<html lang="en">

  <head>
    <title>Charting brain growth and aging at high spatial precision</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <link href="https://unpkg.com/@stencila/thema@2/dist/themes/elife/styles.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/@stencila/thema@2/dist/themes/elife/index.js"
      type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script
      src="https://unpkg.com/@stencila/components@&lt;=1/dist/stencila-components/stencila-components.esm.js"
      type="module"></script>
    <script
      src="https://unpkg.com/@stencila/components@&lt;=1/dist/stencila-components/stencila-components.js"
      type="text/javascript" nomodule=""></script>
  </head>

  <body>
    <main role="main">
      <article itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" data-itemscope="root">
        <h1 itemprop="headline">Charting brain growth and aging at high spatial precision</h1>
        <meta itemprop="image"
          content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Charting%20brain%20growth%20and%20aging%20at%20high%20spatial%20precision">
        <ol data-itemprop="authors">
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Saige Rutherford"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Saige</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Rutherford</span></span><span data-itemprop="emails"><a
                itemprop="email"
                href="mailto:saige.rutherford@donders.ru.nl">saige.rutherford@donders.ru.nl</a></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-2">2</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Charlotte Fraza"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Charlotte</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Fraza</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Richard Dinga"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Richard</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Dinga</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Seyed Mostafa Kia"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Seyed</span><span
                itemprop="givenName">Mostafa</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Kia</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-3">3</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Thomas Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Thomas</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-4">4</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-4">4</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Mariam Zabihi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Mariam</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Zabihi</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Pierre Berthet"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Pierre</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Berthet</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-4">4</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-4">4</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Amanda Worker"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Amanda</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Worker</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-5">5</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Serena Verdi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Serena</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Verdi</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-5">5</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-5">5</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Derek Andrews"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Derek</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Andrews</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-6">6</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Laura KM Han"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Laura</span><span itemprop="givenName">KM</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Han</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-7">7</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-7">7</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Johanna MM Bayer"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Johanna</span><span itemprop="givenName">MM</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Bayer</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-8">8</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-8">8</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Paola Dazzan"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Paola</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Dazzan</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-5">5</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-5">5</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Phillip McGuire"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Phillip</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">McGuire</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-5">5</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Roel T Mocking"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Roel</span><span itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Mocking</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-7">7</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Aart Schene"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Aart</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Schene</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Chandra Sripada"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Chandra</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Sripada</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-2">2</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Ivy F Tso"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Ivy</span><span itemprop="givenName">F</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Tso</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-2">2</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Elizabeth R Duval"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Elizabeth</span><span itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Duval</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-2">2</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Soo-Eun Chang"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Soo-Eun</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Chang</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-2">2</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Brenda WJH Penninx"><span
              data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">Brenda</span><span
                itemprop="givenName">WJH</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Penninx</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-7">7</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-7">7</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Mary M Heitzeg"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Mary</span><span itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Heitzeg</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-2">2</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="S Alexandra Burt"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">S</span><span itemprop="givenName">Alexandra</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Burt</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-9">9</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Luke W Hyde"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Luke</span><span itemprop="givenName">W</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Hyde</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-2">2</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="David Amaral"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">David</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Amaral</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-6">6</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Christine Wu Nordahl"><span
              data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">Christine</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Wu</span><span
                itemprop="familyName">Nordahl</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-6">6</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Ole A Andreasssen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Ole</span><span itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Andreasssen</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-4">4</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-4">4</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Lars T Westlye"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Lars</span><span itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Westlye</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-4">4</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-4">4</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-4">4</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Roland Zahn"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Roland</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                itemprop="familyName">Zahn</span></span><span data-itemprop="affiliations"><a
                itemprop="affiliation" href="#author-organization-5">5</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Henricus G Ruhe"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Henricus</span><span itemprop="givenName">G</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Ruhe</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Christian Beckmann"><span
              data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">Christian</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-10">10</a></span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
            <meta itemprop="name" content="Andre F Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                itemprop="givenName">Andre</span><span itemprop="givenName">F</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span><span
              data-itemprop="affiliations"><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a><a itemprop="affiliation"
                href="#author-organization-1">1</a></span>
          </li>
        </ol>
        <ol data-itemprop="affiliations">
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-1"
            id="author-organization-1"><span itemprop="name">Nijmegen</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">Netherlands</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-2"
            id="author-organization-2"><span itemprop="name">Ann Arbor</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">United States</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-3"
            id="author-organization-3"><span itemprop="name">Utrecht</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">Netherlands</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-4"
            id="author-organization-4"><span itemprop="name">Oslo</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">Norway</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-5"
            id="author-organization-5"><span itemprop="name">London</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">United Kingdom</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-6"
            id="author-organization-6"><span itemprop="name">Sacramento</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">United States</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-7"
            id="author-organization-7"><span itemprop="name">Amsterdam</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">Netherlands</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-8"
            id="author-organization-8"><span itemprop="name">Melbourne</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">Australia</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#author-organization-9"
            id="author-organization-9"><span itemprop="name">East Lansing</span><address
              itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">United States</span></address></li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"
            itemid="#author-organization-10" id="author-organization-10"><span
              itemprop="name">Oxford</span><address itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/PostalAddress" itemprop="address"><span
                itemprop="addressCountry">United Kingdom</span></address></li>
        </ol><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
          <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
            <meta itemprop="url"
              content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
          </span>
        </span><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2022-02-01">2022-02-01</time>
        <ul data-itemprop="genre">
          <li itemprop="genre">Short Report</li>
        </ul>
        <ul data-itemprop="about">
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/DefinedTerm" itemprop="about"><span
              itemprop="name">Neuroscience</span></li>
        </ul>
        <ul data-itemprop="keywords">
          <li itemprop="keywords">normative model</li>
          <li itemprop="keywords">lifespan</li>
          <li itemprop="keywords">growth chart</li>
          <li itemprop="keywords">brain chart</li>
          <li itemprop="keywords">big data</li>
          <li itemprop="keywords">individual prediction</li>
          <li itemprop="keywords">Human</li>
        </ul>
        <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
            <meta itemprop="propertyID"
              content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/publisher-id"><span
              itemprop="name">publisher-id</span><span itemprop="value"
              data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">72904</span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
            <meta itemprop="propertyID" content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi">
            <span itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.7554/eLife.72904</span>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
            <meta itemprop="propertyID"
              content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/elocation-id"><span
              itemprop="name">elocation-id</span><span itemprop="value">e72904</span>
          </li>
        </ul>
        <section data-itemprop="description">
          <h2 data-itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading">Abstract</h2>
          <meta itemprop="description"
            content="Defining reference models for population variation, and the ability to study individual deviations is essential for understanding inter-individual variability and its relation to the onset and progression of medical conditions. In this work, we assembled a reference cohort of neuroimaging data from 82 sites (N=58,836; ages 2–100) and used normative modeling to characterize lifespan trajectories of cortical thickness and subcortical volume. Models are validated against a manually quality checked subset (N=24,354) and we provide an interface for transferring to new data sources. We showcase the clinical value by applying the models to a transdiagnostic psychiatric sample (N=1985), showing they can be used to quantify variability underlying multiple disorders whilst also refining case-control inferences. These models will be augmented with additional samples and imaging modalities as they become available. This provides a common reference platform to bind results from different studies and ultimately paves the way for personalized clinical decision-making.">
          <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Defining reference models for
            population variation, and the ability to study individual deviations is essential for
            understanding inter-individual variability and its relation to the onset and progression
            of medical conditions. In this work, we assembled a reference cohort of neuroimaging
            data from 82 sites (N=58,836; ages 2–100) and used normative modeling to characterize
            lifespan trajectories of cortical thickness and subcortical volume. Models are validated
            against a manually quality checked subset (N=24,354) and we provide an interface for
            transferring to new data sources. We showcase the clinical value by applying the models
            to a transdiagnostic psychiatric sample (N=1985), showing they can be used to quantify
            variability underlying multiple disorders whilst also refining case-control inferences.
            These models will be augmented with additional samples and imaging modalities as they
            become available. This provides a common reference platform to bind results from
            different studies and ultimately paves the way for personalized clinical
            decision-making.</p>
        </section>
        <h2 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="introduction">Introduction
        </h2>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Since their introduction more
          than a century ago, normative growth charts have become fundamental tools in pediatric
          medicine and also in many other areas of anthropometry <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib5"><span>5</span><span>Cole</span><span>2012</span></a></cite>. They provide
          the ability to quantify individual variation against centiles of variation in a reference
          population, which shifts focus away from group-level (e.g., case-control) inferences to
          the level of the individual. This idea has been adopted and generalized in clinical
          neuroimaging, and normative modeling is now established as an effective technique for
          providing inferences at the level of the individual in neuroimaging studies <span
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib27"><span>27</span><span>Marquand
                  et al.</span><span>2016</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib28"><span>28</span><span>Marquand
                  et al.</span><span>2019</span></a></cite></span>.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Although normative modeling can
          be used to estimate many different kinds of mappings—for example between behavioral scores
          and neurobiological readouts—normative models of brain development and aging are appealing
          considering that many brain disorders are grounded in atypical trajectories of brain
          development <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib19"><span>19</span><span>Insel</span><span>2014</span></a></cite> and the
          association between cognitive decline and brain tissue in aging and neurodegenerative
          diseases <span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite
              itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
                href="#bib20"><span>20</span><span>Jack et
                  al.</span><span>2010</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib22"><span>22</span><span>Karas et
                  al.</span><span>2004</span></a></cite></span>. Indeed, normative modeling has been
          applied in many different clinical contexts, including charting the development of infants
          born pre-term <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib8"><span>8</span><span>Dimitrova et al.</span><span>2020</span></a></cite>
          and dissecting the biological heterogeneity across cohorts of individuals with different
          brain disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and
          attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib3"><span>3</span><span>Bethlehem
                  et al.</span><span>2020</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib46"><span>46</span><span>Wolfers
                  et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib47"><span>47</span><span>Zabihi
                  et al.</span><span>2019</span></a></cite></span>.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">A hurdle to the widespread
          application of normative modeling is a lack of well-defined reference models to quantify
          variability across the lifespan and to compare results from different studies. Such models
          should: (1) accurately model population variation across large samples; (2) be derived
          from widely accessible measures; (3) provide the ability to be updated as additional data
          come online, (4) be supported by easy-to-use software tools, and (5) should quantify brain
          development and aging at a high spatial resolution, so that different patterns of
          atypicality can be used to stratify cohorts and predict clinical outcomes with maximum
          spatial precision. Prior work on building normative modeling reference cohorts <cite
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib4"><span>4</span><span>Bethlehem et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite>
          has achieved some of these aims (1–4), but has modeled only global features (i.e., total
          brain volume), which is useful for quantifying brain growth but has limited utility for
          the purpose of stratifying clinical cohorts (aim 5). The purpose of this paper is to
          introduce a set of reference models that satisfy all these criteria.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">To this end, we assemble a
          large neuroimaging data set (<a href="#table1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Table 1</a>) from 58,836 individuals across 82
          scan sites covering the human lifespan (aged 2–100, <a href="#fig1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 1A</a>) and fit normative models for
          cortical thickness and subcortical volumes derived from Freesurfer (version 6.0). We show
          the clinical utility of these models in a large transdiagnostic psychiatric sample
          (N=1985, <a href="#fig2" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure
            2</a>). To maximize the utility of this contribution, we distribute model coefficients
          freely along with a <a
            href="https://github.com/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">set of software tools</a> to enable researchers
          to derive subject-level predictions for new data sets against a set of common reference
          models.</p>
        <table id="table1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Table">
          <caption><label data-itemprop="label">Table 1.</label>
            <div itemprop="caption">
              <h3 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
                id="sample-description-and-demographics">Sample description and demographics.</h3>
              <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">mQC refers to the manual
                quality checked subset of the full sample. ‘All’ rows=Train+Test. Clinical refers to
                the transdiagnostic psychiatric sample (diagnostic details in <a href="#fig2"
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 2A</a>).</p>
            </div>
          </caption>
          <thead>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <th itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></th>
              <th itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></th>
              <th itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">N (subjects)</th>
              <th itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">N (sites)</th>
              <th itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Sex (%F/%M)</th>
              <th itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Age (Mean, S.D)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Full</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">All</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">58,836</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">82</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Training set</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">29,418</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">82</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">51.1/48.9</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">46.9, 24.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"> Test set</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">29,418</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">82</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">50.9/49.1</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">46.9, 24.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">mQC</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">All</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">24,354</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">59</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"> Training set</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">12,177</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">59</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">50.2/49.8</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">30.2, 24.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Test set</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">12,177</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">59</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">50.4/49.4</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">30.1, 24.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Clinical</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Test set</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1985</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">24</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">38.9/61.1</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">30.5, 14.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableRow">
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Transfer</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">Test set</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">546</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell"><span
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">6</span></td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">44.5/55.5</td>
              <td itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/TableCell">24.8, 13.7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure" id="fig1" title="Figure 1.">
          <label data-itemprop="label">Figure 1.</label><img src="index.html.media/fig1.jpg" alt=""
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          <figcaption>
            <h3 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
              id="normative-model-overview">Normative model overview.</h3>
            <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">(<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">A</strong>) Age density distribution
              (x-axis) of each site (y-axis) in the full model train and test, clinical, and
              transfer validation set. (<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">B</strong>) Age count distribution of the
              full sample (N=58,836). (<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">C, D</strong>) Examples of lifespan
              trajectories of brain regions. Age is shown on x-axis and predicted thickness (or
              volume) values are on the y-axis. Centiles of variation are plotted for each region.
              In (<strong itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">C</strong>), we
              show that sex differences between females (red) and males (blue) are most pronounced
              when modeling large-scale features such as mean cortical thickness across the entire
              cortex or total gray matter volume. These sex differences manifest as a shift in the
              mean in that the shape of these trajectories is the same for both sexes, as determined
              by sensitivity analyses where separate normative models were estimated for each sex.
              The explained variance (in the full test set) of the whole cortex and subcortex is
              highlighted inside the circle of (<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">D</strong>). All plots within the circle
              share the same color scale. Visualizations for all ROI trajectories modeled are shared
              on GitHub for users that wish to explore regions not shown in this figure.</p>
          </figcaption>
        </figure>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="10" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Import required packages
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import joypy
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="11" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Load file containing ages and site labels
age = pd.read_csv(&#39;docs/all_age.csv&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="12" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Separate each test set into its own dataframe
age_controls_tr = age.query(&#39;test_label == &quot;controls train&quot;&#39;)
age_controls_te = age.query(&#39;test_label == &quot;controls test&quot;&#39;)
age_patients = age.query(&#39;test_label == &quot;patients&quot;&#39;)
age_transfer = age.query(&#39;test_label == &quot;transfer&quot;&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="14" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for Figure 1A (train age)
pd.set_option(&#39;display.max_rows&#39;, 500)
pd.set_option(&#39;display.max_columns&#39;, 500)
pd.set_option(&#39;display.width&#39;, 1000)
def color_gradient(x=0.0, start=(0, 0, 0), stop=(1, 1, 1)):
    r = np.interp(x, [0, 1], [start[0], stop[0]])
    g = np.interp(x, [0, 1], [start[1], stop[1]])
    b = np.interp(x, [0, 1], [start[2], stop[2]])
    return (r, g, b)
plt.figure(dpi=380)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(age_controls_tr, column=[&#39;age&#39;], overlap=1.0, by=&quot;site&quot;, ylim=&#39;own&#39;, fill=True, figsize=(5,20), legend=False, xlabels=True, ylabels=True, 
                          colormap=lambda x: color_gradient(x, start=(.08, .45, .8),stop=(.8, .34, .44)), alpha=0.6, linewidth=.5, linecolor=&#39;w&#39;, fade=True, x_range=[0,100])
plt.title(&#39;Age Distribution, Control Train Set&#39;, fontsize=18, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.rc(&quot;font&quot;, size=14)
plt.xlabel(&#39;Age&#39;, fontsize=16, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.ylabel(&#39;Site&#39;, fontsize=14, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0, 0.5, 'Site')</output></pre>
            <pre><output>&lt;Figure size 2280x1520 with 0 Axes&gt;</output></pre><img
              src="index.html.media/0" alt="" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="15" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for Figure 1A (controls test age)
plt.figure(dpi=380)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(age_controls_te, column=[&#39;age&#39;], overlap=1.0, by=&quot;site&quot;, ylim=&#39;own&#39;, fill=True, figsize=(5,20), legend=False, xlabels=True, ylabels=True, 
                          colormap=lambda x: color_gradient(x, start=(.08, .45, .8),stop=(.8, .34, .44)), alpha=0.6, linewidth=.5, linecolor=&#39;w&#39;, fade=True, x_range=[0,100])
plt.title(&#39;Age Distribution, Control Test Set&#39;, fontsize=18, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.rc(&quot;font&quot;, size=14)
plt.xlabel(&#39;Age&#39;, fontsize=16, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.ylabel(&#39;Site&#39;, fontsize=14, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0, 0.5, 'Site')</output></pre>
            <pre><output>&lt;Figure size 2280x1520 with 0 Axes&gt;</output></pre><img
              src="index.html.media/1" alt="" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="19" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for Figure 1A (patients test age)
plt.figure(dpi=380)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(age_patients, column=[&#39;age&#39;], overlap=1.0, by=&quot;site&quot;, ylim=&#39;own&#39;, fill=True, figsize=(5,10), legend=False, xlabels=True, ylabels=True, 
                          colormap=lambda x: color_gradient(x, start=(.08, .45, .8),stop=(.8, .34, .44)), alpha=0.6, linewidth=.5, linecolor=&#39;w&#39;, fade=True, x_range=[0,100])
plt.title(&#39;Age Distribution, Patients Test Set&#39;, fontsize=18, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.rc(&quot;font&quot;, size=14)
plt.xlabel(&#39;Age&#39;, fontsize=16, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.ylabel(&#39;Site&#39;, fontsize=14, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0, 0.5, 'Site')</output></pre>
            <pre><output>&lt;Figure size 2280x1520 with 0 Axes&gt;</output></pre><img
              src="index.html.media/2" alt="" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="20" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for Figure 1A (transfer test age)
plt.figure(dpi=380)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(age_transfer, column=[&#39;age&#39;], overlap=1.0, by=&quot;site&quot;, ylim=&#39;own&#39;, fill=True, figsize=(5,7), legend=False, xlabels=True, ylabels=True, 
                          colormap=lambda x: color_gradient(x, start=(.08, .45, .8),stop=(.8, .34, .44)), alpha=0.6, linewidth=.5, linecolor=&#39;w&#39;, fade=True, x_range=[0,100])
plt.title(&#39;Age Distribution, Transfer Test Set&#39;, fontsize=18, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.rc(&quot;font&quot;, size=14)
plt.xlabel(&#39;Age&#39;, fontsize=16, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.ylabel(&#39;Site&#39;, fontsize=14, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0, 0.5, 'Site')</output></pre>
            <pre><output>&lt;Figure size 2280x1520 with 0 Axes&gt;</output></pre><img
              src="index.html.media/3" alt="" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="31" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for Figure 1B
sns.set(style=&quot;whitegrid&quot;, font_scale=1.5)
sns.histplot(data=age, x=&quot;age&quot;).set_title(&#39;Full Sample Age Distribution&#39;);</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs"><img src="index.html.media/4" alt="" itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"></figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure" id="fig2" title="Figure 2.">
          <label data-itemprop="label">Figure 2.</label><img src="index.html.media/fig2.jpg" alt=""
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          <figcaption>
            <h3 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
              id="normative-modeling-in-clinical-cohorts">Normative modeling in clinical cohorts.
            </h3>
            <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Reference brain charts were
              transferred to several clinical samples (described in (<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">A</strong>)). Patterns of extreme
              deviations were summarized for each clinical group and compared to matched control
              groups (from the same sites). (<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">B</strong>) Shows extreme positive
              deviations (thicker/larger than expected) and (<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">C</strong>) shows the extreme negative
              deviation (thinner/smaller than expected) patterns. (<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">D</strong>) Shows the significant (FDR
              corrected p&lt;0.05) results of classical case-control methods (mass-univariate
              t-tests) on the true cortical thickness data (top row) and on the deviations scores
              (bottom row). There is unique information added by each approach which becomes evident
              when noticing the maps in (<strong itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">B–D</strong>) are not identical. ADHD,
              attention-deficit hyperactive disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BD, bipolar
              disorder; EP, early psychosis; FDR, false discovery rate; MDD, major depressive
              disorder; SZ, schizophrenia.</p>
          </figcaption>
        </figure>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="32" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Load in numpy arrays for extreme positive deviations. 
# There is one numpy array for each clinical group shown in Figure 2C
# There is one numpy array for each hemisphere
parcellation_adhd_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_adhd_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_adhd_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_adhd_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_adhd_hc_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_adhd_hc_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_adhd_hc_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_adhd_hc_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_asd_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_asd_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_asd_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_asd_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_asd_hc_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_asd_hc_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_asd_hc_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_asd_hc_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_bd_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_bd_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_bd_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_bd_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_bd_hc_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_bd_hc_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_bd_hc_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_bd_hc_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_ep_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_ep_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_ep_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_ep_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_ep_hc_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_ep_hc_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_ep_hc_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_ep_hc_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_mdd_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mdd_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_mdd_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mdd_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_mdd_hc_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mdd_hc_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_mdd_hc_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mdd_hc_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_sz_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_sz_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_sz_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_sz_pos_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_sz_hc_pos_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_sz_hc_pos_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_sz_hc_pos_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_sz_hc_pos_l.npy&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="34" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># import nilearn plotting tools
from nilearn import plotting</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># ADHD Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_adhd_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as ADHD) Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_adhd_hc_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># ADHD Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_adhd_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as ADHD) Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_adhd_hc_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># ASD Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_asd_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as ASD) Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_asd_hc_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># ASD Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_asd_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as ASD) Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_asd_hc_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># EP Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_ep_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as EP) Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_ep_hc_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as EP) Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_ep_hc_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># EP Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_ep_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># SZ Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_sz_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from SZ sites) Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_sz_hc_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># SZ Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_sz_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from SZ sites) Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_sz_hc_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># BD Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_bd_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as BD) Positive  Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_bd_hc_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># BD Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_bd_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as BD) Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_bd_hc_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># MDD Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_mdd_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as MDD) Positive Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_mdd_hc_pos_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># MDD Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_mdd_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as MDD) Positive Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_mdd_hc_pos_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="74" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Load in numpy arrays for extreme negative deviations. 
# There is one numpy array for each clinical group shown in Figure 2D
# There is one numpy array for each hemisphere
parcellation_adhd_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_adhd_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_adhd_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_adhd_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_adhd_hc_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_adhd_hc_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_adhd_hc_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_adhd_hc_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_asd_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_asd_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_asd_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_asd_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_asd_hc_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_asd_hc_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_asd_hc_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_asd_hc_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_bd_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_bd_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_bd_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_bd_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_bd_hc_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_bd_hc_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_bd_hc_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_bd_hc_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_ep_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_ep_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_ep_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_ep_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_ep_hc_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_ep_hc_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_ep_hc_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_ep_hc_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_mdd_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mdd_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_mdd_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mdd_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_mdd_hc_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mdd_hc_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_mdd_hc_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mdd_hc_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_sz_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_sz_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_sz_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_sz_neg_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_sz_hc_neg_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_sz_hc_neg_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_sz_hc_neg_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_sz_hc_neg_l.npy&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># ADHD Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_adhd_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as ADHD) Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_adhd_hc_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># ADHD Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_adhd_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as ADHD) Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_adhd_hc_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># ASD Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_asd_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as ASD) Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_asd_hc_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># ASD Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_asd_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as ASD) Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_asd_hc_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># EP Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_ep_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as EP) Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_ep_hc_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># EP Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_ep_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as EP) Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_ep_hc_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># SZ Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_sz_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from SZ sites) Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_sz_hc_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># SZ Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_sz_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from SZ sites) Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_sz_hc_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># BD Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_bd_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as BD) Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_bd_hc_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># BD Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_bd_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as BD) Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_bd_hc_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># MDD Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_mdd_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as MDD) Negative Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_mdd_hc_neg_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># MDD Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_mdd_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># HC (from same sites as MDD) Negative Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_mdd_hc_neg_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=15, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <h2 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="results">Results</h2>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">We split the available data
          into training and test sets, stratifying by site (<a href="#table1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Table 1</a>, <a href="#supp1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Supplementary files 1 and 2</a>). After careful
          quality checking procedures, we fit normative models using a set of covariates (age, sex,
          and fixed effects for site) to predict cortical thickness and subcortical volume for each
          parcel in a high-resolution atlas <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib7"><span>7</span><span>Destrieux et
                al.</span><span>2010</span></a></cite>. We employed a warped Bayesian linear
          regression model to accurately model non-linear and non-Gaussian effects <cite
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib14"><span>14</span><span>Fraza et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite>,
          whilst accounting for scanner effects <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib2"><span>2</span><span>Bayer et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib23"><span>23</span><span>Kia et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite></span>. These models are summarized in <a
            href="#fig1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 1</a> and <a
            href="#fig3" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 3</a>, <a
            href="#fig3s1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 3—figure
            supplements 1</a><a href="#fig3s3" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link"><span
              data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">3</span></a>, and with an online interactive
          visualization tool for exploring the evaluation metrics across different test sets
          (overview of this tool shown in <a href="#video1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Video 1</a>). The raw data used in these
          visualizations are available on <a
            href="https://github.com/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts/tree/master/metrics"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">GitHub</a> <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib36"><span>36</span><span>Rutherford</span><span>2022</span></a></cite>.</p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure" id="fig3" title="Figure 3.">
          <label data-itemprop="label">Figure 3.</label><img src="index.html.media/fig3.jpg" alt=""
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          <figcaption>
            <h3 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
              id="evaluation-metrics-across-all-test-sets">Evaluation metrics across all test sets.
            </h3>
            <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">The distribution of
              evaluation metrics in four different test sets (full, mQC, patients, and transfer, see
              Materials and methods) separated into left and right hemispheres and subcortical
              regions, with the skew and excess kurtosis being measures that depict the accuracy of
              the estimated shape of the model, ideally both would be around zero. Note that
              kurtosis is highly sensitive to outlying samples. Overall, these models show that the
              models fit well in term of central tendency and variance (explained variance and MSLL)
              and model the shape of the distribution well in most regions (skew and kurtosis). Code
              and sample data for transferring these models to new sites not included in training is
              shared.</p>
          </figcaption>
        </figure>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="96" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Load in the file containing all test set evaluation metrics
df_eval = pd.read_csv(&#39;docs/all_test_sets_eval.csv&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk" data-tags=""
          data-execution_count="97" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Exclude a few extreme outliers for plotting purposes
df_eval = df_eval.query(&#39;Kurtosis &lt; 15&#39;)
df_eval = df_eval.query(&#39;MSLL &gt; -20&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="98" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Separate each test set into its own dataframe
df_transfer = df_eval.query(&#39;test_label == &quot;transfer&quot;&#39;)
df_12k_mqc2_test = df_eval.query(&#39;test_label == &quot;mQC&quot;&#39;)
df_29k_test = df_eval.query(&#39;test_label == &quot;full test&quot;&#39;)
df_pt = df_eval.query(&#39;test_label == &quot;patients&quot;&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="151" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for Figure 3 plot
fig, axs = plt.subplots(4, 4,figsize=(18,18))
sns.set(style=&quot;whitegrid&quot;, font_scale=1.0)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_29k_test[&#39;EV&#39;], hue=df_29k_test[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[0,0],legend=False);
axs[0,0].set_title(&#39;Explained Variance&#39;, fontsize=18, fontweight=&#39;bold&#39;)
axs[0,0].set_ylabel(&#39;Controls&#39;, fontsize=18, fontweight=&#39;bold&#39;)
axs[0,0].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_29k_test[&#39;MSLL&#39;], hue=df_29k_test[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[0,1],legend=False);
axs[0,1].set_title(&#39;MSLL&#39;, fontsize=18, fontweight=&#39;bold&#39;)
axs[0,1].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[0,1].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_29k_test[&#39;Skew&#39;], hue=df_29k_test[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[0,2],legend=False);
axs[0,2].set_title(&#39;Skew&#39;, fontsize=18, fontweight=&#39;bold&#39;)
axs[0,2].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[0,2].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_29k_test[&#39;Kurtosis&#39;], hue=df_29k_test[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[0,3]);
plt.legend(&quot;upper left&quot;, bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1))
axs[0,3].set_title(&#39;Kurtosis&#39;, fontsize=18, fontweight=&#39;bold&#39;)
axs[0,3].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[0,3].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_12k_mqc2_test[&#39;EV&#39;], hue=df_12k_mqc2_test[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[1,0],legend=False);
axs[1,0].set_ylabel(&#39;mQC&#39;, fontsize=18, fontweight=&#39;bold&#39;)
axs[1,0].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_12k_mqc2_test[&#39;MSLL&#39;], hue=df_12k_mqc2_test[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[1,1],legend=False);
axs[1,1].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[1,1].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_12k_mqc2_test[&#39;Skew&#39;], hue=df_12k_mqc2_test[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[1,2],legend=False);
axs[1,2].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[1,2].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_12k_mqc2_test[&#39;Kurtosis&#39;], hue=df_12k_mqc2_test[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[1,3],legend=False);
axs[1,3].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[1,3].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_transfer[&#39;EV&#39;], hue=df_transfer[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[2,0],legend=False);
axs[2,0].set_ylabel(&#39;Transfer&#39;, fontsize=18, fontweight=&#39;bold&#39;)
axs[2,0].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_transfer[&#39;MSLL&#39;], hue=df_transfer[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[2,1],legend=False);
axs[2,1].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[2,1].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_transfer[&#39;Skew&#39;], hue=df_transfer[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[2,2],legend=False);
axs[2,2].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[2,2].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_transfer[&#39;Kurtosis&#39;], hue=df_transfer[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[2,3],legend=False);
axs[2,3].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[2,3].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_pt[&#39;EV&#39;], hue=df_pt[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[3,0],legend=False);
axs[3,0].set_ylabel(&#39;Patients&#39;, fontsize=18, fontweight=&#39;bold&#39;)
axs[3,0].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_pt[&#39;MSLL&#39;], hue=df_pt[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[3,1],legend=False);
axs[3,1].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[3,1].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_pt[&#39;Skew&#39;], hue=df_pt[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[3,2],legend=False);
axs[3,2].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[3,2].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)
sns.kdeplot(x=df_pt[&#39;Kurtosis&#39;], hue=df_pt[&#39;BrainRegion&#39;], fill=True, ax=axs[3,3],legend=False);
axs[3,3].set_ylabel(&#39;&#39;)
axs[3,3].set_xlabel(&#39;&#39;)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0.5, 0, '')</output></pre><img src="index.html.media/5" alt=""
              itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure" id="fig3s1"
          title="Figure 3—figure supplement 1."><label data-itemprop="label">Figure 3—figure
            supplement 1.</label><img src="index.html.media/fig3-figsupp1.jpg" alt="" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          <figcaption>
            <h3 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
              id="comparison-of-the-explained-variance-in-cortical-thickness-across-the-different-test-sets">
              Comparison of the explained variance in cortical thickness across the different test
              sets.</h3>
            <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">The patterns appear to be
              robust and consistent across the different test sets.</p>
          </figcaption>
        </figure>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="111" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Load the explained variance numpy arrays for Figure 3 Supplement 1
# There is one npy array for each test set and each hemisphere
parcellation_29ktest_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_controls_ev_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_29ktest_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_controls_ev_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_12k_mqc2_test_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mqc_ev_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_12k_mqc2_test_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_mqc_ev_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_pt_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_pt_ev_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_pt_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_pt_ev_r.npy&#39;)
parcellation_transfer_l = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_transfer_ev_l.npy&#39;)
parcellation_transfer_r = np.load(&#39;docs/parcellation_transfer_ev_r.npy&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Controls Test Set Explained Variance, Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_29ktest_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=0.7, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Controls Test Set Explained Variance, Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_29ktest_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=0.7, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># mQC Test Set Explained Variance, Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_12k_mqc2_test_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=0.7, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># mQC Test Set Explained Variance, Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_12k_mqc2_test_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=0.7, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Patients Test Set Explained Variance, Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_pt_r, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=0.7, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Patients Test Set Explained Variance, Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_pt_l, threshold=None, symmetric_cmap=False, vmax=0.7, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Transfer Test Set Explained Variance, Right Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_right, parcellation_transfer_r, threshold=None, vmax=0.7, symmetric_cmap=False, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_right)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="null" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Transfer Test Set Explained Variance, Left Hemisphere
view = plotting.view_surf(fsaverage.infl_left, parcellation_transfer_l, threshold=None, vmax=0.7, symmetric_cmap=False, cmap=&#39;plasma&#39;, bg_map=fsaverage.sulc_left)
view</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure" id="fig3s2"
          title="Figure 3—figure supplement 2."><label data-itemprop="label">Figure 3—figure
            supplement 2.</label><img src="index.html.media/fig3-figsupp2.jpg" alt="" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          <figcaption>
            <h3 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
              id="showing-the-explained-variance-for-each-brain-region-across-10-randomized-resampling-of-the-full-control-test-set">
              Showing the explained variance for each brain region across 10 randomized resampling
              of the full control test set.</h3>
          </figcaption>
        </figure>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="125" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Load the file containing controls test set 10-fold resampling evaluation of explained variance
cv = pd.read_csv(&#39;docs/cross_validation_10fold_evaluation.csv&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk" data-tags=""
          data-execution_count="126" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for plotting Figure 3 Supplement 2
sns.set_theme(style=&quot;whitegrid&quot;, palette=&quot;muted&quot;)
f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 60))
sns.stripplot(data=cv, x=&quot;EV&quot;, y=&quot;Label&quot;, hue=&quot;fold&quot;, ax=ax);
ax.set(ylabel=&quot;Brain ROI&quot;, xlabel=&quot;Explained Variance&quot;);</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs"><img src="index.html.media/6" alt="" itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"></figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure" id="fig3s3"
          title="Figure 3—figure supplement 3."><label data-itemprop="label">Figure 3—figure
            supplement 3.</label><img src="index.html.media/fig3-figsupp3.jpg" alt="" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          <figcaption>
            <h3 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
              id="per-site-explained-variance-across-the-different-test-sets">Per site explained
              variance across the different test sets.</h3>
          </figcaption>
        </figure>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="129" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Load the files containing evaluation metrics for each site across all test sets
full_per_site_ev = pd.read_csv(&#39;docs/blr_controls_full_site_metrics.csv&#39;)
qc_per_site_ev = pd.read_csv(&#39;docs/blr_site_metrics_qc.csv&#39;)
pt_per_site_ev = pd.read_csv(&#39;docs/blr_site_metrics_pt.csv&#39;)
transfer_per_site_ev = pd.read_csv(&#39;docs/blr_site_metrics_OPNtransfer.csv&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
          data-execution_count="130" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Exclude outliers for plotting purposes
full_per_site_ev = full_per_site_ev.query(&#39;EV &gt; -1&#39;)</code></pre>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk" data-tags=""
          data-execution_count="131" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for plotting Figure 3 Supplement 3 panel A
plt.figure(dpi=380)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(full_per_site_ev, column=[&#39;EV&#39;], overlap=1.0, by=&quot;site&quot;, ylim=&#39;own&#39;, fill=True, figsize=(5,20), legend=False, xlabels=True, ylabels=True, 
                          colormap=lambda x: color_gradient(x, start=(.08, .45, .8),stop=(.8, .34, .44)), alpha=0.6, linewidth=.5, linecolor=&#39;w&#39;, fade=True, x_range=[-1,1])
plt.title(&#39;Controls test EV per site&#39;, fontsize=18, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.rc(&quot;font&quot;, size=14)
plt.xlabel(&#39;Explained Variance&#39;, fontsize=16, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.ylabel(&#39;Site&#39;, fontsize=14, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0, 0.5, 'Site')</output></pre>
            <pre><output>&lt;Figure size 2280x1520 with 0 Axes&gt;</output></pre><img
              src="index.html.media/7" alt="" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk" data-tags=""
          data-execution_count="132" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for plotting Figure 3 Supplement 3 panel B
plt.figure(dpi=380)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(qc_per_site_ev, column=[&#39;EV&#39;], overlap=1.0, by=&quot;site&quot;, ylim=&#39;own&#39;, fill=True, figsize=(5,20), legend=False, xlabels=True, ylabels=True, 
                          colormap=lambda x: color_gradient(x, start=(.08, .45, .8),stop=(.8, .34, .44)), alpha=0.6, linewidth=.5, linecolor=&#39;w&#39;, fade=True, x_range=[-1,1])
plt.title(&#39;Controls mQC test EV per site&#39;, fontsize=18, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.rc(&quot;font&quot;, size=14)
plt.xlabel(&#39;Explained Variance&#39;, fontsize=16, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.ylabel(&#39;Site&#39;, fontsize=14, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0, 0.5, 'Site')</output></pre>
            <pre><output>&lt;Figure size 2280x1520 with 0 Axes&gt;</output></pre><img
              src="index.html.media/8" alt="" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk" data-tags=""
          data-execution_count="134" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for plotting Figure 3 Supplement 3 panel C
plt.figure(dpi=380)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(pt_per_site_ev, column=[&#39;EV&#39;], overlap=1.0, by=&quot;site&quot;, ylim=&#39;own&#39;, fill=True, figsize=(5,12), legend=False, xlabels=True, ylabels=True, 
                          colormap=lambda x: color_gradient(x, start=(.08, .45, .8),stop=(.8, .34, .44)), alpha=0.6, linewidth=.5, linecolor=&#39;w&#39;, fade=True, x_range=[-1,1])
plt.title(&#39;Patients test EV per site&#39;, fontsize=18, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.rc(&quot;font&quot;, size=14)
plt.xlabel(&#39;Explained Variance&#39;, fontsize=16, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.ylabel(&#39;Site&#39;, fontsize=14, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0, 0.5, 'Site')</output></pre>
            <pre><output>&lt;Figure size 2280x1520 with 0 Axes&gt;</output></pre><img
              src="index.html.media/9" alt="" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk" data-tags=""
          data-execution_count="135" data-programminglanguage="python">
          <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
            slot="text"><code># Code for plotting Figure 3 Supplement 3 panel D
plt.figure(dpi=380)
fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(transfer_per_site_ev, column=[&#39;EV&#39;], overlap=1.0, by=&quot;site&quot;, ylim=&#39;own&#39;, fill=True, figsize=(5,4), legend=False, xlabels=True, ylabels=True, 
                          colormap=lambda x: color_gradient(x, start=(.08, .45, .8),stop=(.8, .34, .44)), alpha=0.6, linewidth=.5, linecolor=&#39;w&#39;, fade=True, x_range=[-1,1])
plt.title(&#39;Transfer EV per site&#39;, fontsize=18, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.rc(&quot;font&quot;, size=14)
plt.xlabel(&#39;Explained Variance&#39;, fontsize=16, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)
plt.ylabel(&#39;Site&#39;, fontsize=14, color=&#39;black&#39;, alpha=1)</code></pre>
          <figure slot="outputs">
            <pre><output>Text(0, 0.5, 'Site')</output></pre>
            <pre><output>&lt;Figure size 2280x1520 with 0 Axes&gt;</output></pre><img
              src="index.html.media/10" alt="" itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
          </figure>
        </stencila-code-chunk>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">elife-72904-video1.mp4
          video/mp4</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">We validate our models with
          several careful procedures: first, we report out of sample metrics; second, we perform a
          supplementary analysis on a subset of participants for whom input data had undergone
          manual quality checking by an expert rater (<a href="#table1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Table 1</a> – mQC). Third, each model fit was
          evaluated using metrics (<a href="#fig3" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 3</a>, <a href="#fig3s1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 3—figure supplements 1</a><a
            href="#fig3s3" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link"><span
              data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">3</span></a>) that quantify central tendency
          and distributional accuracy <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib9"><span>9</span><span>Dinga et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib14"><span>14</span><span>Fraza et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite></span>. We also estimated separate models
          for males and females, which indicate that sex effects are adequately modeled using a
          global offset. Finally, to facilitate independent validation, we packaged pretrained
          models and code for transferring to new samples into an <a
            href="https://github.com/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">open resource</a> for use by the community and
          demonstrated <a
            href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts/blob/master/scripts/apply_normative_models.ipynb"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">how to transfer</a> the models to
          new samples (i.e., data not present in the initial training set).</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Our models provide the
          opportunity for mapping the diverse trajectories of different brain areas. Several
          examples are shown in <a href="#fig1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 1C and D</a> which align with known
          patterns of development and aging <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib10"><span>10</span><span>Ducharme
                  et al.</span><span>2016</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib16"><span>16</span><span>Gogtay
                  et al.</span><span>2004</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib40"><span>40</span><span>Tamnes
                  et al.</span><span>2010</span></a></cite></span>. Moreover, across the cortex and
          subcortex our model fits well, explaining up to 80% of the variance out of sample (<a
            href="#fig3" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 3</a>, <a
            href="#fig3s1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 3—figure
            supplements 1</a><a href="#fig3s3" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link"><span
              data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">3</span></a>).</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">A goal of this work is to
          develop normative models that can be applied to many different clinical conditions. To
          showcase this, we apply the model to a transdiagnostic psychiatric cohort (<a
            href="#table1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Table 1</a> –
          Clinical; <a href="#fig2" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure
            2</a>) resulting in personalized, whole-brain deviation maps that can be used to
          understand inter-individual variability (e.g., for stratification) and to quantify group
          separation (e.g., case-control effects). To demonstrate this, for each clinical group, we
          summarized the individual deviations within that group by computing the proportion of
          subjects that have deviations in each region and comparing to matched (same sites)
          controls in the test set (<a href="#fig2" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 2B–C</a>). Additionally, we performed
          case-control comparisons on the raw cortical thickness and subcortical volumes, and on the
          deviation maps (<a href="#fig2" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 2D</a>), again against a matched sample
          from the test set. This demonstrates the advantages of using normative models for
          investigating individual differences in psychiatry, that is, quantifying clinically
          relevant information at the level of each individual. For most diagnostic groups, the
          z-statistics derived from the normative deviations also provided stronger case-control
          effects than the raw data. This shows the importance of accurate modeling of population
          variance across multiple clinically relevant dimensions. The individual-level deviations
          provide complimentary information to the group effects, which aligns with previous work
          <span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib44"><span>44</span><span>Wolfers
                  et al.</span><span>2018</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib45"><span>45</span><span>Wolfers
                  et al.</span><span>2020</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib48"><span>48</span><span>Zabihi
                  et al.</span><span>2020</span></a></cite></span>. We note that a detailed
          description of the clinical significance of our findings is beyond the scope of this work
          and will be presented separately.</p>
        <h2 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="discussion">Discussion</h2>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">In this work, we create
          lifespan brain charts of cortical thickness and subcortical volume derived from structural
          MRI, to serve as reference models. Multiple data sets were joined to build a mega-site
          lifespan reference cohort to provide good coverage of the lifespan. We applied the
          reference cohort models to clinical data sets and demonstrated the benefits of normative
          modeling in addition to standard case-control comparisons. All models, including <a
            href="https://pcntoolkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pages/tutorial_braincharts_apply_nm.html"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">documentation</a> and <a
            href="https://github.com/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">code</a>, are made available to the research
          community. We also provide an example data set (that includes data from sites not in the
          training sample) along with the code to demonstrate how well our models can adapt to new
          sites, and how easy it is to transfer our pretrained models to users’ own data sets.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">We identify three main
          strengths of our approach. First, our large lifespan data set provides high anatomical
          specificity, necessary for discriminating between conditions, predicting outcomes, and
          stratifying subtypes. Second, our models are flexible in that they can model non-Gaussian
          distributions, can easily be transferred to new sites, and are built on validated
          analytical techniques and software tools <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib14"><span>14</span><span>Fraza et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib23"><span>23</span><span>Kia et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib28"><span>28</span><span>Marquand
                  et al.</span><span>2019</span></a></cite></span>. Third, we show the general
          utility of this work in that it provides the ability to map individual variation whilst
          also improving case-control inferences across multiple disorders.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">In recent work, a large
          consortium established lifespan brain charts that are complementary to our approach <cite
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib4"><span>4</span><span>Bethlehem et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite>.
          Benefits of their work include precisely quantifying brain growth using a large cohort,
          but they only provide estimates of four coarse global measures (e.g., total brain volume).
          While this can precisely quantify brain growth and aging this does not provide the ability
          to generate individualized fingerprints or to stratify clinical cohorts. In contrast, in
          this work, we focus on providing spatially specific estimates (188 different brain
          regions) across the post-natal lifespan which provides fine-grained anatomical estimates
          of deviation, offering an individualized perspective that can be used for clinical
          stratification. We demonstrate the transdiagnostic clinical value of our models (<a
            href="#fig2" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 2</a>) by
          showing how clinical variation is widespread in a fine-grain manner (e.g., not all
          individuals deviate in the same regions and not all disorders have the same characteristic
          patterns) and we facilitate clinical applications of our models by sharing tutorial code
          notebooks with sample data that can be run locally or online in a web browser.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">We also identify the
          limitations of this work. We view the word ‘normative’ as problematic. This language
          implies that there are normal and abnormal brains, a potentially problematic assumption.
          As indicated in <a href="#fig2" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 2</a>, there is considerable individual
          variability and heterogeneity among trajectories. We encourage the use of the phrase
          ‘reference cohort’ over ‘normative model’. In order to provide coverage of the lifespan
          the curated data set is based on aggregating existing data, meaning there is unavoidable
          sampling bias. Race, education, and socioeconomic variables were not fully available for
          all included data sets, however, given that data were compiled from research studies, they
          are likely samples drawn predominantly from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and
          Democratic (WEIRD) societies <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib18"><span>18</span><span>Henrich et al.</span><span>2010</span></a></cite>
          and future work should account for these factors. The sampling bias of UKBiobank <cite
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib15"><span>15</span><span>Fry et al.</span><span>2017</span></a></cite> is
          especially important for users to consider as UKBiobank data contributes 59% of the full
          sample. By sampling both healthy population samples and case-control studies, we achieve a
          reasonable estimate of variation across individuals, however, downstream analyses should
          consider the nature of the reference cohort and whether it is appropriate for the target
          sample. Second, we have relied on semi-automated quality control (QC) for the full sample
          which—despite a conservative choice of inclusion threshold—does not guarantee either that
          low-quality data were excluded or that the data were excluded are definitively excluded
          because of artifacts. We addressed this by comparing our full test set to a manually
          quality check data set and observed similar model performance. Also, Freesurfer was not
          adjusted for the very young age ranges (2–7 yo) thus caution should be used when
          interpreting the model on new data in this age range. Finally, although the models
          presented in this study are comprehensive, they are only the first step, and we will
          augment our <a
            href="https://github.com/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts/models"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">repository</a> with more diverse
          data, different features, and modeling advances as these become available.</p>
        <h2 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="materials-and-methods">
          Materials and methods</h2>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Data from 82 sites were
          combined to create the initial full sample. These sites are described in detail in <a
            href="#supp1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Supplementary files
            1-2</a>, including the sample size, age (mean and standard deviation), and sex
          distribution of each site. Many sites were pulled from publicly available data sets
          including <a href="https://abcdstudy.org/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">ABCD</a>, <a
            href="http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/abide/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">ABIDE</a>, <a
            href="https://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/adhd200/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">ADHD200</a>, <a
            href="https://www.cam-can.org/index.php?content=dataset" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">CAMCAN</a>, <a
            href="http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/cmi_healthy_brain_network/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">CMI-HBN</a>, <a
            href="https://www.humanconnectome.org/study/hcp-lifespan-aging" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">HCP-Aging</a>, <a
            href="https://www.humanconnectome.org/study/hcp-lifespan-development" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">HCP-Development</a>, <a
            href="https://www.humanconnectome.org/study/human-connectome-project-for-early-psychosis"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">HCP-Early Psychosis</a>, <a
            href="https://www.humanconnectome.org/study/hcp-young-adult" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">HCP-Young Adult</a>, <a
            href="https://brain-development.org/ixi-dataset/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">IXI</a>, <a
            href="http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/enhanced/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">NKI-RS</a>, <a
            href="https://www.oasis-brains.org/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Oasis</a>, <a href="https://openneuro.org/"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">OpenNeuro</a>, <a
            href="https://www.med.upenn.edu/bbl/philadelphianeurodevelopmentalcohort.html"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">PNC</a>, <a
            href="https://bicr-resource.atr.jp/srpbsopen/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">SRPBS</a>, and <a
            href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">UKBiobank</a>. For data sets that include
          repeated visits (i.e., ABCD and UKBiobank), only the first visit was included. Other
          included data come from studies conducted at the University of Michigan <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib11"><span>11</span><span>Duval et
                  al.</span><span>2018</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
                href="#bib35"><span>35</span><span>Rutherford et
                  al.</span><span>2020</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
                href="#bib41"><span>41</span><span>Tomlinson et
                  al.</span><span>2020</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib42"><span>42</span><span>Tso et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib43"><span>43</span><span>Weigard
                  et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib49"><span>49</span><span>Zucker
                  et al.</span><span>2009</span></a></cite></span>, University of California Davis
          <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib32"><span>32</span><span>Nordahl et al.</span><span>2020</span></a></cite>,
          University of Oslo <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib31"><span>31</span><span>Nesvåg et al.</span><span>2017</span></a></cite>,
          King’s College London <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib17"><span>17</span><span>Green et
                  al.</span><span>2012</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib25"><span>25</span><span>Lythe et
                  al.</span><span>2015</span></a></cite></span>, and Amsterdam University Medical
          Center <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib29"><span>29</span><span>Mocking et al.</span><span>2016</span></a></cite>.
          Full details regarding sample characteristics, diagnostic procedures, and acquisition
          protocols can be found in the publications associated with each of the studies. Equal
          sized training and testing data sets (split half) were created using scikit-learn’s
          train_test_split function, stratifying on the site variable. It is important to stratify
          based on site, not only study <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib4"><span>4</span><span>Bethlehem et
                al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite>, as many of the public studies (i.e., ABCD)
          include several sites, thus modeling study does not adequately address MRI scanner
          confounds. To test stability of the model performance, the full test set was randomly
          resampled 10 times and evaluation metrics were re-calculated on each split of the full
          test set (<a href="#fig3s2" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure
            3—figure supplement 2</a>). To show generalizability of the models to new data not
          included in training, we leveraged data from <a href="https://openneuro.org/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">OpenNeuro.org</a> <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib26"><span>26</span><span>Markiewicz
                et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite> to create a transfer data set (six sites,
          N=546, <a href="#supp3" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Supplementary
            file 3</a>). This data are provided along with the code for transferring to walk users
          through how to apply these models to their own data.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">The clinical validation sample
          consisted of a subset of the full data set (described in detail in <a href="#fig1"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 1A</a>, <a href="#fig2"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 2A</a> and <a href="#supp1"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Supplementary file 1</a>). Studies
          (sites) contributing clinical data included: Autism Brain Imaging Database Exchange (ABIDE
          GU, KKI, NYU, USM), ADHD200 (KKI, NYU), CNP, SRPBS (CIN, COI, KTT, KUT, HKH, HRC, HUH,
          SWA, UTO), Delta (AmsterdamUMC), Human Connectome Project Early Psychosis (HCP-EP BWH, IU,
          McL, MGH), KCL, University of Michigan Children Who Stutter (UMich_CWS), University of
          Michigan Social Anxiety Disorder (UMich_SAD), University of Michigan Schizophrenia Gaze
          Processing (UMich_SZG), and TOP (University of Oslo).</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">In addition to the
          sample-specific inclusion criteria, inclusion criteria for the full sample were based on
          participants having basic demographic information (age and sex), a T1-weighted MRI volume,
          and Freesurfer output directories that include summary files that represent left and right
          hemisphere cortical thickness values of the Destrieux parcellation and subcortical
          volumetric values (aseg.stats, lh.aparc.a2009s.stats, and rh.aparc.a2009s.stats).
          Freesurfer image analysis suite (version 6.0) was used for cortical reconstruction and
          volumetric segmentation for all studies. The technical details of these procedures are
          described in prior publications <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib6"><span>6</span><span>Dale et
                  al.</span><span>1999</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib13"><span>13</span><span>Fischl
                  et al.</span><span>2002</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib12"><span>12</span><span>Fischl
                  and Dale</span><span>2000</span></a></cite></span>. UK Biobank was the only study
          for which Freesurfer was not run by the authors. Freesurfer functions <em itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Emphasis">aparcstats2table</em> and <em itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Emphasis">asegstats2table</em> were run to extract
          cortical thickness from the Destrieux parcellation <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib7"><span>7</span><span>Destrieux et
                al.</span><span>2010</span></a></cite> and subcortical volume for all participants
          into CSV files. These files were inner merged with the demographic files, using Pandas,
          and NaN rows were dropped.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">QC is an important
          consideration for large samples and is an active research area <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
                href="#bib1"><span>1</span><span>Alfaro-Almagro et
                  al.</span><span>2018</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib24"><span>24</span><span>Klapwijk
                  et al.</span><span>2019</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib34"><span>34</span><span>Rosen et
                  al.</span><span>2018</span></a></cite></span>. We consider manual quality checking
          of images both prior to and after preprocessing to be the gold standard. However, this is
          labor intensive and prohibitive for very large samples. Therefore, in this work, we adopt
          a pragmatic and multi-pronged approach to QC. First, a subset of the full data set
          underwent manual quality checking (mQC) by author S.R. <a
            href="https://rii-mango.github.io/Papaya/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Papaya</a>, a JavaScript-based image viewer.
          Manual quality checking was performed during December 2020 when the Netherlands was in
          full lockdown due to COVID-19 and S.R. was living alone in a new country with a lot of
          free time. Data included in this manual QC step was based on what was available at the
          time (<a href="#supp2" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Supplementary
            file 2</a>). Later data sets that were included were not manually QC’d due to resource
          and time constraints. Scripts were used to initialize a manual QC session and track
          progress and organize ratings. All images (T1w volume and Freesurfer brain.finalsurfs)
          were put into JSON files that the mQC script would call when loading Papaya. Images were
          rated using a ‘pass/fail/flag’ scale and the rating was tracked in an automated manner
          using keyboard inputs (up arrow=pass, down arrow=fail, F key=flag, and left/right arrows
          were used to move through subjects). Each subject’s T1w volume was viewed in 3D volumetric
          space, with the Freesurfer brain.finalsurfs file as an overlay, to check for obvious
          quality issues such as excessive motion, ghosting or ringing artifacts. Example scripts
          used for quality checking and further instructions for using the manual QC environment can
          be found on <a href="https://github.com/saigerutherford/lifespan_qc_scripts" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">GitHub</a>(<cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib38"><span>38</span><span>Rutherford</span><span>2022</span></a></cite> copy
          archived at <a
            href="https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:dir:9c98ca93b3fb3b463607286eec7dfc9c4c3e97db;origin=https://github.com/saigerutherford/lifespan_qc_scripts;visit=swh:1:snp:84918033541e80549e91c96e85a29d191321d0a3;anchor=swh:1:rev:70894691c74febe2a4d40ab0c84c50094b9e99ce"
            itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">swh:1:rev:70894691c74febe2a4d40ab0c84c50094b9e99ce</a>).
          We relied on ABCD consortium QC procedures for the QC for this sample. The ABCD study data
          distributes a variable (freesqc01.txt; fsqc_qc = = 1/0) that represents manual quality
          checking (pass/fail) of the T1w volume and Freesurfer data, thus this data set was added
          into our manual quality checked data set bringing the sample size to 24,354 individuals
          passing manual quality checks. Note that QC was performed on the data prior to splitting
          of the data to assess generalizability. Although this has a reduced sample, we consider
          this to be a gold-standard sample in that every single scan has been checked manually. All
          inferences reported in this manuscript were validated against this sample. Second, for the
          full sample, we adopted an automated QC procedure that quantifies image quality based on
          the Freesurfer Euler Characteristic (EC), which has been shown to be an excellent proxy
          for manual labeling of scan quality <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
                href="#bib30"><span>30</span><span>Monereo-Sánchez et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib34"><span>34</span><span>Rosen et
                  al.</span><span>2018</span></a></cite></span> and is the most important feature in
          automated scan quality classifiers <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib24"><span>24</span><span>Klapwijk
                et al.</span><span>2019</span></a></cite>. Since the distribution of the EC varies
          across sites, we adopt a simple approach that involves scaling and centering the
          distribution over the EC across sites and removing samples in the tail of the distribution
          (see <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib23"><span>23</span><span>Kia et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite> for
          details). While any automated QC heuristic is by definition imperfect, we note that this
          is based on a conservative inclusion threshold such that only samples well into the tail
          of the EC distribution are excluded, which are likely to be caused by true topological
          defects rather than abnormalities due to any underlying pathology. We separated the
          evaluation metrics into full test set (relying on automated QC) and mQC test set in order
          to compare model performance between the two QC approaches and were pleased to notice that
          the evaluation metrics were nearly identical across the two methods.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Normative modeling was run
          using python 3.8 and the <a href="https://pcntoolkit.readthedocs.io/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">PCNtoolkit package</a> (version 0.20). Bayesian
          Linear Regression (BLR) with likelihood warping was used to predict cortical thickness and
          subcortical volume from a vector of covariates (age, sex, and site). For a complete
          mathematical description and explanation of this implementation, see <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib14"><span>14</span><span>Fraza et
                al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite>. Briefly, for each brain region of interest
          (cortical thickness or subcortical volume), <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathFragment"><span class="mjx-chtml"><span
                class="mjx-math" aria-label="y"><span class="mjx-mrow" aria-hidden="true"><span
                    class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                      style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em; padding-right: 0.006em;">y</span></span></span></span></span></span>
          is predicted as:</p><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathBlock"><span
            class="mjx-chtml MJXc-display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="mjx-math"
              aria-label="y={w}^{T}\varphi \left(x\right)+ϵ"><span class="mjx-mrow"
                aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                    style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em; padding-right: 0.006em;">y</span></span><span
                  class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                    style="padding-top: 0.077em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">=</span></span><span
                  class="mjx-msubsup MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-base"><span
                      class="mjx-texatom"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                            class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                            style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">w</span></span></span></span></span><span
                    class="mjx-sup"
                    style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: 0.584em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                      class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                            class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                            style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.12em;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                  class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                    style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em;">φ</span></span><span
                  class="mjx-mrow MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-mo"><span
                      class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                      style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">(</span></span><span
                    class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                      style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">x</span></span><span
                    class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                      style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">)</span></span></span><span
                  class="mjx-mo MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                    style="padding-top: 0.298em; padding-bottom: 0.446em;">+</span></span><span
                  class="mjx-texatom MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mo"><span
                        class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                        style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">where <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathFragment"><span class="mjx-chtml"><span
                class="mjx-math" aria-label="{w}^{T}"><span class="mjx-mrow"
                  aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"><span
                        class="mjx-texatom"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                              class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                              style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">w</span></span></span></span></span><span
                      class="mjx-sup"
                      style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: 0.513em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                        class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                            class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                              style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.12em;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
          is the estimated weight vector, <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathFragment"><span class="mjx-chtml"><span
                class="mjx-math" aria-label="\varphi \left(x\right)"><span class="mjx-mrow"
                  aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                      style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em;">φ</span></span><span
                    class="mjx-mrow MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-mo"><span
                        class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                        style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">(</span></span><span
                      class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                        style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">x</span></span><span
                      class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                        style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
          is a basis expansion of the of covariate vector <strong itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">x,</strong> consisting of a B-spline basis
          expansion (cubic spline with five evenly spaced knots) to model non-linear effects of age,
          and <span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathFragment"><span
              class="mjx-chtml"><span class="mjx-math"
                aria-label="ϵ=\eta \left(0,\beta \right)"><span class="mjx-mrow"
                  aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                        class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                          style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">ϵ</span></span></span></span><span
                    class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                      style="padding-top: 0.077em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">=</span></span><span
                    class="mjx-mi MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                      style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em; padding-right: 0.006em;">η</span></span><span
                    class="mjx-mrow MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-mo"><span
                        class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                        style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">(</span></span><span
                      class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                        style="padding-top: 0.372em; padding-bottom: 0.372em;">0</span></span><span
                      class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                        style="margin-top: -0.144em; padding-bottom: 0.519em;">,</span></span><span
                      class="mjx-mi MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                        style="padding-top: 0.519em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; padding-right: 0.007em;">β</span></span><span
                      class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                        style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
          a Gaussian noise distribution with mean zero and noise precision term β (the inverse
          variance). A likelihood warping approach <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib33"><span>33</span><span>Rios and
                  Tobar</span><span>2019</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib39"><span>39</span><span>Snelson
                  et al.</span><span>2003</span></a></cite></span> was used to model non-Gaussian
          effects. This involves applying a bijective non-linear warping function to the
          non-Gaussian response variables to map them to a Gaussian latent space where inference can
          be performed in closed form. We employed a ‘sinarcsinsh’ warping function, which is
          equivalent to the SHASH distribution commonly used in the generalized additive modeling
          literature <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib21"><span>21</span><span>Jones and Pewsey</span><span>2009</span></a></cite>
          and which we have found to perform well in prior work <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CiteGroup"><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib9"><span>9</span><span>Dinga et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite><cite itemscope=""
              itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib14"><span>14</span><span>Fraza et
                  al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite></span>. Site variation was modeled using
          fixed effects, which we have shown in prior work provides relatively good performance
          <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib23"><span>23</span><span>Kia et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite>,
          although random effects for site may provide additional flexibility at higher
          computational cost. A fast numerical optimization algorithm was used to optimize
          hyperparameters (L-BFGS). Computational complexity of hyperparameter optimization was
          controlled by minimizing the negative log-likelihood. Deviation scores (Z-scores) are
          calculated for the n-th subject, and d-th brain area, in the test set as:</p><span
          itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathBlock"><span
            class="mjx-chtml MJXc-display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="mjx-math"
              aria-label="{Z}_{nd}=\frac{{y}_{nd}-{\hat{y}}_{nd}}{\sqrt{{\sigma }_{d}^{2}+({\sigma }_{\ast }^{2}{)}_{d}}}"><span
                class="mjx-mrow" aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"
                    style="margin-right: -0.04em;"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                        class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                            style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.04em;">Z</span></span></span></span></span><span
                    class="mjx-sub"
                    style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: -0.219em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                      class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                            class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                            style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">n</span></span><span
                          class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                            style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                  class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                    style="padding-top: 0.077em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">=</span></span><span
                  class="mjx-mfrac MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-box MJXc-stacked"
                    style="width: 5.628em; padding: 0px 0.12em;"><span class="mjx-numerator"
                      style="width: 5.628em; top: -1.571em;"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                          class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"
                            style="margin-right: -0.006em;"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                                class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                                    class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                    style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em; padding-right: 0.006em;">y</span></span></span></span></span><span
                            class="mjx-sub"
                            style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: -0.375em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                              class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                  class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                    style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">n</span></span><span
                                  class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                    style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                          class="mjx-mo MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                            style="padding-top: 0.298em; padding-bottom: 0.446em;"></span></span><span
                          class="mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-base"><span
                              class="mjx-texatom"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                  class="mjx-texatom"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                      class="mjx-munderover"><span class="mjx-stack"><span
                                          class="mjx-over"
                                          style="height: 0.213em; padding-bottom: 0.06em; padding-left: 0.083em;"><span
                                            class="mjx-mo" style="vertical-align: top;"><span
                                              class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                              style="padding-top: 0.372em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">^</span></span></span><span
                                          class="mjx-op"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                                              class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                              style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em; padding-right: 0.006em;">y</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                            class="mjx-sub"
                            style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: -0.375em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                              class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                  class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                    style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">n</span></span><span
                                  class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                    style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                      class="mjx-denominator" style="width: 5.628em; bottom: -1.95em;"><span
                        class="mjx-msqrt"><span class="mjx-box" style="padding-top: 0.045em;"><span
                            class="mjx-surd"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R"
                              style="padding-top: 0.961em; padding-bottom: 0.961em;"></span></span><span
                            class="mjx-box"
                            style="padding-top: 0.278em; border-top: 1px solid;"><span
                              class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"
                                  style="margin-right: -0.001em;"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                                      class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                                          class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                          style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.001em;">σ</span></span></span></span></span><span
                                  class="mjx-stack" style="vertical-align: -0.335em;"><span
                                    class="mjx-sup"
                                    style="font-size: 70.7%; padding-bottom: 0.255em; padding-left: 0.073em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                                      class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                          class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                            style="padding-top: 0.372em; padding-bottom: 0.372em;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span
                                    class="mjx-sub"
                                    style="font-size: 70.7%; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                                      class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                          class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                            style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                                class="mjx-mo MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                  style="padding-top: 0.298em; padding-bottom: 0.446em;">+</span></span><span
                                class="mjx-mo MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                  style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">(</span></span><span
                                class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"
                                  style="margin-right: -0.001em;"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                                      class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                                          class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                          style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.001em;">σ</span></span></span></span></span><span
                                  class="mjx-stack" style="vertical-align: -0.173em;"><span
                                    class="mjx-sup"
                                    style="font-size: 70.7%; padding-bottom: 0.255em; padding-left: 0.073em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                                      class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                          class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                            style="padding-top: 0.372em; padding-bottom: 0.372em;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span
                                    class="mjx-sub"
                                    style="font-size: 70.7%; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                                      class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                          class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                            style="padding-top: 0.151em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                                class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"><span
                                    class="mjx-texatom"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                        class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                          style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span
                                  class="mjx-sub"
                                  style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: -0.439em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                                    class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                        class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                          style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                      style="border-bottom: 1.3px solid; top: -0.296em; width: 5.628em;"
                      class="mjx-line"></span></span><span
                    style="height: 3.521em; vertical-align: -1.95em;"
                    class="mjx-vsize"></span></span></span></span></span></span>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Where <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathFragment"><span class="mjx-chtml"><span
                class="mjx-math" aria-label="{y}_{nd}"><span class="mjx-mrow"
                  aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"
                      style="margin-right: -0.006em;"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                          class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                              class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                              style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em; padding-right: 0.006em;">y</span></span></span></span></span><span
                      class="mjx-sub"
                      style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: -0.375em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                        class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                            class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                              style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">n</span></span><span
                            class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                              style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
          is the true response, <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathFragment"><span class="mjx-chtml"><span
                class="mjx-math" aria-label="{\displaystyle {\hat{y}}_{nd}}"><span class="mjx-mrow"
                  aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                        class="mjx-mstyle"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-msubsup"><span
                              class="mjx-base"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                                  class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                                      class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-munderover"><span
                                          class="mjx-stack"><span class="mjx-over"
                                            style="height: 0.213em; padding-bottom: 0.06em; padding-left: 0.083em;"><span
                                              class="mjx-mo" style="vertical-align: top;"><span
                                                class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                                style="padding-top: 0.372em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">^</span></span></span><span
                                            class="mjx-op"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                                                class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                                style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.519em; padding-right: 0.006em;">y</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                              class="mjx-sub"
                              style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: -0.375em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                                class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                    class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                      style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em;">n</span></span><span
                                    class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                      style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
          is the predicted mean, <span itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathFragment"><span class="mjx-chtml"><span
                class="mjx-math" aria-label="{\sigma }_{d}^{2}"><span class="mjx-mrow"
                  aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"
                      style="margin-right: -0.001em;"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                          class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                              class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                              style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.001em;">σ</span></span></span></span></span><span
                      class="mjx-stack" style="vertical-align: -0.335em;"><span class="mjx-sup"
                        style="font-size: 70.7%; padding-bottom: 0.255em; padding-left: 0.073em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                          class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                              class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                style="padding-top: 0.372em; padding-bottom: 0.372em;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span
                        class="mjx-sub" style="font-size: 70.7%; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                          class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                              class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
          is the estimated noise variance (reflecting uncertainty in the data), and <span
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/MathFragment"><span
              class="mjx-chtml"><span class="mjx-math"
                aria-label="{\left({\sigma }_{}^{2}\right)}_{d}"><span class="mjx-mrow"
                  aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"><span
                        class="mjx-texatom"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                              class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size1-R"
                                style="padding-top: 0.593em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">(</span></span><span
                              class="mjx-msubsup"><span class="mjx-base"
                                style="margin-right: -0.001em;"><span class="mjx-texatom"><span
                                    class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mi"><span
                                        class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                                        style="padding-top: 0.225em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.001em;">σ</span></span></span></span></span><span
                                class="mjx-sup"
                                style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: 0.513em; padding-left: 0.073em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                                  class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                                      class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"
                                        style="padding-top: 0.372em; padding-bottom: 0.372em;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                              class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size1-R"
                                style="padding-top: 0.593em; padding-bottom: 0.593em;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span
                      class="mjx-sub"
                      style="font-size: 70.7%; vertical-align: -0.579em; padding-right: 0.071em;"><span
                        class="mjx-texatom" style=""><span class="mjx-mrow"><span
                            class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I"
                              style="padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.298em; padding-right: 0.003em;">d</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
          is the variance attributed to modeling uncertainty. Model fit for each brain region was
          evaluated by calculating the explained variance (which measures central tendency), the
          mean squared log-loss (MSLL, central tendency, and variance) plus skew and kurtosis of the
          deviation scores (2) which measures how well the shape of the regression function matches
          the data <cite itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib9"><span>9</span><span>Dinga et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite>. Note
          that for all models, we report out of sample metrics.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">To provide a summary of
          individual variation within each clinical group, deviation scores were summarized for each
          clinical group (<a href="#fig2" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 2B–C</a>) by first separating them into
          positive and negative deviations, counting how many subjects had an extreme deviation
          (positive extreme deviation defined as Z&gt;2, negative extreme deviation as Z&lt;−2) at a
          given ROI, and then dividing by the group size to show the percentage of individuals with
          extreme deviations at that brain area. Controls from the same sites as the patient groups
          were summarized in the same manner for comparison. We also performed classical case versus
          control group difference testing on the true data and on the deviation scores (<a
            href="#fig2" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 2D</a>) and
          thresholded results at a Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate of p&lt;0.05. Note that
          in both cases, we directly contrast each patient group to their matched controls to avoid
          nuisance variation confounding any reported effects (e.g., sampling characteristics and
          demographic differences).</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">All pretrained models and code
          are shared online with straightforward directions for transferring to new sites and
          including an example transfer data set derived from several <a
            href="https://openneuro.org/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">OpenNeuro.org</a> data sets. Given a new set of
          data (e.g., sites not present in the training set), this is done by first applying the
          warp parameters estimating on the training data to the new data set, adjusting the mean
          and variance in the latent Gaussian space, then (if necessary) warping the adjusted data
          back to the original space, which is similar to the approach outlined in <cite
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a
              href="#bib9"><span>9</span><span>Dinga et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite>. Note
          that to remain unbiased, this should be done on a held-out calibration data set. To
          illustrate this procedure, we apply this approach to predicting a subset of data that was
          not used during the model estimation step. We leveraged data from <a
            href="https://openneuro.org/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">OpenNeuro.org</a> <cite itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Cite"><a href="#bib26"><span>26</span><span>Markiewicz
                et al.</span><span>2021</span></a></cite> to create a transfer data set (six sites,
          N=546, <a href="#supp3" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Supplementary
            file 3</a>). This data are provided along with the code for transferring to walk users
          through how to apply these models to their own data. These results are reported in <a
            href="#fig3" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Figure 3</a>
          (transfer) and <a href="#supp3" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Supplementary file 3</a>. We also distribute
          scripts for this purpose in the GitHub Repository associated with this manuscript.
          Furthermore, to promote the use of these models and remove barriers to using them, we have
          set up access to the pretrained models and code for transferring to users’ own data, using
          <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts/blob/master/scripts/apply_normative_models.ipynb"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Google Colab</a>, a free,
          cloud-based platform for running python notebooks. This eliminates the need to install
          python/manage package versions and only requires users to have a personal computer with
          stable internet connection.</p>
        <h3 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
          id="using-lifespan-models-to-make-predictions-on-new-data-transfer-models-code">Using
          lifespan models to make predictions on new data (transfer models code)</h3>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">This notebook shows how to
          apply the coefficients from pre-estimated normative models to new data. This can be done
          in two different ways: (i) using a new set of data derived from the same sites used to
          estimate the model and (ii) on a completely different set of sites. In the latter case, we
          also need to estimate the site effect, which requires some calibration/adaptation data. As
          an illustrative example, we use a dataset derived from several <a
            href="https://openneuro.org/" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">OpenNeuro datasets</a> and adapt the learned
          model to make predictions on these data. View notebook on <a
            href="https://github.com/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts/blob/master/scripts/apply_normative_models.ipynb"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">GitHub</a> or run on <a
            href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts/blob/master/scripts/apply_normative_models.ipynb"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Google Colab</a></p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="ff661cf2-7d80-46bb-bcfb-1650a93eed3d">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-execution_count="138" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code>import os
import pickle
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from pcntoolkit.normative import estimate, predict, evaluate
from pcntoolkit.util.utils import compute_MSLL, create_design_matrix
from nm_utils import load_2d</code></pre>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
        </figure>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Next, we configure some basic
          variables, like where we want the analysis to be done and which model we want to use.</p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="f52e2a19-9b63-4f0f-97c1-387f1a1872a2">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-execution_count="140" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code># which model do we wish to use?
model_name = &#39;lifespan_57K_82sites&#39;
site_names = &#39;site_ids_82sites.txt&#39;

# where the analysis takes place
root_dir = os.getcwd()
out_dir = os.path.join(root_dir, &#39;models&#39;, model_name)

# load a set of site ids from this model. This must match the training data
with open(os.path.join(root_dir,&#39;docs&#39;, site_names)) as f:
    site_ids_tr = f.read().splitlines()</code></pre>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
          <figcaption>
            <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Note: We maintain a list of
              site ids for each dataset, which describe the site names in the training and test data
              (<code itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeFragment">site_ids_tr</code>
              and <code itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeFragment">site_ids_te</code>), plus also the
              adaptation data . The training site ids are provided as a text file in the
              distribution and the test ids are extracted automatically from the pandas dataframe
              (see below). If you use additional data from the sites (e.g. later waves from ABCD),
              it may be necessary to adjust the site names to match the names in the training set.
              See the accompanying paper for more details</p>
          </figcaption>
        </figure>
        <h4 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="download-test-dataset">
          Download test dataset</h4>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">As mentioned above, to
          demonstrate this tool we will use a test dataset derived from the FCON 1000 dataset. We
          provide a prepackaged training/test split of these data in the required format (also after
          removing sites with only a few data points), <a
            href="https://github.com/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/PCNtoolkit-demo/tree/main/data"
            itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">here</a>. you can get these data by
          running the following commmands:</p>
        <h4 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="load-test-data">Load test
          data</h4>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Now we load the test data and
          remove some subjects that may have poor scan quality. This asssesment is based on the
          Freesurfer Euler characteristic as described in the papers below. </p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph"><strong itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Strong">Note:</strong> For the purposes of this
          tutorial, we make predictions for all sites in the FCON 1000 dataset, but two of them were
          also included in the training data (named &#39;Baltimore&#39; and &#39;NewYork_a&#39;). In
          this case, this will only slightly bias the accuracy, but in order to replicate the
          results in the paper, it would be necessary to additionally remove these sites from the
          test dataframe.</p>
        <h2 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="references">References</h2>
        <ul itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ItemList">
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" itemprop="itemListElement">
            <meta itemprop="position" content="1">
            <meta itemprop="url" content="#1"><a
              href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446120v1.abstract"
              itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Kia et al 2021</a>
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" itemprop="itemListElement">
            <meta itemprop="position" content="2">
            <meta itemprop="url" content="#2"><a
              href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053811917310832?via%3Dihub"
              itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Rosen et al 2018</a>
          </li>
        </ul>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="262d429a-160b-4ba3-9ba4-9acc195bc644">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-execution_count="142" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code>test_data = os.path.join(root_dir, &#39;docs/OpenNeuroTransfer_te.csv&#39;)

df_te = pd.read_csv(test_data)

# extract a list of unique site ids from the test set
site_ids_te =  sorted(set(df_te[&#39;site&#39;].to_list()))</code></pre>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
        </figure>
        <h4 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
          id="optional-load-adaptation-data">(Optional) Load adaptation data</h4>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">If the data you wish to make
          predictions for is not derived from the same scanning sites as those in the trainig set,
          it is necessary to learn the site effect so that we can account for it in the predictions.
          In order to do this in an unbiased way, we use a separate dataset, which we refer to as
          &#39;adaptation&#39; data. This must contain data for all the same sites as in the test
          dataset and we assume these are coded in the same way, based on a the &#39;sitenum&#39;
          column in the dataframe.</p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="53551023-aff6-4934-ad2d-d77bc63c562d">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-execution_count="143" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code>adaptation_data = os.path.join(root_dir, &#39;docs/OpenNeuroTransfer_tr.csv&#39;)

df_ad = pd.read_csv(adaptation_data)

# extract a list of unique site ids from the test set
site_ids_ad =  sorted(set(df_ad[&#39;site&#39;].to_list()))

if not all(elem in site_ids_ad for elem in site_ids_te):
    print(&#39;Warning: some of the testing sites are not in the adaptation data&#39;)</code></pre>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
        </figure>
        <h4 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
          id="configure-which-models-to-fit">Configure which models to fit</h4>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Now, we configure which imaging
          derived phenotypes (IDPs) we would like to process. This is just a list of column names in
          the dataframe we have loaded above. </p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">We could load the whole set
          (i.e. all phenotypes for which we have models for ...</p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="b48e104c-cbac-4ae2-8377-cd3ff80162fd">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-execution_count="144" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code># load the list of idps for left and right hemispheres, plus subcortical regions
with open(os.path.join(root_dir,&#39;docs&#39;,&#39;phenotypes_lh.txt&#39;)) as f:
    idp_ids_lh = f.read().splitlines()
with open(os.path.join(root_dir,&#39;docs&#39;,&#39;phenotypes_rh.txt&#39;)) as f:
    idp_ids_rh = f.read().splitlines()
with open(os.path.join(root_dir,&#39;docs&#39;,&#39;phenotypes_sc.txt&#39;)) as f:
    idp_ids_sc = f.read().splitlines()

# we choose here to process all idps
idp_ids = idp_ids_lh + idp_ids_rh + idp_ids_sc</code></pre>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
        </figure>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">... or alternatively, we could
          just specify a list</p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="8b74d75f-77a5-474a-9c9b-29aab1ce53a2">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-execution_count="145" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code>idp_ids = [ &#39;Left-Thalamus-Proper&#39;, &#39;Left-Lateral-Ventricle&#39;, &#39;rh_MeanThickness_thickness&#39;]</code></pre>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
        </figure>
        <h4 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="configure-covariates">
          Configure covariates</h4>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Now, we configure some
          parameters to fit the model. First, we choose which columns of the pandas dataframe
          contain the covariates (age and sex). The site parameters are configured automatically
          later on by the <code itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeFragment">configure_design_matrix()</code>
          function, when we loop through the IDPs in the list</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">The supplied coefficients are
          derived from a &#39;warped&#39; Bayesian linear regression model, which uses a nonlinear
          warping function to model non-Gaussianity (<code itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeFragment">sinarcsinh</code>) plus a non-linear
          basis expansion (a cubic b-spline basis set with 5 knot points, which is the default value
          in the PCNtoolkit package). Since we are sticking with the default value, we do not need
          to specify any parameters for this, but we do need to specify the limits. We choose to pad
          the input by a few years either side of the input range. We will also set a couple of
          options that control the estimation of the model</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">For further details about the
          likelihood warping approach, see the accompanying paper and <a
            href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438429v1" itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Link">Fraza et al 2021</a>.</p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="62312b8e-4972-4238-abf9-87d9bb33cc10">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-execution_count="146" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code># which data columns do we wish to use as covariates? 
cols_cov = [&#39;age&#39;,&#39;sex&#39;]

# limits for cubic B-spline basis 
xmin = -5 
xmax = 110

# Absolute Z treshold above which a sample is considered to be an outlier (without fitting any model)
outlier_thresh = 7</code></pre>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
        </figure>
        <h4 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading" id="make-predictions">Make
          predictions</h4>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">This will make predictions for
          each IDP separately. This is done by extracting a column from the dataframe (i.e.
          specifying the IDP as the response variable) and saving it as a numpy array. Then, we
          configure the covariates, which is a numpy data array having the number of rows equal to
          the number of datapoints in the test set. The columns are specified as follows: </p>
        <ul itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ItemList">
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" itemprop="itemListElement">
            <meta itemprop="position" content="1">
            <meta itemprop="url" content="#1">A global intercept (column of ones)
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" itemprop="itemListElement">
            <meta itemprop="position" content="2">
            <meta itemprop="url" content="#2">The covariate columns (here age and sex, coded as
            0=female/1=male)
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" itemprop="itemListElement">
            <meta itemprop="position" content="3">
            <meta itemprop="url" content="#3">Dummy coded columns for the sites in the training set
            (one column per site)
          </li>
          <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" itemprop="itemListElement">
            <meta itemprop="position" content="4">
            <meta itemprop="url" content="#4">Columns for the basis expansion (seven columns for the
            default parameterisation)
          </li>
        </ul>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Once these are saved as numpy
          arrays in ascii format (as here) or (alternatively) in pickle format, these are passed as
          inputs to the <code itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeFragment">predict()</code> method in the
          PCNtoolkit normative modelling framework. These are written in the same format to the
          location specified by <code itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeFragment">idp_dir</code>. At the end of this step,
          we have a set of predictions and Z-statistics for the test dataset that we can take
          forward to further analysis.</p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Note that when we need to make
          predictions on new data, the procedure is more involved, since we need to prepare, process
          and store covariates, response variables and site ids for the adaptation data.</p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="07b7471b-c334-464f-8273-b409b7acaac2">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-colab="[object Object]" data-outputid="76fddc99-bed3-4bfc-f663-c21b1f39be37"
            data-execution_count="147" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code>for idp_num, idp in enumerate(idp_ids): 
    print(&#39;Running IDP&#39;, idp_num, idp, &#39;:&#39;)
    idp_dir = os.path.join(out_dir, idp)
    os.chdir(idp_dir)
    
    # extract and save the response variables for the test set
    y_te = df_te[idp].to_numpy()
    
    # save the variables
    resp_file_te = os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;resp_te.txt&#39;) 
    np.savetxt(resp_file_te, y_te)
        
    # configure and save the design matrix
    cov_file_te = os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;cov_bspline_te.txt&#39;)
    X_te = create_design_matrix(df_te[cols_cov], 
                                site_ids = df_te[&#39;site&#39;],
                                all_sites = site_ids_tr,
                                basis = &#39;bspline&#39;, 
                                xmin = xmin, 
                                xmax = xmax)
    np.savetxt(cov_file_te, X_te)
    
    # check whether all sites in the test set are represented in the training set
    if all(elem in site_ids_tr for elem in site_ids_te):
        print(&#39;All sites are present in the training data&#39;)
        
        # just make predictions
        yhat_te, s2_te, Z = predict(cov_file_te, 
                                    alg=&#39;blr&#39;, 
                                    respfile=resp_file_te, 
                                    model_path=os.path.join(idp_dir,&#39;Models&#39;))
    else:
        print(&#39;Some sites missing from the training data. Adapting model&#39;)
        
        # save the covariates for the adaptation data
        X_ad = create_design_matrix(df_ad[cols_cov], 
                                    site_ids = df_ad[&#39;site&#39;],
                                    all_sites = site_ids_tr,
                                    basis = &#39;bspline&#39;, 
                                    xmin = xmin, 
                                    xmax = xmax)
        cov_file_ad = os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;cov_bspline_ad.txt&#39;)          
        np.savetxt(cov_file_ad, X_ad)
        
        # save the responses for the adaptation data
        resp_file_ad = os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;resp_ad.txt&#39;) 
        y_ad = df_ad[idp].to_numpy()
        np.savetxt(resp_file_ad, y_ad)
       
        # save the site ids for the adaptation data
        sitenum_file_ad = os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;sitenum_ad.txt&#39;) 
        site_num_ad = df_ad[&#39;sitenum&#39;].to_numpy(dtype=int)
        np.savetxt(sitenum_file_ad, site_num_ad)
        
        # save the site ids for the test data 
        sitenum_file_te = os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;sitenum_te.txt&#39;)
        site_num_te = df_te[&#39;sitenum&#39;].to_numpy(dtype=int)
        np.savetxt(sitenum_file_te, site_num_te)
         
        yhat_te, s2_te, Z = predict(cov_file_te, 
                                    alg = &#39;blr&#39;, 
                                    respfile = resp_file_te, 
                                    model_path = os.path.join(idp_dir,&#39;Models&#39;),
                                    adaptrespfile = resp_file_ad,
                                    adaptcovfile = cov_file_ad,
                                    adaptvargroupfile = sitenum_file_ad,
                                    testvargroupfile = sitenum_file_te)</code></pre>
            <figure slot="outputs">
              <pre class="language-text" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"><code>Running IDP 0 Left-Thalamus-Proper :
Some sites missing from the training data. Adapting model
Loading data ...
Prediction by model  1 of 1
Evaluating the model ...
Evaluations Writing outputs ...
Writing outputs ...
Running IDP 1 Left-Lateral-Ventricle :
Some sites missing from the training data. Adapting model
Loading data ...
Prediction by model  1 of 1
Evaluating the model ...
Evaluations Writing outputs ...
Writing outputs ...
Running IDP 2 rh_MeanThickness_thickness :
Some sites missing from the training data. Adapting model
Loading data ...
Prediction by model  1 of 1
Evaluating the model ...
Evaluations Writing outputs ...
Writing outputs ...
</code></pre>
            </figure>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
        </figure>
        <h4 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
          id="preparing-dummy-data-for-plotting">Preparing dummy data for plotting</h4>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Now, we plot the centiles of
          variation estimated by the normative model. </p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">We do this by making use of a
          set of dummy covariates that span the whole range of the input space (for age) for a fixed
          value of the other covariates (e.g. sex) so that we can make predictions for these dummy
          data points, then plot them. We configure these dummy predictions using the same procedure
          as we used for the real data. We can use the same dummy data for all the IDPs we wish to
          plot</p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="2d0743d8-28ca-4a14-8ef0-99bf40434b5b">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-colab="[object Object]" data-outputid="00343be9-866d-4c9d-f243-351cbe9e4231"
            data-execution_count="148" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code># which sex do we want to plot? 
sex = 1 # 1 = male 0 = female
if sex == 1: 
    clr = &#39;blue&#39;;
else:
    clr = &#39;red&#39;

# create dummy data for visualisation
print(&#39;configuring dummy data ...&#39;)
xx = np.arange(xmin, xmax, 0.5)
X0_dummy = np.zeros((len(xx), 2))
X0_dummy[:,0] = xx
X0_dummy[:,1] = sex

# create the design matrix
X_dummy = create_design_matrix(X0_dummy, xmin=xmin, xmax=xmax, site_ids=None, all_sites=site_ids_tr)

# save the dummy covariates
cov_file_dummy = os.path.join(out_dir,&#39;cov_bspline_dummy_mean.txt&#39;)
np.savetxt(cov_file_dummy, X_dummy)</code></pre>
            <figure slot="outputs">
              <pre class="language-text" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"><code>configuring dummy data ...
</code></pre>
            </figure>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
        </figure>
        <h4 itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading"
          id="plotting-the-normative-models">Plotting the normative models</h4>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Now we loop through the IDPs,
          plotting each one separately. The outputs of this step are a set of quantitative
          regression metrics for each IDP and a set of centile curves which we plot the test data
          against. </p>
        <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">This part of the code is
          relatively complex because we need to keep track of many quantities for the plotting. We
          also need to remember whether the data need to be warped or not. By default in PCNtoolkit,
          predictions in the form of <code itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeFragment">yhat, s2</code> are always in the warped
          (Gaussian) space. If we want predictions in the input (non-Gaussian) space, then we need
          to warp them with the inverse of the estimated warping function. This can be done using
          the function <code itemscope=""
            itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeFragment">nm.blr.warp.warp_predictions()</code>.
        </p>
        <figure itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Figure"
          id="cdd68cc6-212b-4149-b86a-24e842078e1a">
          <stencila-code-chunk itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeChunk"
            data-colab="[object Object]" data-outputid="f25fc8bb-3a7c-41f0-ebd7-60f39ebaf7bd"
            data-execution_count="149" data-programminglanguage="python">
            <pre class="language-python" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"
              slot="text"><code>sns.set(style=&#39;whitegrid&#39;)

for idp_num, idp in enumerate(idp_ids): 
    print(&#39;Running IDP&#39;, idp_num, idp, &#39;:&#39;)
    idp_dir = os.path.join(out_dir, idp)
    os.chdir(idp_dir)
    
    # load the true data points
    yhat_te = load_2d(os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;yhat_predict.txt&#39;))
    s2_te = load_2d(os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;ys2_predict.txt&#39;))
    y_te = load_2d(os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;resp_te.txt&#39;))
            
    # set up the covariates for the dummy data
    print(&#39;Making predictions with dummy covariates (for visualisation)&#39;)
    yhat, s2 = predict(cov_file_dummy, 
                       alg = &#39;blr&#39;, 
                       respfile = None, 
                       model_path = os.path.join(idp_dir,&#39;Models&#39;), 
                       outputsuffix = &#39;_dummy&#39;)
    
    # load the normative model
    with open(os.path.join(idp_dir,&#39;Models&#39;, &#39;NM_0_0_estimate.pkl&#39;), &#39;rb&#39;) as handle:
        nm = pickle.load(handle) 
    
    # get the warp and warp parameters
    W = nm.blr.warp
    warp_param = nm.blr.hyp[1:nm.blr.warp.get_n_params()+1] 
        
    # first, we warp predictions for the true data and compute evaluation metrics
    med_te = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat_te), np.squeeze(s2_te), warp_param)[0]
    med_te = med_te[:, np.newaxis]
    print(&#39;metrics:&#39;, evaluate(y_te, med_te))
    
    # then, we warp dummy predictions to create the plots
    med, pr_int = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2), warp_param)
    
    # extract the different variance components to visualise
    beta, junk1, junk2 = nm.blr._parse_hyps(nm.blr.hyp, X_dummy)
    s2n = 1/beta # variation (aleatoric uncertainty)
    s2s = s2-s2n # modelling uncertainty (epistemic uncertainty)
    
    # plot the data points
    y_te_rescaled_all = np.zeros_like(y_te)
    for sid, site in enumerate(site_ids_te):
        # plot the true test data points 
        if all(elem in site_ids_tr for elem in site_ids_te):
            # all data in the test set are present in the training set
            
            # first, we select the data points belonging to this particular site
            idx = np.where(np.bitwise_and(X_te[:,2] == sex, X_te[:,sid+len(cols_cov)+1] !=0))[0]
            if len(idx) == 0:
                print(&#39;No data for site&#39;, sid, site, &#39;skipping...&#39;)
                continue
            
            # then directly adjust the data
            idx_dummy = np.bitwise_and(X_dummy[:,1] &gt; X_te[idx,1].min(), X_dummy[:,1] &lt; X_te[idx,1].max())
            y_te_rescaled = y_te[idx] - np.median(y_te[idx]) + np.median(med[idx_dummy])
        else:
            # we need to adjust the data based on the adaptation dataset 
            
            # first, select the data point belonging to this particular site
            idx = np.where(np.bitwise_and(X_te[:,2] == sex, (df_te[&#39;site&#39;] == site).to_numpy()))[0]
            
            # load the adaptation data
            y_ad = load_2d(os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;resp_ad.txt&#39;))
            X_ad = load_2d(os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;cov_bspline_ad.txt&#39;))
            idx_a = np.where(np.bitwise_and(X_ad[:,2] == sex, (df_ad[&#39;site&#39;] == site).to_numpy()))[0]
            if len(idx) &lt; 2 or len(idx_a) &lt; 2:
                print(&#39;Insufficent data for site&#39;, sid, site, &#39;skipping...&#39;)
                continue
            
            # adjust and rescale the data
            y_te_rescaled, s2_rescaled = nm.blr.predict_and_adjust(nm.blr.hyp, 
                                                                   X_ad[idx_a,:], 
                                                                   np.squeeze(y_ad[idx_a]), 
                                                                   Xs=None, 
                                                                   ys=np.squeeze(y_te[idx]))
        # plot the (adjusted) data points
        plt.scatter(X_te[idx,1], y_te_rescaled, s=4, color=clr, alpha = 0.1)
       
    # plot the median of the dummy data
    plt.plot(xx, med, clr)
    
    # fill the gaps in between the centiles
    junk, pr_int25 = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2), warp_param, percentiles=[0.25,0.75])
    junk, pr_int95 = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2), warp_param, percentiles=[0.05,0.95])
    junk, pr_int99 = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2), warp_param, percentiles=[0.01,0.99])
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int25[:,0], pr_int25[:,1], alpha = 0.1,color=clr)
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int95[:,0], pr_int95[:,1], alpha = 0.1,color=clr)
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int99[:,0], pr_int99[:,1], alpha = 0.1,color=clr)
            
    # make the width of each centile proportional to the epistemic uncertainty
    junk, pr_int25l = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2-0.5*s2s), warp_param, percentiles=[0.25,0.75])
    junk, pr_int95l = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2-0.5*s2s), warp_param, percentiles=[0.05,0.95])
    junk, pr_int99l = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2-0.5*s2s), warp_param, percentiles=[0.01,0.99])
    junk, pr_int25u = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2+0.5*s2s), warp_param, percentiles=[0.25,0.75])
    junk, pr_int95u = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2+0.5*s2s), warp_param, percentiles=[0.05,0.95])
    junk, pr_int99u = W.warp_predictions(np.squeeze(yhat), np.squeeze(s2+0.5*s2s), warp_param, percentiles=[0.01,0.99])    
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int25l[:,0], pr_int25u[:,0], alpha = 0.3,color=clr)
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int95l[:,0], pr_int95u[:,0], alpha = 0.3,color=clr)
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int99l[:,0], pr_int99u[:,0], alpha = 0.3,color=clr)
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int25l[:,1], pr_int25u[:,1], alpha = 0.3,color=clr)
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int95l[:,1], pr_int95u[:,1], alpha = 0.3,color=clr)
    plt.fill_between(xx, pr_int99l[:,1], pr_int99u[:,1], alpha = 0.3,color=clr)

    # plot actual centile lines
    plt.plot(xx, pr_int25[:,0],color=clr, linewidth=0.5)
    plt.plot(xx, pr_int25[:,1],color=clr, linewidth=0.5)
    plt.plot(xx, pr_int95[:,0],color=clr, linewidth=0.5)
    plt.plot(xx, pr_int95[:,1],color=clr, linewidth=0.5)
    plt.plot(xx, pr_int99[:,0],color=clr, linewidth=0.5)
    plt.plot(xx, pr_int99[:,1],color=clr, linewidth=0.5)
    
    plt.xlabel(&#39;Age&#39;)
    plt.ylabel(idp) 
    plt.title(idp)
    plt.xlim((0,90))
    plt.savefig(os.path.join(idp_dir, &#39;centiles_&#39; + str(sex)),  bbox_inches=&#39;tight&#39;)
    plt.show()
    
os.chdir(out_dir)</code></pre>
            <figure slot="outputs">
              <pre class="language-text" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"><code>Running IDP 0 Left-Thalamus-Proper :
Making predictions with dummy covariates (for visualisation)
Loading data ...
Prediction by model  1 of 1
Writing outputs ...
metrics: {&#39;RMSE&#39;: array([0.55690777]), &#39;Rho&#39;: array([0.]), &#39;pRho&#39;: array([1.]), &#39;SMSE&#39;: array([0.]), &#39;EXPV&#39;: array([0.])}
</code></pre><img src="index.html.media/11" alt="" itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
              <pre class="language-text" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"><code>Running IDP 1 Left-Lateral-Ventricle :
Making predictions with dummy covariates (for visualisation)
Loading data ...
Prediction by model  1 of 1
Writing outputs ...
metrics: {&#39;RMSE&#39;: array([4205.49266088]), &#39;Rho&#39;: array([0.45898577]), &#39;pRho&#39;: array([5.62632393e-25]), &#39;SMSE&#39;: array([0.81397727]), &#39;EXPV&#39;: array([0.19814613])}
</code></pre><img src="index.html.media/12" alt="" itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
              <pre class="language-text" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/CodeBlock"><code>Running IDP 2 rh_MeanThickness_thickness :
Making predictions with dummy covariates (for visualisation)
Loading data ...
Prediction by model  1 of 1
Writing outputs ...
metrics: {&#39;RMSE&#39;: array([0.08652435]), &#39;Rho&#39;: array([0.77666469]), &#39;pRho&#39;: array([2.97430261e-103]), &#39;SMSE&#39;: array([0.40227749]), &#39;EXPV&#39;: array([0.59789079])}
</code></pre><img src="index.html.media/13" alt="" itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject">
            </figure>
          </stencila-code-chunk>
          <figcaption>
            <p itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Paragraph">Note: it is necessary to
              update the intercept for each of the sites. For purposes of visualisation, here we do
              this by adjusting the median of the data to match the dummy predictions, but note that
              all the quantitative metrics are estimated using the predictions that are adjusted
              properly using a learned offset (or adjusted using a hold-out adaptation set, as
              above). Note also that for the calibration data we require at least two data points of
              the same sex in each site to be able to estimate the variance. Of course, in a real
              example, you would want many more than just two since we need to get a reliable
              estimate of the variance for each site.</p>
          </figcaption>
        </figure>
        <section data-itemprop="references">
          <h2 data-itemtype="http://schema.stenci.la/Heading">References</h2>
          <ol>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib1">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="F Alfaro-Almagro"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">F</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Alfaro-Almagro</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Jenkinson"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jenkinson</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="NK Bangerter"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">NK</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Bangerter</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JLR Andersson"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JLR</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Andersson</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="L Griffanti"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">L</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Griffanti</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="G Douaud"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">G</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Douaud</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SN Sotiropoulos"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">SN</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Sotiropoulos</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Jbabdi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jbabdi</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Hernandez-Fernandez"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hernandez-Fernandez</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Vallee"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Vallee</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Vidaurre"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Vidaurre</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Webster"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Webster</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="P McCarthy"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">P</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">McCarthy</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Rorden"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rorden</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Daducci"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Daducci</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DC Alexander"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">DC</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Alexander</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="H Zhang"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">H</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zhang</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="I Dragonu"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">I</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dragonu</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="PM Matthews"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">PM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Matthews</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="KL Miller"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">KL</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Miller</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SM Smith"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Smith</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2018">2018</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Image processing and Quality Control for the first 10,000 brain
                imaging datasets from UK Biobank</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">166</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">400</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">424</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Image%20processing%20and%20Quality%20Control%20for%20the%20first%2010,000%20brain%20imaging%20datasets%20from%20UK%20Biobank">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.034</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">29079522</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib2">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JMM Bayer"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JMM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bayer</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Dinga"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dinga</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SM Kia"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kia</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AR Kottaram"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AR</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kottaram</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Lv"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Lv</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Zalesky"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zalesky</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="L Schmaal"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">L</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Schmaal</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Accommodating Site Variation in Neuroimaging Data Using
                Normative and Hierarchical Bayesian Models</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="name">bioRxiv</span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Accommodating%20Site%20Variation%20in%20Neuroimaging%20Data%20Using%20Normative%20and%20Hierarchical%20Bayesian%20Models">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1101/2021.02.09.430363</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib3">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RAI Bethlehem"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">RAI</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Bethlehem</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Seidlitz"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Seidlitz</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Romero-Garcia"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Romero-Garcia</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Trakoshis"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Trakoshis</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="G Dumas"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">G</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dumas</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MV Lombardo"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MV</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Lombardo</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2020">2020</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="A normative modelling approach reveals age-atypical cortical thickness in a subgroup of males with autism spe…">A
                normative modelling approach reveals age-atypical cortical thickness in a subgroup
                of males with autism spectrum disorder</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">3</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Communications Biology</span></span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=A%20normative%20modelling%20approach%20reveals%20age-atypical%20cortical%20thickness%20in%20a%20subgroup%20of%20males%20with%20autism%20spe%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1038/s42003-020-01212-9</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">32887930</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib4">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Bethlehem"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bethlehem</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Seidlitz"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Seidlitz</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SR White"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SR</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">White</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JW Vogel"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JW</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Vogel</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="KM Anderson"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">KM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Anderson</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Adamson"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Adamson</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Adler"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Adler</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="GS Alexopoulos"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">GS</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Alexopoulos</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Anagnostou"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Anagnostou</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Areces-Gonzalez"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Areces-Gonzalez</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DE Astle"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DE</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Astle</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Auyeung"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Auyeung</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Ayub"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ayub</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="G Ball"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">G</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ball</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Baron-Cohen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Baron-Cohen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Beare"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beare</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SA Bedford"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bedford</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="V Benegal"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">V</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Benegal</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="F Beyer"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">F</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beyer</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Alexander-Bloch"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Alexander-Bloch</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Brain Charts for the Human Lifespan</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="name">bioRxiv</span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Brain%20Charts%20for%20the%20Human%20Lifespan">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1101/2021.06.08.447489</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib5">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="TJ Cole"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">TJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Cole</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2012">2012</time><span
                itemprop="headline">The development of growth references and growth
                charts</span><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">39</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Annals of Human Biology</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">382</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">394</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=The%20development%20of%20growth%20references%20and%20growth%20charts">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.3109/03014460.2012.694475</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">22780429</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib6">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AM Dale"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dale</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Fischl"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fischl</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MI Sereno"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MI</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Sereno</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="1999">1999</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Cortical Surface-Based Analysis</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">9</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">179</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">194</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Cortical%20Surface-Based%20Analysis">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1006/nimg.1998.0395</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">9931268</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib7">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Destrieux"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Destrieux</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Fischl"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fischl</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Dale"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dale</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Halgren"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Halgren</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2010">2010</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Automatic parcellation of human cortical gyri and sulci using
                standard anatomical nomenclature</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">53</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">15</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Automatic%20parcellation%20of%20human%20cortical%20gyri%20and%20sulci%20using%20standard%20anatomical%20nomenclature">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.010</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">20547229</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib8">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Dimitrova"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dimitrova</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Pietsch"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Pietsch</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Christiaens"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Christiaens</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Ciarrusta"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ciarrusta</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Batalle"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Batalle</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Hughes"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hughes</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Hutter"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hutter</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="L Cordero-Grande"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">L</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Cordero-Grande</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AN Price"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AN</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Price</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Chew"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Chew</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Falconer"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Falconer</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="K Vecchiato"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">K</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Vecchiato</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JK Steinweg"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JK</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Steinweg</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="O Carney"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">O</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Carney</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MA Rutherford"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">MA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rutherford</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J-D Tournier"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">J-D</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Tournier</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SJ Counsell"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Counsell</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Rueckert"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rueckert</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JV Hajnal"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JV</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hajnal</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="G McAlonan"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">G</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">McAlonan</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AD Edwards"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AD</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Edwards</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J O’Muircheartaigh"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">O’Muircheartaigh</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2020">2020</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Heterogeneity in Brain Microstructural Development Following
                Preterm Birth</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">30</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">4800</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">4810</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Heterogeneity%20in%20Brain%20Microstructural%20Development%20Following%20Preterm%20Birth">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1093/cercor/bhaa069</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">32306044</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib9">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Dinga"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dinga</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CJ Fraza"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fraza</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JMM Bayer"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JMM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bayer</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SM Kia"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kia</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Normative Modeling of Neuroimaging Data Using Generalized
                Additive Models of Location Scale and Shape</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="name">bioRxiv</span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Normative%20Modeling%20of%20Neuroimaging%20Data%20Using%20Generalized%20Additive%20Models%20of%20Location%20Scale%20and%20Shape">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1101/2021.06.14.448106</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib10">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Ducharme"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ducharme</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MD Albaugh"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MD</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Albaugh</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="TV Nguyen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">TV</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Nguyen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JJ Hudziak"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hudziak</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JM Mateos-Pérez"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JM</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Mateos-Pérez</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Labbe"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Labbe</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AC Evans"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AC</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Evans</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Karama"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Karama</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="author"><span
                    itemprop="name">Brain Development Cooperative Group</span></li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2016">2016</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Trajectories of cortical thickness maturation in normal brain development--The importance of quality control …">Trajectories
                of cortical thickness maturation in normal brain development--The importance of
                quality control procedures</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">125</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">267</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">279</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Trajectories%20of%20cortical%20thickness%20maturation%20in%20normal%20brain%20development--The%20importance%20of%20quality%20control%20%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.010</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">26463175</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib11">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="ER Duval"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">ER</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Duval</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SA Joshi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Joshi</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Russman Block"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Russman</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Block</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JL Abelson"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JL</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Abelson</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="I Liberzon"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">I</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Liberzon</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2018">2018</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Insula activation is modulated by attention shifting in social
                anxiety disorder</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">56</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Journal of Anxiety Disorders</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">56</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">62</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Insula%20activation%20is%20modulated%20by%20attention%20shifting%20in%20social%20anxiety%20disorder">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.04.004</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">29729828</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib12">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Fischl"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fischl</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AM Dale"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dale</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2000">2000</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from
                magnetic resonance images</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">97</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">PNAS</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">11050</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">11055</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Measuring%20the%20thickness%20of%20the%20human%20cerebral%20cortex%20from%20magnetic%20resonance%20images">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1073/pnas.200033797</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">10984517</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib13">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Fischl"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fischl</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DH Salat"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DH</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Salat</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Busa"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Busa</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Albert"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Albert</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Dieterich"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dieterich</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Haselgrove"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Haselgrove</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A van der Kouwe"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">van</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">der</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kouwe</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Killiany"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Killiany</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Kennedy"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kennedy</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Klaveness"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Klaveness</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Montillo"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Montillo</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="N Makris"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">N</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Makris</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Rosen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rosen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AM Dale"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dale</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2002">2002</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Whole Brain Segmentation</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">33</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Neuron</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">341</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">355</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Whole%20Brain%20Segmentation">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00569-X</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">11832223</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib14">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CJ Fraza"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fraza</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Dinga"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dinga</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Warped Bayesian linear regression for normative modelling of big
                data</span><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">245</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Warped%20Bayesian%20linear%20regression%20for%20normative%20modelling%20of%20big%20data">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118715</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">34798518</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib15">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Fry"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fry</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="TJ Littlejohns"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">TJ</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Littlejohns</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Sudlow"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Sudlow</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="N Doherty"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">N</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Doherty</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="L Adamska"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">L</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Adamska</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Sprosen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Sprosen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Collins"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Collins</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="NE Allen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">NE</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Allen</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2017">2017</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Comparison of Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics of UK Biobank Participants With Those of th…">Comparison
                of Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics of UK Biobank Participants
                With Those of the General Population</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">186</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">American Journal of Epidemiology</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1026</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1034</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Comparison%20of%20Sociodemographic%20and%20Health-Related%20Characteristics%20of%20UK%20Biobank%20Participants%20With%20Those%20of%20th%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1093/aje/kwx246</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">28641372</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib16">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="N Gogtay"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">N</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Gogtay</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JN Giedd"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JN</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Giedd</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="L Lusk"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">L</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Lusk</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="KM Hayashi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">KM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hayashi</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Greenstein"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Greenstein</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AC Vaituzis"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AC</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Vaituzis</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="TF Nugent"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">TF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Nugent</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DH Herman"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DH</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Herman</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LS Clasen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LS</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Clasen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AW Toga"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AW</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Toga</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JL Rapoport"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JL</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rapoport</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="PM Thompson"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">PM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Thompson</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2004">2004</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood
                through early adulthood</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">101</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">PNAS</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">8174</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">8179</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Dynamic%20mapping%20of%20human%20cortical%20development%20during%20childhood%20through%20early%20adulthood">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1073/pnas.0402680101</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">15148381</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib17">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Green"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Green</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MA Lambon Ralph"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">MA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Lambon</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ralph</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Moll"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Moll</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JFW Deakin"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JFW</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Deakin</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Zahn"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zahn</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2012">2012</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Guilt-selective functional disconnection of anterior temporal and subgenual cortices in major depressive diso…">Guilt-selective
                functional disconnection of anterior temporal and subgenual cortices in major
                depressive disorder</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">69</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Archives of General Psychiatry</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1014</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1021</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Guilt-selective%20functional%20disconnection%20of%20anterior%20temporal%20and%20subgenual%20cortices%20in%20major%20depressive%20diso%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.135</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">22638494</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib18">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Henrich"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Henrich</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SJ Heine"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Heine</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Norenzayan"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Norenzayan</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2010">2010</time><span
                itemprop="headline">The weirdest people in the world?</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">33</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">The Behavioral and Brain Sciences</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">61</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">83</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=The%20weirdest%20people%20in%20the%20world?">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1017/S0140525X0999152X</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">20550733</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib19">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="TR Insel"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">TR</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Insel</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2014">2014</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Mental disorders in childhood: shifting the focus from
                behavioral symptoms to neurodevelopmental trajectories</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">311</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">JAMA</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1727</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1728</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Mental%20disorders%20in%20childhood:%20shifting%20the%20focus%20from%20behavioral%20symptoms%20to%20neurodevelopmental%20trajectories">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1001/jama.2014.1193</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">24794359</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib20">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CR Jack"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CR</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jack</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DS Knopman"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DS</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Knopman</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="WJ Jagust"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">WJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jagust</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LM Shaw"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Shaw</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="PS Aisen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">PS</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Aisen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MW Weiner"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MW</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Weiner</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RC Petersen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">RC</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Petersen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JQ Trojanowski"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JQ</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Trojanowski</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2010">2010</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s
                pathological cascade</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">9</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">The Lancet. Neurology</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">119</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">128</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Hypothetical%20model%20of%20dynamic%20biomarkers%20of%20the%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s%20pathological%20cascade">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70299-6</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">20083042</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib21">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MC Jones"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MC</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jones</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Pewsey"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Pewsey</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2009">2009</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Sinh-arcsinh distributions</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">96</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Biometrika</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">761</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">780</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Sinh-arcsinh%20distributions">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1093/biomet/asp053</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib22">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="GB Karas"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">GB</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Karas</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="P Scheltens"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">P</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Scheltens</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SARB Rombouts"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">SARB</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rombouts</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="PJ Visser"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">PJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Visser</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RA van Schijndel"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">RA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">van</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Schijndel</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="NC Fox"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">NC</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fox</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="F Barkhof"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">F</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Barkhof</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2004">2004</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Global and local gray matter loss in mild cognitive impairment
                and Alzheimer’s disease</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">23</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">708</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">716</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Global%20and%20local%20gray%20matter%20loss%20in%20mild%20cognitive%20impairment%20and%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s%20disease">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.006</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">15488420</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib23">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SM Kia"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kia</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="H Huijsdens"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">H</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Huijsdens</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Rutherford"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rutherford</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Dinga"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dinga</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Mennes"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Mennes</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="OA Andreassen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">OA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Andreassen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LT Westlye"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LT</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Westlye</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Federated Multi-Site Normative Modeling Using Hierarchical
                Bayesian Regression</span><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="name">bioRxiv</span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Federated%20Multi-Site%20Normative%20Modeling%20Using%20Hierarchical%20Bayesian%20Regression">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1101/2021.05.28.446120</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib24">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="ET Klapwijk"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">ET</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Klapwijk</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="F van de Kamp"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">F</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">van</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">de</span><span itemprop="familyName">Kamp</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M van der Meulen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">van</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">der</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Meulen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Peters"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Peters</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LM Wierenga"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wierenga</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019">2019</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Qoala-T: A supervised-learning tool for quality control of
                FreeSurfer segmented MRI data</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">189</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">116</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">129</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Qoala-T:%20A%20supervised-learning%20tool%20for%20quality%20control%20of%20FreeSurfer%20segmented%20MRI%20data">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.014</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">30633965</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib25">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="KE Lythe"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">KE</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Lythe</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Moll"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Moll</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JA Gethin"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Gethin</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CI Workman"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CI</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Workman</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Green"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Green</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MA Lambon Ralph"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">MA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Lambon</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ralph</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JFW Deakin"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JFW</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Deakin</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Zahn"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zahn</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2015">2015</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Self-blame-Selective Hyperconnectivity Between Anterior Temporal and Subgenual Cortices and Prediction of Rec…">Self-blame-Selective
                Hyperconnectivity Between Anterior Temporal and Subgenual Cortices and Prediction of
                Recurrent Depressive Episodes</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">72</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">JAMA Psychiatry</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1119</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1126</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Self-blame-Selective%20Hyperconnectivity%20Between%20Anterior%20Temporal%20and%20Subgenual%20Cortices%20and%20Prediction%20of%20Rec%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1813</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">26445229</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib26">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CJ Markiewicz"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">CJ</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Markiewicz</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="KJ Gorgolewski"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">KJ</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Gorgolewski</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="F Feingold"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">F</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Feingold</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Blair"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Blair</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="YO Halchenko"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">YO</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Halchenko</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Miller"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Miller</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="N Hardcastle"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">N</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Hardcastle</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Wexler"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wexler</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="O Esteban"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">O</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Esteban</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Goncavles"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Goncavles</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Jwa"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jwa</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Poldrack"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Poldrack</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline">The OpenNeuro resource for sharing of neuroscience
                data</span><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">10</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">eLife</span></span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=The%20OpenNeuro%20resource%20for%20sharing%20of%20neuroscience%20data">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.7554/eLife.71774</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">34658334</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib27">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="I Rezek"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">I</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rezek</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Buitelaar"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Buitelaar</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2016">2016</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Understanding Heterogeneity in Clinical Cohorts Using Normative
                Models: Beyond Case-Control Studies</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">80</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Biological Psychiatry</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">552</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">561</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Understanding%20Heterogeneity%20in%20Clinical%20Cohorts%20Using%20Normative%20Models:%20Beyond%20Case-Control%20Studies">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.023</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">26927419</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib28">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SM Kia"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kia</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Zabihi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zabihi</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JK Buitelaar"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JK</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Buitelaar</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019">2019</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Conceptualizing mental disorders as deviations from normative
                functioning</span><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">24</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Molecular Psychiatry</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1415</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1424</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Conceptualizing%20mental%20disorders%20as%20deviations%20from%20normative%20functioning">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1038/s41380-019-0441-1</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">31201374</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib29">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RJT Mocking"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">RJT</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Mocking</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CA Figueroa"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Figueroa</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MM Rive"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rive</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="H Geugies"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">H</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Geugies</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MN Servaas"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MN</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Servaas</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Assies"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Assies</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MWJ Koeter"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MWJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Koeter</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="FM Vaz"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">FM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Vaz</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Wichers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wichers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JP van Straalen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JP</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">van</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Straalen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R de Raedt"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">de</span><span itemprop="familyName">Raedt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CLH Bockting"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">CLH</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Bockting</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CJ Harmer"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Harmer</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AH Schene"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AH</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Schene</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="HG Ruhé"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">HG</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ruhé</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2016">2016</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Vulnerability for new episodes in recurrent major depressive disorder: protocol for the longitudinal DELTA-ne…">Vulnerability
                for new episodes in recurrent major depressive disorder: protocol for the
                longitudinal DELTA-neuroimaging cohort study</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">6</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">BMJ Open</span></span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Vulnerability%20for%20new%20episodes%20in%20recurrent%20major%20depressive%20disorder:%20protocol%20for%20the%20longitudinal%20DELTA-ne%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009510</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">26932139</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib30">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Monereo-Sánchez"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Monereo-Sánchez</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JJA de Jong"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JJA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">de</span><span itemprop="familyName">Jong</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="GS Drenthen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">GS</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Drenthen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Beran"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beran</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="WH Backes"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">WH</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Backes</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CDA Stehouwer"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">CDA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Stehouwer</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MT Schram"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MT</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Schram</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DEJ Linden"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DEJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Linden</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JFA Jansen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JFA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jansen</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Quality control strategies for brain MRI segmentation and parcellation: Practical approaches and recommendati…">Quality
                control strategies for brain MRI segmentation and parcellation: Practical approaches
                and recommendations - insights from the Maastricht study</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">237</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Quality%20control%20strategies%20for%20brain%20MRI%20segmentation%20and%20parcellation:%20Practical%20approaches%20and%20recommendati%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118174</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">34000406</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib31">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Nesvåg"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Nesvåg</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="EG Jönsson"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">EG</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jönsson</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="IJ Bakken"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">IJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bakken</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="GP Knudsen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">GP</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Knudsen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="TD Bjella"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">TD</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bjella</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Reichborn-Kjennerud"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Reichborn-Kjennerud</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="I Melle"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">I</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Melle</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="OA Andreassen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">OA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Andreassen</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2017">2017</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="The quality of severe mental disorder diagnoses in a national health registry as compared to research diagnos…">The
                quality of severe mental disorder diagnoses in a national health registry as
                compared to research diagnoses based on structured interview</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">17</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">BMC Psychiatry</span></span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=The%20quality%20of%20severe%20mental%20disorder%20diagnoses%20in%20a%20national%20health%20registry%20as%20compared%20to%20research%20diagnos%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1186/s12888-017-1256-8</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">28292279</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib32">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CW Nordahl"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CW</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Nordahl</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AM Iosif"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Iosif</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="GS Young"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">GS</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Young</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Hechtman"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hechtman</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Heath"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Heath</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JK Lee"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JK</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Lee</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="L Libero"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">L</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Libero</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="VP Reinhardt"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">VP</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Reinhardt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Winder-Patel"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Winder-Patel</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DG Amaral"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DG</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Amaral</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Rogers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rogers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Solomon"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Solomon</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Ozonoff"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ozonoff</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2020">2020</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="High Psychopathology Subgroup in Young Children With Autism: Associations With Biological Sex and Amygdala Vo…">High
                Psychopathology Subgroup in Young Children With Autism: Associations With Biological
                Sex and Amygdala Volume</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">59</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
                    Psychiatry</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1353</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1363</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=High%20Psychopathology%20Subgroup%20in%20Young%20Children%20With%20Autism:%20Associations%20With%20Biological%20Sex%20and%20Amygdala%20Vo%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.022</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">31972262</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib33">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="G Rios"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">G</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rios</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="F Tobar"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">F</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Tobar</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019">2019</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Compositionally-warped Gaussian processes</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">118</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Neural Networks</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">235</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">246</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Compositionally-warped%20Gaussian%20processes">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neunet.2019.06.012</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">31319321</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib34">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AFG Rosen"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AFG</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rosen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DR Roalf"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DR</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Roalf</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="K Ruparel"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">K</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ruparel</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Blake"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Blake</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="K Seelaus"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">K</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Seelaus</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LP Villa"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LP</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Villa</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Ciric"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ciric</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="PA Cook"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">PA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Cook</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Davatzikos"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Davatzikos</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MA Elliott"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Elliott</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Garcia de La Garza"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Garcia</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">de</span><span itemprop="familyName">La</span><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Garza</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="ED Gennatas"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">ED</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Gennatas</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Quarmley"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Quarmley</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JE Schmitt"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JE</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Schmitt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RT Shinohara"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">RT</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Shinohara</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MD Tisdall"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MD</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Tisdall</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RC Craddock"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">RC</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Craddock</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RE Gur"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">RE</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Gur</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RC Gur"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">RC</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Gur</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="TD Satterthwaite"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">TD</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Satterthwaite</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2018">2018</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Quantitative assessment of structural image quality</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">169</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">407</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">418</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Quantitative%20assessment%20of%20structural%20image%20quality">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.059</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">29278774</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib35">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Rutherford"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rutherford</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Angstadt"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Angstadt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Sripada"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Sripada</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SE Chang"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SE</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Chang</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2020">2020</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Leveraging Big Data for Classification of Children Who Stutter
                from Fluent Peers</span><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="name">bioRxiv</span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Leveraging%20Big%20Data%20for%20Classification%20of%20Children%20Who%20Stutter%20from%20Fluent%20Peers">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1101/2020.10.28.359711</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib36">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Rutherford"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rutherford</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2022">2022</time><a itemprop="url"
                href="https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:dir:cd28f07707409fed9c4e3bcfefaa08b9638dbccb;origin=https://github.com/predictive-clinical-neuroscience/braincharts;visit=swh:1:snp:ad9fb4794977fbb77f867431c767d66d31781b3f;anchor=swh:1:rev:ee2b7ebcb46bab0f302f73f8d6fc913f63fccda5"><span
                  itemprop="headline">braincharts</span></a><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=braincharts">
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib37">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Rutherford"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rutherford</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2022">2022</time><a itemprop="url"
                href="https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:dir:5172634bcf0ed341052462df7780d000c5bd4f9e;origin=https://github.com/saigerutherford/brainviz-app;visit=swh:1:snp:70e2db995b8f63e9bdcb233217089d22000d2147;anchor=swh:1:rev:021fff9a48b26f2d07bbb4b3fb92cd5202418905"><span
                  itemprop="headline">brainviz-app</span></a><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=brainviz-app">
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib38">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Rutherford"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rutherford</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2022">2022</time><a itemprop="url"
                href="https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:dir:9c98ca93b3fb3b463607286eec7dfc9c4c3e97db;origin=https://github.com/saigerutherford/lifespan_qc_scripts;visit=swh:1:snp:84918033541e80549e91c96e85a29d191321d0a3;anchor=swh:1:rev:70894691c74febe2a4d40ab0c84c50094b9e99ce"><span
                  itemprop="headline">lifespanqcscripts</span></a><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=lifespanqcscripts">
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib39">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Snelson"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Snelson</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CE Rasmussen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">CE</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rasmussen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="Z Ghahramani"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">Z</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Ghahramani</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2003">2003</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Neural
                Information Processing Systems</span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">337</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">344</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Proceedings%20of%20the%2016th%20International%20Conference%20on%20Neural%20Information%20Processing%20Systems">
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib40">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CK Tamnes"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CK</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Tamnes</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="Y Ostby"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">Y</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ostby</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AM Fjell"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Fjell</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LT Westlye"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LT</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Westlye</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="P Due-Tønnessen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">P</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Due-Tønnessen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="KB Walhovd"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">KB</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Walhovd</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2010">2010</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Brain maturation in adolescence and young adulthood: regional age-related changes in cortical thickness and w…">Brain
                maturation in adolescence and young adulthood: regional age-related changes in
                cortical thickness and white matter volume and microstructure</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">20</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">534</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">548</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Brain%20maturation%20in%20adolescence%20and%20young%20adulthood:%20regional%20age-related%20changes%20in%20cortical%20thickness%20and%20w%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1093/cercor/bhp118</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">19520764</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib41">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RC Tomlinson"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">RC</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Tomlinson</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SA Burt"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Burt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Waller"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Waller</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Jonides"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Jonides</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AL Miller"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AL</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Miller</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AN Gearhardt"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">AN</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Gearhardt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SJ Peltier"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Peltier</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="KL Klump"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">KL</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Klump</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JC Lumeng"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JC</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Lumeng</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LW Hyde"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LW</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hyde</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2020">2020</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Neighborhood poverty predicts altered neural and behavioral
                response inhibition</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">209</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">NeuroImage</span></span></span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Neighborhood%20poverty%20predicts%20altered%20neural%20and%20behavioral%20response%20inhibition">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116536</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">31935521</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib42">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="IF Tso"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">IF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Tso</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Angstadt"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Angstadt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Rutherford"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Rutherford</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Peltier"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Peltier</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="VA Diwadkar"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">VA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Diwadkar</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SF Taylor"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Taylor</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Dynamic causal modeling of eye gaze processing in
                schizophrenia</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">229</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Schizophrenia Research</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">112</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">121</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Dynamic%20causal%20modeling%20of%20eye%20gaze%20processing%20in%20schizophrenia">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.012</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">33229223</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib43">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AS Weigard"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AS</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Weigard</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SJ Brislin"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SJ</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Brislin</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LM Cope"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Cope</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JE Hardee"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">JE</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hardee</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="ME Martz"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">ME</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Martz</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Ly"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ly</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RA Zucker"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">RA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zucker</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Sripada"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Sripada</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="MM Heitzeg"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">MM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Heitzeg</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Evidence accumulation and associated error-related brain activity as computationally-informed prospective pre…">Evidence
                accumulation and associated error-related brain activity as computationally-informed
                prospective predictors of substance use in emerging adulthood</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">238</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Psychopharmacology</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">2629</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">2644</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Evidence%20accumulation%20and%20associated%20error-related%20brain%20activity%20as%20computationally-informed%20prospective%20pre%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1007/s00213-021-05885-w</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">34173032</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib44">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="NT Doan"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">NT</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Doan</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Kaufmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kaufmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Alnæs"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Alnæs</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Moberget"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Moberget</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="I Agartz"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">I</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Agartz</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JK Buitelaar"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JK</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Buitelaar</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Ueland"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ueland</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="I Melle"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">I</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Melle</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Franke"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Franke</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="OA Andreassen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">OA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Andreassen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LT Westlye"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LT</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Westlye</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2018">2018</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Mapping the Heterogeneous Phenotype of Schizophrenia and Bipolar
                Disorder Using Normative Models</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">75</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">JAMA Psychiatry</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1146</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1155</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Mapping%20the%20Heterogeneous%20Phenotype%20of%20Schizophrenia%20and%20Bipolar%20Disorder%20Using%20Normative%20Models">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2467</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">30304337</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib45">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Hoogman"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Hoogman</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JK Buitelaar"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JK</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Buitelaar</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="B Franke"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">B</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Franke</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2020">2020</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Individual differences v. the average patient: mapping the
                heterogeneity in ADHD using normative models</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">50</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Psychological Medicine</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">314</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">323</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Individual%20differences%20v.%20the%20average%20patient:%20mapping%20the%20heterogeneity%20in%20ADHD%20using%20normative%20models">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1017/S0033291719000084</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">30782224</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib46">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Rokicki"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Rokicki</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Alnaes"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Alnaes</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="P Berthet"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">P</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Berthet</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="I Agartz"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">I</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Agartz</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SM Kia"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kia</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Kaufmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kaufmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Zabihi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zabihi</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Moberget"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Moberget</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="I Melle"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">I</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Melle</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="OA Andreassen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">OA</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Andreassen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="LT Westlye"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">LT</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Westlye</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2021">2021</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Replicating extensive brain structural heterogeneity in
                individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">42</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Human Brain Mapping</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">2546</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">2555</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Replicating%20extensive%20brain%20structural%20heterogeneity%20in%20individuals%20with%20schizophrenia%20and%20bipolar%20disorder">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span itemprop="value">10.1002/hbm.25386</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">33638594</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib47">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M. Zabihi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M.</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zabihi</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Oldehinkel"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Oldehinkel</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="V Frouin"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">V</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Frouin</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Goyard"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Goyard</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Loth"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Loth</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Charman"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Charman</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Tillmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Tillmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Banaschewski"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Banaschewski</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="G Dumas"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">G</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Dumas</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Holt"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Holt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Baron-Cohen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Baron-Cohen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Durston"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Durston</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Bölte"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bölte</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Murphy"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Murphy</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Ecker"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ecker</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JK Buitelaar"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JK</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Buitelaar</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AF Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2019">2019</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Dissecting the Heterogeneous Cortical Anatomy of Autism Spectrum
                Disorder Using Normative Models</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">4</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and
                    Neuroimaging</span></span></span><span itemprop="pageStart"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">567</span><span itemprop="pageEnd"
                data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">578</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Dissecting%20the%20Heterogeneous%20Cortical%20Anatomy%20of%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20Using%20Normative%20Models">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.11.013</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">30799285</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib48">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="M Zabihi"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">M</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zabihi</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DL Floris"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DL</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Floris</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="SM Kia"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">SM</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Kia</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Wolfers"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Wolfers</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="J Tillmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">J</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Tillmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="AL Arenas"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">AL</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Arenas</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Moessnang"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Moessnang</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Banaschewski"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Banaschewski</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="R Holt"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">R</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Holt</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="S Baron-Cohen"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">S</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Baron-Cohen</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="E Loth"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">E</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Loth</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Charman"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Charman</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="T Bourgeron"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">T</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bourgeron</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="D Murphy"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">D</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Murphy</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="C Ecker"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">C</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ecker</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="JK Buitelaar"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">JK</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Buitelaar</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CF Beckmann"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CF</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Beckmann</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="A Marquand"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">A</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Marquand</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="author"><span
                    itemprop="name">EU-AIMS LEAP Group</span></li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2020">2020</time><span
                itemprop="headline">Fractionating autism based on neuroanatomical normative
                modeling</span><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume"
                itemprop="isPartOf"><span itemprop="volumeNumber"
                  data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">10</span><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Translational Psychiatry</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">1</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">10</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Fractionating%20autism%20based%20on%20neuroanatomical%20normative%20modeling">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1038/s41398-020-01057-0</span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/pmid"><span
                    itemprop="name">pmid</span><span itemprop="value"
                    data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">33159037</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemprop="citation" id="bib49">
              <ol data-itemprop="authors">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="RA Zucker"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">RA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Zucker</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="DA Ellis"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">DA</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Ellis</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="HE Fitzgerald"><span
                    data-itemprop="givenNames"><span itemprop="givenName">HE</span></span><span
                    data-itemprop="familyNames"><span itemprop="familyName">Fitzgerald</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="CR Bingham"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">CR</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Bingham</span></span>
                </li>
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author">
                  <meta itemprop="name" content="K Sanford"><span data-itemprop="givenNames"><span
                      itemprop="givenName">K</span></span><span data-itemprop="familyNames"><span
                      itemprop="familyName">Sanford</span></span>
                </li>
              </ol><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2009">2009</time><span
                itemprop="headline"
                content="Other evidence for at least two alcoholisms II: Life course variation in antisociality and heterogeneity of a…">Other
                evidence for at least two alcoholisms II: Life course variation in antisociality and
                heterogeneity of alcoholic outcome</span><span itemscope=""
                itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationVolume" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                  itemprop="volumeNumber" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">8</span><span
                  itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical" itemprop="isPartOf"><span
                    itemprop="name">Development and Psychopathology</span></span></span><span
                itemprop="pageStart" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">831</span><span
                itemprop="pageEnd" data-itemtype="http://schema.org/Number">848</span><span
                itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemprop="publisher">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="Unknown"><span itemscope=""
                  itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="logo">
                  <meta itemprop="url"
                    content="https://via.placeholder.com/600x60/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Unknown">
                </span>
              </span>
              <meta itemprop="image"
                content="https://via.placeholder.com/1200x714/dbdbdb/4a4a4a.png?text=Other%20evidence%20for%20at%20least%20two%20alcoholisms%20II:%20Life%20course%20variation%20in%20antisociality%20and%20heterogeneity%20of%20a%E2%80%A6">
              <ul data-itemprop="identifiers">
                <li itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/PropertyValue" itemprop="identifier">
                  <meta itemprop="propertyID"
                    content="https://registry.identifiers.org/registry/doi"><span
                    itemprop="name">doi</span><span
                    itemprop="value">10.1017/S0954579400007458</span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
          </ol>
        </section>
      </article>
    </main>
  </body>

</html>