {Aversive} {Learning} in {Zebrafish} ({Danio} rerio)},
	copyright = {© 2020, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. The copyright holder for this pre-print is the author. All rights reserved. The material may not be redistributed, re-used or adapted without the author's permission.},
	url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385930v1},
	doi = {10.1101/2020.11.16.385930},
	abstract = {{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h3{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}Aversive learning – avoiding certain situations based on negative experiences – can profoundly increase fitness in animal species. The extent to which this cognitive mechanism could evolve depends upon individual differences in aversive learning being stable through time, and heritable across generations, yet no published study has quantified the stability of individual differences in aversive learning using the repeatability statistic, \textit{R} (also known as the intra-class correlation). We assessed the repeatability of aversive learning by conditioning approximately 100 zebrafish \textit{(Danio rerio)} to avoid a colour cue associated with a mild electric shock. Across eight different colour conditions zebrafish did not show consistent individual differences in aversive learning (\textit{R} = 0.04). Within conditions, when zebrafish were twice conditioned to the same colour, blue conditioning was more repeatable than green conditioning (\textit{R} = 0.15 and \textit{R} = 0.02). In contrast to the low repeatability estimates for aversive learning, zebrafish showed moderately consistent individual differences in colour preference during the baseline period (i.e. prior to aversive conditioning; \textit{R} {\textasciitilde} 0.45). Overall, aversive learning responses of zebrafish were weak and variable (difference in time spent near the aversive cue \&lt;6 seconds per minute), but individual differences in learning ability did not explain substantial variability. We speculate that either the effect of aversive learning was too weak to quantify consistent individual differences, or directional selection might have eroded additive genetic variance. Finally, we discuss how confounded repeatability assays and publication bias could have inflated average estimates of repeatability in animal behaviour publications.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Summary Statement{\textless}/h3{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}Zebrafish exhibit low repeatability (intra-class correlation) in an aversive learning assay possibly due to past selection pressure exhausting genetic variance in this learning trait.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-13},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	author = {Mason, Dominic and Zajitschek, Susanne and Anwer, Hamza and O’Dea, Rose E. and Hesselson, Daniel and Nakagawa, Shinichi},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Section: New Results},
	pages = {2020.11.16.385930},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/8015/Mason et al. - 2020 - Low Repeatability of Aversive Learning in Zebrafis.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/8016/2020.11.16.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ReportNovelEnvironment,
	title = {Report: {Novel} environment in rats \& hamsters, {SpeedGrader}, {6208NATSCI}-202021-{SEM}-2},
	url = {https://canvas.ljmu.ac.uk/courses/45159/gradebook/speed_grader?assignment_id=76025&anonymous_id=x5vJH},
	urldate = {2021-03-18},
	file = {Report\: Novel environment in rats & hamsters, SpeedGrader, 6208NATSCI-202021-SEM-2:files/8018/speed_grader.html:text/html}
}

@misc{ReportNovelEnvironmenta,
	title = {Report: {Novel} environment in rats \& hamsters, {SpeedGrader}, {6208NATSCI}-202021-{SEM}-2},
	url = {https://canvas.ljmu.ac.uk/courses/45159/gradebook/speed_grader?assignment_id=76025&anonymous_id=zgy5t},
	urldate = {2021-03-18}
}

@article{danchinEarlyLifeEffects2019a,
	title = {Early in life effects and heredity: reconciling neo-{Darwinism} with neo-{Lamarckism} under the banner of the inclusive evolutionary synthesis},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	shorttitle = {Early in life effects and heredity},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0113},
	abstract = {Recent discoveries show that early in life effects often have long-lasting influences, sometimes even spanning several generations. Such intergenerational effects of early life events appear not easily reconcilable with strict genetic inheritance. However, an integrative evolutionary medicine of early life effects needs a sound view of inheritance in development and evolution. Here, we show how to articulate the gene-centred and non-gene-centred visions of inheritance. We first recall the coexistence of two gene concepts in scientific discussions, a statistical one (focused on patterns of parent-offspring resemblance, and implicitly including non-DNA-sequence-based resemblance), and a molecular one (based on the DNA sequence). We then show how all the different mechanisms of inheritance recently discovered can be integrated into an inclusive theory of evolution where different mechanisms would enable adaptation to changing environments at different timescales. One surprising consequence of this integrative vision of inheritance is that early in life effects start much earlier than fertilization. This article is part of the theme issue 'Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine'.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1770},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Danchin, Etienne and Pocheville, Arnaud and Huneman, Philippe},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: London
Publisher: Royal Soc
WOS:000460487000004},
	keywords = {epigenetics, genetics, maternal-care, nongenetic inheritance, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, behavior, prenatal exposure, circulating micrornas, inclusive   evolutionary synthesis, information, mechanisms, modern synthesis, theory need, timescales, Weismann barrier},
	pages = {20180113},
	file = {Full Text:files/8021/Danchin et al. - 2019 - Early in life effects and heredity reconciling ne.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{norouzitallabCanEpigeneticsTranslate2019,
	title = {Can epigenetics translate environmental cues into phenotypes?},
	volume = {647},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.063},
	abstract = {Living organisms are constantly exposed to wide ranges of environmental cues. They react to these cues by undergoing a battery of phenotypic responses, such as by altering their physiological and behavioral traits, in order to adapt and survive in the changed environments. The adaptive response of a species induced by environmental cues is typically thought to be associated with its genetic diversity such that higher genetic diversity provides increased adaptive potential. This originates from the general consensus that phenotypic traits have a genetic basis and are subject to Darwinian natural selection and Mendelian inheritance. There is no doubt about the validity of these principles, supported by the successful introgression of specific traits during (selective) breeding. However, a range of recent studies provided fascinating evidences suggesting that environmental effects experienced by an organism during its lifetime can have marked influences on its phenotype, and additionally the organism can pass on the acquired phenotypes to its subsequent generations through non-genetic mechanisms (also termed as epigenetic mechanism) - a notion that dates back to Lamarck and has been controversial ever since. In this review, we describe how the epigenetics has reshaped our long perception about the inheritance/development of phenotypes within organisms, contrasting with the classical gene-based view of inheritance. We particularly highlighted recent developments in our understanding of inheritance of parental environmental induced phenotypic traits in multicellular organisms under different environmental conditions, and discuss how modifications of the epigenome contribute to the determination of the adult phenotype of future generations. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Norouzitallab, Parisa and Baruah, Kartik and Vanrompay, Daisy and Bossier, Peter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: Amsterdam
Publisher: Elsevier
WOS:000447090400129},
	keywords = {genome, gene, prenatal exposure, bisphenol-a, Environmental cues, Epigenetic inheritance, germ-cell, histone modification patterns, intragenic dna methylation, parthenogenetic artemia, Phenotypic traits, small rnas, Trans-generational, transgenerational inheritance},
	pages = {1281--1293}
}

@article{garcia-roaTemperatureModulatorSexual2020,
	title = {Temperature as a modulator of sexual selection},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {1464-7931},
	doi = {10.1111/brv.12632},
	abstract = {A central question in ecology and evolution is to understand why sexual selection varies so much in strength across taxa; it has long been known that ecological factors are crucial to this. Temperature is a particularly salient abiotic ecological factor that modulates a wide range of physiological, morphological and behavioural traits, impacting individuals and populations at a global taxonomic scale. Furthermore, temperature exhibits substantial temporal variation (e.g. daily, seasonally and inter-seasonally), and hence for most species in the wild sexual selection will regularly unfold in a dynamic thermal environment. Unfortunately, studies have so far almost completely neglected the role of temperature as a modulator of sexual selection. Here, we outline the main pathways through which temperature can affect the intensity and form (i.e. mechanisms) of sexual selection,via: (i) direct effects on secondary sexual traits and preferences (i.e. trait variance, opportunity for selection and trait-fitness covariance), and (ii) indirect effects on key mating parameters, sex-specific reproductive costs/benefits, trade-offs, demography and correlated abiotic factors. Building upon this framework, we show that, by focusing exclusively on the first-order effects that environmental temperature has on traits linked with individual fitness and population viability, current global warming studies may be ignoring eco-evolutionary feedbacks mediated by sexual selection. Finally, we tested the general prediction that temperature modulates sexual selection by conducting a meta-analysis of available studies experimentally manipulating temperature and reporting effects on the variance of male/female reproductive success and/or traits under sexual selection. Our results show a clear association between temperature and sexual selection measures in both sexes. In short, we suggest that studying the feedback between temperature and sexual selection processes may be vital to developing a better understanding of variation in the strength of sexual selection in nature, and its consequences for population viability in response to environmental change (e.g. global warming).},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Garcia-Roa, Roberto and Garcia-Gonzalez, Francisco and Noble, Daniel W. A. and Carazo, Pau},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000550400000001},
	keywords = {sexual selection, sexual conflict, evolutionary ecology, phenotypic plasticity, meta-analysis, mating system, population viability, temperature, female resistance, developmental plasticity, antagonistic   coevolution, genetic-variation, body-size, climate-change, male harm, rapid environmental   change},
	pages = {1607--1629},
	file = {Full Text:files/8024/Garcia-Roa et al. - 2020 - Temperature as a modulator of sexual selection.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{svenssonSelectionPhenotypicPlasticity2020,
	title = {Selection on phenotypic plasticity favors thermal canalization},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.2012454117},
	abstract = {Climate change affects organisms worldwide with profound ecological and evolutionary consequences, often increasing population extinction risk. Climatic factors can increase the strength, variability, or direction of natural selection on phenotypic traits, potentially driving adaptive evolution. Phenotypic plasticity in relation to temperature can allow organisms to maintain fitness in response to increasing temperatures, thereby "buying time" for subsequent genetic adaptation and promoting evolutionary rescue. Although many studies have shown that organisms respond plastically to increasing temperatures, it is unclear if such thermal plasticity is adaptive. Moreover, we know little about how natural and sexual selection operate on thermal reaction norms, reflecting such plasticity. Here, we investigate how natural and sexual selection shape phenotypic plasticity in two congeneric and phenotypically similar sympatric insect species. We show that the thermal optima for longevity and mating success differ, suggesting temperature-dependent trade-offs between survival and reproduction in both sexes. Males in these species have similar thermal reaction norm slopes but have diverged in baseline body temperature (intercepts), being higher for the more northern species. Natural selection favored reduced thermal reaction norm slopes at high ambient temperatures, suggesting that the current level of thermal plasticity is maladaptive in the context of anthropogenic climate change and that selection now promotes thermal canalization and robustness. Our results show that ectothermic animals also at high latitudes can suffer from overheating and challenge the common view of phenotypic plasticity as being beneficial in harsh and novel environments.},
	language = {English},
	number = {47},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Svensson, Erik and Gomez-Llano, Miguel and Waller, John T.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Place: Washington
Publisher: Natl Acad Sciences
WOS:000593986600023},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, fecundity, canalization, oviposition, phenotypic plasticity, population divergence, natural-selection, insects, drosophila, climate-change, limits, temperature   adaptations, thermal   adaptation},
	pages = {29767--29774},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/8026/Svensson et al. - 2020 - Selection on phenotypic plasticity favors thermal .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{iglesias-carrascoExperimentalTestBody2019,
	title = {An experimental test for body size-dependent effects of male harassment and an elevated copulation rate on female lifetime fecundity and offspring performance},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.13526},
	abstract = {Many studies investigate the benefits of polyandry, but repeated interactions with males can lower female reproductive success. Interacting with males might even decrease offspring performance if it reduces a female's ability to transfer maternal resources. Male presence can be detrimental for females in two ways: by forcing females to mate at a higher rate and through costs associated with resisting male mating attempts. Teasing apart the relative costs of elevated mating rates from those of greater male harassment is critical to understand the evolution of mating strategies. Furthermore, it is important to test whether a male's phenotype, notably body size, has differential effects on female reproductive success versus the performance of offspring, and whether this is due to male body size affecting the costs of harassment or the actual mating rate. In the eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, males vary greatly in body size and continually attempt to inseminate females. We experimentally manipulated male presence (i.e., harassment), male body size and whether males could copulate. Exposure to males had strong detrimental effects on female reproductive output, growth and immune response, independent of male size or whether males could copulate. In contrast, there was a little evidence of a cross-generational effect of male harassment or mating rate on offspring performance. Our results suggest that females housed with males pay direct costs due to reduced condition and offspring production and that these costs are not a consequence of increased mating rates. Furthermore, exposure to males does not affect offspring reproductive traits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider and Fox, Rebecca J. and Vega-Trejo, Regina and Jennions, Michael D. and Head, Megan L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000486914500001},
	keywords = {mate choice, fitness, body size, sexual conflict, costs, mating success, male competition, harassment, sexual-harassment, natural-populations, cross-generational effects, egg-production, Gambusia holbrooki, mosquitofish gambusia-holbrooki, western   mosquitofish},
	pages = {1262--1273},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/8028/Iglesias-Carrasco et al. - 2019 - An experimental test for body size-dependent effec.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{iglesias-carrascoExperimentalTestBody2019a,
	title = {An experimental test for body size-dependent effects of male harassment and an elevated copulation rate on female lifetime fecundity and offspring performance},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.13526},
	abstract = {Many studies investigate the benefits of polyandry, but repeated interactions with males can lower female reproductive success. Interacting with males might even decrease offspring performance if it reduces a female's ability to transfer maternal resources. Male presence can be detrimental for females in two ways: by forcing females to mate at a higher rate and through costs associated with resisting male mating attempts. Teasing apart the relative costs of elevated mating rates from those of greater male harassment is critical to understand the evolution of mating strategies. Furthermore, it is important to test whether a male's phenotype, notably body size, has differential effects on female reproductive success versus the performance of offspring, and whether this is due to male body size affecting the costs of harassment or the actual mating rate. In the eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, males vary greatly in body size and continually attempt to inseminate females. We experimentally manipulated male presence (i.e., harassment), male body size and whether males could copulate. Exposure to males had strong detrimental effects on female reproductive output, growth and immune response, independent of male size or whether males could copulate. In contrast, there was a little evidence of a cross-generational effect of male harassment or mating rate on offspring performance. Our results suggest that females housed with males pay direct costs due to reduced condition and offspring production and that these costs are not a consequence of increased mating rates. Furthermore, exposure to males does not affect offspring reproductive traits.},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider and Fox, Rebecca J. and Vega-Trejo, Regina and Jennions, Michael D. and Head, Megan L.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000486914500001},
	keywords = {mate choice, fitness, body size, sexual conflict, costs, mating success, male competition, harassment, sexual-harassment, natural-populations, cross-generational effects, egg-production, Gambusia holbrooki, mosquitofish gambusia-holbrooki, western   mosquitofish},
	pages = {1262--1273},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/8030/Iglesias-Carrasco et al. - 2019 - An experimental test for body size-dependent effec.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wellsDevelopmentalPlasticityAdaptation2019a,
	title = {Developmental plasticity as adaptation: adjusting to the external environment under the imprint of maternal capital},
	volume = {374},
	issn = {0962-8436},
	shorttitle = {Developmental plasticity as adaptation},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0122},
	abstract = {Plasticity is assumed to enable beneficial adjustment to the environment. In this context, developmental plasticity is generally approached within a two-stage framework, whereby adjustments to ecological cues in stage 1 are exposed to selection in stage 2. This conceptual approach may have limitations, because in species providing parental investment, particularly placental mammals such as humans, initial adjustments are not to the environment directly, but rather to the niche generated by parental phenotype (in mammals, primarily that of the mother). Only as maternal investment is withdrawn is the developing organism exposed directly to prevailing ecological conditions. A three-stage model may therefore be preferable, where developmental trajectory first adjusts to maternal investment, then to the external environment. Each offspring experiences a trade-off, benefitting from maternal investment during the most vulnerable stages of development, at the cost of exposure to investment strategies that maximize maternal fitness. Maternal life-history trade-offs impact the magnitude and schedule of her investment in her offspring, generating lifelong effects on traits related to health outcomes. Understanding the imprint of maternal capital on offspring is particularly important in species demonstrating social hierarchy. Interventions targeting maternal capital might offer new opportunities to improve health outcomes of both mother and offspring. This article is part of the theme issue 'Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine'.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1770},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	author = {Wells, Jonathan C. K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: London
Publisher: Royal Soc
WOS:000460487000013},
	keywords = {life-history, reproduction, adaptation, parental investment, life-history theory, exposure, developmental plasticity, birth, body-composition, consequences, early growth, famine, origins, parent-offspring conflict, thrifty phenotype},
	pages = {20180122},
	file = {Full Text:files/8032/Wells - 2019 - Developmental plasticity as adaptation adjusting .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{foxDisentanglingCostsMale2019a,
	title = {Disentangling the costs of male harassment and the benefits of polyandry for females},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arz024},
	abstract = {Many studies quantify how polyandry affects female fitness by allowing females to either mate with one or several males. But even if the number of matings is standardized, such studies conflate any costs of interacting with males with the potential benefits of receiving sperm from several males, obscuring the benefits of polyandry. We conducted a 2x2 factorial experiment on the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki to quantify the independent effects of male harassment and polyandry. We artificially inseminated virgin females with sperm from either 1 or 5 males (monandry vs. polyandry). Females were then housed in the presence or absence of reproductively ablated males who could harass, but not mate with them. Our design ensured that the number of males inseminating a female was independent of the level of male harassment and the number of matings she received. Females who were not housed with males were instead housed with immature females to maintain densities constant across treatments. Unexpectedly, females that experienced sexual harassment were more likely to give birth, had shorter gestation periods and gave birth to larger broods. Furthermore, polyandrous females were more likely than monandrous females to give birth. Polyandrous females' sons also reached maturity faster than those of monandrous females. We therefore found no detectable costs to females producing their first brood of being harassed by males when the direct costs of mating were absent. We also showed that, in the absence of mating costs, there are direct and indirect fitness benefits of being inseminated by multiple males. If the costs of the act of mating are small or absent, polyandry will benefit female G. holbrooki producing their first brood. Why would a female mate with multiple males when a single male's ejaculate can fertilize her eggs? Apotential benefit is the opportunity to bias paternity and improve offspring fitness, but polyandry comes at the cost of increased sexual harassment. Few experimental studies separately quantify these 2 effects. We disentangled them in mosquitofish and found that there were no short-term costs to females of being sexually harassed, while polyandry increased birth rates and yielded sons that matured faster.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Fox, Rebecca J. and Head, Megan L. and Jennions, Michael D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: Cary
Publisher: Oxford Univ Press Inc
WOS:000473761300037},
	keywords = {mate choice, reproductive success, male body-size, sexual conflict, fitness consequences, postcopulatory sexual selection, Poeciliidae, coercive mating, sperm   competition, water strider, convenience polyandry, Gambusia holbrooki, maternal   effects, mosquitofish   gambusia-holbrooki, multiple   paternity, western mosquitofish},
	pages = {872--881}
}

@article{foxDisentanglingCostsMale2019b,
	title = {Disentangling the costs of male harassment and the benefits of polyandry for females},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1045-2249},
	doi = {10.1093/beheco/arz024},
	abstract = {Many studies quantify how polyandry affects female fitness by allowing females to either mate with one or several males. But even if the number of matings is standardized, such studies conflate any costs of interacting with males with the potential benefits of receiving sperm from several males, obscuring the benefits of polyandry. We conducted a 2x2 factorial experiment on the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki to quantify the independent effects of male harassment and polyandry. We artificially inseminated virgin females with sperm from either 1 or 5 males (monandry vs. polyandry). Females were then housed in the presence or absence of reproductively ablated males who could harass, but not mate with them. Our design ensured that the number of males inseminating a female was independent of the level of male harassment and the number of matings she received. Females who were not housed with males were instead housed with immature females to maintain densities constant across treatments. Unexpectedly, females that experienced sexual harassment were more likely to give birth, had shorter gestation periods and gave birth to larger broods. Furthermore, polyandrous females were more likely than monandrous females to give birth. Polyandrous females' sons also reached maturity faster than those of monandrous females. We therefore found no detectable costs to females producing their first brood of being harassed by males when the direct costs of mating were absent. We also showed that, in the absence of mating costs, there are direct and indirect fitness benefits of being inseminated by multiple males. If the costs of the act of mating are small or absent, polyandry will benefit female G. holbrooki producing their first brood. Why would a female mate with multiple males when a single male's ejaculate can fertilize her eggs? Apotential benefit is the opportunity to bias paternity and improve offspring fitness, but polyandry comes at the cost of increased sexual harassment. Few experimental studies separately quantify these 2 effects. We disentangled them in mosquitofish and found that there were no short-term costs to females of being sexually harassed, while polyandry increased birth rates and yielded sons that matured faster.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
	author = {Fox, Rebecca J. and Head, Megan L. and Jennions, Michael D.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: Cary
Publisher: Oxford Univ Press Inc
WOS:000473761300037},
	keywords = {mate choice, reproductive success, male body-size, sexual conflict, fitness consequences, postcopulatory sexual selection, Poeciliidae, coercive mating, sperm   competition, water strider, convenience polyandry, Gambusia holbrooki, maternal   effects, mosquitofish   gambusia-holbrooki, multiple   paternity, western mosquitofish},
	pages = {872--881}
}

@article{vega-trejoWhatHappensOffspring2018,
	title = {What happens to offspring when parents are inbred, old or had a poor start in life? {Evidence} for sex-specific parental effects},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	shorttitle = {What happens to offspring when parents are inbred, old or had a poor start in life?},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.13292},
	abstract = {Parental effects on offspring performance have been attributed to many factors such as parental age, size and condition. However, we know little about how these different parental characteristics interact to determine parental effects, or the extent to which their effect on offspring depends on either the sex of the parent or that of the offspring. Here we experimentally tested for effects of variation in parents' early diet and inbreeding levels, as well as effects of parental age, and for potential interactive effects of these three factors on key aspects of offspring development in the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Older mothers produced offspring that were significantly smaller at birth. This negative effect of maternal age on offspring size was still evident at maturation as older mothers had smaller daughters, but not smaller sons. The daughters of older mothers did, however, reach maturity sooner. Paternal age did not affect offspring body size, but it had a complex effect on their sons' relative genital size. When initially raised on a food-restricted diet, older fathers sired sons with relatively smaller genitalia, but when fathers were initially raised on a control diet their sons had relatively larger genitalia. The inbreeding status of mothers and fathers had no significant effects on any of the measured offspring traits. Our results indicate that the manifestation of parental effects can be complex. It can vary with both parent and offspring sex; can change over an offspring's life; and is sometimes evident as an interaction between different parental traits. Understanding this complexity will be important to predict the role of parental effects in adaptation.},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Vega-Trejo, Regina and Kruuk, Loeske E. B. and Jennions, Michael D. and Head, Megan L.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000440653200005},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, fitness, reproductive success, zebra finch, male body-size, maternal effects, inbreeding, inbreeding depression, mosquitofish, paternal effects, mosquitofish gambusia-holbrooki, age since maturity, catch-up growth, early diet, maternal age},
	pages = {1138--1151},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/8036/Vega-Trejo et al. - 2018 - What happens to offspring when parents are inbred,.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{iglesias-carrascoFitnessCostFemales2018a,
	title = {The fitness cost to females of exposure to males does not depend on water availability in seed beetles},
	volume = {142},
	issn = {0003-3472},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.06.006},
	abstract = {Access to multiple males can benefit a female in terms of increased fecundity and/or offspring performance. However, the presence of more males can also impose costs on females that arise from an elevated mating rate (e.g. due to increased genital damage, loss of feeding opportunities) and/or increased harassment. Different environments might influence the relative magnitude of these costs and benefits, because they can influence how often males and females encounter each other as well as the nature of these encounters. In the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, water is a limiting resource for females that can be obtained from male ejaculates. Here we explored whether the net fitness of female seed beetles is affected by breeding in either a dry or a wet environment when housed with differing numbers of males (none, one or four). Consistent with costly male harassment, females housed with four males laid significantly fewer eggs than those housed alone or with a single male, but there was no effect of the number of males on female egg-laying rate, life span, larval development rate or egg-adult survival of offspring. Although females in the wet environment lived significantly longer, there was only tentative evidence that water availability affected the net fitness cost to females of being exposed to more males. We conclude that to understand the evolution of mating systems it is important to explore how the environment affects female fitness by balancing the costs and benefits of being exposed to males. (C) 2018 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider and Bilgin, Gizem and Jennions, Michael D. and Head, Megan L.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Place: London
Publisher: Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd
WOS:000441515500008},
	keywords = {choice, fitness, polyandry, conflict, callosobruchus-maculatus coleoptera, sexual-harassment, copulation, costs of mating, maternal age, Callosobruchus maculatus, early death, genital damage, male size, mates, sexual   harassment},
	pages = {77--84},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/8038/Iglesias-Carrasco et al. - 2018 - The fitness cost to females of exposure to males d.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mccawEpigeneticResponsesTemperature2020,
	title = {Epigenetic {Responses} to {Temperature} and {Climate}},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1540-7063},
	doi = {10.1093/icb/icaa049},
	abstract = {Epigenetics represents a widely accepted set of mechanisms by which organisms respond to the environment by regulating phenotypic plasticity and life history transitions. Understanding the effects of environmental control on phenotypes and fitness, via epigenetic mechanisms, is essential for understanding the ability of organisms to rapidly adapt to environmental change. This review highlights the significance of environmental temperature on epigenetic control of phenotypic variation, with the aim of furthering our understanding of how epigenetics might help or hinder species' adaptation to climate change. It outlines how epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone/chromatin modification, (1) respond to temperature and regulate thermal stress responses in different kingdoms of life, (2) regulate temperature-dependent expression of key developmental processes, sex determination, and seasonal phenotypes, (3) facilitate transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of thermal adaptation, (4) adapt populations to local and global climate gradients, and finally (5) facilitate in biological invasions across climate regions. Although the evidence points towards a conserved role of epigenetics in responding to temperature change, there appears to be an element of temperature- and species-specificity in the specific effects of temperature change on epigenetic modifications and resulting phenotypic responses. The review identifies areas of future research in epigenetic responses to environmental temperature change.},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
	author = {McCaw, Beth A. and Stevenson, Tyler J. and Lancaster, Lesley T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Place: Cary
Publisher: Oxford Univ Press Inc
WOS:000606706200013},
	keywords = {plasticity, genome, histone modifications, incubation-temperature, transgenerational inheritance, coleoptera, demethylation, dna methylation variation, expression, vernalization},
	pages = {1469--1480}
}

@article{sanchez-tojarJuryStillOut2020,
	title = {The jury is still out regarding the generality of adaptive 'transgenerational' effects},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.13479},
	abstract = {A recent meta-analysis concluded, 'transgenerational effects are widespread, strong and persistent'. We identify biases in the literature search, data and analyses, questioning that conclusion. Re-analyses indicate few studies actually tested transgenerational effects - making it challenging to disentangle condition-transfer from anticipatory parental effects, and providing little insight into the underlying mechanisms.},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Sanchez-Tojar, Alfredo and Lagisz, Malgorzata and Moran, Nicholas P. and Nakagawa, Shinichi and Noble, Daniel W. A. and Reinhold, Klaus},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000562447200001},
	keywords = {plasticity, maternal effects, paternal effects, parental effects, transgenerational plasticity, information, anticipatory effects, carry-over effects, condition-transfer effects, defenses, intergenerational effects, parental   programming},
	pages = {1715--1718},
	file = {Full Text:files/8041/Sanchez-Tojar et al. - 2020 - The jury is still out regarding the generality of .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yinTransgenerationalEffectsBenefit2019a,
	title = {Transgenerational effects benefit offspring across diverse environments: a meta-analysis in plants and animals},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1461-023X},
	shorttitle = {Transgenerational effects benefit offspring across diverse environments},
	doi = {10.1111/ele.13373},
	abstract = {The adaptive value of transgenerational effects (the ancestor environmental effects on offspring) in changing environments has received much attention in recent years, but the related empirical evidence remains equivocal. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis summarising 139 experimental studies in plants and animals with 1170 effect sizes to investigate the generality of transgenerational effects across taxa, traits, and environmental contexts. It was found that transgenerational effects generally enhanced offspring performance in response to both stressful and benign conditions. The strongest effects are in annual plants and invertebrates, whereas vertebrates appear to benefit mostly under benign conditions, and perennial plants show hardly any transgenerational responses at all. These differences among taxonomic/life-history groups possibly reflect that vertebrates can avoid stressful conditions through their mobility, and longer-lived plants have alternative strategies. In addition to environmental contexts and taxonomic/life-history groups, transgenerational effects also varied among traits and developmental stages of ancestors and offspring, but the effects were similarly strong across three generations of offspring. By way of a more comprehensive data set and a different effect size, our results differ from those of a recent meta-analysis, suggesting that transgenerational effects are widespread, strong and persistent and can substantially impact the responses of plants and animals to changing environments.},
	language = {English},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	author = {Yin, Junjie and Zhou, Ming and Lin, Zeru and Li, Qingshun Q. and Zhang, Yuan-Ye},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000482854400001},
	keywords = {evolution, plasticity, meta-analysis, adaptation, epigenetics, phenotypes, terrestrial, tolerance, integration, parental effect, dispersal, Fluctuating environment, inheritance, transgenerational effect},
	pages = {1976--1986}
}

@article{franciscoperezIntergenerationalTransgenerationalEpigenetic2019,
	title = {Intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in animals},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1465-7392},
	doi = {10.1038/s41556-018-0242-9},
	abstract = {Animals transmit not only DNA but also other molecules, such as RNA, proteins and metabolites, to their progeny via gametes. It is currently unclear to what extent these molecules convey information between generations and whether this information changes according to their physiological state and environment. Here, we review recent work on the molecular mechanisms by which 'epigenetic' information is transmitted between generations over different timescales, and the importance of this information for development and physiology.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Nature Cell Biology},
	author = {Francisco Perez, Marcos and Lehner, Ben},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Place: London
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
WOS:000457468300008},
	keywords = {drosophila-melanogaster, antiviral rna interference, c. elegans, chromatin state, dna methylation, double-stranded-rna, exposure   alters, germ-cell   immortality, glucose-intolerance, in-utero undernutrition},
	pages = {143--151},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/8044/Francisco Perez and Lehner - 2019 - Intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vega-trejoWhatHappensOffspring2018a,
	title = {What happens to offspring when parents are inbred, old or had a poor start in life? {Evidence} for sex-specific parental effects},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1010-061X},
	shorttitle = {What happens to offspring when parents are inbred, old or had a poor start in life?},
	doi = {10.1111/jeb.13292},
	abstract = {Parental effects on offspring performance have been attributed to many factors such as parental age, size and condition. However, we know little about how these different parental characteristics interact to determine parental effects, or the extent to which their effect on offspring depends on either the sex of the parent or that of the offspring. Here we experimentally tested for effects of variation in parents' early diet and inbreeding levels, as well as effects of parental age, and for potential interactive effects of these three factors on key aspects of offspring development in the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Older mothers produced offspring that were significantly smaller at birth. This negative effect of maternal age on offspring size was still evident at maturation as older mothers had smaller daughters, but not smaller sons. The daughters of older mothers did, however, reach maturity sooner. Paternal age did not affect offspring body size, but it had a complex effect on their sons' relative genital size. When initially raised on a food-restricted diet, older fathers sired sons with relatively smaller genitalia, but when fathers were initially raised on a control diet their sons had relatively larger genitalia. The inbreeding status of mothers and fathers had no significant effects on any of the measured offspring traits. Our results indicate that the manifestation of parental effects can be complex. It can vary with both parent and offspring sex; can change over an offspring's life; and is sometimes evident as an interaction between different parental traits. Understanding this complexity will be important to predict the role of parental effects in adaptation.},
	language = {English},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
	author = {Vega-Trejo, Regina and Kruuk, Loeske E. B. and Jennions, Michael D. and Head, Megan L.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000440653200005},
	keywords = {evolution, selection, fitness, reproductive success, zebra finch, male body-size, maternal effects, inbreeding, inbreeding depression, mosquitofish, paternal effects, mosquitofish gambusia-holbrooki, age since maturity, catch-up growth, early diet, maternal age},
	pages = {1138--1151},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/8046/Vega-Trejo et al. - 2018 - What happens to offspring when parents are inbred,.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{langeFunctionsDiversityEvolution2013,
	title = {Functions, diversity, and evolution of traumatic mating},
	volume = {88},
	issn = {1464-7931},
	doi = {10.1111/brv.12018},
	abstract = {Copulation can involve the wounding of the mating partner by specialised devices. This type of mating, which we term traumatic mating, has been regarded as exceptional. Its prevalence, however, has not been compared across taxa, nor have its functions and putative evolutionary pathways. A categorisation has been lacking to date. We here show that traumatic mating is a widespread and diverse phenomenon that likely evolved via several pathways. Its putative functions include: (i) anchorage during mating; (ii) stimulation of short-term female reproductive investment; (iii) male paternity advantages; and (iv) enhanced fertilisation efficiency in transitions to internal fertilisation. Both natural and sexual selection have likely contributed to the parallel evolution of traumatic intromittent organs in phylogenetically distant taxa. These organs are sometimes remarkably similar in shape and often, but not always, inject sperm. The target sites of trauma infliction and the nature of secretions delivered alongside sperm are thus far poorly studied, but data on both are needed to elucidate the function of traumatic mating. The few existing studies that explicitly quantify fitness impacts of traumatic mating indicate that this strategy may often be costly to the party being wounded. However, a comprehensive approach to assess overall investments and returns for both sexes is a major target for future work. Finally, for the first time, we corroborate quantitatively the hypothesis that traumatic mating evolved relatively more often among hermaphroditic than among gonochoric taxa.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Lange, Rolanda and Reinhardt, Klaus and Michiels, Nico K. and Anthes, Nils},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Place: Hoboken
Publisher: Wiley
WOS:000328952600006},
	keywords = {sexual selection, polyandry, sexual conflict, sperm competition, simultaneous hermaphrodite, bed bug, genital   organs, genital wounding, hypodermic impregnation, hypodermic injection, lucilia-cuprina females, mating   costs, penile spines, penile stylets, reproductive-behavior, seminal fluid proteins, snail helix-aspersa, traumatic insemination},
	pages = {585--601}
}

@article{hoskenMonogamyBattleSexes2009a,
	title = {Monogamy and the {Battle} of the {Sexes}},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0066-4170},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090608},
	abstract = {Sexual conflict has been suggested to be important in the evolution of reproductive traits, with much recent theoretical and empirical evidence emphasizing its role in generating sexually antagonistic coevolution in the context of promiscuous mating. Here we shift attention to the role of sexual Conflict in a monogamous mating context. Conflicts call arise, for example, when males are successful in imposing monandry at a cost to female Fitness, or when females impose monogyny on males. Conflict over remating can also generate monogamy For example, when males invest heavily in attempting to impose female monandry, the cost of their investment may prevent them from securing additional mates. We emphasize that sexual conflicts need not always generate sexually antagonistic coevolution, and that it is important to consider whether mating decisions are controlled primarily by males or females. Finally, we briefly discuss approaches to distinguish between conflict and classical modes of sexual selection, as this highlights difficulties associated with deciding whether monogamy is enforced by one sex or the other. We suggest that documenting the Current fitness consequences of mate choice and mating patterns provides insight into the relative importance of classic and conflict modes of selection.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	author = {Hosken, D. J. and Stockley, P. and Tregenza, T. and Wedell, N.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Place: Palo Alto
Publisher: Annual Reviews
WOS:000262482300020},
	keywords = {sexual selection, evolution, female mate choice, sexual conflict, sperm competition, drosophila-melanogaster, conflict, sexual antagonism, traumatic insemination, away sexual selection, male   sacrifice, mating plug, sepsis-cynipsea},
	pages = {361--378},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/8049/Hosken et al. - 2009 - Monogamy and the Battle of the Sexes.pdf:application/pdf}
}
